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7/31/2019 Glover 5e Handouts Chapter 1
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Slide 1
Chapter 1:
Introduction
2012Cengage LearningEngineering. AllRights Reserved. 0
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 2Simple Power System
Every power system has three major components
generation: source of power, ideally with a
specified voltage and frequency
load: consumes power; ideally with a constant
resistive value
transmission system: transmits power; ideally as
a perfect conductor
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 3Complications
No ideal voltage sources exist
Loads are seldom constant
Transmission system has resistance, inductance,
capacitance and flow limitations
Simple system has no redundancy so power system will not
work if any component fails
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 4NotationPower
Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy
Power Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW 1 x 103 Watt
MW 1 x 106 Watt
GW 1 x 109 Watt
Installed U.S. generation capacity is about
900 GW ( about 3 kW per person) Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW
Chapter 1:Introduction
3 2012Cengage LearningEngineering. AllRights Reserved.
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Slide 5NotationEnergy
Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what
people really want from a power system
Energy Units
Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
kWh Kilowatt-hour (3.6 x 106 J)
Btu 1055 J; 1 MBtu =0.292 MWh
U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 bill ionkWh (about 13,333 kWh per person, which means on
average we each use 1.5 kW of power continuously)
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 6Power System Examples
Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as an
island, to one covering half the continent
there are four major interconnected ac power systems inNorth American, each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is
used in some other countries.
Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is primaryconsideration; frequency is 400 Hz.
Ships and submarines
Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard
Battery operated portable systems
Chapter 1:Introduction
5 2012Cengage LearningEngineering. AllRights Reserved.
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Slide 7
North America Interconnections
Chapter 1:Introduction
6 2012Cengage LearningEngineering. AllRights Reserved.
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Slide 8Electric Systems in Energy Context
Class focuses on electric power systems, but we fir stneed to put the electric system in context of the totalenergy delivery system
Electricity is used primarily as a means for energytransportation
Use other sources of energy to create it, and it isusually converted into another form of energy whenused
About 40% of US energy is transported in electric form
Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossilfuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change inworld energy infrastructure
Chapter 1:Introduction
7 2012Cengage LearningEngineering. AllRights Reserved.
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Slide 9Sources of EnergyU.S.
Source: EIAEnergy Outlook 2007, Table 1, 2005 Data
Petroleum,
40.6
Coal, 22.9
Natural Gas,
22.6
Nuclear, 8.1
Hydro, 2.7
Biomass, 2.4Other, 0.8
CO2 Emissions (millions ofmetric tons, and per quad)
Petroleum: 2598, 64.0Natural Gas: 1198, 53.0
Coal: 2115, 92.3
About 86% Fossil Fuels
1 Quad = 293 billion kWh
(actual)
1 Quad = 98 billion kWh(used, taking into account
efficiency)
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 10Electric Energy by Sources, U.S.
Source: EIAState Electricity Profiles, 2006
Coal49.0%
Gas20.0%
Hydroeletric7.1%
etroleum2.0%
Nuclear19.4%
Renewable2.5%
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 11Electric Energy by Sources, Calif.
Coal1.0%
Gas49.8%
Hydroeletric22.2%
etroleum1.0%
Nuclear14.7%
Renewable11.3%
Oregon is71% Hydro,whileWashingtonState is76% Hydro
Source: EIAState Electricity Profiles, 2006
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 12Electric Energy by Sources, Illinois
Coal47.6%
Gas2.9%
Hydroeletric0.1%
Petroleum0.1%
Nuclear48.9%
Renewable0.4%
Source: EIAState Electricity Profiles, 2006
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 13Global Warming and the Power Grid
What is Known: CO2 in Air is Rising
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Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.htm
Value was
about 280
ppm in 1800,384 in 2007
Rate of
increase isabout 3 ppm
per year
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 14As is Worldwide Temperature
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Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/
Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 15Change in U.S.
Annual Average Temperature
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Source: http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/ustren-temp.gif
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 16 But Average Temperatures Are Not
Increasing Everywhere Equally
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Source : http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/iltren-temp.jpg
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 17World Population Trends
Country 2005 2015 2025 %
Japan 127.5 124.7 117.8 -7.6
Germany 82.4 81.9 80.6 -2.1
Russia 142.8 136.0 128.1 -10.3
USA 295.7 322.6 349.7 18.2
China 1306 1393 1453 11.2
India 1094 1274 1449 32.4
World 6449 7226 7959 23.4
Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values in millions;
percent change from 2005 to 2025
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Slide 18 Eventual Atmospheric CO2Stabilization Level Depends Upon CO2
Emissions
17
Regardless of what we do
in the short-term the CO2levels in the atmosphere willcontinue to increase.
The eventual stabilization
levels depend upon how
quickly CO2 emissions arecurtailed.
Emissions from electricity
production are currently
about 40% of the total
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 19Energy Economics
Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between
fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs
Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating
costs
Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operatingcosts (dependent upon fuel prices)
Coal, wind, hydro are in between
Also the units capacity factor is important to determining
ultimate cost of electricity
Potential carbon tax major uncertainty
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 20Ball Park Energy Costs
Nuclear: $15/MWh
Coal: $22/MWh
Wind: $50/MWh
Hydro: varies but usually water constrained
Solar: $150 to 200/MWh
Natural Gas: 8 to 10 times fuel cost in $/MBtu
Note, to get price in cents/kWh take price in $/MWh anddivide by 10.
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 21Natural Gas Prices 1990s to 2008
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 22Course Syllabus
Introduction and review of phasors & three phase
Transmission line modeling
Per unit analysis and change of base
Models for transformers, generators, and loads
Power flow analysis and control
Economic system operation/restructuring
Short circuit analysis
Transient stability
System protection
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 23History of Electric Power Systems
Early 1880sEdison introduced Pearl Street dc system in
Manhattan supplying 59 customers
1884Sprague produces practical dc motor
1885invention of transformer
Mid-1880sWestinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac system
Late 1880sTesla invents ac induction motor
1893First 3 phase transmission line operating at 2.3 kV
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 24History, contd
1896ac lines deliver electricity from hydro generationat Niagara Falls to Buffalo, 20 miles away
Early 1900sPrivate utilities supply all customers inarea (city); recognized as a natural monopoly; states step
in to begin regulation
By 1920sLarge interstate holding companies controlmost electricity systems
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 25History, contd
1935Congress passes Public Utility Holding Company
Act to establish national regulation, breaking up large
interstate utilities (repealed 2005)
1935/6Rural Electrification Act brought electricity to
rural areas
1930sElectric utilities established as vertical monopolies
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 26Vertical Monopolies
Within a particular geographic market, the electric utility had
an exclusive franchise
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Customer Service
In return for this exclusive
franchise, the utility had the
obligation to serve all
existing and future customers
at rates determined jointlyby utility and regulators
It was a cost plus business
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 27Vertical Monopolies
Within its service territory each utility was the only game
in town
Neighboring utilities functioned more as colleagues thancompetitors
Utilities gradually interconnected their systems so by
1970 transmission lines crisscrossed North America, withvoltages up to 765 kV
Economies of scale keep resulted in decreasing rates, somost every one was happy
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 28Current Midwest Electric Grid
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 29History, contd 1970s
1970s brought inflation, increased fossil-fuel prices, calls
for conservation and growing environmental concerns
Increasing rates replaced decreasing ones
As a result, U.S. Congress passed Public Utilities Regulator
Policies Act (PURPA) in 1978, which mandated utilities
must purchase power from independent generators located
in their service territory (modified 2005)
PURPA introduced some competition
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 30History, contd 1990s & 2000s
Major opening of industry to competition occurred as aresult of National Energy Policy Act of 1992
This act mandated that utiliti es provide nondiscriminatory
access to the high voltage transmission
Goal was to set up true competition in generation
Result over the last few years has been a dramatic
restructuring of electric utility industry (for better or worse!)
Energy Bill 2005 repealed PUHCA; modified PURPA
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Slide 31Utility Restructuring
Driven by significant regional variations in electric rates
Goal of competition is to reduce rates through theintroduction of competition
Eventual goal is to allow consumers to choose their
electricity supplier
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 32State Variation in Electric Rates
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 33The Goal: Customer Choice
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 34The Result for California in 2000/1
OFF
OFF
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 35The California-Enron Effect
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/regmap.html
RI
AK
electricityrestructuring
delayedrestructuring
no activitysuspended
restructuring
WA
OR
NV
CA
ID
MT
WY
UT
AZ
CO
NM
TX
OK
KS
NE
SD
NDMN
IA
WI
MO
IL INOH
KY
TN
MS
LA
AL GA
FL
SC
NC
WVA VA
PA
NY
VT ME
MI
NHMA
CTNJ
DEMD
AR
HI
DC
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 36August 14, 2003 Blackout
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Slide 372007 Illinois Electricity Crisis
Two main electric utilities in Illinois are ComEd and
Ameren
Restructuring law had frozen electricity prices for ten
years, with rate decreases for many.
Prices rose on January 1, 2007 as price freeze ended;price increases were especially high for electric heating
customers who had previously enjoyed rates as low as
2.5 cents/kWh
Current average residential rate (in cents/kWh) is 10.4 in
IL, 8.74 IN, 11.1 WI, 7.94 MO, 9.96 IA, 19.56 CT, 6.09
ID, 14.03 in CA, 10.76 US average
Chapter 1:Introduction
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