Technology Transfer in Agriculture

Introduction •  As a topic for the case study, Green Revolution in India is

going to be focused.

CONTENTS

1. Over view of GR and GR of India.

2. Correlation map making

3. Lecture： Mr. IMAI, Junichi from JICA China

4. Discussion

AIM

・Think for what, whom, and what goal is technology transfer necessary?

・Think what the scientists/engineers could have done for the better GR, and what they can do if in the similar situation near future.

Green Revolution in India

Thematic Session ~Agriculture~

What is Green Revolution?

•  The series of technology transfer initiatives from research and development that was promoted between 1943 and the late 1970s

The Beginning of Green Revolution

The Rockefeller Foundation cooperated with The Ford Foundation in 1962 to start the similar project in Asia. ⇒ IRRI (International Rice Research　Institute, Philippines.)

Officially initiated in 1943 by Norman Borlaug, who was supported by Rockefeller Foundation and sent to Mexico. He established the antecedent of CIMMYT (International maize and wheat improvement center) .

These institutes developed HYV.

ＨＹＶ（High Yielding Varieties）: Pros and Cons　

Compared to traditional varieties;  grow faster, crop increased, higher resistivity to diseases. need more fertilizer and

pesticides, and controlled water supply.

• HYV is genetically enhanced cultivars of grain.

The beginning of Green Revolution in India

•  Since the independence in 1947, India was unable to feed its citizen.

•  Indian government invited Dr. Norman Borlaug as an advisor, aiming to introduce GR for solving food shortage and improving economic status.

The first site for Green Revolution, Punjab

•  The Ford Foundation and Indian government collaborated to import HYV wheat seed from CIMMYT.

•  Punjab was selected by the Indian government to be the first site because of its reliable water supply and a history of agricultural success.

Punjab

HYV (high-yielding varieties) introduction

•  As a result of introducing HYV since 1965, the crop production increased so that India became self-sufficient in grains.

We can finally feed ourselves!!

Transition of Green Revolution in India

①1950-1960　 rapid increase in crop production, due to the expansion of

land cultivated.

②1960-70: First GR

Crop→Wheat (HYV)，

Introduced in few regions

③1980-90: Second GR

Crop→ rice(ＨＹＶ）and other crops

Introduced in the whole India

OK, GR surely increased the crop production in India. Nice.

…What else did this technology transfer bring to India?

Economic growth

•  It is said that India’s economy has grown tremendously after 1990s due to successful GR with stable food supply for people

Business chances

•  Many companies had supported GR since its beginning in order to make profit from business chances accompanied with it.

invest

profit

As aforementioned, farmers can benefit from HYV ONLY IF good amount of fertilizer, pesticide, and water are given.

Environmental problems

・Soil and ecosystem have been damaged. ・Wells are dried quickly. more to name…

Changes in local communities

Local communities got free economy, and traditional community spirit was marginalized.

The richer, the more benefit a farmer can get from new technologies: The gap among Indian farmers became bigger.

Overview of group work

•  When applying t/t , not only the technology has a key role, but its process has significant effect on the consequence.

•  Throughout the t/t process, the social structures are often the biggest obstacles to succeed: t/t is often distorted by factors that are NOT related to technology.

•  Let’s understand the social structure around GR: relationships between the stakeholders involved in this huge t/t process.

Group work 1: Make correlation map of stakeholders!

•  The materials describe the facts in more detail. Based on this slide and the materials, please find “stakeholders” involved in GR in India.

•  When you discuss within group, you can use the cards and labels distributed.

•  Please discuss how the stakeholders were involved in GR and related to each other, and put all of them into a “correlation map” (till 10:50)

•  Based on the correlation map you completed, please discuss what scientists could have done for the better GR.

•  In each group, please make “three must items” completed by scientists and engineers in the similar context to GR in India.

•  Presentation from each groups based on “three must items” (2 min).

Group work 2: Discussion within a group

What is “Green Revolution”?１ Advanced Country Developing Country

Expansion of market economy

Implant awareness of their “poverty” into developing countries

Aid given by ODA

and World bank

Fund / loan intervene

Larger scale

Multi- → Single-crop farming

Bumper crop

Fall in prices

Need for continuous fund fling/injection Need to buy food / crops

Fall of subsistence farming

Traditional farming system

Organic fertilizer Inhabitation of microorganisms in soil

Organic crops

Collect seeds

Least amount of agricultural chemicals used

X No return

Fall of the nation

IMF Fund / loan

Intervention in the affairs of another country

Structural Adjustment Policies Dependency of developing countries on advanced

countries

HYV Large amount of fertilizer

Weed increase

Large amount of agricultual chemicals needed Soil pollution Treditional breed cannot be

cultivated again