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AIT Austrian Institute of TechnologyReview of methods for evaluation of building energy enhancements enhancements
Florian JudexScientistSBT
Introduction
� Improved energy efficiency is the goal of many (funded) projects
� in the latter case, it has to be proven during the project durationduration
� measurements should follow acknowledged standards to be transparent and comparable� what standards are there actually
2
Standards considered (1)Year Language
Table 1 European Standards related to energy performance of buildingsNumber Title of standardEN 832 Thermal performance of buildings – Calculation of energy use for
heating – Residential buildingsGerman
EN 12831 Heating systems in buildings – Method for calculation of the design heat load
2003 German
EN 13187 Thermal performance of buildings – Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes – Infrared method
1999 German
EN 13363 Solar protection devices combined with glazing – Calculation of solar and light transmittance
EN 13790 Energy performance of buildings – Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling
2004 Englishspace heating and cooling
EN 13829 Thermal performance of buildings – Determination of air permeability of buildings – Fan pressurization method
EN 13947 Thermal performance of curtain walling – Calculation of thermal transmittance
EN 15193 Energy performance of buildings – Energy requirements for lighting
2005 English
EN 15217 Energy performance of buildings – methods for expressing energy performance and energy certification of buildings
2005 English
EN 15232 Energy performance of buildings – Impact of building automation, controls and building management
2007 English
EN 15255 Energy performance of buildings – Sensible room cooling load calculation – General criteria and validation procedures
2005 English
EN 15265 Energy performance of buildings – Calculation of energy needs for space heating and cooling using dynamic methods – General criteria and validation procedures
EN 15316 Heating systems in buildings – Method for calculating of systems energy requirements and system efficiencies
2010 German / English
Standards considered (2)EN 15377 Heating systems in buildings – Design of embedded water based
surface heating and cooling systems
EN 15378 Heating systems in buildings – Inspection of boilers and heating systems
EN 15459 Energy performance of buildings – Economic evaluation procedure for energy systems in buildings
2008 English
EN 15603 Energy performance of buildings – Overall energy use and definition of energy ratings
2006
EN ISO 6946
Building components and building elements – Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance – Calculation method (ISO 6946:2007)
2005 English
EN ISO 7345
Thermal insulation Physical quantities and definitions
EN ISO Thermal insulation Heat transfer conditions and properties of EN ISO 9251
Thermal insulation Heat transfer conditions and properties of materials Vocabulary
EN ISO 9288
Thermal insulation Heat transfer by radiation, Physical quantities and definitions
EN ISO 10077
Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters – Calculation of thermal transmittance
EN ISO 10211
Thermal bridges in building constructions – Heat flow and surface temperatures – Detailed calculation (ISO/DIS 10211:2007)
English
EN ISO 10456
Building materials and products – Hygrothermal properties –Tabulated design values and procedures foe determining declare and design thermal values (ISO/DIS 2007)
English
EN ISO 13370
Thermal performance of buildings – Heat transfer via the ground –Calculation methods (ISO 13370:2007)
English
EN ISO 13786
Thermal performance of building components – Dynamic thermal characteristics – Calculation method (ISO 13786:2007)
English
EN ISO 13789
Thermal performance of buildings – Transmission and ventilation heat transfer coefficient – Calculation method (ISO/DIS 13789:2007)
English
Standards considered (3)EN ISO 13790
Thermal performance of buildings – Calculation of energy use for space heating (ISO 13790:2008)
2004 English
EN ISO 13791
Thermal performance of buildings – Calculation of internal temperatures of a room in summer without mechanical cooling –General criteria and validation procedures (ISO 13791:2004)
2010 German / English
EN ISO 13792
Thermal performance of buildings – Calculation of internal temperatures of a room in summer without mechanical cooling –Simplified methods (ISO 13792:2005)
EN ISO 14683
Thermal brides in building construction – Linear thermal transmittance – Simplified methods and default values (ISO 14683:2007)
English
EN ISO 12569
Thermal insulation in buildings – Determination of air change in buildings – Tracer gas dilution method
EN ISO Hygrothermal performance of buildings – Calculation and EN ISO 15927
Hygrothermal performance of buildings – Calculation and presentation of climatic data
ISO 23045 Building environment design – Guidelines to assess energy efficiency of new buildings
2008 English
Table 2 European Standards related to ventilation and thermal comfortEN 12599 Ventilation for buildings – Test procedures and measuring methods
for handing over installed ventilation and air conditioning systems
EN 12792 Ventilation for buildings – Symbols, terminology and graphical symbols
EN 13142 Ventilation for buildings – Components / products for residential ventilation – Required and optimal performance characteristics
2004 German
EN 13465 Ventilation for buildings – Calculation methods for the determination of air flow rates in dwellings
EN 13779 Ventilation for non residential buildings – Performance requirements for ventilation and room – conditioning systems
2005 German / English
EN 15239 Ventilation for buildings – Energy performance of buildings –Guidelines for inspection of ventilation systems
2005 English
Standards considered (4)EN 15240 Ventilation for buildings – Energy performance of buildings –
Guidelines for inspection of air – conditioning systems
EN 15241 Ventilation for buildings – Calculation methods for energy losses due to ventilation and infiltration in commercial buildings
2005 English
EN 15242 Ventilation for buildings – Calculation methods for the determination of air flow rates in buildings including infiltration
2005 English
EN 15243 Ventilation for buildings – Calculation of room temperatures and of load and energy for buildings with room conditioning systems
2005 English
EN 15251 Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, light and acoustics
2005 German / English
thermal environment, light and acoustics
EN ISO 7730
Ergonomics of the thermal environment – Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria (ISO 7730:2005)
2007 German
CEN CR 1752
Ventilation for buildings – Design criteria for the indoor environment
Table 3 European Standards related to building controls and automationEN 12098 Controls for heating systems EnglishEN ISO 16484
Building automation and control systems (BACS) English
Standards considered (5)
Table 4 IPMVP ProtocolsEVO 10000 -1:2012
International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol Concepts and Options for Determining Energy and Water Savings - Volume I (2012)
English
EVO30000-1:2006
International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol Concepts and Practice for Determining Energy Savings in New Construction Volume III, Part I (2006)
English
International Performance Measurement and Verification ProtocolConcepts and Practices for Determing Energy Savings in Renewable Energy Technologies Applications. Volume III (2003)
English
Renewable Energy Technologies Applications. Volume III (2003)
Table 4 OthersISO 50001 Energy management systems - Requirements with guidance for
useEN 16001 Energy management systems - Requirements with guidance for
useCEEC Code of Measurement for Cost PlanningDIN 277 Grundflächen und Rauminhalte von Bauwerken im Hochbau
(Areas and volumes of buildings)2005 German
prEN wi 22 Calculation methods for energy efficiency improvements by the application of integrated building automation systems
prEN wi 4EN 15203
Energy performance of buildings -Assessment of energy use and definition of ratings
2005
summary on the methods
� How to proceed e,g,
� IPMVP (International performance measurement and verification protocol)
� ICT PSP (PSP Work Programme 2009, Objective 4.1, “ICT for energy efficiency in social housing”
� what to calculate e.g.
� EN13790� EN15217� EN15232� EN15316in social housing”
� ISO 50001:2011 energy management systems – requirements with guidance for use
� EN15459� EN15603� …..
Complete Report: D2.5 Report of methods of BEMperformance quantification and assessment,
soon to be available on the S4eCob homepage
PlanConduct the energy review and establish the baseline, energy
performance indicators (EnPIs), objectives, targets and action
plans.
DoImplement the energy
management action plans.
ActTake the actions to continually improve energy performance
PlanIdentify ECMs
Document baseline energyPlan and coordinate
Design ECMs
Implementation
ISO 50001 IPMVP /ICT PSPmanagement action plans.
CheckMonitor and measure
processes and the key characteristics of operations
that determine energy performance against the
energy policy and objectives, and report the results
improve energy performance and the EnMS
InstallInstall ECMsCommission
Verify Operations
MaintainGather data
Verify savingsReport
Document project feedback
9
� ISO 50001 and IPMVP set out methodology forimplementation and continuous improvement
� Various tools can be used to plan i.e. TRNSYS
ICT PSP
Baselines
IPMVP
� A. Retrofit Isolation: Key Parameter Measurement� one ECM, some parameters estimated
� B. Retrofit Isolation: All Parameter Measurement
ICT PSP
� only option C of IPMVP accepted � social housing� no investments
� use either history dataMeasurement • one ECM, every measured
� C. Whole Facility • only meter or submeter data used –
mostly for multiple ECMs
� D. Calibrated Simulation
10
� use either history data
� or a control group
“An Energy Baseline Period must be a 12-month period for which a facility has energy data for all meters and fuel types” (US Environmental Protection Agency)
“Provide 24 recent consecutive months of (quarter hourly) energy data for each meter”
The problem of the baseline
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(quarter hourly) energy data for each meter” (Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland)
“….must incorporate 24 months of energy and production data to
±5% accuracy………This 24 month time frame exists because baseline
profiles must incorporate thevariations of seasonal, monthly and
annual production and weather cycles.”
(Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism)
Weather Variation (temperature)
Temperature variance +/- 1 day = 8.5
Temperature variance on same day
11 year Min: -19.6oC
11 year max: 29.6oC
12
11 years of hourly weather data from Pittsburgh Airport, Pennsylvania, USA (http://www.erh.noaa.gov)
Day
Year
same day every year =
21.2
Use Case: Linate Airport, Milan
� New occupancy based control system installed in small section of airport� Energy consumption data available, but only for whole airport� Project suffered delays and only has one year remaining
13
Joint Control StrategyAlternating new and old control strategies
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n
∆t1
∆t2
∆t1
∆t2
∆t1
∆t2
∆t1
∆t2 ∆t2
Old controlstrategy
New ControlStrategy
Est
imat
edE
nerg
y
Time
Baseline Period
Baseline Period
Reporting Period
Reporting Period
Baseline Data
Reporting Data
2.25 days (30 Hours)
Strategy length trade off
1 day 2 days 3 days 4 days
Strategy length (hours) 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96
Percentage of 30 day (720 Hour) period lost in transition(%)
50 25 17 13 10 8 7 6
15
(%)
Short� Weather conditions more
comparable� Can add more variables
Long� Have more data as we loose less
time in transition period� Building conditions more stable
Conclusions
� evaluation is possible using only recognised standards
� Establishing energy baseline often difficult
� Few detailed guidelines available
� Enables energy and cost savings to be made from very early on in a project
� suitable for most ICT centred projects
� especially suitable for the usual funded project
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AIT Austrian Institute of Technoloyyour ingenious partner
Florian [email protected]
The research leading to these results has receivedfunding from the European Community's Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 284628.
