Unit 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations 10,000 BCE-600 BCE

Paleolithic vs Neolithic Societies/Human Migratory Patterns

Indo-European Bantu Austronesian

Effects of the Agricultural Revolution

Effect of following technologies: pottery, plows, woven textiles, metallurgy, wheel

Rise of Civilizations: settling, job specialization, rise of patriarchy and class systems etc….

Know the location and the basics about:

Mesopotamia Egypt Mojenho Daro and Harappa/Indus Valley Olmecs Chavin

Effects of new weapons and modes of transportations

Compound bows, iron weapons Horses, chariots

Changes in art and architecture

Architecture: ziggurats, pyramids, temples, defensive walls, sewage systems, etc Art: sculpture, painting, weaving Literature: Rig Veda, Book of the Dead, Epic of Gilgamesh

Changes in record keeping and legal codes:

Writing: cuneiform, hieroglyphs, pictographs, Phoenician and other alphabets Laws: Hammurabi, Manu, etc

New Religions: Animism/Shamanism, Vedic religion, Hebrew monotheism, Egyptian polytheism, Zoroastrianism

Trade Networks: connected EurAsia, isolated Americas….

Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies 600 BCE-600 CE

Concept: development and codification of religious and cultural traditions

Religions: (Know the essentials of the religions and also consider the following)

Continuation and growth of old religions

Effect of Judaism in Middle East Mediterranean Vedic religion transformation into Hinduism and rise of caste system, samsara, pantheon of gods (brahma, shiva,

Vishnu, etc) Ancestor worship throughout the world: China, Africa, Andes….

Rise of new religions and philosophies:

Universal religions: Buddhism rising from Hinduism, Christianity riding from Judaismo Buddism and Christianity’s appeal to and effects on poor, women, etc.

Confucianism and its effects on China (filial piety, 5 relationships, Analects) Taoism and its effects on China (Tao te Ching, effect on science, poetry, artc, etc) Greco-Roman philosophical traditions

o Use of logico Plate v Aristotleo Effects on politics

Growth of distinct Cultural Expressions:

Literature and drama

Indian Epics: Mahabharata and Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita Chinese classics: Books of Songs, Rites, History; Analects Greek plays

Distinct architectural styles:

Indian stupas and temples Greek pillars, Roman aqueducts/Coliseum Mayan pyramids

Concept: The Development of States (growth of states and transitions to Empire)

Be able to discuss the essential regarding the Rise of and the Effects of the following empires as well as the themes below in regards to these examples:

Middle East: Persia East Asia: Qin and Han South Asia: Maurya and Gupta Mediterranean: Phoenicia, Greek city states, Hellenistic and Roman Empires Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan and Maya city states Andean: Moche

New administrative techniques and styles

Centralized governments Elaborate legal systems and bureaucracies Development of infrastructure Changes in/use of military Use of trade

Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies

Growth of cities as centers of trade, administration, and religions:o Persepolis, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome, Constantinople, Teotihuacan, Chichen Itza

Growth of social hierarchies and dependence of coercive labor (slaves, peasants, etc) Rise of patriarchal traditions

Fall of Empires due to internal and external factors

Internal: deforestation, desertification, flooding, peasant rebellion, intolerance, etc External: Invasions by nomadic groups

o Han vs Xiongnuo Gupta v White Hunso Romans vs Germanic Tribes

Concept: Emergence of Transregional Networks of Trade and communication

Expansion of Land and Water Routes

Silk Roads Indian Ocean Routes Mediterranean routes

New technologies that promoted trade

Yokes, saddles stirrups Increased usage of horses, oxen, camels Lateen sails, capturing monsoon winds

Diffusion of goods, ideas, pathogens, religions along trade routes

Spread of new agricultural/irrigation techniques (qanats, aqueducts, terrace farming etc) Spread of luxury goods (silk, indigo, spices, cotton, etc) Nestorian Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc. Effect of new diseases on Rome, China, etc

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions 600CE-1450CE (Post-Classical)

Concept: Expansion and Intensification of Trade and Communication Networks

Growth of existing trade routes and emergence of new connections

Silk Roads Mediterranean Sea Trans-Saharan Gold Roads Indian Ocean Trade Network

Growth of new cities due the effects of trade

Timbuktu Swahili city states Hangzhou Baghdad Venice Tenochtitlan Cahokia

The draw of luxury goods and improvements in technologies and banking methods to support trade

Luxuries: silk, cotton, porcelain, slaves, exotic animals, gold/salt, spices Technologies: compass, lateen sail, astrolabe, caravan organization/camel saddles Credit and monetization: Islamic sakk and banks, bills of exchange, paper money/flying cash

State practices that supported commercial growth:

Grand Canal in China Mansa Musa’s security of Gold Roads Minting coins Hanseatic League

Expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conqueror’s economies and trade networks:

China (Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan/Mongol, Ming) and their conquered tributary states Byzantine Empire Islamic Caliphates (Umayyad, and Abbasid) MONGOLS!

Concept: Migrations and their cultural, linguistic, environmental and political effects:

Environmental knowledge and technological adaptable increased migration:

Vikings and their longships in coastal waters and rivers populated Europe, North America, Russia Arabs/Berbers adopt camels and populate Sahara and surroundings Central Asian steppe nomads use horses to populate steppe regions

Environmental and Linguistic Impact of migrations

Bantu spread language and use of agriculture/iron technologies throughout Sub-Saharan Africa Maritime migrations of Polynesians brought animals and new plants to islands as they settled

Islamic peoples spread Arabic to Middle East, North Africa and East Africa (blends to become Swahili)and Turkish nomads spread Turkish languages throughout Central Asia and Anatolia

Concept: Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by intensification of trade and exchange

Islam spreads via trade, also reflects surrounding influences (Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism)

Diasporic Communities set up along trade routes/in new trading cities and introduces their culture to new regions

Muslim merchant communities in Indian Ocean Region and Gold Roads Chinese merchants communities in southeast Asia Jewish communities in Mediterranean, Silk Roads and Indian Ocean Basin

Writings of interregional travelers illustrate the extent and limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding

Ibn Battuta Marco Polo

Cross cultural diffusion of literary, artistic, cultural, scientific and technological traditions

Spread of Neoconfucianism and Buddhism in East Asia Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism in Southeast Asia Spread of Islam in African and Southeast Asia Influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim Scholars Return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus Iberia Spreading of printing press, gunpowder, and compass technologies from East Asia to Islamic Empires and Europe

Spread of new foods and disease affects demography

Bananas in Africa Champa Rice in East Asia Spread of cotton, sugar and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and Mediterranean Black Death sweeps across Silk Roads; kills 1/3 of Europe

Concept: Continuity and Innovation of States and their interactions

Collapse of Empires and the growth of new states: following collapse, many reconstituted governments (ie: Byzantine Empire and China) combined traditional sources of power/legitimacy with new governing innovations:

Traditional sources: patriarchy, religion, Mandate of Heaven, etc Innovations: new methods of taxation, tributary systems, Equal Field System, Adaptation of religious institutions

(Neoconfucianism)

New forms of governance in this era:

Islamic states (Abbasid, Muslim Spain, Delhi Sultanate Mongol Khanates City states (Italian, Swahili, Americas, SouthEast Asia) Decentralized governments (feudalism in Europe and Japan) Imperial Aztec and Inca

States synthesized local and borrowed political traditions

Persian traditions that influenced Islamic and European states Chinese traditions that influenced Japan

Interregional contacts and conflicts between states encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers

Between Tang China and the Abbasids: ie: Abbasid get printing, Islam established in the Uighur province of China Across the Mongol empire: ie forced relocation practice moves technologies everywhere During the Crusades: ie: Europeans get taste for Asian goods, spark “Age of Discovery”; Muslim science enters

Europe

Concept: Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences

Innovations stimulate agricultural and industrial production

Champa rice Chinampa system Terracing Horse collar Demand and innovation leads to increase in luxury goods. Porcelain/Silk in China. Rugs in Persia. Cotton in India.

Fate of cities dependent on trade, with periods of decline and periods of urban revivalism (know examples from around the world)

Decline of urban regionso Invasionso Diseaseo Little Ice Ageo Decline in agricultural productivity

Urban revivalism:o End of invasions (Pax Mongolica)o Availability of safe and reliable transporto Increased agricultural productivity=more demand, bigger labor pool

Changes in labor, religion and social patterns (gender, family)

Free peasant agriculture Nomadic pastoralism Craft production and guild organization Various forms of coerced/unfree labor (serfdom, slaves, mita) Government imposed labor taxes Military obligations Labor rebellions: China, Byzantine

Persistence of patriarchy, but some regions where women exercised power (Mongol, West Africa, SE Asia)

Effects of religions on gender relations and family (Buddhism, Christianity, Neoconfucianism)

Unit 4: Global Interactions 1450-1750 (Early Modern)

Concept: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange

Innovations in shipbuilding, cartography, and other navigational technologies increase transoceanic travel and trade

Astrolabe Revised maps Caravels

Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred throughout the world

Chinese maritime activity expanded into the India Ocean through Ming Admiral Zheng He Portuguese developed school for navigation through Prince Henry and create a trading-post empire Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and subsequent voyages across Atlantic and Pacific Northern Atlantic crossing for fishing and settlements, search for Northwest Passage Polynesian networks not yet dramatically affected by Europeans

The new global circulation of good was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took SILVER from Spanish colonies to purchase Asian goods.

European merchants’ roles in Asian trade was characterized as “middleman” Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to the global Silver trade Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their

domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against one another. The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth and free and unfree laborers, and the mixing of

African, American, and European cultures and people.

The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange

European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases (smallpox, measles, influenza) among Amerindian populations

American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. Cash Crops were grown mainly on plantations with coerced labor for the purposes of exportation

o Potatoeso Maizeo Manioco Sugaro Tabacco

Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar and domesticated animals were brought from the Old World to the New world

o Horses, pigs, cattleo Grains from Europeo Okra, rice from Africa

Populations in Africa-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlement practices in the Americas

often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion (Haiti!)

Interaction between the two hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices.

Islam spreads to new settings in Afro-Eurasia, believers adapt it to local traditions. Christianity continued to spread throughout the world and was increasingly diversified by the process of

diffusion and the Reformation Buddhism spreads within Asia Syncretic and new religions develop

o Vodun, Santeria, Candomble in the Caribbeano Cult of Saints in Latin Americao Sikhism in South Asia

As merchants’ profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts increased

Visual and performing artso Renaissance art in Europeo Wood-block prints in Japano Post-conquest codices in Mesoamerica

Literacy expanded and was accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, and works of literature in Afro-Eurasia

o Shakespeareo Cervanteso Sundiatao Journey to the Westo Kabuki

Concept: New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production

Traditional peasant labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished goods

Peasant labor intensified in many regionso Development of frontier settlements in Siberiao Cotton textile production in Indiao Silk textile production in China

Slavery in Africa continued both the traditional incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean

The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a range of coerced labor

o Chattel slaveryo Indentured servitudeo Encomienda and hacienda systemo Spanish adaptation of the Incan Mita system

As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies.

Both imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites

o The Manchus in China

o Creole elites in Spanish Americao European gentryo Urban commercial entrepreneurs in all major port cities

The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.

o The nobility of Europeo The daimyo of Japan

Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred o Dependence on European men on Southeast Asian women for conducting trade in that regiono Smaller size of European familieso Gender Imbalance in West Africa due to Slave Trade

Massive demographic changes result in new ethnic and racial classificationso Mestizo o Mulattoo Creole

Concept: State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power

Rulers used the arts to display political powero Monumental architecture (Versailles, Forbidden City, Topkapi Palace)o Urban designo Courtly literatureo Visual arts

Rulers used religious ideas to legitimize ruleo European divine righto Safavid use of Twelver Shiismo Mexica practice of human sacrificeo Songhay promotion of Islamo Chinese Mandate of Heaven

States treated different ethnic groups and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limited their ability to challenge the authority of the state

o Ottoman treatment of non-Muslim subjectso Manchu policies towards Chinese

Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elite and military professionalso Ottoman devshirmeo Chinese examination systemo Salaried samurai

Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion

Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.

Europeans establish new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia. While profitable for rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks, these empires affected the power of states in interior West and Central Africa

Land empires expanded dramatically in sizeo Manchuso Mughalso Ottomanso Russians

European states establish new maritime empires in the Americaso Portugueseo Spanisho Dutcho Britisho French

Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion

Competition over trade routeso Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Oceano Piracy in the Caribbean

State rivalrieso Thirty-Years Waro Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

Local resistanceo Food riotso Samurai revoltso Peasant uprisings

Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration: 1750-1900 (Long Century)

Concept: Industrialization and Global Capitalism

Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.

A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial productiono Europe’s location on the Atlantic Oceano Geographical distribution of coal, iron and timbero Demographic changeso Urbanizationo Improved agriculture

o Legal protection of private propertyo An abundance of rivers and canalso Access to foreign resourceso Accumulation of capital

The development of machines made it possible to exploit vast new resources and increase the energy available to human societies

o Steam and combustion engineso Fossil fuels: coal and oil

The factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor

Industrialization spreads from England, to Western Europe and then to the USA, Russia, and Japan The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and

precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century

New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories

The need for raw materials and more food for growing cities led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in mass producing single natural resources (CASH CROPS)

o Cottono Rubbero Palm oilo Sugaro Wheato Meato Guanoo Metals and minerals

The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies

o Textile production in India Increased productivity encouraged industrial states to seek out new consumer markets

o British and French attempt to “open up” Chinese markets during the 19th century The demand for metals for industrial production led to the development of extensive mining centers

o Copper mines in Mexicoo Gold and diamond mines in South Africa

Financial institutions expand to support industrialization

Adam Smith’s development of capitalism and John Stuart Mill’s development of classical liberalism inspire/support economic changes

Financial instruments expando Stock marketso Insuranceo Gold standardo Limited liability corporations

Rise of large-scale transnational businesseso United Fruit Company

o HSBC: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

Major developments in transportation and communication

Required Examples:o Railroadso Steamshipso Telegraphso Canals

The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses

In Industrialized states, workers organized to support their rights while others opposed capitalist society by promoting alternate visions of society

o Utopian socialismo Marxismo Anarchism

In Qing China and Ottoman Empire, some leaders resisted change and attempted to maintain preindustrial forms of economic production

In a small number of states, governments promoted state-sponsored industrializationo Meiji Japan and Zaibatsuo Development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russiao China’s Self-Strengthening movemento Muhammed Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt

Some governments mitigated the negative effects of industrial capitalism by promoting various types of reformo State pensions and public health in Germanyo Expansion of suffrage in Britaino Public education

The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent major changes in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy

New social classes developedo Middle classo Industrial working class

Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics changed in response to industrialization Rapid urbanization often led to unsanitary conditions as well as new forms on community

Concept: Imperialism and Nation-State Formation

Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires

States with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonieso British in Indiao Dutch in Indonesia

European states, as well as American and Japanese states, established empires throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence died

o Britisho Dutch

o Germano Frencho Germano Russian

Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africao British in West Africao Belgians in Congo

In some parts of the empires, Europeans established settler colonieso British in southern Africa, Australia, New Zealando French in Algeria

In other parts of the world, industrialized states practiced economic imperialismo British and French and the Opium Wars in Chinao British and USA investing heavily in Latin America

Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world

The expansion of US and European Influence over Tokugawa Japan led to the emergence of Meiji Japan The USA and Russia expanded their land borders and conquered neighboring territories Anti-imperial resistance led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire

o Establishment of independent Balkan stateso Semi-independence in Egypt, French and Italian colonies in North Africao Later British influence in Egypt

New states developed on the edges of existing empireso Cherokee Nationo Siamo Hawaiio Zulu Nation

The development of nationalism as an ideology fostered new communal identitieso German nationalismo Filipino nationalism

New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified imperialism

Concept: Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought often preceded the revolutions against existing governments

Thinkers applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationshipso Voltaireo Rousseau

Intellectuals critiqued the role that religion played in public life Enlightenment thinkers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract

o Locke

o Montesquieu The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing poltical authority, as reflected in

revolutionary documentso The American Declaration of Independenceo The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizeno Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter

These ideas expanded into other social realms to initiate changeo Suffrageo Abolitiono End of serfdom

Beginning in the 18th century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social custom, and territory. These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the state, while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations

Increasing discontent with imperial rules propelled reformist and revolutionary movements

Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governmentso Janissaries’ rebelliono Marathas challenge to the Mughal

American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of independent states and revolutionized governments

o American Revolutiono French Revolutiono Haitian Revolutiono Latin American independence movements

Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americaso Maroon societieso North American slave rebellions

Anticolonial movements riseo Indian (Sepoy) Revolt of 1857o Boxer Rebellion

Some rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianismo Taiping Rebelliono The Ghost Danceo The Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement

Responses to rebellions led to reforms in imperial policieso Tanzimat Reformso The Self-Strengthening movement

The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities

Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies, including liberalism, socialism, and communism.

Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies

o Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Womeno Olympe de Gouge’s “Declaration of the Rights of Women”o The resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Conference in 1848

Concept: Global Migration

Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living

Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to significant global population rise Due to improvements in transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities.

Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons

Many individuals chose to freely relocated, often in search of worko Manual laborerso Specialized professionals

The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migrationo Slaveryo Chinese and Indian indentured servitudeo Convict labor

A significant number of temporary or seasonal migrants returned to their home societieso Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacifico Lebanese merchants in the Americaso Italians in Argentina

The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the nineteenth century, produced a variety of consequences and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and existing populations

Due to physical nature of the labor in demand, most migrants were male, leaving women to take on new roles Migrants often create ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world, which helped transplant their culture and

facilitate the development of migrant support networkso Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean and South America and North America (CHINATOWN)o Indians in east and southern Africa, Caribbean and Southeast Asiao Organized crime networks/Mafias

Discrimination often led to policies aimed at reducing flow of new peoples across borderso Chinese exclusion acto White Australia Policy

Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments 1900-Present (Modern Era)

Key Concept: Science and Environment

Researchers made rapid advances in the sciences throughout the world

New modes of communication and transportation virtually eliminated the problem of geographic distance New scientific paradigms transformed human understanding of the world

o The theory of relativityo Quantum mechanics

o Big Bang Theoryo Psychology

The Green Revolution produced food for the rapidly growing population as it spread chemically and genetically enhanced forms of agriculture

Medical innovations increased the ability of humans to surviveo Polio vaccineo Antibioticso The artificial heart

Energy technologies including the use of oil and nuclear power raised productivity and increased the production of material goods

As the global population expanded at an unprecedented rate, humans fundamentally changed their relationship with the environment

Humans exploited and compete over the earths finite resources Global warming/climate change was a major consequence of the release of greenhouse gases and other

pollutants Pollution threatened the world’s supply of potable water and clean air. Deforestation and desertification

escalated. Rates of species extinction also escalated

Disease, scientific innovations, and conflict led to demographic shifts

Diseases associated with poverty persisted, while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human survival. In additional, lifestyle changes and increased longevity led to higher incidence of certain diseases

o Diseases associated with poverty: Malaria Tuberculosis Cholera

o Emergent epidemic diseases 1918 influenza pandemic HIV/AIDS Ebola

o Diseases associated with lifestyle change: Diabetes Heart Disease Alzheimer’s

More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility and challenged traditional gender roles

Improved military technology and new tactics led to increased levels of wartime casualtieso Improved military technology

Tanks Airplanes Atomic bomb

o New tactics: Trench warfare Firebombing

o Wartime Casualties: Nanjing Dresden Hiroshima

Concept: Global Conflicts and Their Consequences

Europe dominated global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new forms of transregional political organization by the century’s end

The older land-based Ottoman, Russian and Wing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors

o Economic hardshipo Political and social discontento Technological stagnationo Military defeat

Some colonies negotiated their independenceo Indian from the Britisho Gold Coast from the British

Some colonies achieved independence through armed struggleo Algeria and Vietnam from the Frencho Angola from the Portuguese

Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states

Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenged imperial ruleo Mohandas Gandhio Ho Chi Minho Kwame Nkrumah

Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial ruleo Muhammed Ali Jinnaho The Quebecois separatist movemento The Biafra secessionist movement

Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundarieso Communismo Pan-Arabismo Pan-Africanism

Movement to redistribute land and resources develop within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating socialism and communism

Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences

The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlementso India/Pakistan partitiono Zionism Jewish settlement of Palestine

The division of the Middle East into mandatory States (Mandate System) The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles maintained cultural and economic ties

between the colony and the metropole even after dissolution of empire

o South Asians to Britaino Algerians to Franceo Filipinos to USA

The proliferation of conflicts led to various forms of ethnic violence and the displacement of peoples resulting in refugee populations

o Ethnic violence/Genocide Armenia Holocaust Cambodia Rwanda

o Displacement of peoples Palestinians Darfurians

Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale

World War I and World War II were the first “total wars.” Governments used ideologies such as facism, nationalism, and communism to mobilize all of their states resources (including peoples) both in home countries and colonies.

o Gurkha soldiers in Indiao Military conscription

The sources of global conflict variedo Imperialism expansion of Europe and Japano Competition for resourceso Ethnic conflicto Great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germanyo Nationalism ideologieso Great Depression

Post-War balance of power shifted to USA and USSR and sparked the Cold War. Ideological struggle between communism and capitalism begins.

The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and Warsaw Pact and promoted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa and Asia

The dissolution of the Soviet Union effectively ended the Cold War

Although conflict dominated much of the twentieth century, many individuals, groups and states opposed this trend. Some, however, intensified conflicts

Groups challenged the many wars of the century and promoted the practice of nonviolenceo Picasso in his Guernicao The antinuclear movement during the Cold Waro Thich Quang Duc by self-immolation (Buddhist monk on fire)

Groups and individuals opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political and social orderso Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedongo The Non-Aligned Movement

o The Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africao Participants in the global uprisings on 1968o The Tiananmen Square protesters

Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified with

o The promotion of military dictatorship in Chile, Spain, and Ugandao The US promotion of a New World Order after the Cold Waro The buildup of “military industrial complex”

More movements used violence against civilians to achieve political aimo IRAo ETAo Al-Qaeda

Global conflicts had a profound influence on popular cultureo Dadao James Bondo Socialism Realismo Video games

Concept: New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society and Culture

States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenge of the 20 th Century

In the Communist states of the Soviet Union and China, governments controlled their national economieso Five Year Planso Great Leap Forward

Originally, American and many European governments played a minimal role in the economy. Their involvement in the economy increased.

o The New Dealo Fascist corporatists economies

In the newly independent states after WWII, governments took on a strong role in guide economic life to promote development

o Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt o The encouragement of export-oriented economies in East Asia

At the end of the 20th century, many governments encouraged free market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization

o USA under Reagano Britain under Thatchero China under Deng Xiaopingo Chile under Pinochet

States, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent

New international organizations formed to maintain world peace and cooperationo League of Nationso United Nationso International Criminal Court

New economic institutions sought to spread the principals and practices associated with free market economies

o International Monetary Fundo World Banko World Trade Organization

Humanitarian organizations developed to respord to humanitarian crises around the worldo UNICEFo Red Crosso Amnesty Internationalo Doctors without Borderso WHO

Regional trade agreements created regional trading blocs designed to promote the movement of capital and goods across borders

o European Uniono NAFTAo ASEAN

Multinational Corporations began to challenge state authority and autonomyo Coca-Colao Sonyo Royal Dutch Shell

Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of environmental and economic consequences of globalization

o Greenpeaceo Earth Day

People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion, often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions

The notion of human rights spread throughout the worldo UN Universal Declaration of Human Rightso Women’s rightso End of the While Australian Policy

Increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes led to the formation of new cultural identities and exclusionary reactions

o New identities: Negritude, African Nationalismo Exclusionary reactions

Xenophobia Race riots Citizenship restrictions

Belivers developed new forms of spirituality and chose to emphasize particular aspects of practice within existing faiths and apply them to political issues

o New forms of spirituality New Age religions Hare Krishna Falun Gong

o Application of religion to political issues Fundamentalist movements Liberation theology

Popular and consumer culture became global

Sports were more widely practiced and reflected national and social aspirationso World Cup Soccero Olympicso Cricket

Widespread diffusion of film and musico Reggaeo Bollywood