Grammar Handout 2.0

8/12/2019 Grammar Handout 2.0

1/27

GRAMMAR I HANDOUT

I.- NOUNS

Nouns are commonly thought of as "naming" or!s an! s#ecifically as the namesof "#eo#le #laces or things". Nouns such as John London an! computercertainly fit this !escri#tion $ut the class of nouns is much $roa!er than this.Nouns also !enote a$stract an! intangi$le conce#ts such as birth happinessevolution technology management imagination revenge, politics hope cookerysport literacy....

%ecause of this enormous !i&ersity of reference it is not &ery useful to stu!y nounssolely in terms of their meaning. It is much more fruitful to consi!er them from the#oint of &ie of their formal characteristics.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NOUNS

Many nouns can $e recogni'e! $y their en!ings. Ty#ical noun en!ings inclu!e(

-er/-or

actor, painter, plumber, writer

-ism criticism, egotism, magnetism, vandalism

-ist artist, capitalist, journalist, scientist

-mentarrangement, development, establishment,government

-tion foundation, organisation, recognition, supposition

Most nouns ha&e !istincti&e )INGU*AR an! +*URA* forms. The #lural of regularnouns is forme! $y a!!ing -sto the singular(

Singular

Plural

car cars

dog dogs

house houses


2/27

Hoe&er there are many irregular nouns hich !o not form the #lural in this ay(

Singular

Plural

man men

childchildren

sheep sheep

The !istinction $eteen singular an! #lural is ,non as NUM%R ONTRA)T.

/e can recogni'e many nouns $ecause they often ha&e the a or anin front ofthem(

the caran artista surprisethe egga review

These or!s are calle! !eterminers hich is the ne0t or! class e ill loo, at.Nouns may ta,e an -'s1"a#ostro#he s"2 or GNITI3 MAR4R to in!icate#ossession(

the boy's#ena spider'se$my girlfriend's$rother

John'shouse

If the noun alrea!y has an -sen!ing to mar, the #lural then the geniti&e mar,era##ears only as an a#ostro#he after the #lural form(

the boys' #ensthe spiders'e$sthe Browns' house

The geniti&e mar,er shoul! not $e confuse! ith the sform of contracte! &er$sas inJohn's a good boy15 6ohn isa goo! $oy2.Nouns often co-occur ithout a geniti&e mar,er $eteen them(

rally cartable topcheese graterUniversity entrance eamination


3/27

COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS

Nouns hich name s#ecific #eo#le or #laces are ,non as +RO+R NOUN).

John!aryLondon"rance

Many names consist of more than one or!(

John #esley

$ueen !ary%outh &frica

&tlantic ceanBuckingham (alace

+ro#er nouns may also refer to times or to !ates in the calen!ar(

January, "ebruary, !onday, )uesday, *hristmas, )hanksgiving

All other nouns are OMMON NOUN).)ince #ro#er nouns usually refer to something or someone uni7ue they !o not

normally ta,e #lurals. Hoe&er they may !o so es#ecially hen num$er is $eings#ecifically referre! to(

there are three +avids in my classe met to *hristmases ago

8or the same reason names of #eo#le an! #laces are not normally #rece!e! $y!eterminers theor aan though they can $e in certain circumstances(

it9s nothing li,e the&merica I remem$ermy $rother is an instein at maths

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable nounsare or t!ings "e #an #ount

0am#le( dog, horse, man, shop, idea.


4/27

They usually ha&e a singular an! #lural form.

0am#le( two dogs, ten horses, a man, six men, the shops, a fewideas.

Un#ountable nouns are or t!e t!ings t!at "e #annot #ount

0am#le( tea, sugar, water, air, rice.

They are often the names for a$stract i!eas or 7ualities.

0am#le( knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, love.

They are use! ith a singular &er$. They usually !o not ha&e a #luralform. /e cannot say sugars, angers, knowledges.

E$a%&les o #o%%on un#ountable nouns(

money, furniture, happiness, sadness, research, evidence,safety, beauty, knowledge.

/e cannot use aanith these nouns. To e0#ress a 7uantity of oneof these nouns use a or! or e0#ression li,e(some, a lot of, a piece of, a bit of, a great deal of...

0am#les(

There has $een a lot of researchinto the causes of this !isease.

He ga&e mea great deal of advice$efore my inter&ie.

They9&e got a lot of furniture.

an you gi&e me some informationa$out uncounta$le nouns:

)ome nouns are counta$le in other languages $ut uncounta$le innglish. )ome of the most common of these are(

accommo!ationa!&ice$aggage$eha&iour$rea!furnitureinformationluggage

nes#rogresstraffictra&eltrou$le

eatheror,


5/27

BE CAREFULith the noun 'hair'hich is normally un#ountableinnglish(

She has long blondehair

It can also $e #ountablehen referring to in!i&i!ual hairs(

My father's getting a few greyhairsnow

E'ERCISE

I!entify an! un!erline all the nouns in the folloing te0t. )ay hether they arecount or uncount(

To sisters an! the cat

Stor( b( Laurie Bu#!anan

Mrs /ilson an! Mrs )mith are sisters. Mrs /ilson li&es in a house in Duncan an!Mrs )mith li&es in a con!ominium in 3ictoria. One !ay Mrs /ilson &isite! hersister. /hen her sister ansere! the !oor Mrs /ilson sa tears in her eyes."/hat9s the matter:" she as,e!. Mrs )mith sai! "My cat )ammy !ie! last night an!

I ha&e no #lace to $uryhim".

)he $egan to cry again. Mrs /ilson as &ery sa! $ecause she ,ne her sisterlo&e! the cat &ery much. )u!!enly Mrs. /ilson sai! "I can $ury your cat in mygar!en in Duncan an! you can come an! &isit him sometimes. Mrs. )mith sto##e!crying an! the to sisters ha! tea together an! a nice &isit.

It as no fi&e o9cloc, an! Mrs /ilson sai! it as time for her to go home. )he #uton her hat coat an! glo&es an! Mrs )mith #ut the !ea! )ammy into a sho##ing$ag. Mrs /ilson too, the sho##ing $ag an! al,e! to the $us sto#. )he aite! along time for the $us so she $ought a nes#a#er. /hen the $us arri&e! she got onthe $us sat !on an! #ut the sho##ing $ag on the floor $esi!e her feet. )he then$egan to rea! the nes#a#er. /hen the $us arri&e! at her $us sto# she got off the$us an! al,e! for a$out to minutes. )u!!enly she remem$ere! she left thesho##ing $ag on the $us.
http://alert%28%27bury%20means%20put%20under%20the%20ground.%27%29/http://alert%28%27bury%20means%20put%20under%20the%20ground.%27%29/


6/27

II)* PRONOUNS

+ronouns are a ma;or su$class of nouns. /e call them a su$class of nouns$ecause they can sometimes re#lace a noun in a sentence(

Noun Pronoun

John got a ne ;o$


7/27

The first set of forms 1/, you, he...2 e0em#lifies the )U%6TI3 A) an! thesecon! set 1me, you, him...2 e0em#lifies the O%6TI3 A). The !istinction$eteen the to cases relates to ho they can $e use! in sentences. 8or instancein our first e0am#le a$o&e e say that hecan re#laceJohn

John got a ne;o$


8/27

#ossessi&e hishers refle0i&e himselfherself2. All other ty#es are un&arying in theirform.Many of the #ronouns liste! a$o&e also $elong to another or! class - the class of!eterminers. They are #ronouns hen they occur in!e#en!ently that is ithout anoun folloing them as in )his is a new car. %ut hen a noun follos them - )his

car is new- they are !eterminers. /e ill loo, at !eterminers in the ne0t section.A ma;or !ifference $eteen #ronouns an! nouns generally is that #ronouns !o notta,e the or aan $efore them. 8urther #ronouns !o not ta,e a!;ecti&es $eforethem e0ce#t in &ery restricte! constructions in&ol&ing some in!efinite #ronouns 1alittle something a certain someone2./hile the class of nouns as a hole is an o#en class the su$class of #ronouns isclose!.

E'ERCISE0

In each of the folloing sentences a #ronoun has $een highlighte!. /hat ty#e of#ronoun is it:

+) Let1s #onta#t one anot!eron#e "e1/e %a-e so%e &rogress)a2 +ersonal

$2 Refle0i&e

c2 +ossessi&e

!2 Relati&e

e2 In!efinite

f2 Reci#rocal

g2 Interrogati&e

,) S!e "ants to -o it !ersel)a2 +ersonal

$2 Refle0i&e

c2 +ossessi&e

!2 Relati&e

e2 In!efinite


9/27

f2 Reci#rocal

g2 Interrogati&e

.) I #an1t in- t!e%)a2 +ersonal

$2 Refle0i&e

c2 +ossessi&e

!2 Relati&e

e2 In!efinite

f2 Reci#rocal

g2 Interrogati&e

2) I #an1t belie/e it1s inall( ours)a2 +ersonal

$2 Refle0i&e

c2 +ossessi&e

!2 Relati&e

e2 In!efinite

f2 Reci#rocal

g2 Interrogati&e

3) T!e girl"!ousuall( #uts %( !air !as "on t!e lotter()a2 +ersonal$2 Refle0i&e

c2 +ossessi&e

!2 Relati&e


10/27

e2 In!efinite

f2 Reci#rocal

g2 Interrogati&e

4) He"ants to go to S#arboroug!)

a2 +ersonal$2 Refle0i&e

c2 +ossessi&e

!2 Relati&e

e2 In!efinite

f2 Reci#rocal

g2 Interrogati&e

5) 6!(are (ou s!outing at %e7


c2 +ossessi&e

!2 Relati&e

e2 In!efinite

f2 Reci#rocal

g2 Interrogati&e

8) 9i% ga/e %et!e last #o&()



11/27

c2 +ossessi&e

!2 Relati&e

e2 In!efinite

f2 Reci#rocal

g2 Interrogati&e

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Co%&oun- nouns %a-e "it! SOME: AN; an- NO

)ome =

-thing -$o!y -oneAny =

No =

+ronouns ith some-an! any-are use! in the same ay as somean! any.

Positi/e state%ents(

Someoneis slee#ing in my $e!.

He sa somethingin the gar!en.

I left my glasses somewherein the house.


12/27

SM!"#$%&, SM!(), SM!*#!+!a. I ha&e somethingto tell you.$. There is somethingto !rin, in the fri!ge.c. He ,nos somebodyin Ne >or,

!. )usie has somebodystaying ith her.e. They ant to go somewherehot for their holi!ays.f. 4eith is loo,ing for somewhereto li&e.

%)(), %)"#$%&, %)*#!+!a. Is there anybodyho s#ea,s nglish here:$. Does anybodyha&e the time:c. Is there anythingto eat:!. Ha&e you anythingto say:e. He !oesn9t ha&e anythingto stay tonight.f. I oul!n9t eat anythinge0ce#t at Ma0im9s.

%(), %"#$%&, %*#!+!a. There is nobodyin the house at the moment$. /hen I arri&e! there as nobodyto meet me.c. I ha&e learnt nothingsince I $egan the course.!. There is nothingto eat.e. There is nowhereas $eautiful as +aris in the )#ring.f. Homeless #eo#le ha&e nowhereto go at night.

%)can also $e use! in #ositi&e statements to mean 'no matterwhich', 'no matter who', 'no matter what'1

0am#les(

a. >ou can $orro anyof my $oo,s.$. They can choose anythingfrom the menu.c. >ou may in&ite anybodyto !inner I !on9t min!.

E'ERCISE

So%ebo-(: an(bo-(: nobo-(: so%et!ing: an(t!ing: not!ing at Auto*Englis!

8ill the ga#s ith so%ebo-( an(bo-( nobo-( so%et!ing an(t!ingan! not!ing.


13/27

?2 I can hear @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ at the !oor.

2 Does @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ant to go to the cinema.

B2 A( /hat are you !oing on )atur!ay:

%( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ .

C2 "an @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ tell me the ca#ital of Mongolia:"

2 "/oul! you li,e @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ to eat:"

E2 The film as in German so I coul!n9t un!erstan! @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ they sai!.

F2 I9m sa! $ecause @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ remem$ere! my $irth!ay.

2 As it9s your $irth!ay you can or!er @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ you li,e from the menu.

2 Oh no @@@@@@@@@@@@@@9s eaten my chocolate mousse. )ine

?J2 +oor thing /e ha&e to !o @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ to hel#.

III)* DETERMINERS

Nouns are often #rece!e! $y the or!s the a or an. These or!s are calle!DTRMINR). They in!icate the ,in! of reference hich the noun has. The!eterminertheis ,non as the D8INIT ARTI*. It is use! $efore $oth singularan! #lural nouns(


14/27

Singular

Plural

the tai the tais

thepaper

the

papers

the appletheapples

The !eterminer a1or an hen the folloing noun $egins ith a &oel2 is theIND8INIT ARTI*. It is use! hen the noun is singular(

ata0ia#a#er

ana##le

The articles thean! aanare the most common !eterminers $ut there are manyothers(

any ta0ithat 7uestionthose a##lesthis #a#ersome a##lewhatever ta0iwhichever ta0i

Many !eterminers e0#ress 7uantity(

all e0am#lesboth #arentsmany #eo#leeach #ersonevery nightseveral com#utersfew e0cusesenoughaterno esca#e

E$er#ise0

ircle the correct anser.

+Is there @@@@@@@@ cheese left:


15/27

AsomeBanyCthe

,0cuse me. I nee! @@@@@@@@ information a$out trains to Gua!ala;ara.

AsomeBanyCan

.To ma,e #anca,es e nee! @@@@@@@@ eggs an! some flour.

AsomeBanyCan

2Do you ,no @@@@@@@@ goo! restaurants near here:

AsomeBanyCthe

3Ho @@@@@@@@ money !o e ha&e left:

AmanyBmuchC!o

48or lunch to!ay I ha! a sala! an! @@@@@@@@ #iece of #i''a.

AsomeBanyCa

5Ho @@@@@@@@ cars are e ta,ing:

AmanyBmuchClong

8Ho @@@@@@@@ rice !o e ha&e left:

AmanyBmuchC#eas

=Ho @@@@@@@@ glasses of ine !i! you !rin,:

AmanyBmuch


16/27

C!run,

+>It9s col!. Don9t o#en @@@@@@@@ in!os.

AsomeBany

Ca

+erha#s the most common ay to e0#ress 7uantity is to use a numeral. /e loo, atnumerals as !eterminers in the ne0t section.

NUMERALS AND DETERMINERS

Numerals are !eterminers hen they a##ear $efore a noun. In this #ositioncar!inal numerals e0#ress 7uantity(

one $oo,two $oo,stwenty$oo,s

In the same #osition or!inal numerals e0#ress se7uence(

first im#ressionssecond chancethird #ri'e

The su$class of or!inals inclu!es a set of or!s hich are not !irectly relate! tonum$ers 1as first is relate! to one secondis relate! to two etc2. These are calle!general or!inals an! they inclu!elast latter netprevious an! subse2uent.These or!s also function as !eterminers(

netee,last or!ers

previous engagementsubse2uent !e&elo#ments

/hen they !o not come $efore a noun as e9&e alrea!y seen numerals are asu$class of nouns. An! li,e nouns they can ta,e !eterminers(

the two of usthe firstof many

They can e&en ha&e numerals as !eterminers $efore them(

five twosare ten


17/27

In this e0am#le twosis a #lural noun an! it has the !eterminer five$efore it.

E$er#ise0

In each of the folloing sentences in!icate hether the highlighte! or! is a

numeral or a !eterminer(

+) Fi/e t"os are ten

a2 Numeral

$2 Determiner

,) Se/enis %( lu#?( nu%ber

c2 Numeral

!2 Determiner

.) Ea#! tea% #onsists o ele/en&la(ers

e2 Numeral

f2 Determiner

2) T!e(1/e in/ite- %e to a se#on-inter/ie"

g2 Numeral

h2 Determiner

3) He "as t!e lastto arri/e: as usual

i2 Numeral

;2 Determiner


18/27

PRONOUNS AND DETERMINERS

There is consi!era$le o&erla# $eteen the !eterminer class an! the su$class of

#ronouns. Many or!s can $e $oth(

Pronoun Deter%iner

)his is a &ery $oring$oo,

)his $oo, is &ery$oring

)hat9s an e0cellent film )hatfilm is e0cellent

As this ta$le shos !eterminers alays come $efore a noun $ut #ronouns aremore in!e#en!ent than this. They function in much the same ay as nouns an!they can $e re#lace! $y nouns in the sentences a$o&e(

)hisis a &ery $oring$oo,


19/27

3ours is the $lue coat 3our coat is $lue

The car in the garage is hishers .ishercar is in the garage

Da&i!9s house is $ig $ut ours is $igger ur house is $igger than Da&i!9s

)heirs is the house on the left )heir house is on the left

The !efinite an! the in!efinite articles can ne&er $e #ronouns. They are alays!eterminers.

E$er#ise0

In each of the foloing sentences in!icate hether the highlighte! or! is a

!eterminer or a #ronoun(

+) T!ese@uestions are eas(

a2 +ronoun

$2 Determiner

,) Is t!is(ours7

c2 +ronoun

!2 Determiner

.) Can I borro" so%esugar7

e2 +ronoun

f2 Determiner

2) T!is&la( o (ours * "!at1s it about7

g2 +ronoun

h2 Determiner

3) T!eseare reall( tast(


20/27

i2 +ronoun

;2 Determiner

MORE ON DETERMINERS

Determiners are use! in front of nouns to in!icate hether you are referring to

something s#ecific or something of a #articular ty#e.

Determiners are !ifferent to #ronouns in that a !eterminer is alays folloe! $y a

noun. Therefore #ersonal #ronouns 1I,you he etc.2 an! #ossessi&e #ronouns

1mine, yours, his,etc.2 cannot $e !eterminers.

The !efinite an! in!efinite articlesaLanLthe are all !eterminers.

>ou use a s#ecific !eterminer hen #eo#le ,no e0actly hich thing1s2 or

#ersonL#eo#le you are tal,ing a$out.

T!e s&e#ii# -eter%iners are0

the !efinite article ( the

!emonstrati&es ( this, that, these, those

#ossessi&es ( my, your, his, her, its, our,

their

"or eample1-

4"hedog barked at theboy04

4"heseapples are rotten04

4"heirbus was late04

>ou use general !eterminers to tal, a$out #eo#le or things ithout saying e0actly

ho or hat they are.

T!e general -eter%iners are0

The in!efinte articles( a, an
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/articlestext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/articlestext.htm


21/27

a fe

a little

all

another

any

$oth

each

either

enough

e&ery

fe

feer

less

little

many

more

most

much

neither

no

other

se&eral

some

8or e0am#le(-

4man sat under anumbrella04

4.ave you got anynglish books that / could have54

4)here is enoughfood to feed everyone04


22/27

E$er#ise0

I!entify all the !eterminers in the te0t an! classify them(

To sisters an! the cat


Mrs /ilson an! Mrs )mith are sisters. Mrs /ilson li&es in a house in Duncan an!Mrs )mith li&es in a con!ominium in 3ictoria. One !ay Mrs /ilson &isite! hersister. /hen her sister ansere! the !oor Mrs /ilson sa tears in her eyes."/hat9s the matter:" she as,e!. Mrs )mith sai! "My cat )ammy !ie! last night an!I ha&e no #lace to $uryhim".

)he $egan to cry again. Mrs /ilson as &ery sa! $ecause she ,ne her sisterlo&e! the cat &ery much. )u!!enly Mrs. /ilson sai! "I can $ury your cat in mygar!en in Duncan an! you can come an! &isit him sometimes. Mrs. )mith sto##e!crying an! the to sisters ha! tea together an! a nice &isit.

It as no fi&e o9cloc, an! Mrs /ilson sai! it as time for her to go home. )he #uton her hat coat an! glo&es an! Mrs )mith #ut the !ea! )ammy into a sho##ing$ag. Mrs /ilson too, the sho##ing $ag an! al,e! to the $us sto#. )he aite! along time for the $us so she $ought a nes#a#er. /hen the $us arri&e! she got onthe $us sat !on an! #ut the sho##ing $ag on the floor $esi!e her feet. )he then$egan to rea! the nes#a#er. /hen the $us arri&e! at her $us sto# she got off the

$us an! al,e! for a$out to minutes. )u!!enly she remem$ere! she left thesho##ing $ag on the $us.

THE NOUN PHRASE

*i,e all #hrases the constituents of the nglish noun #hrase can $e analy'e! into$oth functional constituents an! formal constituents. 8rom a functional #oint of&ie the noun #hrase has four ma;or com#onents occurring in a fi0e! or!er(


23/27

t!e -eter%inati/e that constituent hich !etermines the reference of the noun#hrase in its linguistic or situational conte0t

&re%o-ii#ation hich com#rises all the mo!ifying or !escri$ing constituents$efore the hea! other than the !eterminers

t!e !ea- aroun! hich the other constituents cluster an!

&ost%o-ii#ation those hich com#rise all the mo!ifying constituents #lace!after the hea!

In the !iagram $elo notice that each functional com#onent of a noun #hrase 1N+2

can $e further su$classifie! as e trace the !iagram from left to right until e fin!that e ha&e form classes 1of the ,in! e !iscusse! a$o&e2 filling each constituentcategory


24/27


25/27

De#en!ing on the conte0t of situation e choose !eterminers an! mo!ifiersaccor!ing to our nee!s in i!entifying an! s#ecifying the referent of the N+.)ometimes e nee! se&eral !eterminers an! mo!ifiers to clarify the referent 1allmy $oo,s in that $o02 sometimes e nee! none at all 1*i'2.

That !iagram is one ay to re#resent the !ual nature of a #hrase. ach #hraseremem$er is a merger of $oth form an! function an! as com#le0 as it loo,s the!iagram illustrates only some of the com#le0ities of the noun #hrase in nglish.Another ay to illustrate some of the #ossi$le arrangements of form an! function inthe noun #hrase is #resente! in the ta$le $elo.

Some !xamples of the %oun hrase in !nglish

FUNCTION

+eterminer

(remodifier .ead (ostmodifier

1a2 lions

1$2 the young

1c2 the information age

A 1!2 each of the chil!ren

M 1e2 some $a!ly nee!e! time ith the family

+ 1f2 thisconclusion

to the story

* 1g2 all my chil!ren

1h2 se&eral ne mystery $oo,shich e recentlyen;oye!

) 1i2 such a mar&elous !ata $an, fille! ith information

1;2 a $etter #erson than I

FORMS

(ronoun (articiple 6oun (repositional (hrase

&rticle 6oun &djective 7elative *lause

$uantifier&djective8(hrase9

(ronoun 6onfinite *lause

*omplementation

Notice that se&eral forms classes can $e "reuse!." 8or e0am#le in the noun#hrase it is #ossi$le to use 7uantifiers to function as #re-!eterminers or as #ost-!eterminers. This ,in! of "recycling" is ,non as recursion. Notice also that#hrases an! e&en hole clauses can $e "recycle!" into the noun #hrase. This#rocess of #lacing a #hrase of clause ithin another #hrase of clause is calle!em$e!!ing. It is through the #rocesses of recursion an! em$e!!ing that e area$le to ta,e a finite num$er of forms 1or!s an! #hrases2 an! construct an infinite


26/27

num$er of e0#ressions. 8urthermore em$e!!ing also allos us to construct aninfinitely long structure in theory anyay.

8or e0am#le the nursery rhyme "The House That 6ac, %uilt" #lays on the #rocessof em$e!!ing in nglish noun #hrases. The nursery rhyme is one sentence that

continuously gros $y em$e!!ing more an! more relati&e clauses as#ostmo!ifiers in the noun #hrase that en!s the sentence(

This is the house that 6ac, $uilt.

This is the malt that lay in the house that 6ac, $uilt.

This is the mouse that ate the malt that lay in the house that 6ac, $uilt.

This is the cat that scare! the mouse that ate the malt hat lay in the house

that 6ac, $uilt.

This is the !og that chase! the cat that scare! the mouse that ate the maltthat lay in the house that 6ac, $uilt.

This is the $oy ho lo&es the !og that chase! the cat that scare! the mouse

that ate the malt that lay in the house that 6ac, $uilt.

An! so on. In theory e coul! go on fore&er $ecause language relies so hea&ilyon em$e!!ing.

E'ERCISE

Accor!ing to the e0#lanation a$o&e concerning the noun #hrase an! hat youha&e stu!ie! in class i-enti( all noun &!rases in t!e te$t an- t!e ele%ents int!e%as in the e0am#le gi&en $elo(

T"o sisters an- t!e #at


Mrs /ilson an! Mrs )mith are sisters. Mrs /ilson li&es in a house in Duncan an!Mrs )mith li&es in a con!ominium in 3ictoria. One !ay Mrs /ilson &isite! hersister. /hen her sister ansere! the !oor Mrs /ilson sa tears in her eyes."/hat9s the matter:" she as,e!. Mrs )mith sai! "My cat )ammy !ie! last night an!I ha&e no #lace to $uryhim".

)he $egan to cry again. Mrs /ilson as &ery sa! $ecause she ,ne her sisterlo&e! the cat &ery much. )u!!enly Mrs. /ilson sai! "I can $ury your cat in mygar!en in Duncan an! you can come an! &isit him sometimes. Mrs. )mith sto##e!


27/27

crying an! the to sisters ha! tea together an! a nice &isit.

It as no fi&e o9cloc, an! Mrs /ilson sai! it as time for her to go home. )he #uton her hat coat an! glo&es an! Mrs )mith #ut the !ea! )ammy into a sho##ing$ag. Mrs /ilson too, the sho##ing $ag an! al,e! to the $us sto#. )he aite! a

long timefor the $us so she $ought a nes#a#er. /hen the $us arri&e! she goton the $us sat !on an! #ut the sho##ing $ag on the floor $esi!e her feet. )hethen $egan to rea! the nes#a#er. /hen the $us arri&e! at her $us sto# she gotoff the $us an! al,e! for a$out to minutes. )u!!enly she remem$ere! she leftthe sho##ing $ag on the $us.

!xample

a long time0

A( general !eterminer in!efinite article.

Long( a!;ecti&e

Ti%e( hea! of the N+ common uncount noun.

Documents

Grammar Handout 2.0