• Scientists think humankind originated on this continent
Mesopotamia
• “Land between the rivers”
Hammurabi/Babylonians
• Developed first written law code
Chinese
• Invented paper, printing, silk production, and gunpowder
Middle Kingdom
• China’s ethnocentric name for itself
Mandate of Heaven
• Used to explain the cycle of dynasties in China
Indus Valley
• River valley civilization whose writing we’ve not yet deciphered; well-planned cities (e.g., Mohenjo-Daro)
Mauryan
• Indian Dynasty (321 BC to 185 BC)
Peloponnesian
• War between Athens and Sparta
Direct Democracy
• Type of government developed in Athens in 5th Century BC
Roman Contributions
• 12 Tables; Aqueducts; Concrete
Phoenecians
• Known for sailing, trading, purple dye, alphabet; occupied what is today Lebanon
Silk Roads
• Ancient caravan trade route stretching from China to the Mediterranean Sea
Han
• This Chinese empire shared many things in common with the Roman empire; thrived between 200 BC and 200 AD
Animism
• Belief that there are spirits or souls in living and non-living things
Buddhism
• Four Noble Truths are associated with this religion
Judaism
• Abraham and Moses are associated with the origins of this religion
Jerusalem
• City sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims
The Five Pillars of Islam
• Faith
• Prayer
• Alms
• Fast
• Pilgrimage
Korea
• Cultural bridge between China and Japan
Byzantine
• Empire credited with preserving Greek and Roman Knowledge
Justinian
• Byzantine emperor who developed code of laws
Sharia
• Code of law derived form Qur’an
Sunni and Shiite
• Disagreement about successor to Muhammad resulted in these two Islamic sects
Charlemagne
• Frankish king whose empire stretched across modern-day France, Germany, and part of Italy
Manorialism
• Feudalism : Political : : ______ : Economic
Anti-Semitism
• Prejudice against Jews
Crusades
• Resulted in growth of trade, towns, middle class; promoted religious hatred (c. 1100 – 1300)
Shinto
• Religion unique to Japan; stresses importance of nature
Chivalry
• Bushido : Japan : : __________ : Europe
Shogun
• In Japan’s feudal system, the title of the person who held the most actual power
Mongols
• In the 1200s, this group swept out of the grasslands of central Asia to build the largest empire in the world
Mughal
• Indian dynasty from 1526 to 1857
Marco Polo
• In the late 1200s, this traveler’s writings introduced Europeans to the riches of China
Russia
• Although Mongol rule brought many varied peoples into contact, it isolated this country from Western Europe
Zheng He
• Famous Chinese admiral of the early 1400s
Humanism
• Renaissance theme emphasizing individualism and Greek and Roman study
Vernacular
• Language as it is actually spoken by the people of a particular region
Printing Press
• Gutenberg’s invention, which led to an information revolution
Indulgences
• Forgiveness documents Martin Luther objected to
Jesuits
• A strong force in the Catholic Counter-Reformation was the formation of this group of missionaries founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Mali
• This west African kingdom lasted from 1200 to 1450; Timbuktu became a great trading city and center of learning
Terracing
• The Inca and their ancestors used this technique to farm in the Andes
Reconquista
• Name for the long effort to win back Spain from the Muslims; completed in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella
Encomienda
• System of forced labor in the Americas
Mercantilism
• Establishing colonies to benefit the parent country; developing a favorable balance of trade; acquiring as much gold and silver as possible
Ottomans
• In 1453, this group defeated the Byzantine Empire
England
• Petition of Right, Puritan Revolution, Restoration, and Glorious Revolution are associated with this country
Ivan the Terrible
• What Czar Ivan IV is better known as
Peter the Great
• Developed Russia’s first standing army; fought 20-year war with Sweden; fought the Ottomans for a warm-water port but failed; developed mining and manufacturing; human rights violations under his rule
Catherine the Great
• Successfully acquired Black Sea ports for Russia in 1795
Voltaire (free speech)
• “I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Locke
• Men are born with natural rights: life, liberty, property.