GRAMMAR, USAGE AND MECHANICS

Chapter 1: The sentence and Its Parts

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Sentence

Here’s the Idea

Chapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 1- Complete Subjects & Predicates

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Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.

Chapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 1- Complete Subjects & Predicates

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• Complete Sentence has two parts:

– Complete Subject: Includes all the words that tell whom or what the sentence is about.

– Complete Predicate: Includes the verb and all the words that tell about the verb.

Chapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 2- Simple Subjects4

Simple Subject: Is the main word or words in the complete subject.

Chapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 3- Simple Predicates, or Verbs5

Simple Predicate: Is the main word or words in the complete predicate.

Verb: Is a word used to express an action, a condition, or a state of being. Linking Verb: tells what the subject is. Action Verb: tells what the subject does,

even when the action cannot be seen.

Chapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 4- Verb Phrases6

Verb Phrases: Is made up of a main verb and one or more helping verbs.

is, am, was, are, were, be, been

do, does, did

has, have, had

may, might, can, should, could, would, shall, will

Common Helping VerbsForms of be

Forms of do

Forms of have

Others

Chapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 5- Compound Sentence Parts7

• Compound Subject: Is made up of two or more subjects and share the same verb.

• Compound Verb: Is made up of two or more verbs that share the same subject.

Chapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 8

A sentence can be used to make a statement, ask a question, make a request, or show strong feeling.

Four Kinds of Sentences: Declarative Interrogative Imperative Exclamatory

A declarative sentence makes a statement.

Here’s the IdeaChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 9

I see something weird in that tree.

It looks like a gray basketball.

Here’s the IdeaChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences

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A declarative sentence always ends with a period.

An interrogative sentence asks a question.

Here’s the IdeaChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 11

An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.

Is it a hornet’s nest?

What do you think it is?

Here’s the IdeaChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 12

An imperative sentence tells or asks someone to do something.

Here’s the IdeaChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 13

An imperative sentence makes a request or gives a command. It usually ends with a period, but it may end with an exclamation point.

Be careful!

Please don’t get too close to it.

Here’s the IdeaChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 14

An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling.

Here’s the IdeaChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 15

An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.

I’m getting out of here!

I see hornets flying out!

Here’s the IdeaChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 16

LITERARY MODEL

INTERROGATIVE

IMPERATIVE

DECLARATIVE

Scrooge: . . .Come, come, what is it you want? Don’t waste all day, Nephew.

Fred: I only want to wish you a Merry Christmas, Uncle. Don’t be cross.

—Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol

Why It MattersChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 17

Identify the following sentence as declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative.

I found an amusing story in a book of folk humor.

1.

Practice and ApplyChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 18

Identify the following sentence as declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative.

Was it about a well-known judge who lived in China?

2.

Practice and ApplyChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 19

Identify the following sentence as declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative.

That’s the one!3.

Practice and ApplyChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 6- Kinds of Sentences 20

Chapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 7- Subjects in Unusual Order21

In most questions, the subject comes after the verb or between parts of the verb phrase.

The subject of a command, or Imperative sentence, is usually you.

In some sentences beginning with here or there, the subject follows the verb.

Chapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 8- Complements: Subject Complements

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Complement: Is a word or a group of words that completes the meaning of a verb.

Two kinds of Complements- Subject Complements: Is a word of group of

words that follows a linking verb and renames or describes the subject.

Common Linking Verbs

Forms of be Am, is, are, was, were, being, been

Other linking Verbs Appear, feel, look, sound, seem, taste

Chapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 9- Complements: Objects of Verbs23

Two Kinds of Complements- Subject Complements Objects of Verbs

Direct object: is a word or group of words that names the receiver of the action.

Indirect object: is a word or group of words that tells to whom or what and action is performed.

Sentence fragments and run-on sentences are writing errors that can make your writing difficult to understand.

Here’s the IdeaChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 10- Fragments and Run-Ons24

Here’s the IdeaChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 10- Fragments and Run-Ons25

Sentence Fragment: Is part of a sentence that is written as if it were a complete sentence.

A sentence fragment might be missing a subject. To correct it, add a subject.

Here’s the IdeaChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 10- Fragments and Run-Ons26

Run-On Sentence: Is two or more sentences written as though they were a single sentence.

Fragments and run-on sentences can make your writing confusing and difficult to read.

Rewrite the following fragment as a complete sentence.

Are cartoons that tell a story.4.

Practice and ApplyChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 10- Fragments and Run-Ons27

Rewrite the following fragment as a complete sentence.

Included Superman, Dick Tracy, and Little Orphan Annie.

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Practice and ApplyChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 10- Fragments and Run-Ons28

Correct this run-on sentence.

The boxes with the scenes are called panels, the spaces with the dialogue are called speech balloons.

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Practice and ApplyChapter 1: The sentence and Its PartsLesson 10- Fragments and Run-Ons29