g]kfn ;/sf/ · 2018-07-01 · Department of Water Induced Disaster Management FAO vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g Food and Agriculture Organization FNCCI g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 Federation

g]kfn ;/sf/

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfM @)!*-@)#)-c;f/ !%, @)&%_

1

ljifo;"rL

zAb ;+If]k ....................................................................................................... 3

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z ................................................................................................ 5

cWofo !M k[i7e"ld ............................................................................................. 8

!=! ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf............................................................................... 8

!=!=! ;8s b'3{6gf ...................................................................................... 9

!=!=@ dxfdf/L ............................................................................................ 9

!=!=# e"sDk ............................................................................................. 10

!=!=$ klx/f]] .............................................................................................. 11

!=!=% af9L ............................................................................................... 11

!=!=^ lxdkft tyf lxdklx/f] ......................................................................... 12

!=!=& v8]/L ............................................................................................. 12

cWofo @M ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^ sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff / ljBdfg

sfg"gL tyf gLltut Aoj:yf............................................................................... 14

@=! ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^ sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff ..................... 14

@=@ ljBdfg sfg"gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf ........................................................... 15

@=# /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmof ............................................................. 19

cWofo #: ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf ................................... 22

#=! kl/ro………………………………………...…………………….22

#=@ dfu{bz{s l;4fGt…...…………………………………………………22

#=# bL3{sfnLg ;f]+r, ck]lIft kl/0ffd, p2]Zo / nIo .............................................. 23

#=$ k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qx¿ ............................................................................. 27

cWofo $: k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q !-ljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{ ........................................... 30

$=! k|sf]k adf]lhd hf]lvdsf] cfFsng ................................................................ 31

$=@ ax'-k|sf]k hf]lvd cfFsngsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo ................................... 46

$=# k|efjsf/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|jfx ................... 47

$=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 ......................................... 50

2

cWofo %: k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q @-;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf]

;'b[9Ls/0f ..................................................................................................... 55

%=! ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f ................................................. 57

%=@ sfg"gL / lgofds ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ..............................................................61

%=# ljkb\ hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L ....................... 71

%=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;'lglZrttf ........................................ 73

cWofo ^: k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q #-ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu pTyfgzLntf j[l4 ug{ a[xQ/

hf]lvd hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs nufgL k|jw{g ................................... 76

^=! pTyfgzLntf a[l4df nufgL k|jw{g .............................................................. 77

^=@ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs nufgL j[l4 ............................................. 85

^=# ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lghL nufgL k|jw{g ................................................. 87

^=$ hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, aLdf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfkm{t ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf clea[l4 ..... 90

cWofo &: k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q $-k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{e, k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0fdf

æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆsf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ................................ 94

&=! k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f .................................... 95

&=@ ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ax'-k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ........................... 100

&=# ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|jw{g.......................................... 108

&=$ ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f ............................. 111

&=% vf]h tyf p4f/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .............................................................. 113

&=^ k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ cjwf/0ff k|jw{g .... 122

cWofo *: /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljQLo Joj:yf ............................. 128

cWofo (: /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, ;dLIff / ;+zf]wg ..................... 130

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ................................................................................................ 132

3

zAb ;+If ]k

AD O{:jL ;+jt\ Anno Domini

AMCDRR ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL

PlzofnL dGqL:t/Lo ;Dd]ng

Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk

Reduction

BCPR ;Í6 lgjf/0f tyf k'gnf{e Ao"/f] Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

CBO ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+u7g Community Based Organization

CCA hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng Climate Change Adaptation

CDRRC s]G›Lo ljkb \ p4f/ tyf k|ltsfo{

;ldlt

Central Disaster Rescue and Response Committee

DDC lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt District Development Committee

DDRC lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/;ldlt District Disaster Relief Committee

DHM hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

DRR ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Disaster Risk Reduction

DRM ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg Disaster Risk management

DOA s[lif ljefu Department of Agriculture

DOF jg ljefu Department of Forest

DOHS :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu Department of Health Services

DOMG vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu Department of Mines and Geology

DSCWM e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed

Management

DUDBC zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f

ljefu

Department of Urban Development and Building

Construction

DWIDM hn pTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkg

ljefu

Department of Water Induced Disaster Management

FAO vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g Food and Agriculture Organization

FNCCI g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and

Industry

GDP s"n u|fXo:y pTkfbg Gross Domestic Product

GLOF lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 af9L Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

GON g]kfn ;/sf/ Government of Nepal

GPS Unf]an kf]lhzlg+u l;:6d Global Positioning System

HFA Xof]uf] sfo{ ;+/rgf Hyogo Framework for Action

HFF lxdfnog k|m+6n kmN6 Himalayan Frontal Fault

ICIMOD cGt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo

ljsf; s]G›

International Centre for Integrated Mountain

Development

INGO cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf International Non-Governmental Organization

LAPA Hfnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu

:yfgLocg's"ng sfo{of]hgf

Local Adaptation Plan of Actions to Climate Change

4

LRMP e"ld ;|f]t gSzf+sg kl/of]hgf Land Resource Mapping Project

LSGA :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g Local Self Governance Act

MBT d]g afpG8«L y|:6 Main Boundary Thrust

MCT d]g ;]G6«n y|:6 Main Central Thrust

MOALM&C s[lif, e"ld Joj:yf tyf ;xsf/L

dGqfno

Ministry of Agriculture, Land Management and

Cooperatives

MOFAGA ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno

Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration

MOHA u[x dGqfno Ministry of Home Affairs

MOFE jg tyf aftfj/0f dGqfno Ministry of Forest and Environment

MOUD zx/L ljsf; dGqfno Ministry of Urban Development

NAPA Hfnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu /fli6«o

cg's"ng sfo{qmd

National Adaption Programme of Action to Climate

Change

NCA b}jLk|sf]k -pBf/_ P]g Natural Calamities (Relief) Act

NEA g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f Nepal Electricity Authority

NGO u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf Non-governmental Organization

NPC /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u National Planning Commission

NPR g]kfnL ¿lkofF Nepalese Rupees

NRA /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f National Reconstruction Authority

NSDRM

DRR&MA

LGOA

ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o

/0fgLlt

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg P]g

:yflgo zf;g ;+rfng P]g

National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management

Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Act

Local Government Operation Act

NUDS /fli6«o zx/L ljsf; /0fgLlt National Urban Development Strategy

OPMCM k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqL kl/ifbsf]

sfof{no

Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers

SAARC blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u

;+u7g

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

UN ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 United Nations

UNDP ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd United Nations Development Programme

UNICEF ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo afn sf]if United Nations International Children’s Emergency

Fund

VDC ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt Village Development Committee

WECS hn tyf pmhf{ cfof]usf]

;lrjfno

Water and Energy Commission Secretariat

WFP ljZj vfB sfo{qmd World Food Programme

WHO ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g World Health Organization

5

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdfljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Aoj:yfkgsf] ljifonfO{ljleGg efu, wf/f

/ cg';"rLdf pNn]v u/LPsf] 5. ;+ljwfgsf] efu $ wf/f %!-5_ sf]k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf]

;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt cGtu{t hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ug]{ tyf k|fs[lts

k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{k"j{ ;"rgf, tof/L, p4f/, /fxt Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ s'/f

pNn]v 5 . To;/L g} ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL & n] k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts ljkb\ k"j{ tof/L, p4f/

tyf /fxt / k'gnf{e sfo{nfO{ ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 .

cg';"rL * dfljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ :yfgLo txsf] Psn clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf]

5.To:t} cg';"rL ( n] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;"rLdf ;d]t ljkb\

Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .

g]kfnn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DalGw cGt/f{li6«o :t/df x'g] k|lta4tfdf ;xefuL x'b} ubf{

;g\ @))%-@)!% sf] Xof]uf] sfo{9fFrfdf klg k|lta4tf hgfP cg'¿kljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

/fli6«o /0fgLlt, @))( th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] xf] . pQm /0fgLltn] Xof]uf] sfo{9fFrfdf

ck]Iff u/LPh:t} ljkb\ pTyfgzLn g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf u/]tf klg xfd|f lqmofsnfkx¿ a9L

k|ltsfo{ tyf /fxt s]lGb|t /x] .

;g\ @)!% kl5sf s]xL P]ltxfl;s cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tfx¿ / k|lta4tfx¿ dWo] ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fO sfo{9fFrf,lbuf] ljsf; nIo @)!%-@)#) / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DalGw

k]l/; ;Demf}tfljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{ x'g\ .

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fO sfo{9fFrf@)!%-@)#) Pp6fcGt/f{li6«o dfu{bz{g ug]{

ljZjAofkL b:tfj]h xf] eg] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @))( k|d'v

/fli6«odfu{bz{g xf] . ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 l;s]sf s'/fx¿ / klxrfg u/LPsf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿,

;g\ @)!% sf] e"sDk, ;g\ @)!$ / @)!& sf] af9L/ xfn}sf cGo ljkb\x¿af6 l;s]sf kf7x¿

xfd|f nflu Jojxfl/sdfu{bz{g x'g\ . oL ljifox¿nfO{ dfu{bz{gsf] ¿kdf lnO{ tof/ u/LPsf] of]

/0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf ;g\ @)!* b]lv @)#) ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ nlIft u/L tof/ u/LPsf] 5 .of]

/0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] nflulgDg adf]lhdsfrf/ k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qx¿ / c7f/ k|fyldstfk|fKt

sfo{x¿to u/LPsf5g\ .

k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q !Mljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !M k|sf]k adf]lhd hf]lvd cfFsng

6

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ @M ax'-k|sf]k hf]lvd cfFsngsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ #M k|efjsf/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|jfx

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ $M ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4

k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q @: ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ %M ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ ^M sfg"gL tyf lgofds ;+/rgf lgdf{0f

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ &M ljkb\ hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ *M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;dfj]lztfsf] ;'lglZrttf

k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q #M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu pTyfgzLntf j[l4 ug{ a[xQ/ hf]lvd

hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs nufgL k|jw{g

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ (M pTyfgzLntf a[l4sf nflu nufgL k|jw{g

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !)M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs nufgL j[l4

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !!M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lghL nufgL j[l4

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !@M hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, aLdf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfkm{t ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf clea[l4

k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q $M k|efjsf/L ljkb\k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{e, k'gM :yfkgf tyf k'gM lgdf{0fdf

“cem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0f” sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !#M k|efjsf/L ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !$M ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ax'-k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !%M ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|jw{g

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !^M ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !&M vf]h tyf p4f/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4

k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{ !*M k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ

cjwf/0ff k|jw{g

x/]s k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ cGtu{t /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿;fdfGotof ;g\ @)!* b]lv @)@)

;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ cNksflng, ;g\ @)!* b]lv @)@% ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ dWosflng,;g\ @)!*

b]lv @)#) ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ bL3{sflng/ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul//xg'kg]{ ls|ofsnfkx?sf nflu

lg/Gt/ elg k|:tfj u/LPsf 5g\ . o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ;/n / sfof{Gjog of]Uo

agfpg k|of; u/LPsf] ePtf klg o;sf] cBfjlws / cfjlws ;'wf/ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cfjZos

7

x'g]5.o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] cfjlws ;dLIff / cBfjlws ug{ u[x dGqfnosf] kxndf cGo

dGqfnox¿, ljefu, lghL If]q/ cGo ;fem]bf/sf] ;+o'Qm cg'ejsf] cfwf/df nuftf/ k|of; x'g]5 .

o; ljkb\hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf @)!*-@)#) sf gf} cWofox¿ 5g\.

klxnf] cWofodfk[i7e"dLsf] ¿kdf g]kfndfljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf af/] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f k|:t't

u/LPsf] 5. bf];|f] cWofodfljkb\ hf]lvd Aoj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^ sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff,

ljBdfg sfg"gL tyf lgtLut Aoj:yf/ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf

tof/L k|lqmof af/]df cfjZos hfgsf/L u/fpFg] k|of; u/LPsf] 5. t];|f] cWofon] ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qx¿ k|:t't u5{. rf}yf] cWofob]lv

;ftf}+ cWofodf sfo{of]hgfsf] lglDt rf/ k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿df k|To]ssf lj:t[t /0fgLlts

lqmofsnfkx¿cnu cnu k|:t't u/LPsf 5g\. cf7f}+ cWofon] /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf

nflu ljQLo ljsNkx¿ k|:t't u5{/ gjf}+ cWofodf /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] cg'udg, d"NofÍg

tyf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljlw ;dfj]z u/LPsf] 5.

8

cWofo !Mk[i7e"ld

!=! ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf

g]kfnsf] pQ/df ljzfn lxdfno kj{t >[+vnfb]lv blIf0fdf ;dy/t/fO{ ;Dd ;/b/

!&)lsnf]ld6/b"/L /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] sd b"/L leq klg ljljwef}uf]lns l:yltx'gfn] g]kfn k|fs[lts

ljljwtfsf] wgL b]z ePtf klg g]kfnLx¿n] ljleGg k|sf/sf vt/gfs k|sf]kx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{'

kl//x]sf] 5.g]kfn k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0f ljljw k|sf/sf ljkb\x¿sf] hf]lvddf /x]sf]n] x/]s jif{

cf};t %))eGbf a9L ljljw ljkb\sf 36gfx¿ x'g] ub{5g\, kl/0ffd:j¿k ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf

dfgjLo Iflt x'G5 / hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;d]t c;/ k5{ . kl5Nnf] $% jif{ -;g\!(&! b]lv @)!%_

sf] cjlwdf g]kfndf $),))) eGbf a9L JolQmx¿n] ljkb\sf sf/0f cfˆgf] Hofg u'dfPsf 5g\.

of] ;+Vof x/]s lbg @ hgfsf] Hofg uP eGbf a9L xf] . pRr d[To' b/sf] cnfjf, pSQ cjlwdf

&%,))) eGbf a9L JolQmx¿ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\eg] nueu #),)),))) k|efljt ag]sf 5g\. oL

ljkb\x¿n] g]kfn e/ dflg; tyf ;d'bfonfO{ Ps eofgs af]em yf]k/]sf] 5. g]kfndf clwsf+z

lhNnfx¿df nuftf/ ljkb\ cfpg] ub{5, hxfF b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf w]/} k|sf/sf k|sf]kaf6 hg;+Vofsf]

() k|ltzt eGbf a9L d[To'sf] pRr hf]lvddf x'G5g\ .

d'Vo ljkb\x¿dfu}/k|fs[lts ljkb\x¿ h:t} dxfdf/L, clgsfn, 89]nf], sL6 jf ;"Id hLjf0f'

cft+s, kz' tyf r/fr'¿ËLdf x'g] km\n', KofG8flds km\n', ;k{b+z, hgfj/ cft+s, vfgL, xjfO{,

;8s, hn jf cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf, cfunfuL, ljiffQm UofF;, /;fog jf ljsL/0f r'xfj6, UofF;

ljikmf]6g, ljiffQm vfB ;]jg, jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0f, jg ljgf; jf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] Iflt tyf

k|sf]k p4f/ sfo{df x'g] b'3{6gf tyf k|fs[lts ljkb\x¿ h:t} lxdkft, cl;gf, lxdklx/f],

lxdklx/f] ljikmf]6g, clta[li6, cgfj[li6, af9L klx/f] tyf e"–:vng, 8'afg, v8]/L, cflb x'/L

atf;, ZLtnx/, tftf] xfjfsf] nx/, r6\ofª, e"sDk, Hjfnfd"vL ljikmf]6g, 89]nf] h:tf 36gfx¿

kb{5g\ . g]kfn ljZjdf e"sDkaf6 !! cf}+ clt hf]lvd tyf af9L / klx/f]af6 #) cf}+ clt hf]lvd

b]zsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5.o;sf cnfjf a9bf] ljsf; k|lqmof ;Fu} g]kfnn] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f, jg

ljgfz, afFw tyf t6aGw la:kmf]6g, k'n elTsg], vfgL, xjfO{, ;8s, hn jf cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf

cflb h:tf u}/ k|fs[lts ljkb\x¿;d]t ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] 5 .

ef}ule{s ¿kdf ultzLnkj{t >[vnf, cl:y/ / clt le/fnf] hldg tyf sdhf]/ ef}uf]lns

agfj6sf sf/0f dg;'gsf] ;dodf b]z}el/ljleGg k|sf/sf ef}ule{s tyf hnjfo'hGo k|sf]kx¿

x'g] ub{5g\ . sl/a *# k|ltzt g]kfn lxdfn tyf kxf8L e"efudf / !& k|ltzt ;dtn t/fO{df

k5{ . kxf8L efu klx/f] / e"Ifosf]] hf]lvddf 5 eg] t/fO{ / r'/] If]q af9L, v8]/L, cfunfuL /

9

dxfdf/Lsf] hf]lvddf 5g\ . lxdfnL If]qdf lxdklx/f] / lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g af9Lsf] vt/f 5 . k'/}

g]kfnL e"efu ;ls|o e"sDkLo If]qdf kg]{ x'gfn] kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qsf a:tLx¿ pRr e"sDkLo

hf]lvddf 5g\ .oL ljkb\afx]s, b]zdf cGo dfgj l;lh{t ljkb\sf 36gfx¿klgx'g] u/]sf 5g\

.g]kfndf ljkb\ lgDTofpg] d'Vo k|sf]kx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ .

!=!=! ;8s b'3{6gf

a9bf] ljsf; k|lqmof ;Fu} g]kfndf a[l4 x'Fb} uO{/x]sf] zx/Ls/0f / ;8s ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/n]

;8s b'3{6gfx? aif]{gL a[l4 x'Fb} uO{/x]sf 5g\ . rfnssf] nfk/jfxL, dlb/f ;]jg u/L uf8L

rnfpg', tLa| ultdf uf8L rnfpg', k}bn ofq'x?sf] nfk/jfxL, cJojl:yt kfls{Ë, cJojl:yt

;8s kf/ ug]{ k|0ffnL, ;fF3'/f] ;8s, le/fnf] ;8s, v/fa ;fO{8 8«]g, df]8x?df sdhf]/ b[Zotf

cflb ;8s b'3{6gfsf d'Vo sf/0fx? x'g\ .

ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] ;g\ @)!$ sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ g]kfndf ;8s b'3{6gfsf sf/0f d[To'

x'g]sf] b/ s'n d[To'b/sf] #=!*k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5. of] d[To'b/ pd]/ ;d'x d[To'b/ ;Fu

;dfof]hgubf{ k|lt Ps nfv hg;Vofdf @@=#@ AolQm x'g cfpFb5. ;8s b'3{6gfsf sf/0f x'g]

d[To'b/sf] cfwf/df g]kfn ljZjsf] krf;f} /fi6« /x]sf]5. ;g @))! b]lv xfn ;Ddsf] tYofÍ

s]nfpFbf ;8s b'3{6gfjf6 x'g] d[To'b/ al9/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljut % jif{sf] tYofÍ cg';f/ g]kfndf

aif]{gL s/La !),))) ;8s b'3{6gf x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . h;sf sf/0f aif]{gL s/La !,**( AolQmn]

Hofg u'dfpF5g\ eg] s/La !#,))) AolQmx? 3fO{t] x'G5g\ .oL tYofÍx?sf] ljZn]if0fn] g]kfndf

b}lgs @& j6f b'3{6gf tyf %hgf eGbf a9Lsf] d[To'x'g] u/]sf]b]lvG5. ;8s b'3{6gfsf] sf/0fn]

dfq s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] sl/a )=* k|ltzt jflif{s cfly{s Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

!=!=@ dxfdf/L

g]kfnsf hg;d'bfox¿ dxfdf/Lsf] k|sf]kaf6 cToGt c;'/lIft 5g\ . kfgL, ls/f / hLjf0f'af6

;+qmd0f x'g] /f]usf sf/0f w]/}sf] Hofg hfg] u/]sf] 5. ;g\ !(&! b]lv @)!% ;Dddf dxfdf/Lsf

sf/0f !^,%^$ hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf emf8f kvfnf, sfnf Hj/, 7]pnf, x]kf6fO{l6;,

Pgˆn'PGhf, 6fOkmfO{8, bd, x}hf, of}g /f]u, Ifo/f]u / s'i7/f]u ;+qmd0f x'g] /f]ux¿ x'g\.

lj= ;+= @)^% ;fndf r}t b]lv ebf};Dd g]kfnsf] dWo tyf ;'b"/ klZrdL If]q emf8f kvfnfsf]

dxfdf/Laf6 k|efljt eof] . sl/a @*@ hgfn] Hofg u'dfP .!( lhNnfdf emf8f kvfnfsf] c;/

b]lvof] . hfh/sf]6 lhNnfdf dfq sl/a !@%)) AolQm k|efljt eP eg] !@* hgfn] Hofg u'dfP

. o:t} ¿s'ddf $^ hgfn] Hofg u'dfP .

lj= ;+= @)^% ;fn df3df g]kfndf klxnf] k6s k+IfLaf6 x'g ] PGˆn'PGhf -a8{ ˆn'_ b]vf k¥of] .

o; efO/;n] emfkf lhNnf l:yt sfs/le§fdf s'v'/fkfng k|efljt u¥of]. efO/; lgoGq0f ug{

10

pQm If]qsf] @*,))) s'v'/fx¿ dfl/P. sf7df8f}+ pkTosf, lrtjg, sfe|], x]6f}+8f / b]zsf] cGo

efux¿df klg xfn;fn} pQm efO/; km}lnPsf] kfO{Psf] 5. ;fy} aif]{gL g]kfnsf s]xL :yfgx?df

;of}+ dflg;n] dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f Hofg u'dfpg'kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . hgfj/ / hg :jf:Yodf

k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] PGˆn'PGhf efO/; nufotsf dxfdf/L cg'udgsf] nflu lgoldt lgu/fgL k|0ffnL

ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5.

!=!=# e"sDk

g]kfn;lqmo e"sDkLo If]qdf cjl:yt /x]sf]] 5.g]kfndf lxdfnoeGbf blIf0f tkm{sf dWo

kj{tx¿;Fu hf]8\g] ljzfn lxdfnosf] cfwf/ :yndf d]g ;]G6«n y|:6, ;fgf lxdfno /

l;jflnssf] ;+ud:yndf d]g afpG8«L y|:6 / l;jflnssf] blIf0f tkm{ lxdfno k|mG6n kmN6 ;d]t

k|d'v tLg b/f/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . k|To]s b/f/x¿k"j{b]lv klZrd tkm{ lqmofzLn 5g\ / o;}sf

sf/0fg]kfndf ;fgf tyf 7"nf kl/df0fsf e"sDkx¿uO{/x]sf x'G5g\. oL b/f/x¿o"/]lzog Kn]6 tn

O{l08og Kn]6sf] xnrnsf sf/0f k}bfePsf x'g eGg] e"ue{ljbx¿sf] egfO{ 5 .

O{l08og Kn]6 pQ/ tkm{ k|lt jif{ @) ldlnld6/ ;l//x]sf] 5 / ltAat -o"/]lzofsf] blIf0fL lsgf/f_

tnsf] efu Plzog Kn]6;Fu ldNb5, kmnj¿k lxdfnonfO{ dflylt/ ws]Ng cfjZos kg]{ zlQm

pTkGg ub{5 h;n]ubf{ o; If]qnfO{ ljZjdf ;a}eGbf ultzLn :yfg agfPsf] 5.e"pku|xx¿sf]

pkof]u u/]/ Unf]an kf]lh;lgª l;:6dåf/f u/LPsf] dfkgn] g]kfnsf] dWo efu sf7df8f}+sf]

k"jf]{Q/ lbzfdf cjl:yt lxdfno k|lt jif{ &±@ ldlnld6/ al9/x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5. o;}sf/0f

g]kfndf O{:jL ;+jt\ !@%%, !$!), !%)%, !%%%, !*)#, !*##, !*(&, !()%, !(#$, !(%),

@))% / @)!% df 7"nf e"sDkx¿cfPsf lyP.

lj= ;+= @)&@a}zfv !@ut] uf]/vf s ]G› ljGb' ePsf] &=^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf]

sf/0f g]kfnn] hgwgsf] w]/} Iflt a]xf]g'{ k¥of]. tTkZrft\ @)&@ ;fn a}zfv @(ut] l;Gw'kfNrf]s

s]G› ljGb' ePsf] &=# /]S6/ :s]nsf] 7"nf] k/fsDkgn]/ lg/Gt/ cfO{/x]sf cGo k/fsDkgx¿n]

hgwgsf] yk Iflt a9fof].pQm e"sDkn] lxdklx/f], ;'Vvf klx/f], af6f] cj/f]w h:tf ljkQLx¿

l;h{gf u¥of]. g]kfnsf #! lhNnfdf o;sf] a9L k|efj k¥of] / !$ lhNnfnfO{ t clt k|efljt

lhNnf 3f]if0ff u/Lof]. y'k|} a:tLx¿ a;f]af;sf nflu hf]lvdk"0f{ eP / sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf

P]ltxfFl;s If]qx¿ tyf ;Dkbf :ynx¿ gi6 eP.

pQme"sDksf] sf/0f*,(&( dflg;x¿ d/] / @@,#)) eGbf a9L dflg;x¿ 3fOt] eP. sDtLdf

$(*,*%@ lghL 3/x¿ tyf @,^%^;/sf/L ejgx¿ gi6 ePsf] cfFsngn] b]vfof]. o:t}

@%^,^(& lghL 3/x¿ tyf #,^@@;/sf/L ejgx¿ cf+lzs ¿kn] Ifltu|:t eP. o;afx]s

!(,))) eGbf a9L sIffsf]7fx¿ k"0f{¿kdf gi6 eP / !!,))) eGbf a9L sIffsf]7fx¿

cf+lzs¿kdf Ifltu|:t ag] .

11

!=!=$ klx/f ] ]

;g\ !(&! b]lv @)!% ;Dddf klx/f]sf sf/0f g]kfndf $,*#@ hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf 5g\ . lj=

;+= @)%) ;fndf af9L / klx/f]sf] k|sf]kaf6 g]kfnsf] k"jL{ / dWo If]qdf 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt

ePsf] lyof] . /fhdfu{ / le/fnf] kxf8df ;fgf 7"nf u/L@,))) eGbf a9L klx/f] uPsf lyP.

lgl:qmo e};s]sf k'/fgfklx/f]x¿klg k'gM ;lqmo eP. d";nwf/] jiff{, klx/f] / af9Lsf] sf/0f s[lif

of]Uo e"ldsf] $@,((% x]S6/ e"efu k|efljt ePsf] lyof] . y'k|} l;+rfO{ k|0ffnL, /fhdfu{, k'n /

cGo k"jf{wf/x¿ Ifltu|:t ePsf lyP . sl/a % ca{ g]kfnL ¿lkofF a/fa/ s"n Iflt ePsf]

cg'dfg u/LPsf] lyof]. !,!&) dflg;x¿sf] d[To' eof]] eg] kfFr nfv JolQmx¿ k|efljt ePsf

lyP .

lqe'jg, k[YjL, c/lgsf], a'6jn-kf]v/f / gf/fo0fu9-d'ulnª /fhdfu{x¿ ;lxt g]kfnsf] dxTjk"0f{

kxf8L /fhdfu{x¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf klx/f]sf] ;fdgf u/L/x]sf 5g\ . lj= ;+= @)^) ;fnsf]

>fj0fdf cTolws jiff{n] gf/fo0fu9-d'ulnª /fhdfu{sf] #^ lsnf]ld6/ v08df &) eGbf w]/}

:yfgx¿df klx/f] uPsf] lyof].ljgfzsf/L af9L / klx/f]n] l;h{gf u/]sf] ljkb\sf sf/0f o;af6

aRg hgr]tgfsf] dfWodaf6 s]lx gofF l;sfO tyf cg'ejx¿ klg k|fKt ePsf 5g\ .

!=!=% af9L

g]kfndf ;fgf 7"nf u/]/ ^,))) eGbf a9L gbLx¿ 5g\ h;sf] s"n nDafO sl/a $%,)))

lsnf]ld6/ 5. oL gbLx¿n] s[lif l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf / hLjglgjf{xsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ t/ ha

tL gbLx¿df af9L cfpF5, af9Ln] d'Votof t/fO{ / pkTosfx¿df ljgfznLnf g} dRrfpF5g\.

g]kfndf gbLsf] hn lgsf; 3gTj )=# lsld k|lt ju{ lsdLn] hn lgsf; dfu{x¿slt glhs /

af9L ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ eGg] b]vfpF5 . af9Ln] afnLsf] gf]S;fg ug'{sf ;fy} dfgjLo tyf ef}lts

;DklQdf Iflt k'¥ofpF5 / af9L kZrft k|foM dxfdf/L km}lnG5 .ljz]iftM o;af6 u/Lax¿ ;a}eGbf

c;'/lIft x'G5g\.;g\ !(&! b]lv @)!% ;Dddf af9Lsf sf/0f $,#$$ hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf 5g\ .

;fdfGotof pRr ;3gtfo'Qm jiff{, w]/} lbg;Dd nuftf/ jiff{, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g / e':vngsf]

sf/0f x'g] afFw lj:kmf]6gn] g]kfndf af9L cfpF5. g]kfnsf] dWo kxf8L If]qdf crfgs af9LcfpFg]

/ hgwgsf] gf]S;fgL x'g] u/]sf] cg'ej xfdL ;fd' 5 .kxf8L If]qb]lv cTolws dfqfdf gbLn]

aufP/ NofPsf] lyu]|gL t/fO{sf] ;dtn e"lddf y'lk|g'sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ljz]iftM t/fO{df k|foM

t6jtL{ If]qx¿ af9Ln] k|efljt x'G5g\. u|LidsfnLg dg;'gclws ;lqmo ag]kl5 cfiff9, >fj0f /

efb|sf] dWo cjlwdf ;aeGbf a9L af9L cfpFg] ub{5.klx/f]/ lxdgbLn] agfPsf c:yfoL

tfnx¿sf] lj:kmf]6gsf] sf/0f klg crfgs af9L cfpF5. r'/] kj{tb]lv pTkGg vx/]x¿af6

crfgs cfpFg] af9Lsf] sf/0f efj/ If]qvt/fdf 5. oL gbLx¿n] k|foM cfˆgf wf/ kl/jt{g u5{g\

/ cTolws lyu|]gL aufP/ NofpF5g\. tL lyu|]gLx¿ ;dtn e"lddf y'lk|Pkl5 gbL axg] dfu{ /

12

au/sf] prfO{nuftf/ a9\b5. ha oL gbLx¿ blIf0f t/fO{ tkm{ aU5g\ta 8'afg, s6fg ug]{ / v]t

au/ aGg] tyf afnLdf afn'jf y'lk|g]x'G5.

ef/tsf] laxf/ / pQ/ k|b]zdf ;Ldf glhs} gbLx¿df lgdf{0f u/LPsf t6aGwx¿n] hn lgsf;

cj/f]w ubf{ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ hndUg x'g] u/]sf] 5. k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, ljz]ifu/L l;dfgfdf ;8s

lgdf{0f sfo{n] klg k|fs[lts hn lgsf;nfO{ afwf k'¥ofpF5 . gbL axg] dfu{sf] ;tx a9\bf dWod

:t/sf] hn k|jfxsf] ;dodf klg hg;d'bfoaf9Laf6 c;'/lIft x'G5g\. of] ;d:of lg/fs/0fsf

nflu klg o;sf cfˆg} lglb{i6 p4f/ / /fxt ultljlwx¿sf ;fy} k|fs[lts hn lgsf; dfu{x¿

vf]Ng] h:tf /f]syfdsf pkfox¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ .kxf8df klg af9Lsf] ;d:ofJofKt 5, hxfF

lxdgbL lj:kmf]6g kl5sf] af9Ln] tNnf] e]udf pNn]Vo Iflt k'¥ofpFg ;S5.

!=!=^ lxdkft tyf lxdklx/f ]

lj= ;+= @)&! cflZjg @* ut] g]kfnsf] dgfª / d':tfª lhNnf l:yt cGgk"0f{ / wf}nflu/Lj/k/sf]

If]qdf lxdkft ;Fu} >[+vnfj2 lxdklx/f] uof]. To; ;fnsf] cflZjg @) ut] aËfnsf] vf8Laf6

pTkGg ePsf] x'bx'b gfdsf] t"kmfgn] ubf{ cfFwL cfPsf] lyof] . lxdkft / lxdklx/f]sf] sf/0f @!

hgf kbofqL ;lxt slDtdf $# JolQmx¿sf] d[To' eof] . cg'dflgt %) hgf hlt JolQmx¿

x/fO/x]sf/ !&% JolQmx¿ si6k|b lr;f]sf] sf/0f z/L/df c;/ eP/ 3fOt] ePsf] ;"rgf ldn]sf]

lyof]. nueu $)) JolQmx¿nfO{ dgfª / d':tfªsf ljleGg If]qx¿af6 p4f/ u/LPsf] lyof] .

o:tf 36gfx¿n] ko{6g If]q / /fli6«o cy{Joj:yfdf ulx/f] c;/ k'¥ofpF5g\. ko{6s tyf :yfgLo

;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg] ;+oGqsf] ljsf; /df};d k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLdf plrt nufgLn]

o:tf ljkb\ hf]lvd 6fg{ ;lsG5.

!=!=& v8]/L

g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / klZrdsf kxf8x¿df jif]{gL x'g]v8]/Ln] s[lif, kof{j/0f / dfgj k4ltdf

gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5. d+l;/b]lv h]i7 ;Ddsf] cjlw ck]Iffs[t ;'Svf x'G5 / dg;'g

cjlwdf nfdf] ;do;Dd kfgL gkbf{sf] cjlwdf klgv8]/Lsf] h:t} cj:yf k}bf x'G5. lxdfno kf/L

kg]{ lhNnfx¿ d':tfª / dgfª eg] jif{ e/ g} cToGt} ;'Svf /xG5g\ / t/fO{ tyf klZrdsf

kxf8x¿ cGo If]qx¿ eGbf a9L k|efljt x'G5g\.

dWo kxf8x¿df kfgLsf] ;|f]tx¿-d'Votof e"ldut kfgLsf d"nx¿_ ;'Sg] 36gfx¿ j[l4 eO/x]sf]

cg'ej u/LPsf] 5. s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnon] v8]/LnfO{ s[lifsf lglDt ;a}eGbf 7"nf] hf]lvdsf]

¿kdf klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . ljz]if u/L jif{ e/ s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] #* k|ltzt e"lddf dfq l;+rfO{

;'ljwf k'u]sf]] / afFsL e"ld jiff{sf] kfgLdf lge{/ /xg] u/]sf] cj:yfdf nfdf] v8]/Ln] s[lif

pTkfbgdf k|lts"n c;/ kf/L vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ub{5 . g]kfndf x/]s jif{ kxf8 /

13

t/fO{ If]qx¿df a:g] sl/a %,))) kl/jf/ v8]/Ln] k|efljt x'G5g\. v8]/Lsf] sf/0f cGg

pTkfbgdf Jofks lu/fj6 cfpF5 / ef]sd/Lsf] ;d:ofcem a9\g hfG5.

;g\ @))* sf] lxpFbdf jiff{sf] sdLn] b]z e/ cGg pTkfbgdf uDeL/ x|f; cfof]. ux'F / hf}

pTkfbgdf qmdzM !$ / !& k|ltztn] lu/fj6 cfof]. g]kfnsf] dWo tyf ;'b"/-klZrdsf s]xL

lhNnfx¿df gf]j]Da/ @))* b]lv km]a|'c/L @))( ;Dd cf};t jiff{sf] cfwf eGbf sd jiff{

ePsf]n] cGg pTkfbg cfwf eGbf sd ePsf] lyof] .s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, ;+o'Qm /fi6«

;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf] ;+o'Qm cfFsngn] ckof{Kt

cGg pTkfbgsf] sf/0f nueu @) nfv dflg;x¿ vfB c;'/Iffsf] pRr hf]lvddf k/]sf / yk

#% nfv rk]6fdf k/]sf lyP eGg] b]vfPsf] 5. tL ;+:yfx¿sf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnsf] &%

lhNnfx¿dWo] $) lhNnfdf v8]/Lsf] sf/0fn] vfBGgsf] cefj ePsf] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5.

plNnlvt k|d'v hnjfo'hGo, e"ueL{o / :jf:Yo k|sf]kx¿sf cltl/QmcfunfuL, 89]nf], r6\ofª,

cl;gfkfgL, xfjfx'/L, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6gaf6 x'g] af9L / jfo' tyf hn k|b"if0f h:tf k|sf]kaf6klg

g]kfn t'ngfTds ¿kn] c;'/lIft g} /x]sf] 5.

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f r/d hnjfo' 36gfsf If]lqo / ;fdlos9fFrfx¿ kl/jt{gx'g ;Sg]

;Defjgf 5 . xfn}sf jif{x¿df dg;'gL jiff{sf] 9fFrf kl/jt{g e} dg;'g ;dfKt x'g 9Lnf] x'Fbf

;lqmo dg;'gsf] cjlw nlDag uPsf] ;+s]t kfO{Psf] 5 . pRr tLa|t/ r/d jiff{sf] If]qLo k|j[lQ

jflif{s jf dg;'gL jiff{sf] k|j[lQ eGbf w]/} km/s x'G5 . t/fO{ / r'/] If]q hxfF ck]Iffs[t jflif{s

jiff{ / kfgL kg]{ lbg sd x'G5, pRr tLa|t/ r/d jiff{sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*! b]lv

@)!) ;Ddsf] @!) s]Gb|x¿sf] xfnsf] jiff{sf] k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfne/ k"j{ dg;'g jiff{

al9/x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] dg;'g kZrft jiff{ 3l6/x]sf] b]lvG5 . cem, g]kfne/ nuftf/ ;'Svf

lbgx¿sf] ;+Vofdf Ps dxTjk"0f{ a9\bf] k|j[lQ / kfgL kg]{ lbgx¿sf] ;+Vofdf 36\bf] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf]

5, h;n] b]ze/ ;'Svf cjlw nlDaPsf] ;+s]t ub{5 . ;du|df, b]zsf ljleGg efux¿df ljleGg

jiff{ ;"rsf+ssf] tLa|tfn] If]q ljz]if af9L, klx/f] / v8]/Lsf] hf]lvdnfO{ ;+s]t ub{5 .

ljkb\ k|sf]k / ;+s6pGd'vtfsf] ;+o'Qm kl/0ffd xf] . ;a}eGbf hf]lvd ;d"xdf sd cfo ePsf /

u/La kl/jf/x¿, ;LdfGts[t / alxis[t ;d'bfox¿, dlxnfx¿, afnaflnsf, a[4 / ckfË

AolQmx¿kb{5g\ . ljkb\ hf]lvd ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts 9fFrf / pgLx¿ aLrsf]

cGt/;DaGwdf lge{/ ub{5 . ljkb\sf cfofdx¿ ultzLn 5g\ .;Dd'vtf / ;+s6pGd'vtf 36fP/

tyf pTyfgzLntf clea[l4 u/]/ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

14

cWofo @M ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^

sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff / ljBdfg sfg"gL tyf gLltut Aoj:yf

@=! ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^ sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff

ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ n] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf /fxt tyf

p4f/ s]lG›t cjwf/0ffaf6 ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f s]lG›t a[xQ/cjwf/0ffnfO{ c+lusf/u/]sf] 5

.pQm /0fgLlt th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿,

ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿,/fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf, /]8qm; cleofgsf c+ux? /

dfgjLo ;xfotfsf] If]qdf lqmofzLn ;+3 ;+:yf P+j ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf];+nUgtf / ;xof]u

/x]sf] lyof] .

o; /0fgLltsf] sfo{Gjogaf6 hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf If]qdf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ gLltut tyf ;+:yfut

Joj:yf ePsf 5g\ . /fli6«o ejg ;+lxtfdf cfwfl/t gofF lgdf{0f / ljBfno tyf c:ktfn

ejgx¿sf] k|anLs/0f sfo{qmdx¿ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] If]qsf dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL x'g\ . o;} u/L

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lhNnf b]lv ;d'bfo :t/;Dd sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf :yfgLo ljkb\

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg of]hgf, lhNnf ljkb\ k"j{ tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf / s]Gb| b]lv lhNnf

tx;Dd :yfkgf u/L ;+rfngdf NofOPsf cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;+rfng s]Gb|x¿ s]xL dxTjk"0f{

k|of;x¿ x'g\ . o;/L g} /fli6«o :t/ b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Ddsf ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg

hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePaf6 o; If]qdf 7"nf] nfe ldn]sf] 5 .

s]xL gbLx¿ Pj+ hf]lvdo'St lxdtfnx¿df :yfkgf u/LPsf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn] jf9L tyf

8'jfgaf6 x'g] hgwgsf] Iflt Go"gLs/0fdf d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^sfof{Gjogdf cfP kZrft hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf s]xL ;fy{s k|ult ePtfklg zf;gsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ck]lIft ¿kdf

hf]lvd;Dj]bgzLn agfpg g;Sbf /0fgLltsf ;+:yfut Joj:yf / hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf h:tf

klxnf] / bf];|f] k|fyldstfk|fKt lqmofsnfkx¿dfck]Iffs[t k|ult x'g ;s]g . ef}uf]lns ;"rgf

k|0ffnL (Geographic Information System)dfcfwfl/tljkb\ ;"rgf Joj:yfkgk|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf /

To;nfO{;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{ tyf sfo{d"ns hf]lvd ;"rgf / o;sf] k|efjsf/L k|rf/ k|;f/

;+oGqsf]lasf; ug{] sfo{k|f/lDes cj:yfd} 5 . o;sf cnfjf hnjfo'hGo/ cGo hf]lvdx¿sf]

PsLs[tn]vfhf]vf u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng Pj+ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ;du| ljsf;

k|lqmofdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng/ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

15

;DaGwL gLltut, ;+:yfut Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ PsLs[t u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog

ugf{n] ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u x'g] xF'bf o;tkm{ Wofg lbg cfjZos 5 . kl5Nnf] bzsdf

xfl;n u/LPsf dxTjk"0f{ ;kmntfsf afjh'b of] /0fgLltn]] g]kfnnfO{ ljkb\ pTyfgzLn ;d'bfosf]

¿kdf :yflkt ug{ cjnDag u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r xfl;n ug{ cem} w]/} sfd ug{ afFsL g} 5.

@=@ ljBdfgsfg"gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt cGtu{t

hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f / gbLsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ lbuf] / e/kbf]{ l;+rfO{sf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf

k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ k"j{;"rgf, tof/L, p4f/, /fxt Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf ug]{

gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL & df k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts ljkb\ k"j{tof/L,

p4f/ tyf /fxt / k'gnf{e sfo{nfO{ ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 .

o;} u/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{cg';"rL * df :yfgLo txsf] Psn clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf ;d]6]sf] 5

eg]cg';"rL ( df;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf clwsf/sf];"rLdf /fv]sf] 5 .

b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#(sfof{Gjog eP ;Fu} g]kfndfljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL;+:yfut

sfo{sf] yfngLeof]. o; P]gn] u[x dGqfnonfO{ ljkb\ kZrftsf]p4f/ tyf /fxt dfk{mthgwgsf]

;'/Iff ug]{ sfo{sf] ;dGjo ug{ s]G›Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u¥of] .o;} u/LcGo dGqfno,

ljefu, k|lti7fg, ljsf; ;fem]bf/, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfo, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo ;xof]u

lgsfox¿, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / gfu/Ls ;dfhnfO{ ;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf to u¥of] . P]gn] gLlt

lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug{ s]Gb|Lo :t/df s]G›Lo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/;ldlt / ;dGjo Pj+

sfof{Gjogsf nflu If]qLo, lhNnf / :yfgLo :t/dfb}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltx¿u7gsf nflu

clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof].

cGt/f{li6«o :t/dfu/LPsf kxnx¿sf] kl/df0f:j¿k ;g\ @))% df cfTd;ft\u/LPsf] Xof]uf]

sfo{9fFrf;Fu} g]kfnsf] ljkb\Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff “ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f”tkm{ ljsl;t

eO/x]sf] 5.o;} ;Gbe{df ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ n] ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu kfFr j6f k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿ klxrfg u/L pTyfgzLn ;d'bfosf] ljsf;

ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . o; /0fgLltn] Xof]uf] sfo{9fFrf @))%-@)!% df ck]Iff u/LP h:t} ljkb\

pTyfgzLn g]kfn agfpg];f]r k|:t't u¥of] . o;n]If]qut ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog

k|lqmofdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ clek|]l/t ug'{sf ;fy} ;+:yfut ;+oGq

ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{, Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{, cfktsfnLg k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ tyf k'gnf{e

sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 5 .

;]G8fO{ sfo{9fFrf @)!% n]rf/ j6f k|fyldstf If]qx¿ tf]sL ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;dfhsf ;a}

txsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{ ljkb pTyfgzLn ;d'bfo / /fi6«sf] ljsf; ug]{ nIo lnPsf]

16

5 . g]kfnn] klg cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf, ljutsf ljkb\x¿sf] cg'ejx¿ Pj+ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg

jdf]lhd ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;

P]gn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf ;du| kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . ljkb

Joj:yfkgsf nflu Ps ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg k|flws/0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] sfo{ Pj+ lhDd]jf/LnfO{

:ki6 u/]sf] 5 .

bzf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_ n] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ cGt/;DalGwt gLltsf] ¿kdf

cjnDag u/]sf] lyof] . o; of]hgfn] hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f, k|fs[lts tyf dfgj l;lh{t

ljkb\sf]PsLs[t Joj:yfkg, gLltut ;'wf/, ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] lasf;, ljkb\ hf]lvd cfFsng /

;"rgf k|jfx ;fy} ljkb\ k|lt/f]wL lgdf{0f cEof;df hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .

tLg jif]{ cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$–@)^&_ n] ljkb\nfO{ ljsf; nIosf] k|flKtdf cj/f]wsf] ¿kdf

klxrfg u/L ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0flbuf] ljsf;sf nflu clgjfo{ /x]sf] ljifonfO{ :jLsf/u/]sf]

lyof]. o; of]hgfn] k|d'v lgsfox¿ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLrsf] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjonfO{ hf]8 lbPsf]

lyof].;fy} rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#–@)&%_ n] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbb}+ cfkt\sfnLg vf]h,

p4f/, pkrf/ tyf tTsfn /fxtsf nflu Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ ljz]if sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug{] tyf

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ljsf;sf ;a} cfofd tyf r/0fdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{] gLlt lnPsf]

5 .

e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)#( df af9L, klx/f], e"–Ifo h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] lgoGq0f u/L

e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf u/LPsf] 5 .hn;|f]t P]g, @)$( df

hn;|f]tsf] pkof]u ubf{ e"–Ifo, af9L, klx/f] jf o:t} c¿ sf/0fåf/f jftfj/0fdf pNn]vgLo

k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] tTsfnLg :yfgLo lgsfox¿ -ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt,

gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx¿_ / hgtfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf If]qdf k|efjsf/L ljsf; of]hgf

lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm k|j]z ljGb'sf ¿kdf lnO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ug{ clwsf/ lbg'sf ;fy} lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, ufpFljsf; ;ldlt /

gu/kflnsf txdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg sf]if :yfkgf ug{ clwsf/ k|bfg u¥of]

.

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ n]k|lt:yfkg u/]sf]

5. :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf @-g_ n]ufpFkflnsf tyf

gu/kflnsfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ leq ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL;a} r/0fsf sfo{x¿

;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gn] /fli6«o ejg ;+lxtf tyf dfkb08 adf]lhd ejg lgdf{0f cg'dlt,

17

cg'udg / lgodgsf ;DaGwL sfo{x¿sf;fy} ;'/lIft a:tL ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf,

sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, lgodg / d"NofÍg cflb sfo{nfO{ ;d]t ufpFkflnsf tyf

gu/kflnsfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ leq ;d]6]sf] 5 .o;} u/L ejg P]g,@)%% n] e"sDk,

cfunfuL tyf cGo b}jL k|sf]kaf6 ejgx¿df kg{ ;Sg] IfltnfO{ oyf;Dej sd ug{ ejg

lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ lgoldt u/fpg ejg lgdf{0f Joj:yf ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldlt u7gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]

5 .

/fli6«o s[[lif gLlt, @)^! n] k|fs[lts >f]t, jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g Pj+

;b'kof]u ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] . o;df k|fs[lts k|sf]k cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, /f]u, sL/f Pj+ cGo

b}jL k|sf]kx¿sf] cf+sng / s[lif /fxt kl/rfngsf nflu lgu/fgL k|0ffnL :yflkt u/L lqmofzLn

/flvg] pNn]v u/LPsf] lyof] . xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt-@)&@–@)(@_ n]

ls;fgx¿nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljkb\ pTyfglzn agfpFg df};d tyf hnjfo' k"j{;"rgf

k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf, ;'Vvf / kfgL vKg ;Sg] hftsf] cg';Gwfg, ls;fg sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf]

:yfkgf, s[lif aLdfsf] k|j{4g, vfB, lap / :ofpnfsf] e08f/0f Joj:yf, k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{

sf]ifsf] :yfkgf cflb ls|ofsnfkx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 .

pBf]u gLlt, @)^& n]pBf]u Joj;fodf cfunfuLaf6 x'g] hf]lvd sd ug{ :yfgLo

ufpF÷gu/kflnsf;Fusf] ;dGjodf cf}Bf]lus If]q / sf]l/8f]/df cfw'lgs af¿0f oGqsf] Joj:yf

ug]{ tyf s'g} k|fs[lts ljklQ / ;fdflhs ;]jfdf pBf]un] lbg] cg'bfg jf ;xof]udf cfo s/

5'6 lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

lhNnf ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf th'{df dfu{bz{g, @)^& n] lhNnf txdf ljkb\

k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf th'{df k|s[ofdf ;+nUg ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfox¿, /]8qm;,

/fli6«o÷cGt{/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox¿nfO{ :ki6 lhDd]jf/L

lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] cfwf/df;a} lhNnfx¿df ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf th'{df u/L nfu"

u/LPsf] 5 .

g]kfn ;8s ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf -@)&)–@)&&_ n] ;'/lIft ;8s k"jf{wf/ / ;]jfx?sf] Joj:yf tyf

b'3{6gf kZrft k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ dfkm{t hgwg tyf cfly{s Iflt sd ug]{ ;f]Fr /fv]sf] 5 .o;

sfo{of]hgfn] ;8s ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg, ;'/lIft ;8s tyf cfjfudg, ;'/lIft ;jf/L ;fwg,

;'/lIft ;8s k|of]ustf{ / b'3{6gf kZrft k|ltsfo{ h:tf kfFr cfwf/ :tDex? cGtu{t ljleGg

lqmofsnfkx? to u/]sf] 5 .

/fli6«o ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ sfo{9fFrf, @)&) n] ljkb\ k"j{tof/L / ljkb\kl5sf] vf]h, p2f/ / /fxt

sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg, lhDd]jf/Lsf] afF8kmfF8 ug{ / ;dGjonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg :ki6

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t k|ltsfo{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]usf] clkn ug]{ k|lqmof /

18

To;sf] lhDd]jf/L, To;sf nflu Wofg lbg' kg]{ kIf, cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotfsf] ;dGjosf s'/fx¿nfO{

klg pQm sfo{9fFrfn] Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfo{9fFrfn] cfktsfnLg ;dodf lgsfout

;dGjosf nflu ljifo If]qut ;d"xsf] k|fjwfg, ljkb\ ;"rgf ;+sng / k|efjsf] ;+oGq / To;sf]

kl/rfngsf] kIfdf klg :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ljkb\ kl5sf ljleGg ;do cjlwsf]

k|fyldstfo'Qm sfdsf] klxrfg ub}{ ljkb\kl5 ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] klxrfg / lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljefhg klg

u/]sf] 5 .

o;sf cnfjf k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{esf sfdnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug{ cGo s]xL lgodfjnL jf

lgb]{lzsfx¿ klg k|of]udf 5g\ . tL dWo] vf]h tyf p4f/sf nflu /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf,

@)&!, k|sf]k kLl8t p4f/ / /fxt;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^$, ljkb\ kLl8t k'gjf{; ;+rfng

sfo{ljlw, @)&!, k|wfgdGqL b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ sf]if ;~rfng lgodfanL, @)^#, ljkb\ kZrft\sf]

zj Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g, @)^*, k|sf]k kLl8t p4f/ / /fxt ;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^$,

sf7df08f} pkTosfdf *# j6f v'NnfIf]q sfod ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o, @)^(, ljkb\ kLl8t

k'gjf{; ;+rfng sfo{ljlw, @)&!, / af¿0foGq ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw, @)^& d'Vo

sfg"gL Joj:yfsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

/fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt, @)&! n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg]{ :jf:Yo ;DjGwL gsf/fTds c;/sf]

;Daf]wgsf nflu ;dli6utJoj:yfkg ug{ /fli6«o ;+hfn tyf ;+oGq Pj+ cj;/sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u

ub}{ ax'kIfLo sfo{of]hgfagfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfo;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ Pj+ kz'kIfL tyf

sL6x¿af6 dflg;df ;g]{ /f]ux¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu k|efjsf/L

;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt to u/]sf] 5 .

/fli6«o k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf gLlt, @)&@ n] ljkb\ kZrft\sf] k'gnf{e,k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgf

sfo{sf] nflu gLltut dfu{bz{g ub{5. @)&@ ;fn a}zfvsf] e"sDkn] Iflt k'¥ofPsf ef}lts

;+/rgfx¿ / a:tLx¿ k'glg{df{0f ug{, k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog of]hgf

lgdf{0f / ;dGjo ug{ /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .

hn pTkGg k|sf]k Aoj:yfkg gLlt, @)&@ n] af9L, klx/f] h:tf hn pTkGg k|sf]kx¿sf]

;+/rgfut tyf u}/ ;+/rgfut k|ljlwaf6 /f]syfd u/L ;f] af6 x'g ;Sg] hgwgsf] Iflt

Go"gLs/0f ug{ / gbL, hnfwf/ If]q tyf hnhGo kof{j/0fsf] ;+/If0f u/L k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwg

Pj+ vfg]kfgL, hnkl/jxg, l;+rfO{, :yn oftfoft cflb h:tf k"jf{wf/sf pkof]lutfnfO{ lbuf]

agfpgljleGg gLltx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

/fli6«o zx/L ljsf; /0fgLlt, @)&# n] ;Gt'lnt / ;d[4 zx/L eljiosf] nflu pTyfgzLntfnfO{

kfFr dfu{bz{s l;4fGtx¿ dWo] Ps dfg]sf] 5 . o; /0fgLltn] ljkb\ hf]lvd cg's"lnt zx/ /

19

;d'bfo lgdf{0fsf nflu pTyfgzLntfnfO{ zx/L k|0ffnL / ;d'bfosf] of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ljsf;df

PsLs[t ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

;g\ @)!% ;]K6]Da/df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf !(# ;b:o /fi6«x¿n];g\ @)#) ;Ddsf nflu lbuf]

ljsf; nIox¿ Kffl/t u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]zsf] ;dfj]zL bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf nflu

pQm nIox¿nfO{ cfTdf;ft u/]sf] 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{x¿n] lbuf] ljsf;

nIox¿ @, #, ^, (, !!, !# / !% xfl;n ug{ k|ToIf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5g\ .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] r/d hnjfo' 36gf / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cg's"ngsf

sfo{x¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf; of]hgfx¿;Fu PsLs[t ug{

hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt, @)^&, /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd, @)^& tyf :yfGlo cg's"ng

sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgf, @)^* tof/ u/L nfu" u/]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLltdf lxdgbL

tyf lxdtfnx¿sf] cBfjlws l:ylt cWoog u/L hf]lvdk"0f{ lxdtfnx¿df k|fyldstfsf]

cfwf/df k|lts"n k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug]{u/fpg], hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6

l;lh{t hn–pTkGg k|sf]k Pjd\ hf]lvdsf] k"jf{g'dfg ub}{ k"j{ ;"rgf lbg tyf /f]syfdsf

pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug{ cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjogu/L ltgsf]] lgoldt lg/LIf0f

tyf sfo{ Ifdtf ;'b[9 ug]{ ljifox¿ ;dfj]z 5g\ .

;g\ @)!^ cS6f]a/df cfjf; / lbuf] zx/L ljsf;sf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;Dd]ng (Habitat III) df

cjnDag ufl/Psf] gofF zx/L Ph]G8fn] klg ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ckgfpg] /

sfof{Gjog ug]{, ;Í6sf] cj:yf sd ug]{, k|fs[lts tyf dfgj l;lh{t k|sf]kdf

pTyfgzLntfPj+k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf lgdf{0f ug]{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ngnfO{

a9fjf lbg] zx/x¿sf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 .

;g\ @)!% dfr{df;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf !*& ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] t];|f] ljZj ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f

;Dd]ngdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fO sfo{9fFrf @)!%-@)#) cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ .

o;n] ljkb\ hf]lvd tyf Ifltsf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu rf/ k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿ tyf ;ft

ljZjJofkL nIox¿lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fO

sfo{9fFrfsf] kIf /fi6«ePsf]n] o; “ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf @)!*-

@)#) tof/ u/]sf] 5 .

@=# /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmof

g]kfn ;/sf/n]ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu;g\ @)!% kl5 ljZjJofkL ¿kdf

:jLsf/ u/LPsf sfo{9fFrfx¿sf] cfwf/df gofF dfu{lrq klxrfg u/Lljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

/fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ nfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/L cl3 a9\g' kg]{ cfjZostf dx;"; u/]sf] 5 . ljkb\

20

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^sfof{Gjogaf6 k|fKt cg'ej, uf]/vf e"sDk @)&@ sf]

cg'ej tyf l;sfO{, hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL k]l/; ;Demf}tf, lbuf] ljsf;nIo / ;]08fO

sfo{9fFrfsf cfwf/df o; æljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /fli6«o /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfÆ tof/u/LPsf]5

. o;n] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn sfo{x¿ klxrfg u/L ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo

txsf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] ;lqmo

;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .

of] /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu u[x dGqfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf k|d'vsf]

;+of]hsTjdf sfo{ ;ldlt u7g u/LPsf] lyof] . h;df g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox¿ -

k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{no, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno, ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, jg tyf jftfj/0f

dGqfno_ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿-bft[ lgsfo, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 cfjf;Lo ;dGjostf{sf] sfof{no,

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd, cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+u7g ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

sfo{bn, ljkb\ k"j{tof/L ;~hfn g]kfn, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L / lghL If]q_ sf k|ltlglwx¿/x]sf

lyP . sfo{ ;ldlt cGtu{t b]xfo adf]lhdsf ^ j6f If]qut sfo{;d"xx¿ u7g u/LPsf] lyof] .

1. pTkfbg d"ns If]q -s[lif, vfB ;'/Iff tyf hLljsf]kfh{g, pBf]u_M g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –s[lif,

e"ld Joj:yf tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, ;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{

dGqfno

2. ;fdflhs If]q -lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO, ;dfh sNof0f_M g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –

lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, ;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo – :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno

3. k"jf{wf/ If]q -;x/Lljsf;, oftfoft, l;FrfO, pmhf{, cfjf; tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf_M g]t[Tjstf{

lgsfo – ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno, ;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –pmhf{, hn>f]t tyf l;FrfO

dGqfno, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gfu/Ls p•og dGqfno

4. k|fs[lts ;|f]ttyf jftfj/0fIf]q -e"ld pkof]u, jg tyf jftfj/0f_M g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, ;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo – jg tyf jftfj/0f

dGqfno

5. n}+lus tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;'zf;g If]qM g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo – /fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u, ;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf Ho]i7 gful/s dGqfno

6. cfkt\sfnLg ;+rf/, k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ / k"gnf{e If]qM g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo – u[x dGqfno,

;x–g]t[Tjstf{ lgsfo –;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

oL If]qut sfo{;d"xx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfox¿, ljsf; ;fe]mbf/, ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfox¿, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ljkb\ k"j{tof/L ;~hfn

g]kfn, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L / lghL If]qsf k|ltlglwx¿ ;d]t ;xefuL lyP . oL If]qut

21

sfo{;d"xx¿n] o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfdf ;DalGwt If]qsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug{ljleGg r/0fdf

k/fdz{ a}7s tyf 5nkmnx¿ u/L ;'emfjx¿ ;+sng u/]/ ;DalGwt If]qsf /0fgLlts

lqmofsnfkx¿l;kmfl/z u/]sf 5g\ .

;]08fO sfo{9fFrfn] l;kmfl/; u/] adf]lhd ;a} If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf /xg] u/L

/fli6«o, If]qLo / lhNnf:t/df k/fdz{ sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lx¿sf]] klg cfof]hgf u/LPsf] lyof], h;df

ax"–;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿n] cf–cfˆgf If]qdf ePsf c;n cEof;, l;sfO{ ;jfn /

r'gf}tLx¿sf cfwf/df d"ne"t ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf If]q klxrfg u/L æljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

/fli6«o gLlt tyf /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfÆ df ;dfj]z ug{ l;kmfl/z u/]sf lyP .

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] k/fdz{, sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lx¿ tyf If]qut sfo{;d"xx¿sf] ;'emfj /

l;kmfl/;x¿nfO{ ;d]6Ltof/ u/LPsf] d:of}bfnfO{ ljleGg r/0f / txdf Jofks 5nkmn u/L

;a}sf] /fo, k/fdz{, ;Nnfx / ;'emfjsf cfwf/df o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfnfO{ clGtd ¿k

lbOPsf] 5 .

22

cWofo #: ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf

#=! kl/ro

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf ljkb\ pTyfgzLn ;d'bfo lgdf{0f ub}{ lbuf]

ljsf;sf nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;Gbe{df ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0ftyf Joj:yfkg

sfo{sf nflug]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf ;lxtsf] /fli6«o b:tfj]h xf] . o; sfo{of]hgfn] ljkb\

Joj:yfkgdf “hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f” s]lG›t a[xQ/ cjwf/0ffnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . of] sfo{of]hgf

th'{df ubf{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fOsfo{9fFrf @)!%–@)#),PlzofnL dGqL:t/Lo

;Dd]ng @)!^ af6 kfl/t PlzofnL If]qLo of]hgf, ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ljZjJofkL

sfo{d~rsf] kfFrf+} a}7sn] kfl/t u/]sf] sfgs'g 3f]if0ff nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tf cg'¿k

ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] j[xt cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^sf]sfof{Gjog dfkm{t

k|fKt cg'ejx¿, uf]/vf e"sDk ;lxt xfnsf jif{x¿df ePsf cGo k|d'v ljkb\x¿sf cg'ej tyf

l;sfO{x¿ / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf kxnx¿nfO{ u|x0f u/]sf] 5 .

sfo{of]hgfdf rf/j6f d"n k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q, To;sf ;xfos If]qx¿ / /0fgLlts

lqmofsnfkx¿ ;d]t :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift u/L ljleGg lgsfox?sf] lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f u/LPsf]

5 .

#=@ dfu{bz{s l;4fGt

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf dfu{bz{s

l;4fGtx¿ cjnDag u/Lg]5g\ .

1. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, lgoGq0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L /fHosf] x'g]5 . /fHon]

cfjZos k/]df cGt/f{li6«o, If]lqo tyf låkIfLo ;xsfo{ tyf ;fem]bf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .

2. g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo tx, ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+3, ;+:yfx¿ tyf ;d'bfo, lghL

If]q, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ nufotsf] ;xeflutf tyf ;xof]udf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{ ug]{5 .

3. ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ubf{ JolQmsf] hLjg tyf ;DklQ, :jf:Yo, hLljsf]kfh{g tyf

pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿, ;f+:s[lts tyf jftfj/0fLo ;Dkbfsf] /Iff ub}{ dfgj clwsf/ tyf

ljsf;sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f tyf k|aw{g u/Lg]5 .

23

4. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ;dfhsf ;a} kIf tyf If]q;Fusf] ;xeflutf tyf

;fem]bf/Ldfu/Lg]5 . o;sf nflu ljkb\af6 clt k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f u/Lg]5 .

d'Votof clt u/La ;d'bfosf] ;dfj]zL, kx'Fro'Qm tyf lje]b/lxt ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt

u/Lg]5 . lnË, pd]/, ckfËtf tyf ;f+:s[lts / ef}uf]lns ljljwtfnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f tyf

sfof{Gjogdf kof{Kt Wofg lbOg]5 . dlxnf tyf o'jf g]t[TjnfO{ k|a4{g u/Lg]5 .

5. ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] k"0f{ ;xeflutf, ;fj{hlgs

/ lghL If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsfsf] :ki6tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, sfof{Gjogdf

;lqmo ;+nUgtf, ;fem]bf/L tyf kl/k"/stfsf] ;'lglZrttf u/Lg]5 .

6. :yfgLo tx tyf ;d'bfonfO{ >f]t, ;fwg tyf lg0f{o ug]{ lhDd]jf/L dfkm{t ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;zlQms/0f u/Lg]5 .

7. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ax'k|sf]k cjwf/0ff tyf lnË, pd]/ / ckfËtfsf] cfwf/df

5'§f5'§} cBfjlws, a[xQ/, k/Dk/fut 1fgnfO{ cf}krfl/s / ;Ddfgk"0f{ dfGotf lbO{ lj1fgdf

cfwfl/t tYofÍsf] ;xh pknAwtf, v'nf cfbfgk|bfg / k|rf/ k|;f/sf] dfWodaf6 ;dfj]zL

hf]lvd ;"rgf Pj+ hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t lg0f{o u/Lg]5 .

8. lbuf] ljsf; nIo, vfB ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo ;'/Iff, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng, jftfj/0f

Joj:yfkg / ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f aLr ;fd~h:otf sfod u/Lg]5 .

9. ljkb\ hf]lvdsf :yfgLo tyf ljlzi7 ljz]iftfnfO{ a'emL hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿

cjnDjg u/Lg]5g\ .

10. ljkb\ hf]lvdsf sf/s tTjx¿sf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL nufgL a[l4 u/L

lbuf] ljsf;df ;d]t of]ubfg k'¥ofOg]5 .

11. ljkb\ kZrft k'gnf{e, k'gM :yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf eljiodf ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yf l;h{gf

x'g glbg / ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ “cem /fd|f], alnof] / ;'/lIft agfcf}+” eGg]

cjwf/0ff cjnDjg u/Lg]5 .

12. ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] af/]df ;fj{hlgs lzIff / ;r]tgf clea[l4 u/Lg]5 .

13. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgdf lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{sf

;fy} :yfgLo >f]t, ;fwg, 1fg, ;Lk tyf >dnfO{ cTolws pkof]u u/Lg]5 .

#=# bL3{sfnLg ;f] +r, ck]lIft kl/0ffd, p2]Zo / nIo

bL3{sfnLg ;f]+r

g]kfnnfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft, cg's"lnt tyf pTyfgzLn /fi6«sf] ¿kdf :yflkt ub}{ lbuf]

ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]+r /x]sf] 5 .

24

ck]lIft kl/0ffd

ljkb\af6 x'g] d[To' b/ tyf k|efljt JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vofdf pNn]Vo ¿kn] sdL

Nofpg',hLljsf]kfh{g, :jf:Yo, ;DklQ, Joj;fo / ;d'bfodfx'g] hf]lvd tyf Ifltsf] Go"gLs/0fug{'

o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] ck]lIft kl/0ffd /xg] 5 .

p2]Zo

k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts ljkb\af6 hLjg tyf ;DklQ, :jf:Yo, hLljsf]kfh{g tyf pTkfbgsf

;fwgx¿, ef}lts Pj+ ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ jftfj/0fLo ;Dkbfdf x'g] Ifltsf] pNn]Vo

¿kdf Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljleGg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿sf] klxrfg u/Lcfjlws tyf jflif{s

of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogub{}ljkb\ hf]lvd /f]syfd, k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf tyf

k'glg{df{0fsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f/ pTyfgzLntf clea[l4u/L ljBdfg ljkb\ hf]lvd tyf Ifltsf]

Go"gLs/0f/ gofF hf]lvdsf] /f]syfdug{' o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

nIo

g]kfn ;/sf/, u[x dGqfnosf] kl5Nnf] $% jif{ -;g\!(&! b]lv @)!%_ sf] tYofÍ ljZn]if0f ubf{

g]kfndf x/]s jif{ sl/j ()) -;8s b'3{6gf jfx]s_ JolQmx¿n] ljkb\sf sf/0f cfˆgf] Hofg

u'dfPsf] b]lvG5. o;} u/L jflif{s ¿kdf cf};t ^,$),))) JolQmx¿ ljkb\sf sf/0f k|efljt x'g]

u/]sf 5g\eg] k|To]s jif{ sl/j #),))) 3/x¿ Ifltu|:t jf gi6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;8s b'3{6gfsf

sf/0f dfqg]kfndf k|lt jif{ sl/j @))) JolQmx?sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] !#,))) JolQmx?

3fO{t] x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .

ljkb\af6 cfly{s ¿kdf a9Lk|efljt / gf]S;fgL x'g] If]qx¿df pTkfbgd"ns If]q, ;fdflhs If]q /

k"jf{wf/ If]qx¿ d'Vo /x]sf 5g\ . ;g \!(&!-@)!) sf] cjlwdf ljkb\sf sf/0f ePsf] cfly{s

Iflt / gf]S;fgsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{k|lt jif{ s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] sl/a @Ü cf};t Iflt ePsf]

b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(** / @)!% sf] e"sDk / ;g\ !((#, @))* / @)!& sf] af9Lsf] sf/0fn] 7"nf]

dfqfdf cfly{s Iflt ePsf] b]lvG5 .;g\ @)!% sf] uf]/vf e"sDkaf6 s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf]

sl/a Ps ltxfO{ Iflt ePsf] lyof] eg] ;g\ @)!& sf] t/fO{ af9L tyf 8'jfgaf6 dfq sl/a tLg

k|ltzt Iflt ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnn] ;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf nflu to u/]sf] bLuf] ljsf; nIox¿(Sustainable Development

Goals) / ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgf(School Sector Development Plan)nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ lnO{

o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfn] ljkb\ Iflt Go"g ug{ lgDg nIox¿ lnPsf] 5 .

25

l;=

g+=

;"rs cfwf/ /]vf

-@)!% ;Ddsf]

cf}ift_

cNksfnLg

-@)@) ;Dd_

dWosfnLg

-@)@% ;Dd_

bL3{sfnLg

-@)#) ;Dd_

! /fli6«o :t/df ljkb\af6 x'g] d[To' b/ pNn]Vo dfqfdf sd ug]{

!=! ljkb\af6 d[To' x'g]sf] jflif{s

cf};t ;+Vof -;8s b'3{6gf afx]s_ ()) $)) #)) @@%

!=@ ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 d[To' x'g]sf]

jflif{s cf};t ;+Vof @,))) !,&)) !,@)) &))

@ /fli6«o :t/df ljkb\af6 k|efljt JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo dfqfdf sd ug]{

@=! ljkb\af6 k|ToIf k|efljt x'g]

kl/jf/x¿sf] jflif{s cf};t ;+Vof !,#@,))) !!),))) *),))) ^%,)))

@=@ ljkb\af6 3fO{t] x'g] JolQmx¿sf]

jflif{scf};t;+Vof !,*)) !,^)) !,!)) ())

@=# ;8s b'3{6gfaf63fO{t] x'g]

JolQmx¿sf] jflif{s cf};t ;+Vof !#,))) !!,))) *,))) %,)))

@=$ ljkb\af6Iflt x'g] 3/x¿sf] jflif{s

cf};t ;+Vof #),))) @%,))) @),))) !%,)))

# /fli6«o s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf ljkb\sf] sf/0f x'g] k|ToIf cfly{s IfltnfO{ pNn]Vo ?kdf sd ug]{

#=! /fli6«o s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf

ljkb\sf] sf/0f x'g] jflif{s cf};t

k|ToIf cfly{s Iflt @Ü )=%Ü )=@Ü )=!Ü

$ dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/ / cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿df ljkb\n] k'¥ofpg] Iflt / cj/f]w pNn]Vo¿kn] sd ug{

pTyfgzLntf ljsf; ug]{

$=! :jf:Yo ejgx¿sf] k|jnLs/0f u/L

pTyfgzLntf ljsf; &%) ()) !@))

$=@ sIff sf]7fx¿sf] dd{t ;+ef/ /

k|jnLs/0f u/L pTyfgzLntf

ljsf; !(,%)) @%,))) #),)))

$=# ljBfno ejgx¿sf] k|jnLs/0f

u/L pTyfgzLntf ljsf; &%) !,@%) !,&%)

$=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu

ljBdfg ljBfnox¿af6 gd"gf

ljBfnox¿sf] ljsf; %)) !,))) !,%))

$=% ;fj{hlgs / ;/sf/L ejgx¿sf]


ljsf; @,%)) %))) &,)))

$=^ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf:ynx¿sf]


ljsf; !#) @)) #))

$=& ljdfg:ynx¿sf] k|jnLs/0f u/L

pTyfgzLntf ljsf; & !$ @!

$=* ljBdfg hnljB't pTkfbg u[xx?

tyf afFwx?sf] k|jnLs/0f u/L

pTyfgzLntf ljsf; @! %^ (!

26

l;=

g+=

;"rs cfwf/ /]vf

-@)!% ;Ddsf]

cf}ift_

cNksfnLg

-@)@) ;Dd_

dWosfnLg

-@)@% ;Dd_

bL3{sfnLg

-@)#) ;Dd_

$=( ljB't ;j:6]zgx¿sf]

pTyfgzLntf ljsf; $@ !!@ !*@

$=!) vfg]kfgLsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] dd{t

;Def/ u/L pTyfgzLntf ljsf; #))) $%)) ^)))

$=!! Plss[t hn>f]t Joj:yfkgsf]

of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] k|ltzt @% $) ^)

$=!@ pRr hf]lvdo'Qm lxdtfn

lj:kmf]6g af9Lsf] hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f -;+Vof_ @ # % &

$=!# afof] O{lGhlgol/Ë k|ljlwåf/f gbL

lsgf/fsf] ;+/If0f -ls=dL=_ !,^&% $,%)) &,@@% !),)))

$=!$ hnfwf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f -;+Vof_ #,#$^ #,()) $,$$* %,)))

$=!% Tffn, l;d;f/ tyf kf]v/Lx¿sf]

;+/If0f -;+Vof_ !,&@& @*)) #()( %)))

$=!^ Hfnjfo' :df6{ ufpFx¿sf] ljsf; %) !!# !&)

$=!& Hfnjfo' :df6{ s[lif k|jw{g ug]{ !%) ### %))

% k|b]z / :yfgLo txx¿dfljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{

%=! ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt

tyf sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{ k|b]z /

:yfgLo txx¿sf] k|ltzt !)) !)) !))

%=@ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txx¿ /

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr cGt/ tyf

k/:k/ ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L

clea[l4 ug{ ;+oGq ljsf; ug]{ -

k|ltzt_ !)) !)) !))

%=# k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf tyf

k'glg{df{0fsf nflu “cem /fd|f] /

alnof] lgdf{0f” sf] l;4fGtsf

cfwf/df >f]tx¿ Joj:yfkg /

sfof{Gjog ug{] ;/sf/L

lgsfox¿sf] k|ltzt !)) !)) !))

^ ax'k|sf]k k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL / ljkb\ hf]lvd ;"rgf tyf cf+sngsf] pknAwtf / kx'Frdf pNn]Vo a[l4 ug]{ ^=! b]zsf] s"n If]qkmnsf] cg'kftdf

ax'k|sf]k cg'udg tyf k"j{;"rgf

k|0ffnL] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ePsf]

If]qkmnsf] k|ltzt %) &) !))

^=@ ljkb\ k|efljt If]qsf] hg;+Vofsf]

cg'kftdf :yfgLo jf /fli6«o

;"rgf k|0ffnL dfkm{t k"j{;"rgf

k|fKt ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt @) %) *) !))

27

l;=

g+=

;"rs cfwf/ /]vf

-@)!% ;Ddsf]

cf}ift_

cNksfnLg

-@)@) ;Dd_

dWosfnLg

-@)@% ;Dd_

bL3{sfnLg

-@)#) ;Dd_

^=# ljkb\ hf]lvdo'Qm If]qx?df

k"j{fg'dfgdf cfwfl/t k"j{tof/L

sfo{ljlw tof/ ePsf :yfgLo

txx¿sf] k|ltzt !)) !)) !))

^=$ :yfgLo :t/df pkof]uL ljkb\

hf]lvd ;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf

hfgsf/L Pj+ cf+sng

hg;d'bfonfO{ pknAw u/fpg

;Sg] :yfgLo txx¿sf] k|ltzt @) %) !))

^=% k"j{;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 ljkb\

k|efljt If]qaf6 ;'/lIft :yfgdf

;fl/Psf hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt @% %) !)) !))

#=$k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qx¿

o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfn] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L

lbuf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;dli6ut cjwf/0ff (Holistic Approach)nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5

. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fOsfo{9fFrfnfO{ d"n dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf lnO{ o;

sfo{of]hgfn] rf/ k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿ / c7f/ k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .

x/]s k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ cGtu{t cNksfnLg -;g\ @)!*–@)@)_, dWosfnLg -;g\ @)!*–

@)@%_, bL3{sfnLg -;g\ @)!*–@)#)_ / lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul//xg'kg]{ ls|ofsnfkx?sf nflu

lg/Gt/ cjlw tf]sL lgDg adf]lhdsf /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .

k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q !Mljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !Mk|sf]k adf]lhd hf]lvd cfFsng

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ @Max'-k|sf]k hf]lvd cfFsngsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ #Mk|efjsf/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0fnLsf] ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|jfx

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ $Mljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4

k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q @: ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ %M;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ ^Msfg"gL tyflgofds ;+/rgf lgdf{0f

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ &Mljkb\ hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ *Mljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;dfj]lztfsf] ;'lglZrttf

28

k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q #M ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu pTyfgzLntf j[l4 ug{ a[xQ/ hf]lvd

hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs nufgL k|jw{g

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ (MpTyfgzLntf a[l4sf nflu nufgL k|jw{g

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !)Mljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs nufgL j[l4

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !!Mljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lghL nufgL j[l4

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !@Mhf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, aLdf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfkm{t ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf clea[l4

k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q $M k|efjsf/L ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{e, k'gM :yfkgf tyf k'gM lgdf{0fdf

“cem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0f” sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !#Mk|efjsf/L ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !$Mljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ax'-k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !%M;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|jw{g

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !^Mljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !&Mvf]h tyf p4f/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ !*Mk'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ

cjwf/0ff k|jw{g

lrq ! g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿

k|fyldstfk|fKtIf]q !: ljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{

hf]lvd cfFsngsf nflu ;femf /fli6«o ;+/rgf dfkm{t ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] a[xQ/ a'emfO{

k|fyldstfk|fKtIf]q @:

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo

txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd

zf;sLo k4ltsf]

;'b[9Ls/0f

k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q #M

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu

pTyfgzLntf j[l4 ug{

a[xQ/ hf]lvd

hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t

lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs

nufgL k|jw{g

k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q $M

k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ /

k'gnf{e, k'g:yf{kgf tyf

k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f]

/ alnof] lgdf{0fÆsf

nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf]

;'b[9Ls/0f

29

ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] ;xL klxrfg ug'{ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tkm{sf] klxnf] k|:yfg ljGb' xf] . o;n] ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DjGwL lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ ;xL 9+uaf6 lgb]{lzt u5{ . ;fYf} k|ltsfo{sf] nflu

k|efjsf/L k"j{ tof/LnfO{ ;d]t ;xL lbzflgb]{z ub{5 . lrq ! df g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿ Pj+ ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a[xQ/ a'emfO{n] cGo

k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿sf] nflu dfu{bz{g ug{] s'/f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

30

cWofo $:k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q !-ljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{

ljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{sf nflu k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf

;d'bfonfO{ oL k|sf]k;Fu ;DalGwt hf]lvdx¿n] s;/L k|efj kfb{5g\ eGg] ljifosf] /fd|f] hfgsf/L

x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts k|sf]k / hf]lvdsf] k|efjsf] af/]df clwsf+z

dGqfno, ljefu, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu ;Lldt hfgsf/L ePsf] x'Fbf hf]lvd a'emfO{df

k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ hf]lvd sd ug]{ lg0f{o lng ;3fp k'¥ofpg] gofF k2lt

cjnDag ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . hf]lvd cfFsng tyf hfgsf/Lsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o :t/df

ckgfOPsf :yflkt k2ltx?nfO{ ;d]t g]kfndf cjnDag u/L hf]lvdsf d"NftM tLg tTjx¿

k|sf]k (Hazard), ;Dd'vtf (Exposure) / ;+s6pGd'vtf (Vulnerability) nfO{ ;d]6\g' kg]{

cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] a'emfO{sf] nflu k|efj df]8lnª (Impact Modeling) / hf]lvd cfFsng (Risk

Assessment) ug{ ;lsG5 . k|efj df]8lnª s'g} k|sf]kaf6 JolQm, ;+/rgf, lhjLsf]kfh{g

cflbdfkfg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf] cg'dfg xf] eg] hf]lvd cfFsng ;Dk"0f{ ;Defljt 36gfx¿sf] ;du|

k|efj xf] . hf]lvd cfFsngn] Psn jf ax' k|sf]kaf6 x'g]jflif{s cf};t Iflt / ;Defljt clwstd

Iflt lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . k|efj df]8]nsf] glthfsf cfwf/df lg0f{ostf{x¿n] 36gf x'g' k"j{

g} plrt lg0f{o lng ;Sg]5g\ . k|efj df]8]nx¿ ljQLo of]hgf tyf ;'/Iff, ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f nufgLdf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f / ljleGg hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ljsNksf] nfe-nfut

ljZn]if0fsf nflu w]/} pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . oL k"j{ tof/L ug{, hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f nufgLdf s]lG›t

x'g/ gofF hf]lvd l;h{gf x'gaf6 /f]Sgsf nflu cfjZos gLlt th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu

dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ x'g ;S5g\ .

k|efjsf/L hf]lvd cfFsngsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] tYofÍ sfg"gL tyf k|fljlws ¿kn] ;xh pknAw

x'g'kb{5 . o; k|sf/sf tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu v'nf;|f]t (Open Source) df cfwfl/t k|ljlwsf]

;d]t pkof]u u/L ljgf nfut k'gM pkof]u, k'gd{'b|0f / k'gM ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 .

hf]lvd k|efljt JolQmx¿sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wgtyfljZn]if0f ug{] / oL

tYofÍx¿ ;a}sf nflu pknAw x'g] Joj:yfn] dfq} Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 .

31

g]kfndf k|sf]ksf] k|s[ltcg'¿k x/]s k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd ;DaGwL hfgsf/LnfO{ ;Í6pGd'vtf tyf

Ifdtf ;DaGwL 1fg Pj+ ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf hg;fª\lVos ljj/0fnfO{ ;d]6/ hf]lvd cfFsng

tyf gSzfÍg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . lnË, pd]/, ckfËtf / ljljwtfsf cGo ;"rsfÍx¿sf] cfwf/df

5'§f5'§} (disaggregated) tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{ kb{5 . k|sf]k, ;Í6pGd'vtf tyf Ifdtfsf ;DaGwdf

/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo:t/df lj:t[t tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ cem}afFsL 5 . o:t}hf]lvdsf]

af/]df PsLs[t ;"rgf k|;f/0f ug]{ k4lt / ;~rf/ dfWod Pj+ cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k|ljlwx¿sf]

ljj]sk"0f{ k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtf k"0f{ ljsf; ePsf] 5}g .ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] klxrfg / dfkg sfo{nfO{

;+:yfut ¿kdf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ afFsL 5 .oL ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wgu/L ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] af/]df

a'emfO{ clea[l4 ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x¿ cGtu{t cNksflng -;g\ @)!*–

@)@)_, dWosflng -;g\ @)!*–@)@%_, bL3{sflng-;g\ @)!*–@)#)_ / lg/Gt/ ?kdf

ul//xg'kg]{ lqmofsnfkx?sf nflu lg/Gt/ cjlw tf]sL /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f

ul/Psf5g\ .

s_ k|sf]k adf]lhd hf]lvdsf] cfFsng

v_ ax'-k|sf]k hf]lvd cfFsngsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo

u_ k|efjsf/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0fnLsf] ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|jfx

3_ ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4

$=! k|sf]kadf]lhd hf]lvdsf] cf Fsng

g]kfndf k|sf]ksf] k|s[lt cg'¿k x/]s k|sf]ksf] ;Dd'vtf, ;+s6pGd'vtf/ hf]lvdsf] cfFsng tyf

gSzfÍg ug'{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn e"-pkof]u

of]hgf -Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning_ tof/ u/L e"-pkof]u If]q ljefhg ug'{ ;d]t

cfjZos 5 . k|sf]k adf]lhd hf]lvdsf] cfFsngsf nflu b]xfosf /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿

lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .

;8s b'3{6gf hf]lvd

/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uLlgsfo

;8s b'3{6gfsf

;Defljt If]qx?df

lg/Gt/ ;8s cg'udg

k|0ffnL (Real-Time

;8s b'3{6gf

;DaGwdf tTsfn

hfgsf/L pknAw

lg/Gt/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

32

Road Surveillance

System) :yfkgf ug]{

ePsf] x'g]5 dGqfno ;/sf/

;8s b'3{6gfsf

;Defljt If]qx?sf]

klxrfg u/L k|sf]k

cfFsng, gSzfÍg /

k|sf]k If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{

/ o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs

¿kdf pknAw u/fpg]

;8s b'3{6gf k|sf]k

gSzf pknAw x'g]5

cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

dxfdf/L hf]lvd

/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uLlgsfo

dxfdf/Lsf] lg/Gt/

cg'udg k|0ffnL (Real-

Time Outbreak and

Disease Surveillance

System) :yfkgf ug]{

dxfdf/L ;DaGwdf

tTsfn hfgsf/L

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5

.


:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

dxfdf/L k|sf]kIf]qsf

nflu dxfdf/L k|sf]k

cfFsng,gSzfÍg /

k|sf]kIf]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ /

o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs

¿kdf pknAw u/fpg]

dxfdf/L

k|sf]kIf]qsf nflu

dxfdf/L k|sf]kgSzf

pknAw x'g]5


:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

lnË, pd]/ / ckfËtfsf

cfwf/df dxfdf/L

hf]lvdo'Qm If]qx¿df

Geo Spatial k|ljlw

;d]t k|of]u

dxfdf/L ;Dd'vtf /

;+s6pGd'vtfsf]

v08Ls[t

(disaggregated)

tYofÍ pknAw

dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof

dGqfno, u[x

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

33

u/L;Dd'vtf /

;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng

ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

x'g]5 dGqfno ;/sf/

hf]lvdo'Qm If]qx¿sf

nflu dxfdf/L hf]lvd

cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg

;DkGg ug]{ /

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

dxfdf/L hf]lvd

:t/ -pRr, dWod /

;fdfGo_ sf

hfgsf/L v'nf >f]t

:j¿kdf ;fj{hlgs

¿kdf pknAw x'g]5


:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof

dGqfno, u[x

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfno

e"sDkhf]lvd

/0fgLlts lqmofsnfk ck]lIft kl/0ffd ;dofjlw lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo

e"sDk dfkgk|0ffnL

(Real-Time

Earthquake

Monitoring System)

sf] /fi6«JofkL

;~hfnsf] lj:tf/ /

cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{

d'n'se/ lg/Gt/

e"sDkLo

hfgsf/LpknAw

ePsf]x'g]5

lg/Gt/ vfgL tyf e"ue{

ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

e"sDkLo k|sf]k

cfFsng, gSzfÍg /

k|sf]kIf]q lgwf{/0f ug]{

/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

/fli6«o / :yfgLo

:t/df e"sDkLo

k|sf]k cfFsng tyf

gSzfx¿ pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng vfgL tyf e"ue{

ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

ljZjljBfnox¿,

k|b]z;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

34

Soil Liquefaction

k|sf]k cfFsng,

gSzfÍg / k|sf]kIf]q

lgwf{/0f ug]{ /

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo

:t/df Soil

Liquefaction k|sf]k

cfFsng tyf

gSzfx¿ pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng vfgL tyf e"ue{

ljefu, e" tyf

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

ljZjljBfnox¿,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

lnË, pd]/ /

ckfËtfsf cfwf/df

e"sDk hf]lvdo'Qm

k"jf{wf/x¿ tyf

cf>o:ynx¿sf nflu

e"-;Gble{t (Geo-

referenced) ;Dd'vtf /

;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng


pknAw u/fpg]

e"sDkLo ;Dd'vtf /

;+s6pGd'vtfsf]

5'§f5'§}

(disaggregated)

tYofÍ pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng zx/L ljsf;

tyf ejg lgdf{0f

ljefu, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno,

vfgL tyf e"ue{

ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,

ljZjljBfnox¿,

s]G›Lo

tYofÍljefu

hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿,

P]ltxfl;s tyf

;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿,

cf>o:ynx¿,

ljBfno, c:ktfn,

:jf:Yo rf}sL tyf

vfg]kfgLsf

;+/rgfx¿sf nflu

e"sDkLo hf]lvd

cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg

ug]{ / o;nfO{

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

e"sDkLo hf]lvd

:t/ -pRr, dWod /

Go"g_ sf] hfgsf/L

v'nf>f]t :j¿kdf

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5

dWosflng zx/L ljsf;

tyf ejg lgdf{0f

ljefu, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno,

vfgL tyf e"ue{

ljefu, k'/ftTj

ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

35

e"sDk hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"–pkof]u

of]hgfx¿sf] th{"[df

ug]{ / o;nfO{

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

e"sDkLo hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"–

pkof]u of]hgfx¿

pknAw x'g]5g\


s[lif, e"dL

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DaGwLt

dGqfno tyf

ljefux? k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

klx/f] hf]lvd


klx/f] cg'udg k|0ffnL

(Real-Time Landslide

Monitoring System)

:yfkgf ug]{ /

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

klx/f] ;DaGwL

tfTsflns hfgsf/L

pknAw x'g]5


pmhf{, hn>f]t

tyf l;FrfO{

dGqfno, e" tyf

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu, hn tyf

df};d lj1fg

ljefu, vfgL

tyf e'ue{

ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/ / :yfgLo

;/sf/

k|d'v ?kdf klx/f]

k|efljt If]qx¿sf]

klx/f] k|sf]k cfFsng,

gSzfÍg / If]q

lgwf{/0f ug]{ /

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

klx/f] k|sf]k gSzf

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5


pmhf{, hn>f]t

tyf l;FrfO{

dGqfno, e" tyf

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu, hn

tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu,

vfgL tyf e'ue{

g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,vfgL

tyf e"ue{ ljefu,

ljZjljBfnox?,k|

b]z ;/sf/ /

:yfgLo ;/sf/

36

ljefu


cfwf/df klx/f]

hf]lvdo'Qm k"jf{wf/x¿

tyf cf>o:ynx¿sf

nflu e"-;Gble{t (Geo-


;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng


pknAw u/fpg]

klx/f] ;Dd'vtf /

;+s6pGd'vtfsf]

5'§f5'§}

(disaggregated)

tYofÍ pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x

dGqfno÷/fli6«o

ljkb hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg

ljefu, e" tyf

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu, hn tyf

df};d lj1fg

ljefu, s]G›Lo

tYofÍljefu,

ljZjljBfnox¿,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/


cf>o:ynx¿,

ljBfno, c:ktfn,

:jf:Yo rf}sL tyf

vfg]kfgLsf

;+/rgfx¿sf nflu

klx/f] hf]lvd cfFsng

tyf gSzfÍg ug]{ /

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

;fj{hlgs

;+/rgfx?sf] klx/f]

hf]lvd :t/ -pRr,

dWod / Go"g_ sf]

hfgsf/L v'nf>f]t

:j¿kdf ;fj{hlgs

¿kdf pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x

dGqfno÷/fli6«o

ljkb hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg

ljefu, e" tyf

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu, hn tyf

df};d lj1fg

ljefu, s]G›Lo

tYofÍljefu,

ljZjljBfnox¿,

cg';Gwfg

s]Gb|x?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

37

k|d'v hnfwf/

If]qx¿df e"–Ifo

cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg


pknAw u/fpg]

k|d'v hnfwf/x¿sf]

nflu e"–Ifo gSzf

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAwePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng e" tyf hnfwf/

;+/If0f ljefu,

jg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

ljZjljBfnox¿,

cg';Gwfg

s]Gb|x?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

klx/f] hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"pkof]u

of]hgfx¿sf] tof/L ug]{

/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

klx/f]hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"–

pkof]u of]hgfx¿

pknAw ePsf]

x'g]5g\


s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L dGqfno

[g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg

ljefu, e" tyf

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu, hn tyf

df};d lj1fg

ljefu, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

af9Lhf]lvd


k|d'v af9LhGo gbL

hnfwf/x¿df

tfTsflns hn ;tx /

aiff{ cjnf]sg k|0ffnL

(Real-Time Water

Level and Rainfall

Observation System)

k|d'v gbLx¿sf]

Hfn ;tx tyfaiff{

;DaGwL tfTsflns

tYofÍ pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5

lg/Gt/ hn tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg

ljefu, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

38

sf] lj:tf/ /

cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{

;/sf/

k|d'v af9LhGo

gbLx¿sf nflu af9L

k|sf]k cfFsng,

gSzfÍg / k|sf]k If]q

lgwf{/0f ug]{ /

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

k|d'v gbLx¿sf]

af9L k|sf]k gSzf

pknAwePsf] x'g]5


pmhf{, hn>f]t

tyf l;FrfO{

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, hn tyf

pmhf{ cfof]usf]

;lrjfno


cfwf/df af9L


tyf cf>o:ynx¿sf

nflu e"-;Gble{t (Geo-


;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng


pknAw u/fpg]

af9L ;Dd'vtf /

;+s6pGd'vtfsf]

5'§f5'§}

(disaggregated)

tYofÍ pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x

dGqfno÷/fli6«o

ljkb hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

hn pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg

ljefu,s]G›Lo

tYofÍljefu,

ljZjljBfnox¿,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/


cf>o:ynx¿, ljBfno,

c:ktfn, :jf:Yo rf}sL

tyf vfg]kfgLsf

;+/rgfx¿sf nflu

af9L hf]lvd cfFsng

tyf gSzfÍg ug]{ /

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

af9L hf]lvd :t/ -

pRr, dWod /

Go"g_ sf] hfgsf/L

v'nf>f]t :j¿kdf

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb

hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfno, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg

ljefu,

ljZjljBfno,

cg';Gwfg

s]Gb|x¿, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

39

af9L hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn

e"pkof]u of]hgfx?

th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog

ug]{ u/fpg]

af9L hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn

e"pkof]u of]hgfx¿

sfof{Gjog ePsf]

x'g]5

bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg

ljefu, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

lxdkft, lxdklx/f]tyflxdtfnlj:kmf]6g hf]lvd


lxdkft, lxdgbL /

lxdtfn lg/Gt/


Time Snow, Glacier

and Glacial Lake

Observation System)

:yfkgf ug]{

lxdkft, lxdklx/f]

tyf lxdtfnsf]

cj:yf lg/Gt/

?kdf hfgsf/L

ePsf] x'g]5

lg/Gt/ hn tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

k|d'v lxdkft,

lxdklx/f] tyf lxdtfn

k|efljt If]qsf] k|sf]k

cfFsng, gSzfÍg /

If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ /

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

lxdkft, lxdklx/f]

tyf lxdtfn

lj:kmf]6 gx'g ;Sg]

cj:yf ;DaGwL

k|sf]k gSzf pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng hn tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

lxdkft, lxdklx/f] tyf

lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g


tyf cf>o:ynx¿sf

lxdkft, lxdklx/f]

tyf lxdtfn

lj:kmf]6g ;Dd'vtf

/ ;+s6f;Ggtfsf]


u[x

dGqfno÷/fli6«o

ljkb hf]lvd

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

hn tyf df};d

40

nflu lnË, pd]/ /

ckfËtfsf cfwf/df e"-

;Gble{t (Geo-


;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng


pknAw u/fpg]

5'§f5'§}

(disaggregated)

tYofÍ pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

lj1fg ljefu,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo

;/sf/,ljZjljBf

nox¿, s]G›Lo

tYofÍljefu


lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g sf]

hf]lvddf /x]sf

k"jf{wf/x¿,

cf>o:ynx¿,

ljBfno, c:ktfn,

:jf:Yo rf}sL tyf

vfg]kfgLsf

;+/rgfx?sf] hf]lvd

cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg


pknAw u/fpg]

lxdkft, lxdklx/f]

tyf lxdtfn

lj:kmf]6g hf]lvd

:t/ -pRr, dWod /

Go"g_ sf] hfgsf/L

v'nf>f]t :j¿kdf

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5


u[x

dGqfno÷/fli6«o

ljkb hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,

ljZjljBfno,

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿


lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g

hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn

e"pkof]u of]hgfx¿sf]

tof/L ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs

¿kdf pknAw u/fpg]

lxdkft, lxdklx/f]

tyf lxdtfn

lj:kmf]6g hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"pkof]u

of]hgfx¿ pknAw

x'g]5g\

dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/

s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvd-v8]/L,r6\ofª,xfjfx'/L,tftf] xfjfsf] nx/, zLt nx/_


41

df};dsf] lg/Gt/


Time Weather

Observation System)

nfO{ /fi6«AofkL ¿kdf

lj:tf/ / cfw'lgsLs/0f

ug]{]{

df};d ;DaGwL

hfgsf/L lg/Gt/

?kdf pknAw ePsf]

x'g]5

lg/Gt/ hn tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

k|d'v Hfnjfo'hGo

k|sf]k If]qsf] k|sf]k

cfFsng, gSzfÍg /

k|sf]k If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{

/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

Hfnjfo'hGo k|sf]k

If]qsf] k|sf]k gSzf

pknAw x'g]5


lj1fg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,j}slNk

s pmhf{ k|jw{g

s]G›,hn tyf

pmhf{ cfof]usf]

;lrjfno, s[lif

ljefu,k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,

ljZjljBfno,

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿

Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvdo'Qm

If]qx¿sf nflu lnË,

pd]/ / ckfËtfsf

cfwf/df e"-;Gble{t

(Geo-referenced)

;Dd'vtf /

;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng


pknAw u/fpg]

Hfnjfo'hGo

;Dd'vtf /

;+s6f;Ggtfsf]

5'§f5'§}

(disaggregated)

tYofÍ pknAw x'g]5


u[x

dGqfno÷/fli6«o

ljkb hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

hn tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo

;/sf/,ljZjljBf

nox¿, s]G›Lo

tYofÍljefu


-l;+rfO{, pBf]u, s[lif,

Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvd

:t/ -pRr, dWod /


u[x dGqfno÷

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

42

hnljB't,pmhf{, kz'wg,

jg, l;d;f/, hnf;o,

hLljsf]kfh{g, ljBfno,

c:ktfn, :jf:Yo rf}sL,

vfg]kfgLsf ;+/rgf

cflb_, hg;+Vof tyf

cf>o :ynx¿sf]

Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvd

cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg


pknAw u/fpg]

;fdfGo_ sf]

hfgsf/L v'nf >f]t

:j¿kdf ;fj{hlgs

¿kdf pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5

/fli6«o ljkb

hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

dGqfnox?,hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"pkof]u

of]hgfx¿sf] th{"df

u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{

Hfnjfo'hGo hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"pkof]u

of]hgfx¿

sfof{Gjog ePsf

x'g]5g\


s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

cfunfuL/ jg89]nf]sf] hf]lvd


cfunfuL / jg89]nf]sf]

lg/Gt/ cg'udg

k|0ffnL (Real-Time Fire

Monitoring System)

:yfkgf ug]{

cfunfuL / jg

89]nf] ;DaGwL

lg/Gt/ hfgsf/L

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5

lg/Gt/ :yfgLo ;/sf/,

jg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, zx/L

ljsf; tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefu,

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?

43

d'Vo k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf /

;]jfx¿df cfunfuL /

jg89]nf] lj¿4

;r]tgf lgdf{0fsf nflu

hfgsf/Ld"ns ;fdu|L -

Information Kit_ sf]

ljsf; ug]{

cfunfuL /

jg89]nf] ;DaGwL

hfgsf/L pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x

dGqfno÷/fli6«o

ljkb hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,

jg ljefu

zx/L ljsf; tyf

ejg lgdf{0f

ljefu,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

jg If]qsf] k|sf]ksf

cfunfuL, ag89]nf] /

h+unL hgfj/ cft+s

;+aGwL] k|sf]k cfFsng,

gSzfÍg / If]q lgwf{/0f


pknAw u/fpg]

cfunfuL k|sf]k

If]qsf] cfunfuL /

ag89]nf] k|sf]k

gSzf pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng jg ljefu g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,zx/L

ljsf; tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefu,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/


cfwf/df cfunfuL /

jg89]nf] hf]lvdo'Qm

If]qx¿sf nflu e"-

;Gble{t ;Dd'vtf /

;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng


pknAw u/fpg]

cfunfuL/ jg89]nf]

;Dd'vtf /

;+s6pGd'vtfsf]

5'§f5'§}

(disaggregated)

tYofÍ pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng jg ljefu g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, zx/L

ljsf; tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefu,

k|b]z

;/sf/,:yfgLo

;/sf/


ljBfno, c:ktfn,

:jf:Yo rf}sL,

vfg]kfgLsf ;+/rgf,

;fj{hlgs, ;/sf/L

tyf lghL ejgx¿,

cfunfuL/ jg

89]nf] hf]lvd :t/ -

pRr, dWod /

;fdfGo_ sf]

hfgsf/L v'nf >f]t

:j¿kdf ;fj{hlgs

cNksflng jg ljefu, u[x

dGqfno, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, zx/L

ljsf; tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefu,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

44

cf}Bf]lus ;+/rgfx?

tyf cf>o:ynx¿sf

nflu cfunfuL / jg

89]nf] hf]lvd cfFsng

tyf gSzfÍg ;DkGg


pknAw u/fpg]

¿kdf pknAw x'g]5 :yfgLo ;/sf/

cfunfuL / jg 89]nf]

hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn e"–

pkof]u of]hgfx¿sf]

th"{df u/L sfof{Gjog

ug]{]

cfunfuL / jg

89]nf] hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"–

pkof]u of]hgfx¿

sfof{Gjog ePsf]

x'g]5

dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/

s[lif, e"dL

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L dGqfno,

jg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, zx/L

ljsf; tyf ejg

lgdf{0f

ljefu,k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

cf}Bf]lus -/f;folgs, ljls/0f_ hf]lvd


cf}Bf]lus k|sf]k

cfFsng, gSzfÍg /

k|sf]kIf]q lgwf{/0f ug]{

/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

cf}Bf]lus /f;folgs

k|sf]k gSzf pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


pBf]u, jfl0fHo

tyf cfk"lt{

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

45

cf}Bf]lus hf]lvdo'Qm

If]qx¿sf nflu lnË,

pd]/ / ckfËtfsf

cfwf/df e"-;Gble{t

(Georeferenced)

;Dd'vtf /

;+s6pGd'vtf cfFsng


pknAw u/fpg]

cf}Bf]lus ;Dd'vtf

/ ;+s6pGd'vtfsf]

5'§f5'§}

(disaggregated)

tYofÍ pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


pBf]u, jfl0fHo

tyf cfk"lt{

dGqfno

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/,

ljZjljBfnox¿,

s]G›Lo tYofÍ

ljefu


ljBfno, c:ktfn,

:jf:Yo rf}sL,

vfg]kfgLsf ;+/rgf,

hg;+Vof tyf

cf>o:ynx¿,

cf}Bf]lus ;+/rgfx?sf]

cf}Bf]lus hf]lvd

cfFsng tyf gSzfÍg

;DkGg ug]{ /

;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpg]

cf}Bf]lus hf]lvd

:t/ -pRr, dWod /

;fdfGo_ sf

hfgsf/L v'nf >f]t

:j¿kdf ;fj{hlgs

¿kdf pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


pBf]u, jfl0fHo

tyf cfk"lt{

dGqfno

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/,

ljZjljBfnox¿,

s]G›Lo tYofÍ

ljefu

cf}Bf]lus hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"–pkof]u

of]hgfx¿sf] th"{df

u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{

cf}Bf]lus hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"–

pkof]u of]hgfx¿

sfof{Gjog ePsf

x'g]5g\


s[lif, e"dL

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L

dGqfno,pBf]u,

jfl0fHo tyf

cfk"lt{ dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/,:yfgLo

;/sf/

46

$=@ ax'-k|sf ]k hf]lvd cf Fsngsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo

g]kfndf ax'–dfkb08df cfwfl/t ax'k|sf]k hf]lvdsf] cfFsng tyf gSzfÍgx¿ kof{Kt 5}gg\ .

o; ;Gbe{df ax'k|sf]k hf]lvdsf] cfFsng tyf gSzfÍgsf] nflu cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo ;+oGq

:yfkgf ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf

5g\ .


ax'k|sf]k ljkb\ hf]lvd

cfFsng k4ltnfO{

;+:yfut ug{;femf

/fli6«o 9fFrf (Common

National Framework)

/ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{

ax'k|sf]k ljkb\

hf]lvd cfFsng

;fwg, ljlw,

;+:yfut Joj:yf /

lgb]{lzsf pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

ljefux?, hn

tyf pmhf{ cfof]u

;lrjfno, k|b]z

;/sf/,

ljZjljBfnox¿,

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?

k|sf]k, ;Dd'vtf,

;Í6pGd'vtf / hf]lvd

tYofÍ ;+sngdf

Ps¿ktf sfod ug{

cGt/ lgsfo ;+oGq

:yfkgf ug]{

k|sf]k, ;Dd'vtf,

;+s6pGd'vtf /

hf]lvd tYofÍ

;+sngdf Ps¿ktf

sfod ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u, ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t

;+u7gx¿, vfgL

tyf e"ue{

ljefu, zx/L

ljsf; tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefu,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

47

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo

txdf dxTjk"0f{

k"jf{wf/x¿ -cfjf;,

l;+rfO{, pBf]u, s[lif,

;8s, ljdfg:yn,

hnljB't, pmhf{,

kz'wg, jg, l;d;f/,

hnf;o, hLljsf]kfh{g,

ljBfno, c:ktfn,

:jf:Yo rf}sL,

vfg]kfgLsf ;+/rgf

cflb_, cf>o:yn /

hg;+Vofsf] nflu ax'–

dfkb08df cfwfl/t

lj:t[t ax'-k|sf]k

hf]lvd cfFsng tyf

gSzfÍg ug]{

;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu

v'nf >f]t :j¿kdf

dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/ /

cfjf;sf] ax'–k|sf]k

hf]lvd hfgsf/L

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, g]kfn

;/sf/sf] ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, zx/L

ljsf; tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefu,

vfgL tyf e"ue{

ljefu,hn tyf

df};d lj1fg

ljefu,zx/L

ljsf; tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefu

ax'-k|sf]k hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"-pkof]u

of]hgfx¿sf] tof/L ug]{

/ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf

pknAw u/fpFg]

ax'-k|sf]k hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"-

pkof]u of]hgfx¿

pknAw ePsf

x'g]5g\


s[lif, e"dL

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L

dGqfno,g]kfn

;/sf/sf] u[x

dGqfno÷/fli6«o

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

$=# k|efjsf/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|jfx

48

g]kfndf PsLs[t ;"rgf k|;f/0f ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; / ;~rf/ dfWod tyf cfw'lgs ;~rf/

k|ljlwx¿sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ ljsf;sf nflu k|efjsf/L sfd ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf

5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .


ljBdfg / plbodfg

ljkb\ hf]lvd

k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ ljleGg

ldl8of -;fdflhs,

5fkf, ljB'tLo, >Ao

b[Zo_ sf] k|efjsf/L

k|of]u ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]

Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/

tyf hfgsf/L

ePsf] x'g]5


;+rf/ tyf

;"rgf k|ljlw

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, g]kfn

b'/;+rf/

k|flws/0f,

kqklqsf, PkmPd

/]l8of], 6]lnlehg

ljkb\ hf]lvd ;"rgf

;fem]bfl/tfsf nflu

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

;+u7gx¿, u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /fhgLlts

bn tyf eft[

;+u7gx?, /]8qm;

cleofgsf c+ux? /

ldl8of aLr /fli6«o

b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd

;xsfo{ ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd ;"rgf

;fem]bfl/tfdf

Jofks ¿kn]

;xsfo{ ePsf] x'g]5


u[x

dGqfno÷/fli6«o

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, g]kfn

b'/;+rf/

k|flws/0f,

;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t

;+u7gx¿,

ljsf;sf

;fem]bf/, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/fhgLlts bn

tyf eft[

;+u7gx?,

/]8qm;

49

cleofgsf

c+ux? / ldl8of

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo

txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd

;"rgf ;fem]bf/L ug{ -

df]afO{n PK;, j]a;fO{6,

P;PdP;, /]l8of] /

6]lnlehg h:tf

k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ;lxt_

;+rf/ tyf k|;f/

/0fgLlt / sfo{ljlw

tof/ kfg]{

;a} txdf ljkb\

hf]lvd ;"rgfsf]

k|efjsf/L ;+rf/ /

k|;f/ ePsf] x'g]5


;+rf/ tyf

;"rgf k|ljlw

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, g]kfn

b'/;+rf/

k|flws/0f

dlxnf, j[4j[4f,

afnaflnsf, ckfË,

ljBfyL{ / cGo

;+s6pGd'v ;d"x;Fu

hf]lvd ;"rgf

;fem]bf/L ug{ ;+rf/

tyf k|;f/ /0fgLlt /

sfo{ljlw tof/ ug]{

dlxnf, j[4,

afnaflnsf, ckfË,

ljBfyL{ / cGo

;+s6pGd'v

;d"x;Fu hf]lvd

;"rgf ;fem]bf/L

ePsf] x'g]5


;+rf/ tyf

;"rgf k|ljlw

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, g]kfn

b'/;+rf/

k|flws/0f

;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo

txdf cflwsfl/s,

v'nf, ef}uf]lns ;"rgf

k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t

ljkb\ hf]lvd ;"rgf

Aoj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf]

:yfkgf ug]{

;a} txdf ljkb\

hf]lvd hfgsf/Lsf]

nflu ljkb\ hf]lvd

;"rgf Aoj:yfkg

k|0ffnL pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5

dWosflng g]kfn

;/sf/sf]u[x

dGqfno÷/fli6«o

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/,:yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\ hf]lvd hfgsf/L

;fem]bfl/tfdf låkIfLo,

;Ldf jf/ kf/

hf]lvd ;"rgf


u[x dGqfno,

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

50

If]qLo / cGt//fli6«o

;xof]unfO{ a9fjf lbg]

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5 k//fi6« dGqfno dGqfnox?, hn

tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu,

hn pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg ljefu

$=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]sf] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4

g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvd af/] a'emfO{sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ljleGg cWoog, cWofkg,

cg';Gwfg tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdx¿ ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ljBdfg k|lzIf0f s]G›x¿sf Ifdtf

clea[l4 ug]{ / /fli6«o b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k|lzIf0f /

cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿

lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .


ljBfnob]lv

ljZjljBfno ;Ddsf]

kf7\oqmddf ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /

Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL

ljleGg kIfdf ljwfut,

ljifout / cGt/–

ljwfut kf7\oqmd

lgdf{0f u/L cWoog,

cWofkg / cg';Gwfg

k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut

ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f /

Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf

bIf hgzlQm ljsf;

e} ljkb\ hf]lvd

a'emfO{df j[l4ePsf]

x'g]5


lzIff, lj1fg

tyf k|ljlw

dGqfno,

ljZjljBfnox¿

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo

;/sf/

k]z]j/ ;jf/L

rfnsx?sf] nflu

lgoldt ;8s ;'/Iff

;8s b'3{6gf sd

ug{ k]z]j/ ;jf/L

rfnsx?sf] Ifdtf


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo

51

lzIff sfo{qmdx?

;~rfng ug]{

ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 dGqfno ;/sf/

blnt,dlxnf,

afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f,

ckfË, ;+s6pGd'v

;d'bfox¿ / ;Dk"0f{

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf nflu

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

;DaGwL kf7\oqmdsf]

ljsf; u/L k|lzIf0f

sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng

ug]{

;+s6pGd'v

;d'bfox¿ /

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]

ljkb\ hf]lvd

;DaGwL a'emfO{df

Ifdtf ljsf;

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo

;/sf/

ljBfyL{, cljefjs,

lzIfs, :jf:YosdL{,

vfg]kfgL ;]jf k|bfos,

;fd'bflos ;+:yf tyf

pkef]Qmfx¿sf nflu


/ Joj:yfkgdf v]Ng'kg]{

e"ldsfaf/]

hfgsf/Ld"ns ;fdu|L

agfO{ k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{,

tflnd k|bfg ug]{ /

ljleGg txdf cg'ejsf]

cfbfg k|bfg ug]{

ljBfyL{, cljefjs,

lzIfs, :jf:YosdL{,

vfg]kfgL ;]jf

k|bfos, ;fd'bflos

;+:yf tyf

pkef]Qmfx¿sf]

ljkb\ hf]lvd

a'emfO{df Ifdtf

j[l4ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

lzIff, lj1fg

tyf k|ljlw

dGqfno,

:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof

dGqfno, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, /fli6«o

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo

;/sf/,;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t ;+3

;+:yf,u}/–;/sf/L

;Ë7gx¿

/fhgLlts bn tyf

eft[ ;+u7gx?sf

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f ;DalGw


u[x

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

52

;b:ox?, lgjf{lrt hg

k|ltlglw, ljifout

lgsfosf ;Dks{ JolQm,

ljkb hf]lvd

Joj:yfkg If]qdf

sfo{/t ;+3

;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f P]g,

lgod, gLlt, /0fgLlts

sfo{of]hgf af/]

cled'lvs/0f ug]{

sfg"gL tyf

lgofds Joj:yf

af/] Jofks

hfgsf/L e} lg0f{o

k|lqmof k|efjsf/L

ePsf] x'g]5

dGqfno,/fli6«o

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

dGqfno

k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo

;/sf/


;DaGwdf ;r]tgf

hufpg] sfo{qmdx¿sf]

ljsf; tyf ;+rfng

ug{sf nflu ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t ;+3 ;+:yf,

u}/–;/sf/L ;Ë7g tyf

cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿

;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

;DaGwL r]tgf

clea[l4df Aofks

;xsfo{ ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf

u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo

;/sf/,;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t ;+3

;+:yf,u}/–;/sf/L

;Ë7g tyf cGo

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿

Jofkf/L, Joj;foL /

pBdLx¿nfO{ ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f af/]

k|lzIf0f lbO{ pgLx¿sf]

hjfkmb]lxtf, ;xeflutf

/ lhDd]jf/Ljf]w a9fpFg]

lghL If]q ljkb\

hf]lvd af/] hfgsf/

eO{ lhDd]jf/ ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo

;/sf/, g]kfn pBf]u

jfl0fHo dxf;+3

ljkb\ hf]lvd ;DaGwL

r]tgf tyf k|lzIf0fsf

ljkb\ hf]lvd cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf

53

nflu lj:t[t /fli6«o /

:yfgLo :t/sf]

sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; u/L

;+rfng ug]{

;DaGwL r]tgf

clea[l4 ePsf]

x'g]5

u[x

dGqfno,/fli6«o

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

dGqfno

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,:yfgLo

;/sf/,;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t ;+3

;+:yf,u}/–;/sf/L

;Ë7g tyf cGo

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkgdf

ljBdfg k|lzIf0f

s]G›x¿sf Ifdtf

;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{

ljBdfg k|lzIf0f

s]G›x¿sf ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

Ifdtf ;'b[9 ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,

g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn

k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L

jn, k|lzIf0f

k|lti7fgx?

8«fOleË :s"nx?sf]

Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{

;8s b'3{6gf sd

ug{ 8«fOleË

:s"nx?sf] Ifdtf

ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo

txdf k|sf]k,

;+s6pGd'vtf tyf

hf]lvd cfFsng, JofVof

/ ;do ;dodf

hf]lvd cfFsng /

JofVof cBfjlws

ug]{ sfo{df Ifdtf

;'b[9 ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,hn tyf

df};d lj1fg

54

cBfjlws ug]{, hf]lvd

;+j]bgzLn e"-pkof]u

of]hgf tof/L, ljkb\

k|efj d"NofÍg

;DjGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf

/ k]zfsdL{x¿sf] Ifdtf

clej[l4 sfo{qmd ug]{

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

ljefu,vfgL tyf

e"ue{ ljefu, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg ljefu,

hn tyf pmhf{

cfof]u ;lrjfno, e"

tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu,

ljZjljBfnox¿,

cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿


/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g

cg's"ngsf ;jfn,

;d:of / ;dfwfg

dfly cg';Gwfg /

ljsf; ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f /

hnjfo' kl/jt{g

cg's"ngsf nflu

gofF k|ljlw tyf

k|0ffnLsf] lasf;

ePsf] x'g]5

bL3{sflng ljZjljBfnox?,

O{lGhlgol/Ë

cWoog ;+:yfg,

g]kfn lj1fg

tyf k|ljlw

k|lti7fg, g]kfn

s[lif cg';Gwfg

kl/ifb

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt dGqfnox?,

g]kfn k|zf;lgs

k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg,

:yfgLo ljsf;

k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg,

zx/L ljsf; tyf

ejg lgdf{0f

ljefu,hn tyf

df};d lj1fg ljefu

55

cWofo %: k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q @-;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljkb\

hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f hf]lvd a'‰g], Go"gLs/0f ug]{ tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{

k|of;sf] husf] ¿kdf dflgG5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg tyf

Go"gLs/0fdf gfu/Lssf rf;f] JoQm ug{, sfg"gL clwsf/ / bfloTj af/] cEof; ug{ / u'gf;f

tyf dte]bx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ;+:yfut Joj:yf, gLltut Joj:yf, ;+oGq, ;dGjo /

k|lqmofx¿sf] Joj:yf ub{5 . o;n] ljkb\af6 ;'/lIft /xg, tof/L ug{, Joj:yfkg ug{ / k'gnf{e

k|fKt ug{ Ifdtf tyf ;|f]t ;fwgx¿ kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw x'g]5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ub{5 . ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;]G8fO sfo{9fFrfn] ljleGg txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf]

klxrfg u/]sf] 5 h;n] ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] k|efjsf/L tyf s'zn Joj:yfkgsf] nflu 7"nf] dxTj

/fV5 . o;sf] nflu;a} If]qdf :ki6 b[li6, of]hgf, ;fdYo{, lgb]{zg / ;dGjosf ;fy} ;DalGwt

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf klg cfjZos k5{ . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf lbuf] ljsf;

sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;xof]u / ;fem]bf/LnfO{ a9fjf lbg ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf]

;'b[9Ls/0f cfjZos 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4lt ;'b[9 agfpg lgDg s'/fx¿df hf]8 lbg'

cfjZos 5 .

-s_ ;a} If]qdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ PsLs[t / d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;DalGwt sfg"g, lgod

/ gLltx¿sf] Ps¿ktf sfod ug{] . sfg"gL ;+/rgf dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL If]qx¿sf]

e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf k"jf{wf/x¿df ljkb\ hf]lvdnfO{

;Daf]wg ug{] . JolQm, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / Joj;fosf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] . ljkb\ hf]lvd

kf/blz{tfsf] nflu ;DalGwt ;+oGq tyf kxnnfO{ a9fjf lbg] . ;dGjofTds / ;+u7gfTds

;+/rgfx? :yfkgf ug{] .

-v_ ;a} txx¿df ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf cjnDag / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

-u_ ljleGg :t/df klxrfg u/LPsf hf]lvdx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ k|fljlws, ljQLo / k|zf;lgs

¿kdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg Ifdtfsf] cfFsng ug]{ .

-3_ ljifout If]qsf gLlt, lgod / sfg"gdf /x]sf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf k|fjwfgx¿ h:t}

e"–pkof]u, zx/L of]hgf, ejg ;+lxtf, kof{j/0f ;+/If0f, ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, :jf:Yo /

;'/Iff:t/ ;Daf]wg cflbsf] kfngf ;'lglZrt ug{ / k|f]T;fxgnfO{ a9fjf lbg cfjZos

;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ cBfjlws ug]{ .

56

-ª_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljleGg of]hgfx?sf] cfjlws k|ult ;dLIff

tyf n]vfhf]vf ug{ k4lt ljsf; ug]{, ;'b[9 agfpg] Pj+ k|ult ;dLIffsf] ljifodf ljleGg

txsf hgk|ltlgwLx¿, ljwfosx? / ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿;Fu 5nkmn tyf ax;nfO{

k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

-r_ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf nflu sfg"gL ;+/rgf / :ki6 e"ldsfsf cfwf/df ;d'bfosf

k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ lg0f{osf nflu lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg] .

-5_ ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 ag]sf] ;/sf/L ;dGjo d~rx¿sf]

:yfkgf ug]{ / ;'b[9 agfpg], h:t} ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo

d~rx¿.

-h_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo :t/df gfu/Ls ;dfh, ;d'bfo, /fhgLlts bn tyf eft[

;+u7gx?, cflbjf;L / cfk|jf;L;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo ug{ :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;zQm

agfpg] .

-em_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu gLltut tyf ljQLo Joj:yfsf] nflu ljwfosx¿;Fusf]

5nkmn tyf ax;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

-`_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] u'0f:t/ ljsf;sf nflu sb/, k'/:sf/ cflbsf] Joj:yf ug{ lghL

If]q, gfu/Ls ;dfh, Jofj;flos ;+:yfx¿, j}1flgs ;+:yfx¿ / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3;Fu ;xsfo{

ug]{ .

-6_ ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qx¿df ljkb\ lgoGq0f tyf dfgj al:tx¿ :yfgfGt/0f ug{ gLltut Joj:yf

ug]{ .

o; k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qsf] sfof{Gjogn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng / ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/L ljifout If]qx¿, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;

of]hgf k|lqmof tyf cEof;x¿df ljBdfg hf]lvd sd ug{ / eljiodf x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd jf Iflt

/f]sYffd ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . ;fy} ;'/lIft ljsf;sf nflu sd hf]lvd If]qx¿df k|f]T;fxg /

pRr hf]lvd If]qx¿df lg¿T;fxg u/L pTyfgzLntf ljsf;df of]ubfg lbg]5.

o;sf] nflu ljsf; kl/of]hgfdf PsLs[t ljkb\ tyf hnjfo' hf]lvd k/LIf0f ljlwsf] ljsf;

u/Lg]5 . oL ljlwx¿n] ;a} kl/of]hgfx¿ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 kof{Kt dfqfdf ;'/lIft 5g\ /

ltgLx¿n] gofF k|sf/sf ljkb\ hf]lvd l;h{gf ub}{gg\ jf ljBdfg hf]lvdnfO{ a9fpFb}gg\ eGg]

;'lglZrt ug{ ;xof]u k¥'ofpFg]5g\ . oL ljlwx¿ ljsf; kl/of]hgfdf ljkb\ tyf hnjfo' hf]lvd

ljZn]if0f ug{] Jojl:yt k2lt k|jw{g ug]{ p2]Zon] clek|]l/t x'g]5g\ .

g]kfn ljZjdf ;a}eGbf sd zx/Ls/0f ePsf] t/ ›'t ultdf zx/Ls/0f eO/x]sf b]zx¿dWo] Ps

xf]. zx/L If]qdf ljkb\ hf]lvd sd ug{ ejg ;+lxtfnfO{ ;do ;fk]If cBfjlws / sfof{Gjog ug'{

h¿/L 5 . ;fy} zx/L ljsf; of]hgfx¿df 9n lgsfz k|0ffnLsf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .

57

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ /fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg tyf

dfu{bz{g ug{] k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf u/L ;+3b]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ adf]lhd

lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ h¿/L b]lvPsf] 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yfnfO{ ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;a} txdf k"j{tof/L

tyf cfkTsfnLg k|ltsfo{ of]hgfsf] th'{df tyf Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 tTsfn ug'{ h¿/L 5 .

pQm ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L g]kfndf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4lt ;'b[9 ug{ o; k|fyldstf

k|fKt If]q cGtu{t lgDg adf]lhdsf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .

s_ ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f

v_ sfg"gL tyf lgofds ;+/rgf lgdf{0f

u_ ljkb\ hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L

3_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;'lglZrttf

%=! ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f

u[x dGqfno cGtu{t df}h'bf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfsf] ;Lldt ;+/rgfn] ljkb\ hf]lvdsf]

a9\bf] sfdsf] rfk y]Ug r'gf}ltk"0f{ e}/x]sf] 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g,

@)&$ adf]lhd ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu clwsf/ ;DkGg /fli6«o ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg k|flws/0f :yfkgf Pj+ ljifout dGqfno tyf ljefux¿sf] ;+u7gfTds

k'g;{/rgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txnfO{ kof{Kt clwsf/ k|bfg

u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltdf klg :yfgLo txnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/ agfpFb} nfg'

kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .



tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu

/fli6«o ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg k|flws/0f

:yfkgf ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f,

k"j{tof/L tyf

k|ltsfo{sf nflu

/fli6«o

:t/df;+:yfut

Joj:yf ePsf]

x'g]5


k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifbsf]

sfof{no, u[x

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

58

k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf

ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

;ldlt tyf ;+:yfut

;+/rgf ljsf; ug{

;doaå sfo{of]hgf

agfO{ nfu" ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

zf;gdf k|b]z /

:yfgLo txsf]

;+:yfut ;+/rgf

/ sfo{Ifdtfsf]

ljsf; ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k|To]s If]qdf ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ff

PsLs[t / sfof{Gjog

ug{sf] nflu ;+3, k|b]z

tyf :yfgLo txdf

;dGjo ;+oGq :yfkgf

ug]{

k|To]s If]qdf

:ki6 lhDd]jf/L

;lxt ;dGjo

;+oGq ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]u,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

ljBdfg hf]lvdo'Qm

;fj{hlgs ;]jf,

hLljsf]kfh{gsf

;fwgx¿ tyf ef}lts

k"jf{wf/x¿ -;fj{hlgs,

;/sf/L / lghL

ejgx¿, xfO8«f]lns

;+/rgf, zx/L

k"jf{wf/x¿, ljBfno /

c:ktfn, /+uzfnf,

lyP6/x¿, ;lk+u dn

cflb_ sf] k|anLs/0fsf]

nflu ljz]if sf]if /

cg'udg ;+oGq :yfkgf

k"jf{wf/x¿

k|anLs/0fdf

ljQLo Joj:yf /

pQ/bfloTj

:yflktePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, cy{

dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; tyf

ejg lgdf{0f

ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]u,k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

59

ug]{

ljifout dGqfnox¿

tyf ljefux¿df ljkb\

hf]lvd ;DalGw lglZrt

lhDd]jf/ (Focal) JolQm,

zfvf jf dxfzfvf tf]Sg]

k|To]s ljifout

dGqfno /

ljefudf ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu

;dlk{t s]G›Lo

PsfO pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

ljefux?, cGo

lgsfox?

ljBfno tyf

c:kftnx¿df ljkb\

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

;ldlt :yfkgf ug]{

ljBfno tyf

c:kftnx¿df

k|efjsf/L ljkb\

hf]lvd

Joj:yfkg ePsf]

x'g]5


lzIff, lj1fg

tyf k|ljlw

dGqfno,

:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf

cfkTsflng sfo{

;~rfng s]G› :yfkgf

ug]{

k|b]z / :yfgLo

txdf k|efjsf/L

ljkb\ k"j{tof/L

tyf cfKfTsflng

k|ltsfo{ ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf

:jf:Yo cfkTsflng sfo{

;~rfng s]G› :yfkgf

ug]{

k|b]z / :yfgLo

txdf k|efjsf/L

cfKfTsflng

:jf:Yo ;]jf

pknAwePsf]


:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

60

x'g]5


tyf Joj:yfkgdf k|ToIf

;+nUg k|d'v ljefux¿

tyf dGqfnox¿sf] ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f tyf

Jo:yfkg ;DjlGw

;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf

;'wf/ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f

ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkgsf

nflu k|efjsf/L

;+:yfut

Joj:yfePsf]

x'g]5


lj1fg ljefu,

vfgL tyf e"ue{

ljefu, e" tyf

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu, zx/L

ljsf; tyf

ejg lgdf{0f

ljefu, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg

ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

/fli6«o ;8s ;'/Iff

kl/ifb u7g u/L ;lqmo

agfpg]

;8s ;'/Iff

lqmofsnfkx?sf]

cg'udg tyf

;dGjosf nflu

;+:yfut Joj:yf

ePsf] x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

dfnjfxs tyf ofq'jfxs

;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] ef/

cg'udg tyf lgoGq0f

;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{

dfnjfxs tyf

ofq'jfxs ;jf/L

;fwgx?sf]

cTolws ef/

cg'udg tyf

lgoGq0f ;+oGq

:yfkgf ePsf]

x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

:yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;

tyf s[lif ;8s ljefu,

:yfgLo k"jf{wf/

ljsf; tyf s[lif

cNksflng :yfgLo k"jf{wf/

ljsf; tyf

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

61

oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu,

6«flkms k|x/L / :yfgLo

txdf ;8s ;'/Iff OsfO{

u7g ug]{

;8s ljefu,

oftfoft Joj:yf

ljefu, 6«flkms

k|x/L / :yfgLo

txdf ;8s

;'/Iffsf] nflu

;+:yfut Joj:yf

ePsf] x'g]5

s[lif ;8s

ljefu,

oftfoft

Joj:yf ljefu,

6«flkms k|x/L,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/

%=@ sfg"gL / lgofds ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f

ljutsf sfg"gL tyf gLltut Joj:yfx?sf] cfwf/df ;Dkfbg u/LPsf sfo{x?sf] cg'ejx?nfO{

;d]t cjnDag u/L ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] ax'cfofldstfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{

;d;fdlos sfg"gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf] x'gfn] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf

;a} lqmofsnfksf] ;dGjofTds / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Joj:yfkg u/L k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts

ljkb\af6 ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hLpHofg / ;fj{hlgs, gLlh tyf JolQmut ;DklQ, k|fs[lts Pj+

;f:s[lts ;Dkbf / ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ agfPsf] 5 .o; P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL tof/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu

ljleGg ljifout If]q;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL / lgofds ;+/rgfx¿sf] klg ljsf; ug{' kg]{

cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .


ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg P]g,

@)&$ sf] k|efjsf/L

sfof{Gjog ug{ ljkb\


Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL

tof/ ug{]

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg zf;g

Jojl:yt / ;'b[9

ug{ lgodfjnL

tof/ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng g]kfn

;/sf/sf]u[x

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k|b]z / :yfgLo

txx¿n] ljkb\ hf]lvd

k|b]z / :yfgLo

txdf k|efjsf/L

cNksflng k|b]z ;/sf/, g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

62

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf

tof/ ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

sfo{of]hgf tof/

ePsf] x'g]5

:yfgLo ;/sf/ dGqfnox?

/fli6«o ;8s ;'/Iff

/0fgLlt tof/ ug]{ /

;8s ;'/Iff

sfo{of]hgfnfO{

cBfjlws ug]{

/fli6«o ;8s ;'/Iff

/0fgLlt tof/ /

;8s ;'/Iff

sfo{of]hgf

cBfjlws ePsf]

x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, lghL If]q,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx?, /]8qm;

cleofgsf c+ux?

;8s ;'/Iff kl/If0f

lgb]{lzsf (Road Safety

Audit Manual) tof/

ug]{

;8s ;'/Iff kl/If0f

lgb]{lzsf tof/

ePsf] x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, ljZj

ljBfnox?,

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?

;'/lIft ;8ssf nflu

l8hfO{g lgb]{lzsf

(Design Guideline for

Safer Roads) tof/ ug]{

;'/lIft ;8ssf

nflu l8hfO{g

lgb]{lzsf tof/

ePsf] x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, ljZj

ljBfnox?,

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?

g]kfn ;8s dfkb08

tyf g]kfn ;8s ;]lˆ6

;'/lIft ;8ssf

nflu gofF sf]8/


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

63

sf]8x?-# km/s

Osf]nf]lhsn hf]gsf

nfuL_ kl/dfh{g tyf

ljsf; ug]{

dfgs tof/ ePsf]

x'g]5

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, ljZj

ljBfnox?,

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?

;L6 a]N6, x]nd]6sf]

k|of]u / ;fj{hlgs

oftfoft ;'/Iff ;DaGwL

lgodx?nfO{ s8fO{sf

;fy nfu' ug]{ / ;a}

;8s k|of]ustf{x?sf

nflu lj:t[t cfrf/

;+lxtf ljsf; ug]{

;8s k|of]ustf{x?

;r]t / cg'zfl;t

e} ;8s b'3{6gf sd

ePsf] x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ejg lgdf{0f P]g

cBfjlws u/L nfu"

ug{], zx/L tyf u|fdL0f

If]qx¿sf] nflu ejg

;+lxtf kl/dfh{g ug{] /

;a} ufpF tyf

gu/kflnsfsf nflu

ejg lgdf{0f ljlgod

agfpg]

af9L / e"sDk

k|lt/f]wL ejg

lgdf{0fsf nflu

gLltut Joj:yf

ePsf] x'g]5


zx/L ljsf;

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k"jf{wf/ of]hgf l8hfOg

/ lgdf{0fsf nflu

ljBdfg dfkb08x¿ /

dfgsx¿ -e"sDk sf]8,

of]hgf gD;{_sf]

k'g/fjnf]sg /

kl/dfh{g ug{]

k"jf{wf/ of]hgf

l8hfOg / lgdf{0fsf

nflu kl/is[t sf]8,

dfgs, lgb]{lzsf

cflb tof/ ePsf]

x'g]5


;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

ljZjljBfno tyf

cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿

64


-cfjf;Lo ejg, xf]6]n,

ckf6{d]G6, cf}Bf]lus

ejg, P]ltxfl;s tyf

;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf,

ljBfno, c:ktfn,

;fd'bflos ejg,

cf>o:yn cflb_

k|anLs/0f

(Retrofitting) sf] nflu

lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{

hf]lvdo'Qm

k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf]

nflu k|anLs/0f

lgb]{lzsf pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


zx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; tyf

ejg lgdf{0f

ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,

ljZjljBfno,

O{lGhlgol/Ë

cWoog ;+:yfg

If]qut ljsf;

of]hgfx¿df ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{

lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{

ljsf; of]hgf tyf

sfo{qmddf ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{

lgb]{lzsf tof/

ePsf] x'g]5


/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u, cy{

dGqfno, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\ hf]lvd k|efj

d"NofÍgnfO{ Jfftfj/0f

;+/If0f P]g tyf

jftfj/0f k|efj

d"NofÍg lgb]{lzsfdf

;dfj]z ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

k|efjd"NofÍg

Jfftfj/0f ;+/If0f

P]g tyf jftfj/0f

k|efj d"NofÍg

lgb]{lzsfdf ;dfj]z

ePsf] x'g]5


jg tyf

jftfj/0f

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k|d'v kl/of]hgfx¿sf]

5gf}6sf nflu ljkb\ /

hnjfo' kl/jt{g

hf]lvd ;DjGwL

1fgx¿sf] cfwf/df

k|d'v

cfof]hgfx¿df

hnjfo' / ljkb\

hf]lvd k|lt/f]wL

k|ljwL ;dfj]z ug{


/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u, cy{

dGqfno, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

65

ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf]

k|f/lDes / lj:t[t

hf]lvd d"Nof+sg

sfo{9fFrf tof/ u/L

lgb]{lzsfx¿df ;dfj]z

ug]{

lj:t[t hf]lvd

d"Nof+sg sfo{9fFrf

tof/ ePsf] x'g]5

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno

;/sf/

k|fs[lts ;|f]t

Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL

ljleGg sfo{qmd /

sfo{of]hgfx¿df ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

;dfj]z ug]{

k|fs[lts ;|f]t

Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL

ljleGg sfo{qmd /

sfo{of]hgfx¿df

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f ;dfj]z

ePsf] x'g]5


jg tyf

jftfj/0f

dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/


/ Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if

of]ubfg k'¥ofpFg]

sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'/:s[t

ug]{ k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f /

Joj:yfkgsf

nfluljz]if of]ubfg

k'¥ofpFg]

sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{

k'/:s[t ug]{

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; e}

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{

;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf

cfkTsflng sf]if tyf

vfB a}+ssf nflu

lgodfjnL / sfo{

;+rfng ljlw tof/ ug]{

k|b]z /

:yfgLotxdf

cfkTsflng sf]if /

vfB a}+ssf nflu

hjfkmb]lxtf ;lxt

cNksflng k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

66

sfo{ ;+rfng ljlw

tof/ ePsf] x'g]5

;+s6pGd'v ;d"xsf]

;'/Iffsf] nflu /

cfkTsflng l:ytLdf

n}lËs lx+;f /f]syfd

ug{ lgb]{lzsf tof/ /

sfof{Gjog ug]{

cfkTsflng l:ytLdf

;+s6pGd'v ;d"xsf]

;'/Iff / n}lËs lx+;f

/f]syfdsf nfuL

lgb]{lzsf tof/ e}

sfof{Gjog ePsf]

x'g]5


dlxnf,

afnaflnsf tyf

Ho]i7 gful/s

dGqfno, /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]u,

u[x dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\ k|ltsfo{df

;d'bfo txdf

:jo+;]js kl/rfngsf

nflu lgb]{lzsf agfO{

nfu' ug]{

ljkbsf] ;dodf

:jo+;]js kl/rfng

;xh agfpg

lgb]{lzsf pknAw

e}nfu' ePsf] x'g]5


;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/,:yfgLo

;/sf/, ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t ;+3

;+:yf,u}/–;/sf/L

;Ë7g tyf cGo

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿

ljkb\ k"j{tof/L,

k|ltsfo{, k'gnf{e,

k'glg{df{0f tyf

k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf]

kl/rfng ;DaGwL

sfo{ljlw kl/dfh{g ug]{

ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf]

kl/rfng k|efjsf/L

/ kf/bzL{ ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\sf] ;dodf

eUgfjz]if / ljleGg

kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgsf]

nflu cfjZos

ljkb\sf] ;dodf

eUgfjz]if / kmf]x/

Jojl:yt ug{

lgb]{lzsf tof/


;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

67

lgb]{lzsf agfpFg] ePsf] x'g]5 dGqfno ;/sf/

/fli6«o cfkTsflng

sfo{;+rfng s]Gb|sf]

sfo{;+rfng ljwL

kl/dfh{g ug]{ tyf

k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf

cfkTsflng

sfo{;+rfng s]Gb|x¿sf]

sfo{;+rfng ljwL tof/

ug]{

cfkTsflng

sfo{;+rfng

s]Gb|x¿sf]

sfo{;+rfng ljwL

cBfjlws ePsf]

x'g]5


;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf

:jf:Yo cfkTsflng

sfo{ ;+rfng

s]Gb|x¿sf] sfo{;+rfng

ljwL tof/ ug]{

k|b]z / :yfgLo

txdf :jf:Yo

cfkTsflng

sfo{;+rfng

s]Gb|x¿sf] sfo{

;+rfng ljwL

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5


:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof

dGqfno, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

ljkb\ kZrftsf] vf]h /

p2f/nfO{ k|efjsf/L

agfpg dfkb08 ljsf;

u/L lgb]{lzsf agfpg]

vf]h / p2f/ sfo{

k|efjsf/L agfpg

lgb]{lzsf pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


;z:q k|x/L

jn,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, ;d'bfo

k|fb]lzs, :yfgLo /

;fd'bflos ljkb\

Joj:yfkg ;ldtLsf

nflu :yfgLo ljkb\

:yfgLo txdf

k|efjsf/L ljkb\

k"j{tof/L tyf

cfKfTsflng


:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

68

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

sfo{;+rfng ljlw tof/

/ lgoldt cBfjlws

ug]{

k|ltsfo{sf] nfuL

sfo{;+rfng ljlw

tof/ ePsf] x'g]5

:yfgLo txsf ljkb\

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /

hnjfo' kl/jt{g

cg's"ng sfo{ljlw /

lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] -

CAPA, LDRMP,

LAPA, DPRP_ PsLs[t

lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{

:yfgLo txdf ljkb\

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /

hnjfo' kl/jt{g

cg's"ngsf nflu

PsLs[t sfo{ljlw

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5


;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

dGqfno, jg

tyf jftfj/0f

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0fsf nflu gofF

k|ljlwx¿ ;dflji6

k"jf{wf/sf] l8hfOg ug{

gofF sf]8x¿ /

dfgsx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{

gofF sf]8, dfgs /

k|ljlw tof/ ePsf]

x'g]5

dWosflng ljZjljBfno

tyf cg';Gwfg

s]G›x¿, k'jf{wf/

;DjlGwt

dGqfno tyf

ljefux¿

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

hf]lvd cfFsngsf]

cfwf/df k|d'v gbL

a]l;gdf gbL

Joj:yfkg / hnfwf/

;+/If0fsf] nflu u'¿

of]hgf tof/ ug{]

hn pTkGg k|sf]k

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

nfuL u'¿ of]hgf

tof/ ePsf] x'g]5

dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf

hn tyf pmhf{

cfof]usf]

;lrjfno,

pmhf{, hn>f]t

tyfl;+rfO{

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

xl/t k"jf{wf/ /

kfl/l:yltsL k|0ffnLdf

cfwfl/t cg's"ng

(Ecosystem Based

Adaptation) dfkm{t

xl/t k"jf{wf/ /

kfl/l:yltsL

k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t

cg's"ng dfkm{t


jg tyf

aftfj/0f

dGqfno, u[x

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

69

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu

dfu{bz{g tof/ ug{]

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nfuL

dfu{bz{g tof/

ePsf] x'g]]5

dGqfno, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno

;/sf/

;8s b'3{6gfdf k/]sf

JolQm, uf8L tyf cGo

j:t'x?sf] vf]h tyf

p4f/sf nfuL lgb]{lzsf

/ dfu{bz{g tof/ ug{]

;8s b'3{6gfdf

k/]sf JolQm, uf8L

tyf cGo j:t'x?sf]

vf]h tyf p4f/sf

nfuL lgb]{lzsf /

dfu{bz{g tof/

ePsf] x'g]]]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

af9L hf]lvd sd ug{

xfO8«f]lns ;+/rgf

lgdf{0fsf nfuL

lgb]{lzsf / dfu{bz{g

tof/ ug{]

af9L hf]lvd sd

ug{ alnof]xfO8«f]lns

;+/rgflgdf{0fsf

nfuL lgb]{lzsf /

dfu{bz{g tof/

ePsf] x'g]]]5


hn tyf pmhf{

cfof]usf]

;lrjfno,

pmhf{, hn>f]t

tyfl;+rfO{

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

hf]lvd-;+j]bgzLn e"-

pkof]u of]hgf

sfof{Gjogsf] nflu

lgodg, k|f]T;fxg /

lg¿T;fxg Joj:yf

ljsf; ug]{

;a} :yfgLo txdf

eljiodf a:tL /

pTkfbgd"ns

k|of]usf nflu pRr,

dWod tyf Go"g

hf]lvd If]qx¿sf]

klxrfgsf] cfwf/df

of]hgfx? tof/

ePsf x'g]5g\

dWosflng s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L

dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; tyf

ejg lgdf{0f

ljefu, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/

70

lghL If]qx¿sf

Joj:yfkg

cEof;x¿df ljkb\

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

PsLs[t ug]{

lghL If]qdf ljkb\

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

cjnDag ePsf]

x'g]5

dWosflng pBf]u, Jfl0fHo

tyf cfk"lt{

dGqfno, g]kfn

pBf]u jfl0fHo

dxf;+3,

;+:s[lt, ko{6g

tyf gfu/Ls

p•og dGqfno,

pBf]u, jfl0fHo

tyf cfk"lt{

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\sf] ;dodf

kz'kG5L x]/rfx

;DalGw lgb]{lzsf tof/

ug]{

kz'kG5L x]/rfx

;DalGw lgb]{lzsf

tof/ ePsf] x'g]5


s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/LdGqfno,

u[x dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

tftf] xfjfsf] nx/ tyf

zLtnx/ Joj:yfkg

lgb]{lzsftof/ ug]{

tftf] xfjfsf] nx/

tyf zLtnx/

Joj:yfkg

k|efjsf/L agfpg

lgb]{lzsf tof/

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

hn tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k|fs[lts /

hnjfo'hGo k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf

tof/ ug]{

k|fs[lts /

hnjfo'hGo k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg

k|efjsf/L agfpg

lgb]{lzsf tof/

ePsf] x'g]5


s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L

dGqfno, hn

tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

71

%=# ljkb\ hf]lvd ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L

d'n'ssf] zf;sLo ;+/rgf ;+3Lotfdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] cj:yfdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf]

zf;sLo k4ltnfO{ ;+3Lo 9fFrfdf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;fem]bf/L Pj+ ;xsfo{sf]

cjwf/0ff ljsf; ug'{ h¿/L 5 . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd zf;sLo k4ltsf]

If]qdf /x]sf] Ifdtfsf] ;ldIff / d'Nof+sg u/L Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . l5d]sL

b]zx¿;Fu ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;xsfo{ a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . ;fy} ljkb\ hf]lvd

Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿;Fu

;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L ljsf; ug'{ h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f

u/LPsf 5g\ .



txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fdf zf;sLo

Ifdtf klxrfg u/L

Ifdtf clej[l4sf

sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng

ug]{

Ifdtf clej[l4sf

sfo{qmdx¿

;+rfng e} ljkb\

hf]lvd zf;gdf

Ifdtf ljsf;

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u[x

dGqfno, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/


txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fdf ;+nUg

;/sf/L tyf u}/

;/sf/L lgsfox¿ /

/]8qm; cleofgsf

c+ux?sf] ;~hfn

:yfkgf ug]{

;/sf/L tyf u}/

;/sf/L

lgsfox¿sf]

;~hfn :yfkgf e}

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fdf ;a}

txdf

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]

Jofks ;xeflutf

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf u[x

dGqfno, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

cGt/f{li6«o u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?,

cg';Gwfg

;+:yfx¿

72

hnjfo' tyf ljkb\

hf]lvd k|efj

d"NofÍsg ljwL

;DalGw tflnd

;+rfng ug]{

tflnd ;+rfng e}

hnjfo' tyf ljkb\

hf]lvd k|efj

d"NofÍgug]{

hgzlQmsf]

ljsf; ePsf]

x'g]5

cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf u[x

dGqfno, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno,

jg tyf aftfj/0f

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

/fli6«o tyf

cGt/f{li6«o u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?,

ljZjljBfno

tyf cg';Gwfg

s]Gb|x¿


Go"gLs/0f ;~hfn

(National DRR

Platform) nfO{ ;'b[9

agfpg] / k|b]z tyf

:yfgLo txdf lj:tf/

ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f /

Joj:yfkgdf

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]

Jofks ;xeflutf

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u[x

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

;/sf/L

lgsfox¿,u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

cGt/f{li6«o u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?,

cg';Gwfg

;+:yfx¿


tyf Joj:yfkgdf

/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

ljZjljBfno tyf

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿,

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkgdf

Aofks ;xsfo{

ePsf] x'g]5

dWosflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u[x

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

/fli6«o tyf

cGt/f{li6«o u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

73

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, bft[

lgsfox¿ tyf cGo

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu

;xsfo{ ug]{

/]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?,

ljZjljBfno

tyf cg';Gwfg

s]Gb|x¿, ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3, bft[

lgsfox¿ tyf

cGo

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Joj:yfkgdf ;Ldfkf/

tyf cGt/f{li6«o

;xof]u k|jw{g ug]{

cf;Gg ljkb\ af/]

;Ldf kf/af6

hfgsf/L pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


k//fi6« dGqfno,

k|wfgdGqL tyf

dGqLkl/ifbsf]

sfof{no

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

%=$ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;'lglZrttf

dlxnf, afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gfu/Ls, ckfË / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo /

JolQmx¿ ;a}eGbf a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf / ljkb\af6 ;a}eGbf a9L k|efljt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg k|lqmofdf oL ;d"xx¿sf] kx'Fr, k|ltlglwTj / cy{k"0f{

;xeflutf a[l4 u/L ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg

/0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .


ljkb\ hf]lvd

Joj:yfkgsf ;Dk"0f{

k|lqmofx¿df n}lËs

;+j]bgzLn / ;dfj]zL

k4lt nfu' ug]{

k|To]s If]qn]

n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn

/ ;dfj]zL ljkb\

hf]lvd

Joj:yfkg k4lt

cjnDag u/]sf]


dlxnf,

afnaflnsf tyf

Ho]i7 gful/s

dGqfno, u[x

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

74

x'g]5 cleofgsf c+ux?,

ljkb\af6 a9L k|efljt,

pTyfgzLntf sdhf]/

ePsf / ;+s6pGd'vtf

a9L ePsf ljleGg

;fdflhs ;d"xsf] ljkb\

zf;gsf sfddf

;xeflutf a9fpFb}

pgLx¿sf] ;zlQms/0f

/ ;fem]bf/Lsf] k|jw{g

ug{ ljkb hf]lvd

;/f]sf/ ;d"xx¿ u7g

u/L ;+:yfut ljsf;

ug{]

;d'bfo txdf

ljkb\ hf]lvd

;/f]sf/

;d"xx¿sf]

:yfkgf eO{

pgLx¿sf]

;~hfnLs/0faf6

ljkb\ kLl8t /

hf]lvd

;+s6pGd'vJolQm,

kl/jf/ /

;d'bfosf]

;xeflutf

;'lglZrt ePsf]

x'g]5


;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]u, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿,

/fhgLlts bn tyf

eft[ ;+u7gx?

k|To]s tx tyf If]qdf


tyf Joj:yfkgdf

n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f

sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug]{

n}lËs ;dfgtf

tyf ;fdflhs

;dfj]zLs/0fsf]

nflu sfo{ of]hgf

pknAw ePsf]

x'g]5

cNksflng g]\kfn ;/sf/sf

dlxnf,

afnaflnsf tyf

Ho]i7 gful/s

dGqfno, /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]u

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

cleofgsf c+ux?.

ljkb hf]lvd

Joj:yfkgsf sfo{qmd

/ gLlt lgdf{0fdf

hf]lvddf /x]sf

gful/s / hgtfsf]

kx'Fr, k|ltlglwTj /

k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfsf]

nflu :yfgLo :t/df

ljkb hf]lvd

Joj:yfkgsf

nflu:yfgLo

:t/df ;fdflhs

kl/rfngsf

sfo{qmdx?

;+rfng ePsf]


;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g

dGqfno,:yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,k|b]z

;/sf/, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿,

/fhgLlts bn tyf

eft[ ;+u7gx?

75

;fdflhs kl/rfngsf

sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng

ug]{

x'g]5

;dfhsf ;LdfGts[t

;d"x, dlxnf, ckfË,

afn–aflnsf tyf j[4–

j[4fx¿h:tf

clt;+s6pGd'v

;d"xx¿sf nflu

k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df


;DaGwL ljz]if

sfo{qmdx¿sf ]ljsf;

u/L ;+rfng ug]{

ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿

;+rfng e}

dlxnf,

afnaflnsf, j[4

j[4f, ckfË /

;+s6pGd'v

;d'bfosf] ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

ePsf] x'g]5

bL3{sflng g]kfn ;/sf/sf

dlxnf,

afnaflnsf tyf

Ho]i7 gful/s

dGqfno, /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]u,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

cleofgsf c+ux?,

76

cWofo^:k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q #-ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu

pTyfgzLntf j[l4 ug{ a[xQ/ hf]lvd hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t lghL tyf

;fj{hlgs nufgL k|jw{g

JolQm, ;d'bfo / d'n'ss} ef}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, :jf:Yo / ;f+:s[lts pTyfgzLntfsf]

clej[l4sf lgldQ ;+/rgfTds / u}/;+/rgfTds pkfox¿ dfkm{t ljkb\ hf]lvd lgoGq0f /

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lghL / ;fj{hlgs nufgL dxTjk"0f{ /xL cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] nufgLn] ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / pTyfgzLntfsf] k|jw{g dfq xf]Og k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, pTkfbg j[l4 /

/f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf klg ub{5 . o:tf pkfox¿ ljkb\kl5sf] l:yltdf zL3| k'gnf{e /

k'gM:yfkgfsf b[li6n] klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . jg h+un, hn>f]t tyf hdLg h:tf ;Dkbfx¿sf]

;+/If0f / ljBfnox¿, :jf:Yo ;'ljwfx¿, ;/sf/L tyf lghL k"jf{wf/x¿ h:tf ;+/rgfut

;Dkbfx¿sf] k|jnLs/0fn] ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf a[l4 u5{g\ . hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, u/LjL lgjf/0f, cfo

cfh{g / hLljsf]kfh{gsf pkfox¿sf] k|jw{g hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / pTyfgzLntfsf] k|jw{gsf nflu

dxTjk'0f{ dflgG5g\ .

ljkb\ hf]lvd jLdfsf] k|rng g]kfndf k|f/lDes cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . hf]lvd / Ifltk"lt{sf If]qdf

cGoq k|of]udf cfPsf k|0ffnLx¿ -h:t}–n3'aLdf, cf/lIft sf]if, hf]lvdsf] ;d"xs/0f / ;fdflhs

kl/rfng, n3'ljQ k|0ffnL, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cflb_ g]kfndf :yflkt x'g g;s]sfn] u/La /

;LdfGts[t kl/jf/ / ;d"xx¿ a9L hf]lvddf5g\ . ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf clea[l4 ug{ ljleGg

k|sf/sf ljQLo ;+oGqx¿, h:t} aflif{s ah]6 ljlgof]hg, cfsl:ds sf]if tyf aLdf ;+oGq k|of]u

ug{ klg ;lsG5 .

o; k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qn] lgDg s'/fx¿ ;Daf]wg ug]{5:

-!_pTyfgzLntf a[l4df nufgL åf/f ljBdfg ljkb\ hf]lvd sd ug]{ /

-@_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL nufgL k|jw{g dfkm{t eljiodf l;h{gf x'g

;Sg] hf]lvd lgoGq0f ug]{ .

o; k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q cGtu{t lgDg adf]lhdsf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf

5g\ .

s_ pTyfgzLntf a[l4df nufgL k|jw{g

v_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs nufgL j[l4

u_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lghL nufgL k|jw{g

77

3_ hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, aLdf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfkm{t ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf clea[l4

^=! pTyfgzLntf a[l4df nufgL k|jw{g

ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿, z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo ;+/rgfx¿, k|fs[lts >f]tx¿, hLljsf]kfh{gsf pkfo /

zLkx¿, pTkfbg sfo{df k|of]u x'g] cf}hf/, ;DklQ / nufgLx¿ x/]s ljkb\af6 k|efljt x'g] u/]sf

5g\ . u/La, lgd"vf, e"ldxLg, ;LdfGts[t, Hofnf dhb'/Ldf cfl>t JolQm / kl/jf/sf]

hLljsf]kfh{gnfO{ k|To]s k|sf]kn] bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf Iflt k'¥ofP/ g]kfndf ljkb\ ;+s6pGd'vtfdf

a[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;fwgx¿ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f /

k|anLs/0fdf nufgL a[l4 u/L pTyfgzLntf k|a4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts

lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .


dlxnf, afnaflnsf

tyf cGo lk5l8Psf

;d'bfox¿sf] ¿lr

tyf cfjZostf

adf]lhd pgLx¿sf]

hLjg:t/ j[l4 ug{sf]

nflu /f]huf/L, ;Lk

ljsf; tyf :jf:Yo

;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt

sfo{qmd tyf

tflndx¿ ;~rfng

ug{ nufgL ug]{

;+s6pGd'v

;d'bfosf] ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf a[l4

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng g]kfn

;/sf/sf]u[x

dGqfno, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm; cleofgsf

c+ux?, ljsf;

;fem]bf/

ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qsf

cfly{s ¿kn] sdhf]/,

;LdfGts[t tyf

ljkGg ;d"xn]

pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t'

tyf ;]jfsf]

ahf/;Dd kx'Fr

a9fpg] sfo{qmd

;+rfngsf] nflu

nufgL ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qsf

;d'bfosf] ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf a[l4

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng g]kfn

;/sf/sf]s[lif

dGqfno, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?,ljsf;

;fem]bf/

78

ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qdf

;fdflhs ;'/Iff,

cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo,

k|hgg\ :jf:Yo, afn

:jf:Yo, lszf]/

lszf]/Lsf] :jf:Yo /

kf]if0f ;'wf/df ljz]if

Wofg lbg]

ljkb\ hf]lvd If]qsf

;d'bfosf] ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf a[l4

ePsf] x'g]5


:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof

dGqfno, dlxnf,

jfnjflnsf tyf

Ho]i7 gful/s

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/ u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?,ljsf;

;fem]bf/

cfkTsflng ;dodf

cTofjZos ;]jf /

;+/rgfsf] klxrfg

u/L ltgsf]

;+/rgfut /

;+rfngfTds

lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu

;|f]t h'6fO k|jnLs/0f

/ ljsNkx¿sf] :ki6

of]hgf agfpFg]

cfkTsflng

cTofjZos ;]jf /

;+/rgfx¿ ljkb\

pTyfgzLn of]hgfx?

ePsf x'g]5g\


u[x dGqfno,

:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

dg;"g k"j{ 9n tyf

hn lgsf; dfu{x¿

;kmfO{ ug]{

af9L pTyfgzLntfsf

nflu9n tyf hn

lgsf; dfu{x¿

;kmfO{ ug]{ sfo{df

a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno, :yfgLo

;/sf/, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/

;jf/L ;fwgx?df

;'/Iff k|fjwfgx?nfO{

a9fjf lbg s/ 5'6

nufotsf ljlQo

k|f]T;fxgx? lbg]

;jf/L ;fwgx?df

;'/Iff k|fjwfgx?

ePsf] x'g]5


cy{ dGqfno,

ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k}bn ofqLx?n] ;8s

kf/ ug]{ ;+/rgfx?

(Overpasses,

Underpasses) lgdf{0f

ug]{

;8s b'3{6gf

pTyfgzLntfsf nflu

;8s kf/ ug]{

;+/rgfx?

(Overpasses,


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

79

Underpasses) lgdf{0f

ePsf] x'g]5

;Defljt b'3{6gf x'g]

;8sx?df Safety-

barriers, Steel guard-

rails, Road-humps,

Rumble strips,

Reflective road-

markings, Signals

cflbsf] lgdf{0f ug]{

;8s b'3{6gf

pTyfgzLntfsf nflu

ljleGg ;+/rgfx?

lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, ljsf;

;fem]bf/x?

b]zsf ;Dk"0f{

ljBfnox¿nfO{

;a}eGbf dhj't

;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf

lgdf{0f, k'gM lgdf{0f /

k|jnLs/0f u/L

;'/lIft cfkTsflng

cfjfzLo ;]jf ;d]t

k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] u/L

Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{

ljBfnox¿ ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf tkm{

cu|;/ ePsf x'g]5g\


]lzIff, lj1fg

tyf k|ljlw

dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

P]ltxfl;s tyf

;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf

ejg / :ynx¿sf]

;+/If0f, dd{t;Def/ /

;+rfngsf nflu

lgb]{lzsf -Handbook_

tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog

ug]{

P]ltxfl;s tyf

;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf

ejg / :ynx¿

pTyfgzLntfsf nflu

lgb]{lzsf -Handbook_

tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog

ePsf] x'g]5

dWosflng k'/ftTj ljefu,

zx/L ljsf;

tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

;DefJo hf]lvdo'Qm

lxdtfnx¿df lxd

tfn lj:kmf]6g

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{

nufgL a[l4 ug]{

lxd tfn

lj:kmf]6gaf6 x'g]

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f e}

pTyfgzLntf a[l4

ePsf] x'g]5

dWosflng hn tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

80

kf]v/Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f

u/L kfgL ;+/If0f /

jiff{sf] kfgL ;+sng

ug]{ tyf kfgL

pkof]udf s'zn

k|ljwL ljsf; ug]{

af9L, v8]/L tyf

cfunfuL Iflt sd

ePsf] x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno, pmhf{,

hn>f]t tyf

l;+rfO{ dGqfno,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, e"tyf

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu, k|b]z

;/sf/

;'Vvf If]qsf ag

hËnx¿df cUgL /]vf

lgdf{0f ug]{

cfunfuL Iflt sd

ePsf] x'g]5


jg tyf

jftfj/0f

dGqfno, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/

k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf

:yfgLo >f]tdf

cfwfl/t xl/t

;+/rgfsf] k|jw{g ug]{

xl/t ;+/rgfsf]

lgdf{0fn] ljkb\ tyf

hnjfo' kl/jt{g

pTyfgzLntf ljsf;

ePsf] x'g]5


;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

Tffn, l;d;f/ tyf

kf]v/Lx¿sf] ;+/If0f

ug]{ sfo{df nufgL

a9fpg]

Tffn, l;d;f/ tyf

kf]v/Lx¿sf] ;+/If0f

e} af9L, v8]/L tyf

cfunfuL Iflt sd

ePsf] x'g]5


jg tyf

jftfj/0f

dGqfno, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, e"tyf

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu, k|b]z

;/sf/

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo

txdf jftfj/0fLo

IfoLs/0f / ljkb\–

hf]lvd 36fpg

a}slNks pmhf{sf]

k|of]un] ljkb\ tyf

hnjfo' kl/jt{g

pTyfgzLntf ljsf;

bL3{sflng a}slNks pmhf{

k|jw{g s]Gb|,

k|b]z;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

81

a}slNks pmhf{sf]

k|jw{g ug]{

ePsf] x'g]5

c:ktfnx¿sf] /

;du| :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]

cfkTsfnLg pkrf/

Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{

:jf:Yo ;]jfdf ljkb\

pTyfgzLntfsf nflu

cfkTsfnLg pkrf/

Ifdtf clej[l4

ePsf] x'g]5


:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof

dGqfno,

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, 7"nf /

If]qLo

c:ktfnx¿,k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu

gd"gf ljBfnox¿sf]

:yfkgf ug]{

lzIff If]qdf ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf a[l4

ePsf] x'g]5


lzIff, lj1fg

tyf k|ljlw

dGqfno, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

d'Vo, ;xfos / leqL

dfu{ / /fhdfu{x¿sf]

cfkTsflng /0fgLlts

dxTj klxrfg u/L

ltgsf] hf]lvd /

ljkb\ ;xgzLntfsf]

d'Nof+sg u/L

k|jnLs/0f ug]{ .

a}slNks dfu{sf]

:ki6 klxrfg,

k|fyldsLs/0f /

lgdf{0f ug]{

oftfoft k|0ffnL ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf tkm{

cu|;/ ePsf] x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljBdfg

ljdfg:ynx¿nfO{

;+/rgfTds /

;+rfngfTds lx;fan]

Ifdtf clej[l4 /

ljdfg:ynx¿ ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf tkm{

cu|;/ ePsf x'g]5g\


;+:s[lt, ko{6g

tyf gfu/Ls

p8\8og

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/

82

k|jnLs/0f ug]{

lgdf{0ffwLg gofF

cGt/f{li6«o jf If]qLo

ljdfg:ynx¿ e"sDk

/ af9L k|lt/f]wL

lgdf{0f ug]{

ljdfg:ynx¿ ljkb\

pTyfgzLn ePsf

x'g]5g\


;+:s[lt, ko{6g

tyf gfu/Ls

p8\8og

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

hf]lvdo'Qm

k"jf{wf/x¿ -ljBfno,

c:ktfn, :jf:Yo

rf}sL, vfg]kfgLsf

;+/rgf, ;/sf/L tyf

;fj{hlgs ejgx¿,

P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf /

;f+:s[lts w/f]x/x¿,

hnljB't u[x,

ljB'tLo ;j:6]zg,

xfO{8«f]lns ;+/rgf

cflb_ sf] k|anLs/0f

ug{ nufgL a9fpg]

hf]lvdo'Qm

k"jf{wf/x¿ ;'/lIft

ePsf x'g]5g\


lzIff, lj1fg

tyf k|ljlw

dGqfno, :jf:Yo

tyf hg;+Vof

dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

hf]lvdo'Qm lghL

cfjf;, xf]6]n, ;lkË

dn, Joj;flos tyf

cf}Bf]lus ejgx¿

k|anLs/0fsf] nflu

sd Aofh b/df C0f,

s/ 5'6 cflbåf/f

k|f]T;fxg ug]{

lghL ;+/rgfx¿

;'/lIft ePsf x'g]5g\

bL3{sflng zx/L ljsf;

tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefu,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/

83

;/sf/L sfof{nox¿,

;fd'bflos ejgx¿,

ljBfnox¿,

c:ktfnx¿ /

cf>o:ynx¿

Affnaflnsf, a[4a[4f

tyf ckfË d}qL

agfpFg]

Affnaflnsf, a[4a[4f

tyf ckfËx¿sf]

ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf

a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5


lzIff, lj1fg

tyf k|ljlw

dGqfno, :jf:Yo

tyf hg;+Vof

dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/

hLjsf]kfh{gsf

j}slNks ljlwx¿,

af9L k|lt/f]wL s[lif

k|0ffnL, af9L k|lt/f]wL

vfB tyf lap

e08f/0f cflb

k|f]T;fxg ug]{

hLjsf]kfh{gsf

;fwgx¿df ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf ljsf;

ePsf] x'g]5


s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L

dGqfno, g]kfn

s[lif cg';Gwfg

kl/ifb

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

cleofgsf c+ux?

hnjfo' :df6{

(Climate Smart) s[lif

k|aw{g ug]{

s[lifdf hnjfo'

hf]lvd sd ePsf]

x'g]5


s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L

dGqfno, g]kfn

s[lif cg';Gwfg

kl/ifb

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

cleofgsf c+ux?

af9L tyf klx/f]

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

nflu h}ljs afFw,

j[If/f]k0f, jg ;+/If0f,

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f cflb

k|f]T;fxg ug]{

Jfftfj/0f ;+/If0f

dfkm{t af9L tyf

klx/f] hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f ePsf]

x'g]5


s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L

dGqfno, jg

tyf jftfj/0f

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

cleofgsf c+ux?

84

af9L hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu

;+/rgfut k|ljlw

cjnDag ug]{ -h:t}

t6aGw, hnfzo, r]s

afFw cflb_

;+/rgfut k|ljlw

dfkm{t af9L hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f ePsf]

x'g]5


pmhf{, hn>f]t

tyf l;+rfO{

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

klx/f] hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu

;+/rgfut k|ljlw

cjnDag ug]{ -h:t}

le/fnf] hldg

;'b[9Ls/0f, cfsf/

kl/dfh{g, ;tx

Iflos/0f lgoGq0f,

hnlgsf; ;'wf/

cflb_

;+/rgfut k|ljlw

dfkm{t klx/f] hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f ePsf]

x'g]5


pmhf{, hn>f]t

tyf l;+rfO{

dGqfno, jg

tyf jftfj/0f

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

hnjfo' :df6{ ufpF

tyf zx/x¿ ljsf;

ug]{

ufpF tyf zx/x¿df

hnjfo' hf]lvd sd

ePsf] x'g]5


;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno,

zx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

zx/L 9n lgsf;

k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug]{

tyf ljBdfg 9n

lgsf; k|0ffnLsf]

:t/f]GgtL ug]{

Zfx/L af9L hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f ePsf]

x'g]5


zx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

85

^=@ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;fj{hlgs nufgL j[l4

ljkb\ hf]lvd cfFsngsf] cfwf/df jflif{s tyf cfjlws of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df u/Lljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] kof{Kt ah]6sf] Joj:yf ug'{ h¿/L 5 . ;+3 b]lv

:yfgLo tx;Dd ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{

cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .


k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k

p4f/ sf]ifnfO{ ljkb\ x'g'

cufj} ljkb\ k"j{ tof/Ldf

;d]t pkof]u ug{ ldNg]

Joj:yf ug]{

ljkb\ k"j{ tof/L

tyf k|ltsfo{

k|efjsf/L

ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng k|wfgdGqL tyf

dGqLkl/ifbsf]

sfof{no, /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]u, u[x

dGqfno, cy{

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

;a} If]qut lgsfox¿n]

slDtdf kfFr k|ltzt

aflif{s ah]6 ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

nflu 5'6\ofpFg] Aoj:yf

ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf

nflu If]qut

?kdf nufgL

;'lglZrt ePsf]

x'g]5


cy{ dGqfno,

/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

;8s lgdf{0f nfutsf]

slDtdf bz k|ltzt

/sd ;8s ;'/Iffsf

nflu 5'6\ofpFg] Aoj:yf

ug]{

;8s b'3{6gf

hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf

nflu nufgL

;'lglZrt ePsf]

x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno, cy{

dGqfno, /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]u

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

86

;8s af]8{ sf]ifsf] /sd

;8s ;'/Iffsf nflu vr{

ug{ ldNg] Aoj:yf ug]{

;8s b'3{6gf

hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf

nflu nufgL

;'lglZrt ePsf]

x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno, ;8s

af]8{, cy{ dGqfno,

/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/


txx¿n] ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmd

tyf jh]6 th'{df ubf{

n}lËs pQ/bfoL jh]6

k|0ffnL cg';/0f ug]{]{

n}lËs pQ/bfoL

jh]6 k|0ffnL

cg';/0fu/L

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fdf

n}lËs ;dfgtf

ePsf] x'g]5


cy{ dGqfno,

/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

;a} If]qut lgsfox¿n]

n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf

;fdflhs

;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ jflif{s

sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L

kof{Kt ah]6sf] Joj:yf

ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fdf

n}lËs ;dfgtf

tyf ;fdflhs

;dfj]zLs/0fsf]

nfuL ah]6sf]

Joj:yf ePsf]

x'g]5


cy{ dGqfno,

/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf]

ah]6af6 ljkb\ kZrft

k'gM lgdf{0fdf pkof]u

ug]{ cg'dlt lbg ah]6

/sdfGt/0fsf nflu

k|lqmof :yflkt ug{]

k'gM lgdf{0fsf

nflu nufgL

pknAw ePsf]

x'g]5


cy{ dGqfno,

/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

87

s[lif lasf; /0fgLltn]

Joj:yf u/] cg';f/sf]

ls;fg sNof0fsf/L

sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{

ls;fg

sNof0fsf/L

sf]ifsf] :yfkgf

e} ls;fgx¿sf]

ljkb\

pTyfnzLntf

a[l4 ePsf]

x'g]5


s[lif, e"ld Joj:yf

tyf ;xsf/L

dGqfno, cy{

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

;+3 b]lv :yfgLo tx /

;d'bfo :t/df

jftfj/0f–d}qL ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f (Eco-

DRR) tyf Joj:yfkg

sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug]{

jftfj/0f–d}qL

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf]

nflu sf]if

pknAw ePsf]

x'g]5


cy{ dGqfno,

/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u, u[x

dGqfno, jg tyf

jftfj/0f dGqfno,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

^=# ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lghL nufgL k|jw{g

Aofkf/ tyf pBf]ux¿df ljkb\ hf]lvd lgwf{/0fsf] cfwf/df Joj;fo lg/Gt/tf of]hgf tof/ /

sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . lghL If]q, a}+s, ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿n] ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu nufgL ug]{ ;xh Joj:yf ug'{ h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts



;fgf Aofkf/ tyf

pBf]ux¿nfO{ ljkb\sf]

;dodf Joj;fo

lg/Gt/tf of]hgf tof/ /

sfof{Gjog ug{ k|f]T;fxg

Joj;fo

lg/Gt/tf

of]hgf tof/ /

sfof{Gjog e}

ljkb\sf] ;dodf

cNksflng g]kfn pBf]u

jfl0fHo dxf;+3,

lghL If]q, pBf]u,

jfl0fHo tyf

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

88

ug]{ ;d]t lghL

Joj;flos

If]qx¿ ;+rfng

ePsf x'g]5g\

cfk"lt{ dGqfno ;/sf/


ultljlwx¿df lghL

If]qsf] ;|f]t kl/rfngnfO{

a9fjf lbg s/ 5'6 u/L

k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf ug]{

k"jf{wf/ ;DjGwL

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf

nflu lghL

nufgL pknJw

ePsf] x'g]5


cy{ dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fsf nflu

j}slNks tyf ;[hgzLn

cfly{s ;fwgx¿

(Innovative Financial

Instruments) h:t}

k"jf{g'dfgdf cfwfl/t

nufgL (Forecast Based

Financing), ;fgf nufgL,

n3' C0f, aLdf, k'gaL{df

cflbsf] ljsf; tyf

k|jw{g ug]{

j}1flgs

tYofÍsf]

cfwf/df

dfgjLo sf]if

kl/rfng ePsf]

x'g]5 ;fy} ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fdf

lghL If]qsf]

;+nUgtf

clej[l4 ePsf]

x'g]5


cy{ dGqfno,

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s,

aLdf ;ldlt,

/fli6«o aLdf

;+:yfg, lghL If]q

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\ k|efljt JolQm

tyf ;d'bfox¿nfO{

n3'ljQ, lgAof{hL C0f,

;;t{ gub :yfgfGt/0f

cflbsf] Joj:yf :yflkt

ug]{

ljkb\ k|efljt

JolQm tyf

;d'bfox¿sf]

ljkb\ k'gnf{e

a[l4 ePsf]

x'g]5

dWosflng g]kfn /fi6« a}+s,

;xsf/Lx¿

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

Joj;flos ;fdflhs

lhDd]jf/L (Corporate

Social Responsibility)

k'gnf{e /

k'g{lgdf{0fdf

lghL nufgL

dWosflng g]kfn pBf]u

jfl0fHo dxf;+3,

cy{ dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

89

sfo{s|d dfkm{t ljkb\

kZrftsf] k'gnf{e /

k'g{lgdf{0fdf lghL nufgL

a[l4 ug]{

a[l4 ePsf]

x'g]5

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljZj ;Dkbf, /fli6«o /

:yfgLo ;Dkbfdf kg]{

ejg / :yfgx¿sf]

k'g{lgdf{0fsf nflu

;fj{hlgs lghL ;|f]t

kl/rfng k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf; ug]{

;Dkbf ejg /

:yfgx¿sf]

k'g{lgdf{0fsf

nflu ;fj{hlgs

lghL ;|f]t

pknAw ePsf]

x'g]5


cy{ dGqfno,

;+:s[lt, ko{6g

tyf gfu/Ls

p•og dGqfno,

g]kfn pBf]u

jfl0fHo dxf;+3

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/


nufgL tyf aLdf

/0fgLlt tof/ u/L ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf

;+o'Qm ;fj{hlgs lghL

nufgL k|jw{g ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fdf

lghL nufgL

pknAw ePsf]

x'g]5


cy{ dGqfno,

/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u, lghL If]q

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

a}+s, ;xsf/L tyf

;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ -jg

pkef]Qmf ;ldtL, b'Uw

pTkfbg ;xsf/L ;+:yf_

dfkm{t ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fdf nufgLsf]

nflu ;xh Joj:yf ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

tyf Iflt sd

ePsf] x'g]5

bL3{sflng g]kfn /fi6| a}+s,

/fli6«o ;xsf/L

ljsf; af]8{,

;fd'bflos jg

pkef]Qmf dxf;+3,

u/LaL lgjf/0f

sf]if

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/x¿ /

;Dkbf ejgx¿sf]

k'glg{df{0fsf nflu

låkIfLo, ax'kIfLo

cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]tx¿sf]

kl/rfng ug]{

dxTjk"0f{

k"jf{wf/x¿ /

;Dkbf

ejgx¿sf]

k'glg{df{0fsf


cy{ dGqfno,

k//fi6« dGqfno,

/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, ljsf;

90

nflu

cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]t

nufgL pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5

;fem]bf/x?

^=$ hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L, aLdf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfkm{t ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf clea[l4

s[lif tyf kz' aLdf, n3' aLdf, cfsl:ds sf]if, lgDg Jofhb/ C0f of]hgf h:tf hf]lvd

lx:;]bf/L ljwLx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{ h¿/L 5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx¿ oy]i6 eP klg

ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx¿df tL sfo{qmdsf] kx'Fr c;dfg 5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{

ljkb\ pTyfgzLntf;Fu hf]8\g' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿



ljkb\ ;+s6pGd'v ;d"x /


tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg

AolQm tyf ;d'bfosf]

hLjg jLdfsf] Joj:yf ug]{

ljkb\ ;+s6pGd'v

;d"x / ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

tyf

Joj:yfkgdf

;+nUg AolQm tyf

;d'bfosf] ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf

a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5

cNksflng aLdf ;ldlt,

/fli6«o aLdf

;+:yfg, g]kfn

OG:o'/]G; ;+3

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

s[lif tyf kz' aLdfdf

hf]lvd lx:;]bf/Lsf]

ljBdfg cEof;sf] ;dLIff

ug]{

g]kfnsf] s[lif /

kz'kfng If]qsf]

nflu pko'Qm

aLdf Aoj:yfsf]

klxrfgePsf]


s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L

dGqfno, cy{

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, ljsf;

91

x'g]5 dGqfno ;fem]bf/x¿

s[lifdf a9\bf] ljkb\ -af9L,

v8]/L, zLtnx/_ hf]lvd /

vfB c;'/Iffsf] r'gf}ltnfO{

;Djf]wg ug{ s[lif aLdf,

s[ifs nfe sfo{qmd /

vfB tyf lap

e08f/x¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{

s[lif If]qsf] ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf

a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5


s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L

dGqfno,

cy{ dGqfno,

aLdf ;ldlt

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

hLjg aLdf, ;jf/L ;fwg

aLdfdf t];|f] kfl6{ sj/]h

cflb aLdf k|0ffnL nfu"

ug]{

;8s b'3{6gfsf

nflu ljljw vfn]

ljkb\ hf]lvd

aLdf pknAw

x'g]5

cNksflng aLdf ;ldlt,

/fli6«o aLdf

;+:yfg, cy{

dGqfno, g]kfn

OG:o'/]G; ;+3

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t,

of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t n3'

aLdf, kz' aLdf, v]tL

aLdf, s[ifs cf/lIft sf]if,

hf]lvdsf] ;d"xs/0fsf]

of]hgfx¿ ljsf; ug]{ /

nfu" ug]{

;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t ljleGg

:j?kdf ljkb\

hf]lvd aLdf

of]hgf pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


cy{ dGqfno,

s[lif, e"ld

Joj:yf tyf

;xsf/L

dGqfno, aLdf

;ldlt

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\ hf]lvd aLdf,

hf]lvd lx:;]bf/L -h:t}

n3' aLdf, cfsl:ds sf]if,

lgDg Jofhb/ C0f of]hgf_

nufotsf sfo{qmddf

lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf /

nufgLnfO{ cfslz{t ug{

hf]lvd

lx:;]bf/Ldf

;fj{hlgs lghL

;fem]bf/Lsf] nflu

gLltut Joj:yf

e} sfof{Gjog

ePsf] x'g]5


/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u, cy{

dGqfno, aLdf

;ldlt, u[x

dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf;

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

92

;fj{hlgs lghL

;fem]bf/LnfO{ k|jw{g ug]{

dGqfno, s[lif,

e"ld Joj:yf

tyf ;xsf/L

dGqfno

hLljsf]kfh{gsf cfwf/,

;Lk, cf}hf/ / nufgLnfO{

ljkb\sf] cj:yfaf6

hf]ufpg of]ubfgdf

cfwfl/t aLdf k|0ffnLnfO{

lj:tf/ ug]{

hLljsf]kfh{gsf

pkfox¿sf] aLdf

dfkm{t ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf

a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5

dWosflng aLdf ;ldlt,

/fli6«o aLdf

;+:yfg,

cy{ dGqfno,

g]kfn OG:o'/]G;

;+3

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

u/La, e"ldxLg /

;LdfGts[t 3/ kl/jf/sf]

PsLs[t clen]v k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf; u/L u/LaLsf] /]vf

d'gLsf 3/ kl/jf/nfO{

ljkb\ k|efljt ePsf]

v08df :jtM aLdf

nfeu|fxL x'g] Joj:yf ug]{

u/LaLsf]

/]vfd'gLsf 3/

kl/jf/x¿sf]

aLdf dfkm{t

ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf

a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5

dWosflng /fli6«o aLdf

;+:yfg, aLdf

sDkgLx¿,cy{

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

nlIft ju{, nlIft ;d'bfo

/ nlIft ef}uf]lns If]qsf]

;dflhs ;'/Iffsf ljleGg

sfo{qmdx¿df kx'Fr /

nfeu|x0fsf] l:yltsf]

;ldIff u/L o:tf]

sfo{qmdnfO{ ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf;Fu hf]8\g]

;dflhs ;'/Iff

sfo{qmd dfkm{t

ljkb\

pTyfgzLntf

a[l4 ePsf] x'g]5


dlxnf

jfnjflnsf tyf

Ho]i7 gful/s

dGqfno,

/fli6«o blnt

cfof]u,

dlxnf cfof]u,

lzIff, lj1fg

tyf k|ljlw

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

93

;fj{hlgs ejgx¿,

ljBfno, c:ktfn, :jf:Yo

rf}sL tyf dxTjk"0f{

k"jf{wf/x¿ -xfO8«f]lns

;+/rgf, ;Dkbf ejg, k'n,

vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf;

k|0ffnL, hnljB't ;+/rgf,

gx/, 6«fG;ldzg nfOg,

;a:6]zg, ljdfg:yn_ sf]

ljkb\ hf]lvd aLdf ug]{ /

;f] ;DjGwL ljBdfg ladf

gLltsf] ;ldIff ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

aLdf| k|efjsf/L

ePsf] x'g]5

bL3{sflng /fli6«o aLdf

;+:yfg, aLdf

sDkgLx¿,

zx/L ljsf;

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

94

cWofo &: k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q $-k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{e,

k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'g {lgdf{0fdf æcem /fd|f ] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ sf nflu

ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

o; k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qn] ljkb\ k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{, k'gnf{e, k'g:yf{kgf / k'gM lgdf{0fnfO{

;d]6\b5 . k"j{tof/L cGtu{t d"n¿kdf ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] k"jf{g'dfg, k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL, cfsl:ds

tof/L of]hgf, cfsl:ds ;fdfu|Lsf] hf]xf] / e08f/0f, ;'/lIft lgisfzg / s[lqd k"j{ cEof;

kb{5g\ . k|ltsfo{n] ljkb\sf] l:yltdf jf To;kl5 nuQ} cfkTsflng ;]jf / ;xof]usf] sfdnfO{

;d]6\b5 . dfgjLo hLjgsf] /Iff / yk ef}lts Iflt x'gaf6 /f]Sg' o;r/0fsf] k|fyldstfo'Qm sfo{

xf] . vf]h, p2f/, /fxt, cfkTsflng :jf:Yo ;]jf, c:yfoL cf>o, ;'/lIft kfgL / ;kmfO{ tyf

vfgfsf] Joj:yf o; ;dosf cGo k|fyldstfo'Qm sfo{x? x'g\ . cfkTsflng r/0f ;lsP kl5

ljkb\ k|efljt ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿df ;'wf/ / ;fdfGoLs/0f, cfo cfh{g / hLljsf]kfh{g h:tf

k'gnf{esf sfo{x¿ ug'{ kb{5 . hgr]tgfsf] Jofks clej[l4, ;jn of]hgf, ;+:yfut ;'b[l9s/0f /

;dGjoåf/f k'gM:yfkgf / k'gM lgdf{0fsf sfd dfkm{t æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ cleofg klg

oxL r/0fdf z'¿ x'G5 .

ax'-k|sf]k k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLx¿ ljkb\ k"j{tof/L k|aw{gdf cToGt k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf 5g\ .

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;Defljt ljkb\ 36gfx¿af6 kg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf] af/]df

kof{Kt ;do cufj} k"j{;"rgf pknAw x'g] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . xfn}sf af9Lsf

36gfx¿af6 af9Lu|:t gbL a]l;gx¿df hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug{ af9L k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn]

k'¥ofPsf kmfO{bfx¿n] o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5. af9L k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf jt{dfg

cg'ejnfO{ cGo k|d'v tyf ;fgf gbL a]l;gx¿df lj:tf/ ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu ax'-

k|sf]k k"jf{g'dfg tyf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLdf nufgL, o;sf] ljsf;, ;~rfng / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{

cfjZos x'G5 .

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts cfjZostfx¿, ljz]if ¿kdf dlxnf,

j[4j[4f / afnaflnsfx¿ ;lxt pkef]Qmfx¿sf] cfjZostf cg'¿k hf]lvd cfFsngaf6 k|fKt

hfgsf/Lsf] pkof]u ub}{ ;xeflutfd'ns k|lqmof dfkm{t ax'-k|sf]k k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL ljsf; ug'{

cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu j]a kf]6{n / df]afOn Pk klg ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljkb\ k"j{tof/L a9fpg tyf k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df0fdf æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ sf

nflu o; k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q cGtu{t lgDg adf]lhdsf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x¿ lgwf{/0f

u/LPsf 5g\ .

95

s_ k|efjsf/L ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

v_ ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ax'-k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;

u_ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|jw{g

3_ ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f

ª_ vf]h tyf p4f/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4

r_ k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ cjwf/0ff k|jw{g

&=! k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb \ k"j{tof/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf nflu:yfgLo txsf] ;+:yfut, gLltut / sfo{qmlds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ kg]{

cfjZostf 5 . ljBdfg cfkTsflng sfo{ ;+rfng s]G›x¿nfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ / k|b]z b]lv :yfgLo

tx;Dd cfkTsflng sfo{;+rfng s]G›x¿ lj:tf/ u/L ;+rfng ug'{ h¿/L 5 . ;+3, k|b]z tyf

:yfgLo txdf e08f/0f u[xx¿ :yfkgf u/L kof{Kt dfqfdf vfBfGg, kfgL, cf}ifwL tyf cGo /fxt

;fdfu|Lx¿ / p4f/ pks/0fx¿sf] e08f/0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts



:yfgLo txsf] ;+:yfut,

gLltut / sfo{qmlds

Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L

ltgsf] sfo{ If]qdf ljkb\


Joj:yfkgn] k|fyldstf

kfpg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt

ug]{

:yfgLo txdf

;+:yfut, gLltut /

sfo{qmlds Ifdtf

clej[l4 e}

k|efjsf/L ljkb\

Joj:yfkg ePsf]

x'g]5

cNksflng :yfgLo ;/sf/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/

PsLs[t /fli6«o ljkb\

k|ltsfo{ k|0ffnL] ljsf;

u/L nfu" ug]{

ljkb\ k|ltsfo{df

/fli6«oAofkL ¿kdf

Ps¿ktf sfod

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

96

:yfgLo ;/sf/

k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf

cfkTsflng sfo{

;+rfng s]G›x¿ :yfkgf

ug]{

cfkTsflng sfo{

;+rfng s]G›x¿

:yfkgf e} k|b]z

/:yfgLo txdf

k|efjsf/L

cfkTsflng

k|ltsfo{ ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

k|To]s ;fj{hlgs,

;/sf/L / Jofj;flos

ejgdf lgsf;L dfu{ -

Evacuation Route_ /

e]nf x'g] :yfg -Area of

Assembly_ 5'6\ofO{

/]vfÍg/ l;dfÍg ug]{

;fj{hlgs ejg

tyf :ynx¿ ljkb\

k|ltsfo{sf nflu

k'j{tof/ ePsf

x'g]5g\


u[x dGqfno,

zx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

lghL If]q

k"jf{g'dfgdf cfwfl/t

cfKfTsflng k"j{tof/L

tyf k|ltsfo{sf nflu

/fli6«o ljkb\ k|ltsfo{

sfo{;+/rgf / lhNnf

ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf

k|ltsfo{ of]hgfnfO{

cBfjlws ug]{

k"jf{g'dfgdf

cfwfl/t

cfKfTsflng

k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu

sfo{ ;+rfng ljwL

cBfjlws ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno, hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

cWofudg cfkt\sfnLg

sfo{of]hgf (Immigration

Emergency Action Plan)

tof/ ug]{

cfkTsflng

k|ltsfo{sf nflu

cWofudg :ynx¿

tof/L cj:yfdf


u[x dGqfno,

gfu/Ls p•og

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

97

ePsf x'g]5g\ :yfgLo ;/sf/

ljdfg:ynx¿df ljkb\

k"j{tof/L ;'b[9 ug]{ /

ljkb\sf] nflu

ljdfg:ynx¿sf] tof/L

(Get Airports Ready for

Disaster) s[lqd cEof;

lgoldt ¿kdf ug]{

cfkTsflng

k|ltsfo{sf nflu

ljdfg:ynx¿

tof/L cj:yfdf

ePsf x'g]5g\


u[x dGqfno,

;+:s[lt, ko{6g

tyf gfu/Ls

p•og dGqfno,

gfu/Ls p•og

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

:yfgLo txx¿df kof{Kt

dfqfdf dfgj tyf

kz'kG5L cf>o:ynx¿

:yfkgf ug]{

:yfgLo :t/df

ljkb\sf] ;dodf

cf>osf] lglDt

;'/lIft :yfgx¿

pknAw ePsf

x'g]5g\


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

k|b]zx¿df cfkTsflng

;+rf/ k|0ffnLsf ;fy}

/;b ;'ljwfx¿ :yfkgf

ug]{

k|b]z :t/df

;'ljwfx¿ :yfkgf

e} k|efjsf/L

k|ltsfo{ ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L,

z;:q k|x/L

jn, g]kfn

/]8qm;

;f];fO{6L, u}/

;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3Lo

;+:yfx¿,

dfgjLo ;xof]u

98

;+:yfx¿

hn, yn, xjfO{

nufotsf oftfoft ;]jf

tyf aGbf]j:tL

Joj:yfkg ;+oGqsf]

e/kbf]{ Joj:Yff ug]{ /

b'u{d If]qx¿;Fusf] kx'Fr

a9fpFg]

k|efjsf/L

aGbf]j:tL

Joj:yfkg e}

;]jfx? k|fKt

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L,

z;:q k|x/L

jn, g]kfn

/]8qm;

;f];fO{6L, u}/

;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3Lo

;+:yfx¿,

dfgjLo ;xof]u

;+:yfx¿

;'/lIft kbofqf

k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff

cg'¿k b]zsf ljleGg

k6{sLo uGtJox¿df

ljkb\ hf]lvd sd ug{

cfjZos ;+rf/ ;'ljwf,

cfjf;sf] Joj:yf

nufotsf k"jf{wf/ /

;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug]{

k6{sLo

uGtJox¿df;+rf/

;'ljwf, cfjf;sf]

Joj:yf e} ljkb\

hf]lvd sd ePsf]

x'g]5


;+:s[lt, ko{6g

tyf gfu/Ls

p•og dGqfno,

ko6{g ljefu,

g]kfn ko{6g

ljsf; af]8,

ko{6g Joj;foL

dxf;+3, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/

99

pRr :yfg lxdfnL

If]qdf x'g] kj{tf/f]x0f /

6«]lsª ;d]tsf] nflu

ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / pRf

lzv/ lzIffno tyf

p4f/ s]G›sf] :yfkgf

ug]{

pRr :yfgsf]

kj{tf/f]x0f /

6«]lsªdf ljkb\

hf]lvd sd ePsf]

x'g]5


;+:s[lt, ko{6g

tyf gfu/Ls

p•og dGqfno,

u[x dGqfno, /Iff

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

k|d'v zx/x?df 3fO{t]

x]/ljrf/ s]Gb|x?

(Trauma Care Centres)

:yfkgf ug]{

3fO{t] pkrf/sf

nflu kof{Kt ;'ljwf

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5


:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof dGqfno,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO{6L


txdf vfBfGg, kfgL,

cf}ifwL tyf cGo /fxt

;fdfu|Lx¿ / p4f/

pks/0fx¿sf] uf]bfd 3/

jf e08f/0f u[x :yfkgf

ug]{

ljkb\ ;+j]bgzLn

dxTjk"0f{

:yfgx¿df /fxt

tyf p4f/

;fdu|Lx¿sf]

e08f/0f u[x

pknAw ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L,

z;:q k|x/L

jn, g]kfn

/]8qm;

;f];fO{6L, u}/

;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3Lo

;+:yfx¿,

dfgjLo ;xof]u

;+:yfx¿


txsf e08f/0f u[xx¿df

cfkTsflng p4f/

ljkb\ ;+j]bgzLn

dxTjk"0f{

:yfgx¿df /fxt


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

100

;fdfu|Lx¿ tyf

pks/0fx¿ -8'Ëf, nfOkm

Hofs]6, bdsn,

PDa'n]G;, :6]«r/ cflb_

;lxt vfB, k]o tyf

cvfB ;fdfu|Lx¿,

aLplahg, kz'kG5Lsf

bfgfx¿ kof{Kt dfqfdf

e08f/0f ug]{

tyf p4f/

;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw

ePsf x'g]5g\

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L,

z;:q k|x/L

jn, g]kfn

/]8qm;

;f];fO{6L, u}/

;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3Lo

;+:yfx¿,

dfgjLo ;xof]u

;+:yfx¿

:yfgLo txsf e08f/0f

u[xx¿df dlxnf, ;'Ts]/L,

afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f,

ckfË tyf la/fdLx¿sf

nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljz]if

vfBfGg, cf}iflw,

;/;kmfO{sf ;fdfg tyf

;xfos pks/0fx¿

kof{Kt dfqfdf e08f/0f

ug]{

cfkTsflng ;dodf

;+s6pGd'v ;d"xsf]

ljz]if cfjZostf

;Daf]wg ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf

tyf ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfno,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L,

z;:q k|x/L

jn, g]kfn

/]8qm;

;f];fO{6L, u}/

;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3Lo

;+:yfx¿,

dfgjLo ;xof]u

;+:yfx¿

&=@ ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu ax'-k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;

101

ljBdfg k"jf{g'dfg tyf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f/ k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf nflu k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL

:yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf] k"jf{g'dfgsf nflu ;DalGwt ;+u7g / ;+:yfx¿sf]

Ifdtf clea[l4 ug'{ h¿/L 5 . k"j{;"rgf ;Gb]z k|fKt eO ;s] kl5 rfNg' kg]{ sbdx¿ af/]

r]tgfd"ns tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL ;~rfngsf

nflu sfo{ ;~rfng ljwL tof/ u/L ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf] af/]df :ki6

kfg'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .


xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf

af9L tyf lxdtfn

lj:kmf]6g af9L k"j{;"rgf

k|0ffnLx¿nfO{ cBfjlws

/ :t/f]Gglt ug]{

ljBdfg k"j{;"rgf

k|0ffnLx¿ ;'wf/

ePsf x'g]5g\

lg/Gt/ hn tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf]

tYofª\s ljZn]if0f /

k"jf{g'dfg u/L

k"j{;"rgfd"ns

;Gb]zx¿sf] pTkfbg

tyf k|;f/0f ug]{

k"j{;"rgfd"ns

;Gb]zx¿ pTkfbg

tyf k|;f/0f ePsf

x'g]5g\


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, hn

tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu,

hn pTkGg

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg

ljefu, e" tyf

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu, jg

ljefu, :jf:Yo

;]jf ljefu÷

:jf:Yo

cfkTsflng

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

102

sfo{;+rfng

s]Gb|, vfgL tyf

e"ue{ ljefu

x/]s ;8s ;~hfnsf

b'3{6gfu|:t v08df k"j{

;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] nflu

cfjZos lrGxx? tyf

pks/0fx? /fVg]

b'3{6gfu|:t

;8sx?df k"j{

;"rgfsf] nfuL

cfjZos lrGxx?

tyf pks/0fx?

ePsf] x'g]5


ef}lts k"jf{wf/

tyf oftfoft

dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k"j{;"rgf ;Gb]z k|fKt

eO ;s] kl5 ljleGg

k|sf/sf k|sf]kx¿sf

;DaGwdf rfNg' kg]{

sbdx¿ af/] r]tgfd"ns

tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd

;~rfng ug]{

k"j{;"rgf ;Gb]z

k|fKt eO ;s] kl5

pko'Qm sfo{x?

u/Lg] ;'lglZrt

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, jg

ljefu, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg ljefu,

e" tyf hnfwf/

;+/If0f ljefu,

vfgL tyf e"ue{

lj1fg ljefu,

:jf:Yo ;]jf

ljefu, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx?,

/]8qm; cleofgsf

c+ux?,

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL

;~rfng / ljleGg

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgdf

;+nUg ;+:yfx¿aLr

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL

;~rfngsf] nflu

sfo{ljwL pknAw


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

103

k"j{;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f

;DaGwL k|lqmofnfO{

dfu{bz{g ug{ sfo{

;~rfng ljwL (Standard

Operating Procedure)

tof/ ug]{

ePsf] x'g]5 Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljefu, jg

ljefu, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg ljefu,

e" tyf hnfwf/

;+/If0f ljefu,

:jf:Yo ;]jf

ljefu, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLdf

dlxnf, afnaflnsf,

j[4j[4f, ckfË, cflbjf;L

/ ;+s6pGd'v ;d'bfosf]

kx'Fr, k|ltlglwTj /

k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf

;'lglZrt ug{]

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL

;dfj]zL ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, jg

ljefu, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg ljefu,

e" tyf hnfwf/

;+/If0f ljefu,

:jf:Yo ;]jf

ljefu, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm; cleofgsf

c+ux?, /fhgLlts

bn tyf eft[

;+u7gx?

104

Ho]i7 gfu/Ls /

cflbjf;Lx¿sf] jiff}{

b]lvsf] 1fg, ;Lk,

cg'ej / k/Dk/fut

cEof;nfO{ k"j{;"rgf

k|0ffnLdf ;b'kof]u ug]{

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLdf

df}lns 1fg /

cg'ej ;d]l6Psf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, jg

ljefu, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg ljefu,

e" tyf hnfwf/

;+/If0f ljefu,

:jf:Yo ;]jf

ljefu, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm; cleofgsf

c+ux?, /fhgLlts

bn tyf eft[

;+u7gx?

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{


;DalGw tfnLd tyf

z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]

kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug]{

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf

af/]df cWoog

cWofkg ePsf]

x'g]5

cNksflng ljZjljBfnox¿,

z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿,

tfnLd s]Gb|x¿

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm; cleofgsf

c+ux?

;+3, k|b]z Pjd\ :yfgLo

:t/df ;a} ;fj{hlgs

ejgx¿, ljBfnox¿,

c:ktfnx¿ tyf

dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/x¿df

w'Fjf l86]S6/ / cfunfuL

cfunfuLsf]

k"j{;"rgfn] Iflt

sd ePsf] x'g]5

dWosflng zx/L ljsf;

tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefu,

lzIff, lj1fg

tyf k|ljlw

dGqfno, :jf:Yo

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

105

cnfd{sf] ljsf; / h8fg

ug]{

tyf hg;+Vof

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf nflu

ul0ftLo k"jf{g'dfg

df]8]nx¿sf] ljsf; tyf

;~rfng ug]{

k"jf{g'dfgn]

k"j{;"rgfsf] nflu

clu|d ;do

a9fpFg]5


lj1fg ljefu,

hn pTkGg

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg

ljefu, e" tyf

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f

ljefu, jg

ljefu,:jf:Yo

;]jf ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

;+s6pGd'v nlIft

;d'bfox¿ -dlxnf,

afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f,

ckfË, cflbjf;L, blnt,

ljkGg_ sf] nflu

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL af/]

hfgsf/Ld"ns

;fdfu|Lx¿sf] -k'l:tsf,

krf{, ;"rgfkq, ljB'tLo

;Gb]z OToflb_ tof/L

ug]{

nlIft ;d'bfox¿

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL

af/] hfgsf/ ePsf

x'g]5g\


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, jg

ljefu, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg ljefu,

e" tyf hnfwf/

;+/If0f ljefu,

vfgL tyf e"ue{

ljefu, :jf:Yo

;]jf ljefu,

z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

cleofgsf c+ux?

106

sfo{zfnf, uf]i7L / cfd

;~rf/ dfWodx¿åf/f

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLaf/]

;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿sf]

;~rfng ug]{

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLaf/]

;r]tgf a[l4 ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, jg

ljefu, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg ljefu,

e" tyf hnfwf/

;+/If0f ljefu,

vfgL tyf e"ue{

lj1fg ljefu,

:jf:Yo ;]jf

ljefu, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm; cleofgsf

c+ux?

k"j{;"rgf k|rf/k|;f/ tyf

k|ltsfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf

;DaGwdf lgoldt

k/LIf0f tyf cEof;x¿

;~rfng ug]{

k"j{;"rgf k|rf/

k|;f/ tyf

k|ltsfo{sf]

k|efjsfl/tf k/LIf0f

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, jg

ljefu, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg ljefu,

e" tyf hnfwf/

;+/If0f ljefu,

vfgL tyf e"ue{

ljefu, :jf:Yo

;]jf ljefu, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm; cleofgsf

107

c+ux?

ljBdfg af9L tyf

lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g af9L

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{

cGo gbL j]l;gx¿df

lj:tf/ ug]{ / klx/f],

v8]/L, r6\ofª, xfjfx'/L,

tftf] xfjfsf] nx/, zLt

nx/,cfunfuL, dxfdf/L

h:tf k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf

nflu ;~rfngfTds

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf

ug]{

k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf

nflu k"j{ ;"rgfdf

cfwfl/t k"j{ sfo{n]

ljkb\ Iflt sd

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno÷

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, hn

tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu,

jg ljefu, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg

ljefu, vfgL

tyf e"ue{

ljefu, :jf:Yo

;]jf ljefu÷

:jf:Yo

cfkTsflng

sfo{;+rfng

s]Gb|, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm; cleofgsf

c+ux?

df};d / af9L

k"jf{g'dfgsf nflu Ifdtf

clea[l4 ug]{

af9L tyf df};d

k"jf{g'dfgsf] clu|d

;do /

ljZj;lgotf j[l4

ePsf] x'g]5

bL3{sflng hn tyf df};d

lj1fg ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, ljZj

ljBfnox?,

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?,

u}/ ;/sf/L

108

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?,ljsf;

;fem]bf/x?

k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf/] a'‰g

/ k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ef}lts

tyf ul0ftLo df]8]n -

Physical and

Mathematical Model_

sf] k|of]u ;DaGwL

cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug]{

k|sf]k k"jf{g'dfg

Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf]

x'g]5

bL3{sflng ljZjljBfnox¿,

cg';Gwfg

s]Gb|x¿

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm; cleofgsf

c+ux?, ljsf;

;fem]bf/x?

&=# ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|jw{g

k|efjsf/L ljkb\ k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ hf]lvd, k|sf]k / ;+sf6pGd'vtfsf] af/]df

;d'bfodf sfd ug]{, ;r]tgf a9fpg], hgtfnfO{ x/bd ;';"lrt /fVg] / kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg]

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] :yfkgf, lj:tf/ / To;sf] ;~hflns/0f ug'{ cfjZos

5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .


ljBdfg ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf]

;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fdf

;d'bfox¿

;zlQms/0f ePsf

x'g]5g\


:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

tyf ;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm; cleofgsf

109

c+ux?


tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf,

lj:tf/ / To;sf]

;~hflns/0f ug]{

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

;+:yfx¿sf]

:yfkgf, lj:tf/ /

To;sf]

;~hflns/0f e}

:yfgLo :t/df

k|efjsf/L ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

ePsf] x'g]5


:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, g]kfnL

;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L

jn, g]kfn

k|x/L,g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿k

:yfgLo ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ /

vf]h tyf p4f/ 6f]nLsf]

u7g ug]{

:yfgLo vf]h tyf

p4f/ sfo{

k|efjsf/L ePsf]

x'g]5


:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, g]kfnL

;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L

an, g]kfn k|x/L,

g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿


/ Go"gLs/0fsf sfddf

:yfgLo ;/f]sf/, rf;f] /

;xeflutfsf] k|Tofe"ltsf

nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

;d"xx¿ -6f]n ljsf;

;+:yf, j8f gful/s

d~rx?, Gful/s ;r]tgf

s]Gb|x?, cfdf ;d"x, o'jf

Snj, afn Snj_,

:yfgLo u}/;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿ / gfu/Ls

;d"xx¿ -Ho]i7 gfu/Ls

:yfgLo lgsfo /

:yfgLo ;fd'bflos

tyf u}/;/sf/L

;+:yf aLrsf]

;fe]mbf/Ldf ljkb\

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

/ Go"gLs/0fsf

sfddf :yfgLo

;/f]sf/ / rf;f]

;Daf]wg ePsf]

dWosflng k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

u}/;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

cleofgsf c+ux?

110

d~r_ ;Fu ;fem]bf/Lsf]

ljsf; ug{ :yfgLo

lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L

;+:yf aLr ;xsfo{sf]

nflu lgb{]lzsf agfO{

nfu" ug{]

x'g]5

:yfgLo :t/df x/]s

k|sf]ksf nflu ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t k"j{;"rgf

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn]

k"j{tof/L ;'b[9 e}

ljkb\ Iflt sd

ePsf] x'g]5

dWosflng :yfgLo ;/sf/,

k|b]z ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, g]kfnL

;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L

jn, g]kfn

k|x/L,g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t,

tflnd k|fKt, k"j{

cEof;zLn

:jo+;]jsx¿sf] k|yd

p2f/s ;+oGqsf] ljsf;

/ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{

;d'bfodf tflnd

k|fKt k|yd p2f/s

:jo+;]jsx¿

pknAw ePsf

x'g]5g\


:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, g]kfnL

;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L

jn, g]kfn k|x/L,

g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Joj:yfkgsf nflu

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

;+:yfx¿sf sfo{qmd /

gLlt lgdf{0fdf dlxnf,

afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f,

ckfË / ;+s6pGd'v

;d'bfosf]kx'Fr,

k|ltlglwTj / k|efjsf/L

;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{]

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Joj:yfkg ;dfj]zL

ePsf] x'g]5


:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿,

/fhgLlts bn

tyf eft[

;+u7gx?

111

:yfgLo txdf cg'udg

tyf d"NofÍg of]hgf /

sfo{ljlw tof/ ug]{

:yfgLo txdf ljkb\

hf]lvd

Aoj:yfkgdf

pQ/bfloTj :yflkt

ePsf] x'g]5


:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿

&=$ ljkb\ k"j {tof/Lsf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f

cfd ;~rf/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf b]zn] km8\sf] df/] klg o;sf] k|of]u ljkb\ r]tgf clej[l4,

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL, ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{sf] If]qdf ck]lIft dfqfdf x'g afFsL 5 . ljkb\

;"rgfdf ;+s6pGd'v ;d"xsf] kx'Fr a[l4 ug{ ljz]if k|sf/sf] ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/ ljlw cg';/0f ug'{

kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .


;fd'bflos ;"rgf

s]G›x¿ :yfkgf ug]{

ljkb\ hf]lvd af/]

;d'bfo

;';"lrtePsf

x'g]5g\


:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿

cfd;+rf/ / cfw'lgs

;"rgf k|ljlw -d'b|0f,

/]l8of], 6]lnlehg,

;fdflhs g]6js{,

P;PdP;, df]jfOn

kmf]g_ nfO{ ljkb\ hf]lvd

;r]tgf clej[l4 /

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL;Fu

Jojl:yt ¿kn] hf]8\g

ljkb\ hf]lvd

hfgsf/L /

k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLdf

cfd;+rf/ /

cfw'lgs ;"rgf

k|ljlwsf] k|efjsf/L

k|of]u ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

;+rf/ tyf

;"rgf k|ljlw

dGqfno, lzIff,

lj1fg tyf

k|ljlw dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, /]l8of]

g]kfn, PkmPd

/]l8of]x¿, g]kfn

6]lnlehg, g]kfn

b'/;+rf/

k|flws/0f, Pg

112

;+:yfut, gLltut /

sfo{qmlds ;fem]bf/Lsf]

ljsf; ug]{

;]n, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿

:yfgLo ;d'bfosf]

cfjZostf / pko'Qmtf

cg';f/ ;+rf/ tyf k|;f/

ljlw -h:t} /]l8of], l6eL,

kmf]g, P;PdP;, ;fO{/g,

cfjfh, ;"rgf jfxs,

em08f]Qf]ng_ cg';/0f

ug]{

:yfgLo :t/df

k|efjsf/L ;+rf/

tyf k|;f/ ePsf]

x'g]5


:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿

;+s6pGd'v ;d"x -

lg/If/, b[li6 ljxLg,

alx/f_ sf nflu ljz]if

k|sf/sf] ;+rf/ tyf

k|;f/ ljlw cg';/0f ug]{

ljkb\ ;"rgfdf

;+s6pGd'v ;d"xsf]

kx'Fr a[l4 ePsf]

x'g]5


;+rf/ tyf;"rgf

k|ljlw dGqfno,

u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, ;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, g]kfn

/]8qm;;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿

ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf

k|ltsfo{sf nflu ;+rf/

tyf k|;f/ k|0ffnLsf]

k|efjsf/Ltf a9fpg

cfw'lgs lj1fg tyf

pGgt ;+rf/ tyf

k|;f/ k|0ffnL

pknAw tyf k|of]u

ePsf] x'g]5


lj1fg ljefu,

jg ljefu, hn

pTkGg k|sf]k

Joj:yfkg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

113

k|ljlw (Web Portal,

Mobile Apps, SMS-CB,

IVR) sf] pkof]u /

k|jw{g ug]{

ljefu, vfgL

tyf e"ue{

ljefu, :jf:Yo

;]jf

ljefu÷:jf:Yo

cfkTsflng

sfo{;+rfng

s]Gb|, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

;+:yfx¿

k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf


j]a kf]6{n :yfkgf ug]{

k|b]z / :yfgLo

txdf j]a kf]6{n

dfkm{t ljkb\

hf]lvd tyf Ifltsf]

hfgsf/L ePsf]

x'g]5


:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿

k'gM:yfkgf /

k'glg{df{0fsf nflu

cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw

pkof]u u/]/ ›'t cfFsng

k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{

ljkb\ Ifltsf]

hfgsf/L t'¿Gt

pknAw ePsf]

x'g]5


:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿

&=% vf]h tyf p4f/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4

ljkb\ kZrft vf]h / p4f/ -Search and Rescue_ sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L 5l/Psf] cj:yf 5 .tLgj6}

;'/Iff lgsfo cfkTsflng vf]h tyf p4f/sf] sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] u/]sf] / ;dGjofTds ?kn] ljkb\

kZrftsf] vf]h / p4f/ -Search and Rescue_ sfd ePtfklg sfo{ut¿kdf bIf / >f]t ;fwgo'Qm

lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] PsLs[t ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] ljsf; x'g afFsL /x]sf] 5 .ljkb\sf 36gfkl5

:jtM:km"t{ ¿kdf cfpg] hfu¿stf, dfgjLo ;xof]usf] efjgf / /fxt ;xof]usf] PsLs[t k|of]u

114

x'g g;sL x/]s k6s cndn, låljwf / cGt/lj/f]w b]vfkg]{ u/]sf] klg 5 . ljkb\ kZrft

/fxtsf] ;+sng / kl/rfngdf bf]xf]/f]kgf cfpg glbg Ps lgb]{lzsf jf sfo{;+rfng ljwL-

Standard Operating Procedure_ th'{df u/L nfu' ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . cfkTsfnLg kl/l:yltdf

sfd ug{;Sg] cEo:ttfsf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ ;do–;dodf u/L/xg' kg]{ k"jf{Eof;sf sfdx¿

lg/Gt/ ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 . cfunfuL, jg89]nf] h:tf k|sf]kx¿ lg/Gt/ x'g] u/sf]n]

cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu tflnd k|fKt >f]t ;fwgo'Qm ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{' cfjZos 5 .

o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/LPsf 5g\ .


;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo

cfkTsflng sfo{

;+rfng s]G›x¿sf] sfo{

;+rfng ljwL tof/ ug]{

/ ;+3, k|b]z Pjd\

:yfgLo :t/df gLlt

lgdf{tf /

k]zfsdL{x¿nfO{

cled'vLs/0f ug]{

cfkTsflng sfo{

;+rfng s]G›x¿sf]

sfo{ ;+rfngsf

nflu sfo{ljwL

pknAw ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?

cfksfnLg sfo{

;~rfng s]Gb|x¿sf] -

EOCs_ Ifdtf clej[l4

ug]{

cfkTsflng sfo{

;+rfng s]G›x¿sf]

Ifdtf clej[l4

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?

;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]

;xeflutfdf k|To]s aif{

dg;'g cuf8L ljkb\

k"j{tof/L sfo{zfnf /

ljkb\ k"j{tof/L

tyf k|ltsfo{sf]

kl/If0f ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

115

dg;'g kl5 ;dLIff

uf]i7L ug]{

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, hn

tyf df};d lj1fg

ljefu, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

/]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?

/fxt ;+sng /

kl/rfngdf bf]xf]/f]kgf

cfpFg glbg sfo{ljwL

agfO{ Psåf/ k|0ffnL

cjnDag ug]{

ljkb\ k|ltsfo{df

Ps¿ktf tyf

kf/blz{tf ePsf]

x'g]5 / bf]xf]/f]kgf

x6\g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

/]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?

:yfgLo txdf ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t vf]h / p4f/

6f]nL :yfkgf ug]{

:yfgLo txdf

vf]h / p4f/ 6f]nL

:yfkgf ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

g]kfnL

;]gf,;z:q k|x/L

jn,g]kfn

k|x/L,g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿

j8f :t/df tflnd k|fKt

k|yd p4f/sx¿ (First

Responders)] tof/ ug{]

j8f txdf k|yd

p4f/sx¿sf] 6f]nL

:yfkgf ePsf]

x'g]5

cNksflng :yfgLo ;/sf/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, g]kfnL

;]gf,;z:q k|x/L

jn,g]kfn

116

k|x/L,g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿,

/fhgLlts bn

tyf eft[

;+u7gx?

k|d'v /fhdfu{, zx/L

tyf u|fdL0f ;8sx? ;u}

/x]sf PDa'n]G; ;]jfx?sf]

;~hfn agfpg]

ljkb\sf] ;dodf

PDa'n]G; ;]jf

;xh pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof dGqfno,

u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/,

g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿

;8s b'3{6gfsf]

pkrf/df k|To]s :t/ -

k|fylds, dfWolds /

pRr_ sf :jf:Yo

sdL{x?nfO{ bIftf a[l4sf]

nflu tflnd k|bfg ug]{

;8s b'3{6gfsf]

pkrf/df :jf:Yo

sdL{x?sf] Ifdtf

clea[l4 ePsf]

x'g]5

cNksflng g]kfn ;/sf/s]f

:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof dGqfno

÷:jf:Yo

cfkTsflng

sfo{;+rfng s]Gb|,

u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/,

g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿

;+3Lo txdf xNsf /

dWod vf]h / p4f/

6f]nLsf] :yfkgf u/L

Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{

;+3Lo txsf vf]h

/ p4f/ 6f]nLx?

;Ifd ePsf

x'g]5g\


u[x dGqfno, /Iff

dGqqno, /fli6«o

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

K|b]z ;/sf/ /

:yfgLo ;/sf/,

g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿

117

k|flws/0f,

;z:q k|x/L jn,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L

;z:q k|x/L jn, g]kfnL

;]gf / g]kfn k|x/Lsf

;+3, k|b]z / lhNnf

:tl/o OsfO{x¿df vf]h

/ p4f/ 6f]nL :yfkgf

u/L cfjZos pks/0f

tyf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf

ug]{

;z:q k|x/L jn,

g]kfnL ;]gf /

g]kfn k|x/L vf]h /

p4f/sf] nflu

;Ifd ePsf

x'g]5g\


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,

;z:q k|x/L jn,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿

;z:q k|x/L jn, g]kfnL

;]gf /g]kfn k|x/Lsf

vf]h / p4f/ 6f]nLx¿sf]

Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{

;z:q k|x/L jn,

g]kfnL ;]gf /

g]kfn k|x/L vf]h /

p4f/sf] nflu

;Ifd ePsf

x'g]5g\


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,

;z:q k|x/L jn,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

vf]h / p4f/ -SAR_

6f]nLsf] PsLs[t g]t[Tj

:yflkt u/L To;nfO{

cGt/f{li6«o vf]h tyf

p4f/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;d"x

(International Search

and Rescue Advisory

Group) sf] dfkb08

jdf]lhd ljsf; ug]{

vf]h / p2f/sf]

PsLs[t g]t[Tj

:yflkt ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,/Iff

dGqfno, /fli6«o

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f,;z:q

k|x/L jn,g]kfnL

;]gf,g]kfn k|x/L

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

118

ljkb\af6 k|efljt AolQm

tyf ;d'bfonfO{ dfgjLo

;xfotf pknAw u/fpFbf

cfwf/e"t dfgjLo

dfkb08 (Core

Humanitarian Standard)

sf] cg';/0f ug]{, u/fpg]

dfgjLo ;xfotf

u'0f:tl/o ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,/fli6«o

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"lgs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]

k|of]u u/L ljkb\ xflg /

Ifltsf] b|'t cfFsng ljwL

ljsf; ug]{ / ljkb\

Ifltsf] 5'§f5'§}

(Disaggregated) tYofÍ

;+sng ug]{

b|'t cfFsng ljwL

k|of]u e}

cfkTsflng

k|ltsfo{ s'zn /

k|efjsf/L ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\ kZrft

cfkTsflng ¿kdf lzIff,

:jf:Yo, kf]if0f tyf

vfg]kfgLsf] k|aGw ug]{

sfo{ ;'lglZrt ug]{

ljkb kZrft

lzIff, :jf:Yo,

kf]if0f tyf

vfg]kfgLsf]

cfkTsflng

Joj:yf ePsf]

x'g]5


lzIff, lj1fg tyf

k|ljlw dGqfno,

:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof dGqfno,

vfg]kfgL dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\kZrft ;/sf/L

tyf u}/;/sf/L

If]qx¿af6 k|bfg u/Lg]

/fxt, p4f/ /

k'g:yf{kgfsf ;]jf

;'ljwfx¿df ;+s6pGd'v

/ l;dfGts[t ju{sf]

k|fyldstf / kx'Frdf

/fxt, p4f/ /

k'g:yf{kgfsf ;]jf

;'ljwfx¿df

l;dfGts[t ju{sf]

kx'Fr ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

u}/;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO{6L,

/fhgLlts bn

tyf eft[

119

a[l4 ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;+u7gx?

k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf

ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf

k|ltsfo{ of]hgf tof/

ug]{

:yfgLo txdf

ljkb\ k"j{tof/L

tyf k|ltsfo{

of]hgf pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

u}/;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿, /]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?

ljleGg tx -;+3, k|b]z,

:yfgLo, ;d'bfo_ tyf

If]q -ljBfno, c:ktfn_

df k|efjsf/L k"j{tof/L

tyf k|ltsfo{sf nflu

lgoldt ¿kdf s[lqd

36gf cEof; ug]{

s[lqd 36gf

cEof; e}

k"j{tof/L tyf

k|ltsfo{ k|efjsf/L

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L,

z;:q k|x/L jn,

g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO{6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

;+o'Qm /fi6«

;+3Lo ;+:yfx¿,

dfgjLo ;xof]u

;+:yfx¿

cfunfuL lgoGq0f Ifdtf

clej[l4 ug{ PsLs[t

cUgL lgoGqs ;d"x v8f

u/L >f]t, ;fwg /

tflnd dfkm{t Ifdtf

clej[l4 ug]{

cfunfuL lgoGq0f

Ifdtf clej[l4

ePsf] x'g]5


;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

g]kfn jf¿0f

oGq, g]kfn clUg

lgoGqs

:jo+;]js ;+3,

/]8qm;

cleofgsf

c+ux?

120

;a} txdf vf]h tyf

p4f/ / k|ltsfo{sf nflu

tflnd k|fKt hgzlQm

tof/ ug]{

;a} txdf

k|efjsf/L vf]h

tyf p4f/ /

k|ltsfo{ ePsf]

x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L,

z;:q k|x/L jn,

g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO{6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

;+o'Qm /fi6«

;+3Lo ;+:yfx¿,

dfgjLo ;xof]u

;+:yfx¿

ljkb\ kZrft cfjZos

;fdflhs k/fdz{ /

dfgl;s :jf:Yosf]

k|jw{g ug{ tflnd k|fKt

/ bIf dfgjLo >f]tsf]

ljsf; ug]{

;fdflhs k/fdz{

/ dfgl;s

:jf:Yosf] k|jw{gsf]

nflu bIf dfgjLo

>f]t pknAw

ePsf] x'g]5


:jf:Yo tyf

hg;+Vof dGqfno,

lqe'jg

ljZjljBfno,

dgf]lj1fg s]Gb|Lo

ljefu,g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO6L

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{sf

nflu ;+3 b]lv :yfgLo

tx;Dd If]qut sfo{;d"x

cjwf/0ff (Cluster

Approach) nfO{

;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{

;a} txdf

k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/,

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L,

z;:q k|x/L jn,

g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO{6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

;+o'Qm /fi6«

;+3Lo ;+:yfx¿,

121

dfgjLo ;xof]u

;+:yfx¿

dlxnf, afnaflnsf,

a[4a[4f / ckfË

AolQmx¿sf] vf]h, pBf/

/ k|ltsfo{sf] qmddf

;'/Iff / cGo

cfjZostfx¿sf] nflu

ljz]if Aoj:yf ug]{

ljkb\sf] ;dodf

;+s6pGd'v

;d"xsf] ;'/Iff

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

g]kfnL ;]gf,

g]kfn k|x/L,

z;:q k|x/L jn,

g]kfn /]8qm;

;f];fO{6L, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿,

;+o'Qm /fi6«

;+3Lo ;+:yfx¿,

dfgjLo ;xof]u

;+:yfx¿,

/fhgLlts bn

tyf eft[

;+u7gx?

;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ -

afn Sna, o'jf Sna,

cfdf ;d"x, jl/i7

gfu/Ls d~r, gfu/Ls

;/f]sf/ s]Gb|, jg

pkef]Qmf ;ldtL cflb_

sf] ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf

k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf clea[l4

ug]{

;fd'bflos

;+:yfx¿sf] ljkb

k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf

ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5

bL3{sflng :yfgLo ;/sf/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, g]kfn

/]8qm; ;f];fO{6L,

u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿

122

&=^ k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df {0fdf æcem /fd|f ] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ

cjwf/0ff k|jw{g

ljkb\ kZrft cem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ rl/tfy{ ug{ k'gM lgdf{0f / k'gM

:yfkgfsf nflu :t/Lo lgdf{0f ;fdfu|Lsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ / lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ hf]lvd k|lt/f]ws agfpg]

;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ kg]{5 . lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg Joj;foL tyf k|fljlwsx¿sf] Ifdtf clea[l4

ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cfwf/df hldgsf] jlu{s/0f u/L pRr hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf

;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf /f]s nufpg' h¿/L 5 . æcem /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ sf nflu cfw'lgs k|ljlw

;DalGw cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿



ljkb\ k|efljt kl/jf/sf]

k'gjf{; / k"jf{wf/sf]

k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu

k'gjf{; lgb]{lzsf tof/

kf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{

k'gjf{; /

k"jf{wf/sf]

k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu

lgb]{lzsf tof/ eO{

sfof{Gjog ePsf]

x'g]5


zx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; tyf ejg

lgdf{0f ljefu,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf /

k'glg{df{0fdf æcem /fd|f]

/ alnof] lgdf{0fÆ sf

nflu lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{

æcem /fd|f] /

alnof] lgdf{0fÆ sf

nflu lgb]{lzsf

pknAw ePsf]

x'g]5


zx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, hn tyf

pmhf{ cfof]u

;lrjfno, ef}lts

k"jf{wf/ tyf

oftfoft dGqfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k'gnf{e, k'gM:yfkgf /

k'glg{df{0fdf ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

sfo{x¿nfO{ ;dfj]; ug]{

eljiodf ljkb\

hf]lvd sd ePsf]

x'g]5


Zfx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

123

;/sf/

k'gM:yfkgf / k'gM

lgdf{0fdf :yfgLo >f]t,

;fwg, >d, k|ljlw, 1fg

tyf ;Lksf] ljsf; /

pkof]u ug]{

k'gM:yfkgf / k'gM

lgdf{0f ldtAooL

tyf lbuf] ePsf]

x'g]5


Zfx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

7"nf k|sf]k kl5

k'glg{df{0fsf] sfo{nfO{

k|sf]k k|lt/f]ws / cem

alnof] agfpg gLltut

/ ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf]

Joj:yf ug]{

k'glg{df{0f cem

alnof] agfpg

gLltut /

;+:yfut Joj:yf

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

/fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]usf]

;lrjfno,k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f

cleofgdf b]lvPsf]

gLltut, ;+:yfut, >f]t

kl/rfng / ;dGjosf]

cg'ejsf cfwf/df rfn'

ljkb\ kZrftsf] k'gnf{e

sfo{9fFrf -Post-Disaster

Response Framework_,

@)&# sf] ;ldIff /

kl/dfh{g ug]{

ljkb\ kZrftsf]

k'gnf{e k|efjsf/L

ePsf] x'g]5


u[x dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]usf]

;lrjfno

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ljkb\ k|efljt If]qdf

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ h:t}

a[4f>d, cgfyfno,

;fd'bflos ejg cflbsf]

k'glg{df{0f tyf dd{t

;Def/ ubf{ dlxnf, h]i7

ef}lts k"jf{wf/

h:t} a[4f>d,

cgfyfno,

;fd'bflos ejg

cflbdlxnf, h]i7

gfu/Ls, ckfËtf


u[x dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno,

/fli6«o ljkb\

hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

tyf Joj:yfkg

k|flws/0f, k|b]z

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

124

gfu/Ls, ckfËtf ePsf

JolQmx¿ /

afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if

cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg

ug]{

ePsf JolQmx¿ /

afnaflnsf d}qL

ePsf x'g]5g\

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

ejg lgdf{0f, k|jnLs/0f

/ dd{t;Def/sf af/]df

tflnd k'l:tsf /

hfgsf/L, lzIff tyf

;+rf/ (Information,

Education and

Communication) sf

;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; /

ljt/0f ug]{

ejg lgdf{0f,

k|jnLs/0f /

dd{t;Def/sf

af/]df Ifdtf

;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; /

ljt/0f ePsf]

x'g]5

dWosflng zx/L ljsf; tyf

ejg lgdf{0f

ljefu,

ljZjljBfno,

O{lGhlgol/Ë

cWoog ;+:yfg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/


/ k'glg{df{0fdf æcem

/fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0fÆ

tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g

cg's"ngsf nflu lgdf{0f

k|ljlw, ;fdfu|L,

k"jf{wf/x¿sf] l8hfOg /

Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL

cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;

ug]{

gofF;'wfl/Psf]

k|ljlwsf] lasf;n]

æcem /fd|f] /

alnof] lgdf{0fÆ

ePsf] x'g]5

dWosflng ljZjljBfno,

O{lGhlgol/Ë

cWoog ;+:yfg,

zx/L ljsf; tyf

ejg lgdf{0f

ljefu, hnpTkGg

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg

ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k|sf]k k|lt/f]wL emg} /fd|f]

k'glg{df{0fsf nflu

O{lGhlgo/, lgdf{0fsdL{,

8sdL{, l;sdL{, 7]s]bf/ /

cfk"lt{stf{sf] tflnd /

r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd

emg} /fd|f]

k'glg{df{0fsf nflu

Ifdtf clea[l4

ePsf] x'g]5


>d, /f]huf/ tyf

;fdflhs ;'/Iff

dGqfno, zx/L

ljsf; dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/, g]kfn

lgdf{0f Joj;foL

dxf;+3

125

dfkm{t Ifdtf clea[l4

ug]{

dGqfno, ef}lts

k"jf{wf/ tyf

oftfoft dGqfno

/fli6«o Pj+ :yfgLo

:t/df /x]sf /]l8of],

6]lnlehg, 5fkf /

cgnfO{g ldl8of dfk{mt

k|sf]k k|lt/f]wL lgdf{0f

ljlw / ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f af/]

hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd

tof/ u/L ;~rfng ug]{

k|sf]k k|lt/f]wL

lgdf{0f ljlw /

ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f af/]

hgr]tgf a[l4

ePsf] x'g]5


;+rf/ tyf ;"rgf

k|ljlw dGqfno,

u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?,

ldl8ofx¿

k'gM lgdf{0fdf e"sDk,

af9L, klx/f] tyf cGo

k|fs[lts k|sf]k k|lt/f]wL

lgdf{0f ljwL cjnDag

ug]{

;+/rgfx¿

k|fs[lts k|sf]k

k|lt/f]wL ePsf]

x'g]5


Zfx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

k'gM lgdf{0fdf æcem /fd|f]

/ alnof] lgdf{0fÆ tyf

xl/t ljsf;sf] l;4fGt

cjnDag ug]{

k'gM lgdf{0f

u/LPsf ;+/rgfx¿

cem alnof] /

jftfj/0f d}qL

ePsf x'g]5g\


Zfx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

k"jf{wf/ / ejgx¿sf]

k'glg{df{0fdf lgdf{0f

;+lxtfsf] kfngf u/fpg]

/ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf]

u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug]{,

o;sf nflu ;+o'Qm

cg'udgsf] Joj:yf

k'gM lgdf{0f

u/LPsf ;+/rgfx¿

cem alnof] ePsf

x'g]5g\


Zfx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox? /

126

ldnfpg]

e"–pkof]u gLlt nfO{

kl/dfh{g u/L hldgsf]

jlu{s/0f ubf{ k|sf]k

hf]lvd /

;+s6pGd'vtfnfO{ Pp6f

cfwf/sf] ¿kdf u|x0f

ug]{ Jo:yf ug]{ / pRr

hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf j:tL

ljsf;, 7"nf ;+/rgf

lgdf{0f / pBf]u vf]Ng

k|ltjGw nufpg]

hldgsf] jlu{s/0f

ljkb\ hf]lvdsf]

cfwf/df ePsf]

x'g]5 / pRr

hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf

;+/rgf lgdf{0f

ePsf x'g]5}g


s[lif, e"ld Aoj:yf

tyf ;xsf/L

dGqfno, sfg"g,

Gofo tyf ;+;bLo

dfldnf dGqfno,

Zfx/L ljsf;

dGqfno,;+3Lo

dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?/

cfGtl/s ¿kdf

lj:yflkt AolQmx¿nfO{

sd hf]lvd If]qdf

k'gjf{; u/fpFg]

k'gjf{; u/LPsf

a:tLx¿ ljkb\

hf]lvd af6

;'/lIft ePsf

x'g]5g\


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, s[lif,

e"ldAoj:yf tyf

;xsf/L dGqfno,

k|b]z ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

pRr hf]lvd If]qsf

a:tLx¿ sd hf]lvd

If]qdf ;fg]{

pRr hf]lvd

If]qsf a:tLx¿

ljkb\ hf]lvd af6

;'/lIft ePsf


u[x dGqfno,

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno, s[lif,

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

127

x'g]5g\ e"ld Aoj:yf tyf

;xsf/L dGqfno,

zx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

k'glg{df{0f ubf{ ef}lts

k"jf{wf/x¿sf] of]hgf

;lxt PsLs[t a:tL

ljsf; ug]{

of]hgfa4 a:tL

ljsf;n] cem /fd|f]

k'glg{df{0f ePsf]

x'g]5


Zfx/L ljsf;

dGqfno, k|b]z

;/sf/, :yfgLo

;/sf/

g]kfn ;/sf/sf

;DalGwt

dGqfnox?

Gff]6M dfly pNn]lvt ljefux?sf] Gffd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ :jtM kl/jt{g x'g] 5g .

128

cWofo*: /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljQLo Joj:yf

o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L tyf bIftfk"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos cfly{s

;|f]tsf] Joj:yf lgDg k|sf/n] u/Lg]5:

1. cf}krfl/s >f]t afF8kmfF8 k|lqmof

s_ ljifout dGqfno jf ljefux¿sf] lgoldt ah]6

v_ ljifout dGqfno jf ljefux¿df ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg

cfof]hgfx¿ jf sfo{qmdsf] nflu ah]6

u_ k|d'v ljkb\ 36gfkl5 k'gnf{e / k'g{lgdf{0fsf nflu x/]s ljefudf ljz]if ah]6sf]

Joj:yf

3_ k|d'v ljkb\ 36gfkl5 cGo cfof]hgfsf] ah]6af6 ;f]lx ljifout If]qsf] nflu k'gnf{e

/ k'g{lgdf{0fdf pkof]u ug{] u/L æah]6 /sdfGt/Æ ug]{ Joj:yf

2. k|b]z tyf:yfgLo txsf] ;fj{hlgs Joo Joj:yfkg

s_ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfx¿ jf

sfo{qmdsf] nflu ah]6

v_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf pknlAwdf cfwfl/t cg'bfg

u_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] cltl/Qm Jooef/sf] nflu yk cg'bfg

3. lgofds k|lqmofaf6 k|fKt >f]t

s_ zx/L / If]lqo of]hgf, hUuf Knl6Ë / cGo ef}lts tyf kof{j/0fLo of]hgf lgodg

v_ lgdf{0f lgodx¿, lgdf{0f ;+lxtf / lgdf{0f pBf]u nfO;]G;sf zt{x¿

u_ vl/b ;Demf}tfsf zt{x¿

3_ z}lIfs kf7\oqmd / ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf cleofgdf k|fKt lj1fkg z'Ns

ª_ aLdf, a}+lsË sf/f]af/ / shf{sf zt{x¿

r_ ;DklQsf] d"NofÍg / vl/b ljqmL b:t'/

129

5_ k|fs[lts >f]t;fwgx¿ -jg, h+un, jGohGt', r/fr'¿ËL, hn pkof]u, lu6L, afn'jf,

vfgL tyf vlgh, df5f cflb_ af6 k|fKt /f]oN6L

4. ;+3, k|b]z, :yfgLo tyf ;fd'bflos txdf ;dlk{t æljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg sf]ifÆ

5. lghL ;+:yfx¿, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, ;xsf/L, a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf tyf jLdf

sDkgLx¿sf] nufgL

6. ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ -låkIfLo, ax'kIfLo, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿_ af6

;xof]u

7. aLdf ;'ljwfx¿sf] Jofks sj/]h / kx'Frdf ;xhtfsf ;fy} ljkb\ kZrftsf] bfjLx¿sf]

›'t km5{ \of}6

8. ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtfsf] kfngf / cem /fd|f] lgdf{0f tyf xl/t ljsf; cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t

k|jnLs/0fsf nflu s/ k|f]T;fxg

9. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ultljlwx¿sf] ljQkf]if0fsf nflu

k]6«f]lnod pTkfbgx¿df s/ / n]eL

10. Joj;flos ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L (Corporate Social Responsibility)/ cGo kxnx¿ dfkm{t

lghL If]qaf6 ;xfotf

11. cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ Pj+ /]8qm; cleofgsf c+ux?af6 ;~rfng x'g]

cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmd ah]6

12. ljZj hnjfo' nufgL ;+oGq, xl/t hnjfo' sf]if

13. ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ h:t} Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, ljZj a}+saf6 ljsf; ;xfotf

14. cGt/ ;/sf/L ;+u7gx¿sf] ;xfotf -h:t} cGt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf; s]G›

(ICIMOD), blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g (SAARC), clk|msf / Plzofsf] nflu

If]lqo PsLs[t ax'k|sf]k k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL (RIMES) cflb_

130

cWofo(: /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, ;dLIff /

;+zf]wg

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;/sf/ tyf ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, ljsf;

;fem]bf/x¿, /fhgLlts bn tyf eft[ ;+u7gx? tyf lghL If]qx?sf] ;femf k|of;sf] cfjZostf

kb{5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ljsf; k|lqmofsf] Ps efu ePsf]n] ;/sf/sf ;a} ljsf;;Fu

;DalGwt lgsfox¿n] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo u/]/ sfd ug{' cfjZos 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

lqmofsnfkx¿ cfjlws of]hgf tyf sfo{qmddf PsLs[t ug{ / k|ult lgoldt cg'udg ug{

h¿/L 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf

pkfox¿ cjnDag u/Lg]5g\ .

1. o; sfo{of]hgfsf] of]hgfa4 sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjlws tyf jflif{s of]hgf th'{df u/L

nfu' u/Lg]5 ;fy} sfo{of]hgfnfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] ?kdf lj:t[tLs/0f u/L nfu' u/Lg]5 .

2. ljifout dGqfno tyf ljefux¿sf] sfo{qmd th'{df PjF sfof{Gjog ubf{ o;

sfo{of]hgfnfO{ dfu{bz{gsf ¿kdf lnOg]5 .

3. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DalGw cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmd lg/Gt/ sfof{Gjogsf nflu

k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df ax'aifL{o sfo{qmd / ah]6sf] th'{df u/L >f]t Joj:yfkg

u/Lg]5 .

4. o; sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog tyf Joj:yfkg k4tLdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt

ljifout dGqfno tyf ljefux¿sf] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg cWoog u/L ;f] sf]

k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ljifout dGqfno tyf ljefux¿sf] k'gM ;+/rgf u/Lg]5 .

5. o; sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos gLltut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;fy} If]qut

/0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfx¿nfO{ o; sfo{of]hgf;Fu ;fdGHo:o x'g] u/L kl/dfh{g

u/Lg]5 .

pTyfglzn ;d'bfosf] lgdf{0fdf ;+3, k|b]z, / :yfgLo txsf ;+:yfx¿sf] lglb{i6 / ljlzi6 e"ldsf

/x]sf] x'gfn] tL ;+:yfx¿sf] u'0ffTds Pjd\ kl/df0ffTds sfo{;Dkfbgdf g} ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog / o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf e/ kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ljleGg :t/df

cg'udgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

ljkb\ kZrft u/Lg] k'g{lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ “cem} /fd|f] / alnof] lgdf{0f”dfkm{t eljiodf x'g ;Sg]

ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0f ;Fu hf]8\g' h¿/L 5 . ;+3Lo :t/df /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf

131

sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg “jflif{s k|ltj]bg / cg'udg k|0ffnL” dfkm{t u/Lg]5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ cg';f/ ul7t ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf

Joj:yfkg/fli6«o kl/ifb\n] ;+3Lo :t/df o; /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] k|ultsf]

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ . k|flws/0fn] ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, k"gnf{e, k'gM :yfkgf tyf

k'glg{df{0f sfo{sf] ;dGjo ug{]5 .

k|efjsf/L k"j{tof/Ln] ljkb\ k|ltsfo{nfO{ r':t b'¿:t agfpg'sf ;fy} hgwgsf] IfltnfO{ sd ug{

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . o;y{ ljkb\ k|ltsfo{nfO{ k"j{tof/L;Fu hf]8\g h¿/L 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ cg';f/ ul7t sfo{sf/L ;ldltn] ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf

k|ltsfo{sf] ;dGjo ug{]5 .

oL pRr :t/Lo ;ldltx¿sf] a}7s sDtLdf aif{sf] Psk6s kmfNu'0f dlxgfdf a;L /0fgLlts

sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] jflif{s k|ultsf] ;dLIff ug]{5g\ . k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf o; /0fgLlts

sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg, d"NofÍg / ;dGjo;DalGwt k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ul7t

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿n] ug]{5g\ .

l;4fGtt :jtGq / lgikIf d"Nof+sgsf nflu t];|f] kIfåf/f klg cg'udg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf

nflu 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu k/fdz{bftf lgo'Qm u/]/ t];|f] kIfsf] cg'udg cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{ ¿k

lbOg]5 .

/0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf x/]s kfFr jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg u/Lg]5 . kl/jlt{t cj:yf cg';f/ ;fGble{s

agfpg cfjZostf cg';f/ /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf cBfjlws u/Lg]5 . /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf

cBfjlws ug{sf] nflu ;a} ;Da4 lgsfox¿ ;xefuL x'g]5g\ . /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf lgDg

cj:yfdf cBfjlws u/Lg]5:

• ;/sf/sf] sfg"g / gLlt kl/jt{g ePdf

• ljZjJofkL ;+/rgf / ljsf;qmd;Fu tfnd]n ldnfpg' cfjZos ePdf

• k|d'v ljkb\ 36gf kl5sf] l;sfO{nfO{ ;d]6\g h¿/L ePdf

• kfFr jif]{ ;dLIffsf] lgisif{ / l;kmfl/;x¿sf cfwf/df

of] /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf *-u_

adf]lhd sfo{sf/L ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t e} nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .

132

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

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Jajarkot, J Nepal Health Res Counc 2009 Oct; 7(15):66-8

Bilham, R., Larson, K. and Freymueller, J., 1997. GPS Measurements of Present day Convergence Rates in the

Nepal Himalaya, Nature, Vol. 336, pp. 61-64

DWIDP, 1993. Annual Disaster Review, 1993, Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention, His Majesty’s

Government of Nepal

Gautam, D.K. and Regmi, S.K., 2013. Recent trends in the onset and withdrawal of summer monsoon over Nepal,

Ecopersia 2013, 1, 353–367

GON, 2015. Post Disaster Needs Assessment, National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal

Karki, R., Hasson, S., Schickhoff, U., Scholten, T. and Boehner, J., 2017. Rising precipitation extremes across

Nepal, Climate 2017, 5, 4; doi:10.3390/cli5010004

LRMP, 1986. Agriculture/Forestry Report, Land Resource Mapping Project, HMG/Nepal

MOAC, 2006. Agriculture and Environment, Deserts and Desertification: Don’t Desert Dry lands, Government of

Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Gender Equity and Environment Division, Agri-Environment and

Biodiversity Section, Kathmandu

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