Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Contents of Files File: –Discrete set of information OS stores program modules in file systems Save documents under filenames for future use Section learning goals: –Recognizing the contents of files –Recognizing actions a given OS takes to open a file 3
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Chapter 7 Files and File Attributes Guide to Parallel Operating
Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Objectives Describe the contents
of files and identify the application that created a particular
file Describe the use of file attributes Find files based on their
name or content 2 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows
7 and Linux Contents of Files File: Discrete set of information OS
stores program modules in file systems Save documents under
filenames for future use Section learning goals: Recognizing the
contents of files Recognizing actions a given OS takes to open a
file 3 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Contents of Files in Windows 7 Filename: name plus . plus extension
Example: default.htm Two types of extensions: Short extension is
three characters (older convention) Long extension exceeds three
characters Extensions indicate type of data stored in a file
Windows 7 appends extension to filename prefix 4 Guide to Parallel
Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing File Extensions
in Windows 7 Windows tracks the extensions your PC uses Viewing
registered file extensions: Click Start-> Control Panel ->
click Default Programs, and then click Associate a file type or
protocol with a program Example: MS WordPad documents have an
extension of.rtf Administrative rights required to modify
extensions 5 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and
Linux6 Figure 7-1 File extensions in Windows 7 Courtesy Course
Technology/Cengage Learning Guide to Parallel Operating Systems
with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing File Extensions in Windows 7
(continued) File associations Which icon appears for a file in
Windows Explorer Which commands appear in a files shortcut menu
Which application opens if a user double-clicks a file Icon
appearance in Windows Explorer Eliminated feature: Displaying
different icons for files based on file type 7 Guide to Parallel
Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Commands in a Files
Shortcut Menu Right-click a file icon to view a shortcut menu
Choices appearing on all file shortcut menus: Create a shortcut
Delete a file Rename a file View file properties Some shortcut menu
items are object specific: Example: Open and Print are used in MS
WordPad Bold items identify default response to double-click 8
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux9
Figure 7-2 Context menu Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Opening Applications Default response to double-clicking a file
icon: Windows 7 opens file in associated application Example:
response to double-clicking Homework.rtf OS opens the file In
WordPad because: WordPad is associated with.rtf files Default
action in Folder Options is defined as Open Changing the default
program: Right-click the file icon, then click Open with From the
dialog box that appears: Browse for program to use with the
selected file type 10 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with
Windows 7 and Linux11 Figure 7-3 Open with dialog box showing
default program for.rtf files Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage
Learning Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and
Linux Applications in Windows 7 Table 7-1: Lists common file
extensions for business applications Table 7-2: Identifies the
programming language for a particular source file Table 7-3: Lists
some of the many Internet file extensions and formats you may
encounter Table 7-4: Lists the files you are most likely to
encounter 12 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and
Linux13 Table 7-1 Common business applications and their file
extensions Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and
Linux14 Table 7-2 Common programming source files Guide to Parallel
Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux15 Table 7-3 Common
Internet files Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7
and Linux16 Table 7-4 Common Windows 7 files Guide to Parallel
Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing the Contents of
Text Files TYPE command: Displays contents of a text file line by
line Example: TYPE Pgm1Data.txt MORE command: Displays text data
files one screen at a time Example: TYPE Pgm1Data.txt | MORE
Syntax: MORE [/E [/C] [/P] [/S] [/Tn] [n]] <
drive:][path]filename MORE < Pgm1Data.txt : Displays contents of
the Pgm1Data.txt file 17 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with
Windows 7 and Linux Contents of Files in Fedora 13 Fedora 13 and
Windows 7 file similarities: Filenames may have extensions OS
associations open files in usable formats Extension not required to
open a file from the CLI Inode: Used to store applications files
and directory attributes Does not contain file/directory name or
actual data Filename does not require an extension When a file is
created: It is assigned both a name and an inode number 18 Guide to
Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux19 Table 7-5
Extensions for Fedora 13 compressed and archived files Contents of
Files in Fedora 13 (continued) Guide to Parallel Operating Systems
with Windows 7 and Linux20 Table 7-6 Extensions for Fedora 13
multimedia files Contents of Files in Fedora 13 (continued) Guide
to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux21 Table 7-7
Extensions for Fedora 13 system configuration and installation
packaging files Contents of Files in Fedora 13 (continued) Guide to
Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Contents of
Files in Fedora 13 (continued) 22 Table 7-8 Extensions for Fedora
13 programming files Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with
Windows 7 and Linux Contents of Files in Fedora 13 (continued) ls
command with the l option Determines file type ls l /dev | more:
Lists files in the devices folder Syntax for the file command:
file[filename(s)] file Pgm1Data : Examines a plain text file named
Pgm1Data 23 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and
Linux24 Figure 7-4 Listing Fedora 13 file types Courtesy Course
Technology/Cengage Learning Guide to Parallel Operating Systems
with Windows 7 and Linux25 Table 7-10 Fedora 13 file command types
Contents of Files in Fedora 13 (continued) Guide to Parallel
Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing Files in Fedora
13 Use cat command to view or concatenate files: Example: cat bsT
Pgm1Data more command syntax: more [-dlfpcsu] [file...] Some more
command options: -num : specifies screen size in lines (an integer
value) -d : displays [Press h for instructions] -f : causes more to
count logical lines (not folded) To display the contents of myfile:
cat myfile more dfs red_canoe 26 Guide to Parallel Operating
Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using File Attributes File
attributes: Labels describing and regulating files Associated with
every file in Windows 7 Maintained by components in Windows 7
Windows 7 handles file attributes most of the time Users can also
manipulate file attributes: Learning the technique will prove
useful 27 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and
Linux Using File Attributes in the Windows 7 CLI File attributes
have binary values of 1 (on) or 0 (off) The four DOS file
attributes are: Read-only: allows file viewing, but not
modification Archive: set to on when file is created or modified
System: marks a file as a system file (a warning) Hidden: hides a
file from other commands 28 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems
with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing DOS File Attributes View
attributes and access methods with ATTRIB ATTRIB syntax: ATTRIB
[drive:][path][filename][/S] [drive:][path][filename] : specifies
file(s) to process /S : matches files in current folders and
subfolders Similar to DIR command Wildcards must be used in ATTRIB
command: Without wildcards, no files will match 29 Guide to
Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Viewing DOS
File Attributes (continued) 30 Figure 7-8 Viewing DOS file
attributes Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Guide to
Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Setting DOS
File Attributes ATTRIB: shows or changes DOS file attributes Syntax
: ATTRIB [+R | -R] [+A | -A] [+S | -S] [+H | -H]
[drive:][path][filename] [/S [/D]] + : sets an attribute - : clears
an attribute R : read-only file attribute A : archive file
attribute S : system file attribute H : hidden file attribute
Example: ATTRIB +H Secret Hides the directory named Secret 31 Guide
to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the
DIR Command with File Attributes Use DIR to view filenames and
specified attributes Syntax: DIR [drive:][path][filename]
[/A[[:]attributes]] [drive:][path][filename]: specifies drive,
directory, files /A : displays files with specified attributes
Attributes : D,R, H, A, S, - (logical not prefix) 32 Guide to
Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the XCOPY
Command with File Attributes XCOPY syntax: XCOPY source
[destination] [/A | /M] [/H] [/R] [/K] Attribute options: /A :
copies only files with the archive attribute set Used for
differential backup as archive bit is not reset /M : copies files
with archive bit set; turns off archive bit Used in incremental
backup as archive bit is reset /H : copies hidden and system files
/R : overwrites read-only files /K: copies attributes; read-only is
typically reset 33 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows
7 and Linux Using the XCOPY Command with File Attributes 34 Figure
7-11 XCOPY command used with file attributes Courtesy Course
Technology/Cengage Learning Guide to Parallel Operating Systems
with Windows 7 and Linux Using File Attributes in the Windows 7 GUI
Additional attributes: Index, Compression, Encryption Applies to
folders or files residing on an NTFS volume Index: File/Folder
indexed by Indexing Service when bit is set Windows Indexing
Service organizes files for search Index created by Windows 7 can
be queried Compression: File or folder is compressed when bit is
set Encryption: File or folder encrypted when bit is set 35 Guide
to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux36 Figure
7-12 Windows 7 advanced file attributes Courtesy Course
Technology/Cengage Learning Guide to Parallel Operating Systems
with Windows 7 and Linux Using Compression in Windows 7 Compressing
files: Decreases file size Reduces space that files use on your
drives Compressing folders: Decreases space used by files stored in
a folder Disadvantage of compression: Potential loss of performance
37 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Using Encryption in Windows 7 Encryption: restricts file viewing
Users who may view (decrypt) encrypted files: Individual who
encrypted the file Administrator (account has a global key)
Encrypting File System (EFS) performs encryption: Installed
automatically on Windows 7 38 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems
with Windows 7 and Linux Using File Attributes in Fedora 13 lsattr
: used to view attributes on extended file system Some attributes:
a (no Access time): last access time not updated A (append only)
Set for file: only allows append operations Set for directory:
files may only be added to directory lsattr command syntax: lsattr
[options] [file(s)] Some lsattr command options: -d : lists
directories like other files -v : lists the files
version/generation number 39 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems
with Windows 7 and Linux Using the ls Command to Find Hidden Files
ls command: Views filenames with specific file type attributes
Syntax: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]... Some options: -a, --all : does not
hide entries starting with . -l : uses a long listing format -p,
--file-type : appends an indicator of /, or | to entries to
indicate types of files 40 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with
Windows 7 and Linux41 Figure 7-14 Using the Fedora 13 ls command to
show hidden files and file types Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage
Learning Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and
Linux Using Compression in Fedora 13 Compressing files: Decreases
their size Reduces amount of space they use on drives Folder
compression: Decreases amount of space used by all file gzip :
Commonly used GNU compression utility By default: deletes ASCII
file it compresses Command: basis for gunzip and zcat 42 Guide to
Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using
Compression in Fedora 13 (continued) zcat utility: Identical to
using the gunzip c command Keeps the original filename and stamp
Syntax: gzip [ -acdfhlLnNrtvV19 ] [-S suffix] [ filename... ]
gunzip [ -acfhlLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ filename... ] zcat [ -fhLV ]
[ filename... ] 43 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows
7 and Linux Using Compression in Fedora 13 (continued) Some
switches for gzip, gunzip, and zcat : -a ascii : converts
end-of-line characters -c --stdout --to-stdout : writes output to
standard output -L license : displays the license and quits Syntax
to compress file: gzip myfile Syntax to decompress a file: gzip d
myfile 44 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and
Linux Using Compression in Fedora 13 (continued) gunzip myfile:
decompresses a file zcat utility: Decompresses files created by
gzip, zip zcat myfile: decompresses a file tar command: Works in
conjunction with gzip Packages multiple files into one file Syntax:
tar [flags] archive-file-name files-to-archive Some options: -c,
--create, --delete, -r, --append, -t, --list, -u, --update 45 Guide
to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using
Encryption in Fedora 13 Only user who encrypted file or an
administrator can decrypt encrypted files gpg : Most popular
encryption utility Syntax: gpg [--homedir name] [--options file]
[options] command [args] Some options: -c : encrypts with a
symmetric cipher --decrypt [file]: Decrypts file, writes it to
standard output o, --output file : writes output to a file 46 Guide
to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Finding
Files Finding files in the Windows 7 CLI Searches are based on
filenames or file contents Pattern-matching methods used in content
searches Three commands used to search for files: DIR FIND FINDSTR
47 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Finding Files with the DIR Command DIR command supports wildcards
Two wildcards used: question ( ? ), asterisk ( * ) Use ? to
substitute for single unknown: Example: DIR ?.cpp Command applies
in current directory Lists all files beginning with any letter and
ending in.cpp Use * to substitute for multiple unknown characters A
period extends search to include all file extensions Example: DIR
h* Lists all files beginning with h in the current directory 48
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux
Finding Files with the DIR Command (continued) 49 Table 7-11
Multiple-character substitutions for searches Guide to Parallel
Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Finding Files with the
DIR Command (continued) 50 Table 7-12 Single-character
substitutions for searches Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with
Windows 7 and Linux Finding Files with the FIND Command FIND
syntax: FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] string
[[drive:][path]filename[...]] /V : displays all lines without the
specified string /C : displays the count of lines that contain the
string /N : displays line numbers with the displayed lines /I :
ignores the case of characters when searching Example: FIND /I
"Good" *.* Redirection operators: for output Example: FIND /I
"Football" FootballWinners.txt Finds all lines that contain
Football in a file named Winners.txt 51 Guide to Parallel Operating
Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Finding Files with the FINDSTR
Command Use FINDSTR for more refined searches FINDSTR command
syntax: FINDSTR [/B] [/E] [/L] [/R] [/S] [/I] [/X] [/V] [/N] [/M]
[/O] [/P] [/C:string] strings [[drive:][path]filename[...]] Some
switches: /B : matches the pattern at the beginning of a line /I :
specifies that the search is not case sensitive Example: FINDSTR /I
"good fool" *.* Finds files containing good or fool 52 Book Title
Finding Files with the FINDSTR Command 53 Figure 7-22 Finding files
using the FINDSTR command Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage
Learning Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and
Linux Finding Files with the FINDSTR Command (continued) 54 Table
7-13 FINDSTR examples Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with
Windows 7 and Linux Using the FINDSTR Command with Regular
Expressions Regular expressions: specify patterns of text Notation
uses metacharacters and literal characters Metacharacter: symbol
with special meaning Examples: an operator or delimiter Literal
character: characters with no special meaning Examples: letters and
numbers Some examples of regular expressions: w.*ing : strings
starting with w and ending with ing [ABX] : matches any occurrence
of A, B, or C 55 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7
and Linux Finding Files in Windows 7 with Windows Search Windows
Search: most direct way to locate a file All or partial name of
file/folder can be used to search Using quotation marks with
Windows Search To search on more than one word: Place the phrase in
quotation marks Using wildcards with Windows Search Add asterisk
(*) to a search term to: Represent an unknown string of letters or
numbers Question mark (?): single character wildcard 56 Guide to
Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Finding Files
in Windows 7 with Windows Search (continued) Using file sizes with
Windows Search Keyword size : used when you know approximate size
of file Example: resume size: thisweek, nextmonth, pastmonth, and
comingyear To find a file created in 2010: Enter created:
