GROWTH OF INDUSTRYGROWTH OF INDUSTRY British began to create British began to create

machinery to perform work machinery to perform work usually done by hand usually done by hand

People People left homeleft home and began and began working in millsworking in mills (IR) (IR)

GROWTH OF INDUSTRYGROWTH OF INDUSTRY

Why did the IR begin in New Why did the IR begin in New England? England?

Soil was too poor for farming, Soil was too poor for farming, so many people found work so many people found work elsewhereelsewhere

Many water resources for Many water resources for waterpower to run machinerywaterpower to run machinery

Close to iron and coal Close to iron and coal

Many ports for shipping goodsMany ports for shipping goods

GROWTH OF INDUSTRYGROWTH OF INDUSTRY What did Samuel Slater do to What did Samuel Slater do to

violate GB’s secrecy regarding violate GB’s secrecy regarding technology?technology?They passed laws prohibiting They passed laws prohibiting machinery/skilled mechanics from machinery/skilled mechanics from leaving the countryleaving the country

He memorized the design of machines He memorized the design of machines and fled Britain and fled Britain

Duplicated all of Arkwright’s machines Duplicated all of Arkwright’s machines in the U.S. –”Father of American in the U.S. –”Father of American Factory System” Factory System”

GROWTH OF INDUSTRYGROWTH OF INDUSTRY ELI WHITNEY invented the cotton ELI WHITNEY invented the cotton

gin and started interchangeable gin and started interchangeable parts parts

Moving West Moving West Transportation routes, such as roads, Transportation routes, such as roads,

improved as settlers moved westimproved as settlers moved west

Henry Clay created the Henry Clay created the American SystemAmerican System to strengthen the economyto strengthen the economy

Included building canals and roads to Included building canals and roads to link the South, NE and West link the South, NE and West

Roads and Turnpikes Roads and Turnpikes Private companies built many turnpikes, Private companies built many turnpikes,

or toll roads, for travel and shipping or toll roads, for travel and shipping purposespurposes

A A National RoadNational Road was built to connect was built to connect east states with OH east states with OH

Road viewed as a military necessity Road viewed as a military necessity

National Road, 1811National Road, 1811

River Travel River Travel Although river travel had advantages Although river travel had advantages

over wagon and horse travel, there were over wagon and horse travel, there were two problems: two problems:

1) Most rivers flowed north-south, not 1) Most rivers flowed north-south, not east-westeast-west

2) Traveling upstream against the 2) Traveling upstream against the current was difficult and slow current was difficult and slow

Era of the Steamboat Era of the Steamboat Robert Fulton was hired to develop a Robert Fulton was hired to develop a

steamboat to carry cargo and passengerssteamboat to carry cargo and passengers

The The Clermont Clermont made the trip from NY to made the trip from NY to Albany in only 32 hoursAlbany in only 32 hours

Steamboats improved the transport of Steamboats improved the transport of goods and passengers goods and passengers

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont

Canals Canals Steamboats could not effectively tie the Steamboats could not effectively tie the

eastern and western parts of the country eastern and western parts of the country together, so a canal was to be built to together, so a canal was to be built to connect NYC and the Great Lakesconnect NYC and the Great Lakes

Immigrants built a series of locks, which Immigrants built a series of locks, which provided a way to raise and lower boats provided a way to raise and lower boats at places where canal levels changedat places where canal levels changed

By 1850, the U.S. had more than 3600 By 1850, the U.S. had more than 3600 miles of canalsmiles of canals

They helped unite a growing country They helped unite a growing country

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

What Were Working Conditions Like? What Were Working Conditions Like? What Were Working Conditions Like? What Were Working Conditions Like?

As industrialization grew in the As industrialization grew in the North, many saw the need for North, many saw the need for reforms in working conditionsreforms in working conditions

Average work day was 11.4 hours Average work day was 11.4 hours making $12-16/weekmaking $12-16/week

No protective shields from No protective shields from machinerymachinery

Hot and stifling conditions with Hot and stifling conditions with little or no breaks little or no breaks

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

Attempts to OrganizeAttempts to Organize By the 1830s, workers began By the 1830s, workers began

organizing to improve working organizing to improve working conditions conditions

Skilled workers formed Skilled workers formed trade unionstrade unions

Strikes were common, yet illegal in Strikes were common, yet illegal in early 1800searly 1800s

1842—Mass ruled that workers could 1842—Mass ruled that workers could strike strike

RISE of CITIES RISE of CITIES Growth of factories helped Northern Growth of factories helped Northern

cities grow cities grow

NYC was the biggest city (~1 million) NYC was the biggest city (~1 million)

Many other cities prospered from their Many other cities prospered from their location on the Mississippi location on the Mississippi

Great Lakes became a center for Great Lakes became a center for shippingshipping

IMMIGRATION IMMIGRATION American manufacturers welcomed American manufacturers welcomed

immigrants, many who were willing immigrants, many who were willing to work for low payto work for low pay

Largest group was from Ireland Largest group was from Ireland

Irish were brought here b/c of potato Irish were brought here b/c of potato famine famine

22ndnd largest group were Germans, largest group were Germans, who settled in the Midwest who settled in the Midwest

Immigrants Face Prejudice Immigrants Face Prejudice

Some native-born Americans began to Some native-born Americans began to resent the newcomers, especially Irishresent the newcomers, especially Irish

Nativists believed immigration Nativists believed immigration threatened the future of nativesthreatened the future of natives

Worried that jobs would be taken Worried that jobs would be taken away by immigrants away by immigrants

Accused immigrants of bringing crime Accused immigrants of bringing crime and diseaseand disease

Know-Nothing Party Know-Nothing Party Nativists formed secret anti-Nativists formed secret anti-

Catholic societies (American Party) Catholic societies (American Party)

Often answered statements with “I Often answered statements with “I know nothing” know nothing”

Called for stricter citizenship laws Called for stricter citizenship laws and banning foreign-born citizens and banning foreign-born citizens from office from office

One leader was William Poole (aka One leader was William Poole (aka Bill the Butcher) Bill the Butcher)

The Second GreatAwakening

The Second GreatAwakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”

[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal

Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement1826 - American Temperance

Society“Demon Rum”!

R1-6

TemperanceTemperance

Purpose was to eliminate alcohol abuse Believed alcohol caused poverty,

breakup of families and crime Women were active because as

mothers and wives they were concerned with how alcohol affects the home life

This movement eventually leads to the 18th amendment

Temperance—Steps Taken

Temperance—Steps Taken

Used lectures, pamphlets and rallies to warn people

Maine banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol in 1851

“Father of American Education”

Education and Horace Mann

Education and Horace Mann

Few areas had public schoolsUsually schools had 1 room with up to 60 children in all different gradesTeachers were untrainedMany children did not even attend schools

R3-6

Educational ReformEducational Reform

Mann lengthened school year to 6 monthsImproved curriculum Doubled teachers’ salariesDeveloped teacher training programsMassachusetts led the way in state-supported educationNew colleges created

Penitentiary ReformPenitentiary ReformDorothea Dix

(1802-1887)

1821 first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY

R1-5/7

Penitentiary Reform

Penitentiary Reform Wanted to educate

public about poor conditions for mentally ill and prisoners Observed inhumane conditions in prisons:

Inmates bound in chains and locked in cages

Children accused of minor theft were jailed with adult criminals

Debtors jailed for owing less than $20

“Mentally” ill were in crowded, dirty cells mixed with the general population

Penitentiary ReformPenitentiary Reform Early methods of treatment included lobotomies, blood-letting, immersion into ice water, tranquilizer chairs

Special mental hospitals were created, debtors taken out of prison, juvenile justice systems created, cruel punishments outlawed

Her role during the civil war was that of superintendent of nurses for the Union army

TranscendentalismTranscendentalism

Stressed relationship between humans and nature

Urged people to question societal rules and institutions and not to conform

Belief in human perfectibility and all answers are found through nature

TranscendentalismTranscendentalism Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience

inspired MLK Jr and Gandhi

“Anti-Transcendentalists” wrote about the corrupt nature of govt, opposed the optimism of transcendentalists, focused on the dark side of humanity

Edgar Allen Poe

Women’s Rights Women’s Rights A woman’s “sphere” was in the home

(it was a refuge from the cruel world outside)

Her role was to “civilize” her husband andfamily.Cult of Domesticity = Slavery

Women’s Movement: Seneca Falls Convention in NY

Women’s Movement: Seneca Falls Convention in NY

Significance: First women’s rights convention

Goal: To discuss social, civil and religious condition and rights of women

Legacy: The “Declaration of Sentiments”: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and women are created equal”

Seneca Falls DeclarationSeneca Falls Declaration

Breaking Barriers Breaking Barriers Susan B. Anthony

arrested/tried for trying to register to vote in New York; courts said she was violating the 14th Amendment

Her sentence was a fine of $100

Her response: “I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty”

She was released because chances are she would have appealed and won because she was denied a trial by jury

Characteristics of Characteristics of the Antebellum the Antebellum

SouthSouth

Characteristics of Characteristics of the Antebellum the Antebellum

SouthSouth1.1. Primarily agrarian.Primarily agrarian.

2.2. Economic power shifted from the Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower “upper South” to the “lower South.”South.”

3.3. ““Cotton Is King!”Cotton Is King!” * 1860 * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr. 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). (57% of total US exports).

4.4. Very slow development of Very slow development of industrialization.industrialization.

5.5. Rudimentary financial system.Rudimentary financial system.

6.6. Inadequate transportation system.Inadequate transportation system.

Upper South vs. Deep SouthUpper South vs. Deep South• Upper South—MD,

VA, TN and NC– Mostly produced

hemp, tobacco, wheat and vegetables

– Center for the sale of enslaved people

• Deep South—GA, SC, AL, MS, LA, FL, AR, TX– Committed to cotton

The SOUTHThe SOUTHFour categories that white southerners fit into.

– A) Yeomen• Farmers who did not have slaves• Most numerous in the Upper South

– B) Tenant Farmers• Rented or worked on other people’s

farms– C) Rural Poor

• Lived in crude cabins in wooded areas • Fished and hunted for food

– D) Plantation Owners• About 12% of the population • Main goal was to earn a profit

Number of people enslavedNumber of people enslaved

• 30 million30 million taken from taken from their homestheir homes– 10 million die during 10 million die during

capturecapture– 10 million die during 10 million die during

the middle passage the middle passage – 10 million survive to 10 million survive to

make it over the ocean make it over the ocean

First Passage—Capture First Passage—Capture

Phases of the Slave TradePhases of the Slave Trade

• 11stst--Capture:--Capture:

•Tribes often did not have a choice in helping capture neighbors “divide and conquer”

•Most captured 50-100 miles inland

Capture and the Middle PassageCapture and the Middle Passage

•After capture, Africans After capture, Africans were packed tightly into were packed tightly into slave ships.slave ships.•The death rate of the The death rate of the “passengers” was 50%.“passengers” was 50%.

• 2nd—Middle Passage :2nd—Middle Passage :

Destination, Auction, and SeasoningDestination, Auction, and Seasoning

• Slaves were auctioned off to Slaves were auctioned off to the highest bidder.the highest bidder.

• Slaves were put through a Slaves were put through a process of “seasoning” to get process of “seasoning” to get them ready for work.them ready for work.

• Given a European name and Given a European name and were shown labor were shown labor requirements.requirements.

• First slaves in U.S.—First slaves in U.S.—Jamestown Jamestown

• 3rd--Arrival:3rd--Arrival:

Slave Life Slave Life

• Slave CodesSlave Codes– Could not vote, could not testify in court, Could not vote, could not testify in court,

could not learn to read/write, could not could not learn to read/write, could not hit a white man, considered “property,” hit a white man, considered “property,” had to have written permission to leave had to have written permission to leave property property

– More severe after Nat Turner’s More severe after Nat Turner’s RebellionRebellion

PunishmentPunishment

• Slaves were often Slaves were often brutally punished for brutally punished for misbehaving.misbehaving.

• Punishments Punishments included: whipping, included: whipping, branding, being sold, branding, being sold, gagged (silence), and gagged (silence), and other torturous other torturous methods were used.methods were used.

Slave MasterBrands

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave muzzle

Slave tag, SC

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave leg irons

Slave shoes

Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:

Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:

Slave Rebellions and UprisingsSlave Rebellions and Uprisings

Slave Rebellions-Gabriel Slave Rebellions-Gabriel Prosser (1800)Prosser (1800)

Slave Rebellions-Gabriel Slave Rebellions-Gabriel Prosser (1800)Prosser (1800)

• Gabriel Prosser plans the Gabriel Prosser plans the first major slave rebellion.first major slave rebellion.

• Gabriel wanted to create an Gabriel wanted to create an independent black state in independent black state in Virginia on August 30, 1800.Virginia on August 30, 1800.

• Involved kidnapping gov of Involved kidnapping gov of VA (James Monroe) VA (James Monroe)

• Gabriel and 26 of his Gabriel and 26 of his companions are hanged companions are hanged

Slave Rebellions-Denmark Slave Rebellions-Denmark Vesey (1822) Vesey (1822)

Slave Rebellions-Denmark Slave Rebellions-Denmark Vesey (1822) Vesey (1822)

•Denmark Vesey and 30 slaves were arrested/hanged after trying to revolt

•Turned in by George Wilson, former slave, who told his master (he later committed suicide)

The Nat Turner RebellionThe Nat Turner Rebellion• The bloodiest slave uprising was organized by The bloodiest slave uprising was organized by

Nat Turner (1831), who believed God had Nat Turner (1831), who believed God had called upon him to overthrow slavery called upon him to overthrow slavery

• He waited for an eclipse (his “signal”) He waited for an eclipse (his “signal”)

• Attack was to be July 4, but he fell ill Attack was to be July 4, but he fell ill (rescheduled to August 22) (rescheduled to August 22)

• Armed with axes and guns, they set out to kill Armed with axes and guns, they set out to kill every white person they could find (57 killed) every white person they could find (57 killed)

• Many innocent slaves were killed by the town Many innocent slaves were killed by the town militia (100s)militia (100s)

• They were found guilty of insurrection and They were found guilty of insurrection and plotting to kill white people (Took 2 months plotting to kill white people (Took 2 months to catch Nat Turner)to catch Nat Turner)

• They were hung on November 11th, 1831.They were hung on November 11th, 1831.

Other Forms of ResistanceOther Forms of ResistanceOther Forms of ResistanceOther Forms of Resistance

• Working slowly• Pretending to be ill• Breaking tools• Setting fires• Escaping Slavery

• Harriet Tubman and Underground Railroad

• Frederick Douglass

Early Efforts to End SlaveryEarly Efforts to End Slavery

• By the early 1800s, a growing number By the early 1800s, a growing number of Americans had begun to demand an of Americans had begun to demand an immediate end to slavery in the Southimmediate end to slavery in the South

• At the Cons. Con (1787) delegates At the Cons. Con (1787) delegates agreed to let states decide whether to agreed to let states decide whether to have slaveryhave slavery

• 22ndnd Great Awakening inspired anti- Great Awakening inspired anti-slavery movement slavery movement

Early Emancipation in the Early Emancipation in the NorthNorth

Early Emancipation in the Early Emancipation in the NorthNorth

American Colonization SocietyAmerican Colonization Society

• 1) The first large-scale antislavery 1) The first large-scale antislavery effort was aimed at resettling African effort was aimed at resettling African Americans in Africa (mainly Liberia Americans in Africa (mainly Liberia and Monrovia) and Monrovia) – Comprised of white Virginians who Comprised of white Virginians who

bought slaves and set them free bought slaves and set them free

• 2) It was not successful, as many did 2) It was not successful, as many did not want to leave (U.S. was their not want to leave (U.S. was their home) home)

THE NEW ABOLITIONISTSTHE NEW ABOLITIONISTS

• William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison stimulated the stimulated the growth of the anti-slavery movement growth of the anti-slavery movement – He was one of the first whites to call for the He was one of the first whites to call for the

“immediate and complete emancipation” of “immediate and complete emancipation” of slaves slaves

• He published a newspaper called He published a newspaper called The The Liberator Liberator

THE NEW ABOLITIONISTSTHE NEW ABOLITIONISTS

• The first women to speak out publicly The first women to speak out publicly against slavery were the Grimke against slavery were the Grimke sisters (Sarah and Angelina) sisters (Sarah and Angelina) – The irony is that they are from South The irony is that they are from South

Carolina and grew up in a slaveholding Carolina and grew up in a slaveholding household household

THE NEW ABOLITIONISTSTHE NEW ABOLITIONISTS

• While a HOR member, JQA battled While a HOR member, JQA battled slavery (lawyer for slavery (lawyer for AmistadAmistad crisis) crisis) – A) No hereditary slavery after July 4, A) No hereditary slavery after July 4,

1842 (if you are born to a slave, you are 1842 (if you are born to a slave, you are automatically free) automatically free)

– B) No incoming territory (other than B) No incoming territory (other than Florida) shall be open to slavery Florida) shall be open to slavery

– C) After July 4, 1845, there shall be no C) After July 4, 1845, there shall be no slavery/slave trade in Washington, D.C. slavery/slave trade in Washington, D.C.

The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad

• Boston erupted in Boston erupted in violence over the violence over the seizing of Anthony seizing of Anthony Burns, a runaway Burns, a runaway slave who lived in slave who lived in Boston. Boston. – Bostonians draped Bostonians draped

buildings in black buildings in black and hung the and hung the American flag in American flag in protest protest

The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad• Abolitionists established a network of Abolitionists established a network of

routes and risked their lives to help routes and risked their lives to help African Americans escape slaveryAfrican Americans escape slavery

• In order for enslaved persons to reach In order for enslaved persons to reach free territory, they had to cross the free territory, they had to cross the Ohio RiverOhio River

• Harriet Tubman was the most Harriet Tubman was the most successful conductor, assisting more successful conductor, assisting more than 300 people to freedom (“Moses of than 300 people to freedom (“Moses of her people”) her people”)

NORTH vs. SOUTH NORTH vs. SOUTH NORTH vs. SOUTH NORTH vs. SOUTH

• Numerous events and characteristics created two very distinct (and different) regions in the U.S.

• In the decades leading to the Civil War, it was evident that a showdown was looming on the horizon

• More tense after the Mexican Cession and what happens to all of that land