GIS DATABASE FOR RIVER NILE - IWTC 2018iwtc.info/2010_pdf/09-02.pdf · Fourteenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC 14 2010, Cairo, Egypt GIS DATABASE FOR RIVER NILE

Fourteenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC 14 2010, Cairo, Egypt

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GIS DATABASE FOR RIVER NILE

Nadia M. Eshra

Researcher, Nile Research Institute, National Water Research Center, Egypt E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The River Nile is one of the longest rivers all over the world. Due to its length, characteristics, and its path through many cities and villages, many impacts and changes should be studied and analyzed using different available scientific and research techniques. These techniques need enough information and database. One of the most recent and powerful techniques is using GIS technology for river studies and analysis. The purpose of this paper is to present the constructed geodatabase for the river. This geodatabase is formed of many layers such as shore line, navigation path, cities along the river, hydraulic structures….etc. The constructed database and some application are presented in this research, studying the change of the bed at some water station intakes, which have problems in the operation; the paper also has recommendations for future work. Keywords: Nile River, Hydraulic Structures on Nile River, GIS Applications I. INTRODUCTION The River Nile has played an extremely important role in the civil life and history of the Egyptian nation. It goes in a hard cruel journey full of problems along its course from mouth to source starting from Kagera River has catchment area equivalent to 2.9 Million Km2 “accounting for 10% of the African continent”. It has four riparian countries among the world’s ten poorest countries [1]. River Nile basin has a lot of challenges as extreme poverty, stability problems, rapid population growth, environmental problems, rural disasters, complicated hydrology of the basin and low specific yield. For Egypt, Nile River divided into four reaches, the first reach starts from Aswan to Esna Barrage, reach two starts from Esna Barrage to Naga Hammadi Barrage, reach three starts Naga Hammadi Barrage to Asuit Barrage and reach four starts from Asuit Barrage to Delta Barrage, where the study area is a part from reach four. Nile in Egypt faces a lot of problems that affect its morphological and hydrological characteristics. Encroachments are made over the river floodplain for human activities especially in Great Cairo region. Actually encroachments over the Nile are themselves a main problem as it affects the Nile in a several ways as it changes the morphology of the river, it may cause increase of water levels in some places along the course. Encroachments may sometimes also be a cause of water pollution by draining those


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constructions’ wastes over the Nile. From the hydraulic structures along the Nile; drinking pumping stations, those stations may be exposed to some problems in the operation or in the identification of the location of intake. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a frontier branch of science, which integrates space, survey and Mapping science, geography, information science, computer science, environmental science and management science. The GIS is not only capable of managing data, text information and graph, but also of integrating and analyzing spatial data from different sources, with diverse formats, structures, projections or resolution levels with the aid of computer, thus is a new effective technical in complex processing and analysis of spatial data [2]. GIS now has gone deep into every application field. GIS technique have been used in several subjects and studied. Such that; environmental impact, water resources assessment, water resources planning …etc. There are many researches come to use of GIS applications, such that ref. [3]. Availability of water is shrinking in many regions by 2020, within just five years, 300 million People, mainly in North Africa, will face critical water scarcities, different thematic layers are prepared using remote sensing and GIS for the assessment of water resources status. Environmental impact analysis for the catchment and command areas due to the construction of dam on the River in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in India [4], model application is to assess the suitability for cultivation of a 50,000 faddans in Sinai Peninsula by using GIS spatial analyst modeling [5]. Another application using GIS technique, study the Rashid Tributary (Rosetta Branch), GIS model was developed to study the rate of sedimentation and erosion in the riverbanks at different dates together with the urbanization of surrounding areas as results of the increase in the population density [6]. This paper is considered the first step along a wide array or application called global Geo-database (GIS-database) for the Nile River. This paper finds how to submit the application and use the form in the analysis and study the problems with the existing hydraulic installations on the Nile. The paper also focuses on the problems of the operation of drinking water intakes in specific area from Great Cairo region and study the bed change at these intakes from 1982 to 2005. The application allows to: connect to the data source locations, browse through the workspaces, examine or explore the data, manage data, tables and metadata, analyze and search for data and maps. Also, the application helps in the preparation the location map in especial format to draw cross sections at the intake location of the stations.

II. Study Area Mentioned problems and challenges that face the Nile in Egypt, caused a complete change in the Nile River morphology and its characteristics. Water levels are measured daily at 12 stations along the fourth reach, there are some places are submerged with water and even some islands are completely disappeared something needs to be accurately studied. A protection and development for the Nile is very important in order to provide information which is necessary to assess the impact on the Nile of future projects that may be proposed, and it is necessary to evaluate, analyzed and


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study the cases of the problems in the river such that the infringements, the erosions and the sedimentations. Study area has a length 23.5 Km from el_Rouda region at 0 Km to El_Marazeeg Bridge at 23.5 Km in south, although there are many protections for the River in banks in Cairo area, there are many encroachments and problems occur. In this study area, there are ten drinking water intakes, due to the shortage of data; four stations were selected. Figure (1) represents the location of these stations.

Fig (1), Location of the study

area

Fig. 1. Location of study area, (around 23.5 Km from El Rouda) III. Design of GIS application GIS database schema is established for hydraulic structures along the River and the islands as a global mode. As a first step, the base map of Nile River has been established from Aswan to Mediterranean Sea including the Dammitta and the Rosetta branches. This base map contains the shore lines for the river and its islands only. There are two types from the geo-data base; first one is limited in size and modules called personal data base and the second type is more general in the modules called file data base. Our Schema from personal geo-data base includes different modules

��Hatched Area is Reach four in River Nile

1-El_Rouda Station

4-El_Tebeen Station

3-El_Badrasheen Station

2-El_Maadi Station


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and layers were implemented in different functions for the developed the Nile River system in Geographic information system, every layer represented unique hydraulic structure. The model help to do; data entry, storage, analysis, reporting. Arc/Catalog was employed to build, find, and organize the geo-database schemas. Figure 2 represents the work flow for the modules in the application.

Fig. 2. Work flow chart for geo-database

IV. Methodology As mentioned about GIS database are often large and complex collections of geographic features, and their corresponding attribute data. The following tasks have been undertaken to meet the study objectives:

a. Create a Base Map for Nile River

Start

Geo-Database

Geographic

Change the

Layers

Table Query

Edit

Analysis

Final Report

End

Report

Technical Report


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b. Establish a schema for the hydraulic structures along the Nile, such as for our example; drinking water intakes

c. Integrate the thematic maps d. Scanning and Digitizing the old image contour maps of the river bed (Kinting

1982) e. Define the plan of implementation

Actual collected data such that X, Y for the intakes of stations by using the GPS system has been taken. New hydrographic survey and contour maps (2006) for all river have produced by Nile Research Institute and old image contour maps (1982) have been taken for the study. This study is carried out by combining raw data as excel sheet, AutoCAD sheet, topographic sheet and hydrographic sheet. Base map is created with Egyptian coordinate system, “EGYPT-Red_Belt”, for all Nile River stream and its branches on Arc Map to help in identification the location of station. On arc/info personal geo-database for the study area are integrated to the base map, and AutoCAD maps for study area, Fig. 3 represents the collection map on GIS program. Water intakes are represented in database as point features, while islands are represents as polygon features.

Fig. 3. The integrated for base map, geo-database, and AutoCAD maps The new contour maps and other data are matched with the study are converted into thematic maps employed the Arc/GIS software and global Mapper software to highlight the results. Multi layer thematic maps generated necessary information to provide details insight to suggest the necessary improvement of the results. Field trip for the study area with GPS to identify X, Y points and another detail are collected for all stations. These data are collected as Excel sheet and converted into GIS format by using Arc Catalog. Schema of geo-database is established under name “RiverNile” with their datasets for all hydraulic structures on the Nile, Figure 4 and Figure 5 represent the shapes of the schema on Arc Catalog.


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Fig. 4. The schema of geo-database, (arrow pointed to the water-intakes)

Fig. 5. The schema of geo-database, (arrow pointed to the islands) There are specific requirements for the construction of the drinking water intakes on the Nile River, we should like to be sure these drinking pumping stations are matching with this specifications; the first; water level of the intake level must be at least 1m low the minimum water level, so there is no cavitations of the station. The second; the distance between the intake and bed level is to be at least 2 m, so there is no sedimentations of station. Table 1 represents the collected data for the stations in the study area in details. As mentioned before GIS tool is a powerful tool to evaluate and analysis the behavior of river, so this technique was applied for these drinking pumping stations. It also gives a good picture of the morphology change of the river from 1982 to 2006 which can be used for training of the river.


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Table 1. Water Intake Stations in the study Area as a row data in Excel sheet

Easting Northing Name Km Size (m3/day)

Suction Level (m)

636436 810821 El-Rouda Station 0.3 185000 2.5 to 3 635972 808966 Meki-Station 2 550000 2 to 2.5 637626 806382 Old Maadi Station 5 637826 806282 New Maadi Station 5 638112 805221 (Abo-Nomros) Manial Station 6.1 4000 2.5 639346 804805 Maadi Station intake (east) 7.1 200000X2 2.5 to 3 639644 804282 (Kafer Tohormos) Station 7.8 2.6 640572 804025 New Maadi Station intake 641650 800540 El-sheikh Etman intake station 12.8 10000 2 to 2.5 641737 798873 El-Hwamdia Station intake 14.5 10000 2.5 to 3 642865 744828 (west)Helwan water intake 18.45 643038 793411 Old Badrasheen water intake 20.5 34000X2 2 643118 792760 New Badrasheen water intake 19.9 4000 2 643200 786150 El-Tebeen Water Station 27.5 350000 3.5

Fig. 6. Attribute table for water intakes The Geographic information system software and global Mapper are used to know the operation condition for each station to conclude that, what are the stations in critical cases? El-Badrasheen station will be taken as a sample to show in step by step the processing. El-Badrasheen Station data according to the information from the Holding Company for Drinking Water and Sanitation: it located in west side of Nile River at 20.5 Km downstream El Rouda gauge. The product of the station is 68,000 m3/day; water level of its intake is ranged 2 m under the minimum water level. This station is considered the source for regions; El-Badrasheen region and its villages.

Abo-Nomros station


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The topographic map for the region of the station is taking from Survey Authority, which are cooperating with the Nile Research Institute in the map production project to produce the contour map for Nile River. Figure 7 represents the final map; topographic and hydrographic on AutoCAD. As it is known, any map on AutoCAD program is not projected, so all maps for the study area are added to base map with data base to specify its location and its kilometer. The GIS package Arc/Info is extensively used, especially the Triangulation Irregular Network (TIN), GRID, various overlay methods, 3D Analyst and Spatial Analyst are used to convert the selection map to suitable format for global Mapper program to reach the final stage of the study, Figures from 8 to 11 represent some steps for the processing of the study on ArcMap.

Fig. 7. Hydro-topographic AutoCAD map for El-Badrasheen Region, 2006


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Fig. 8. Theme 1, Projected map Fig. 9. Theme 2, Feature map

Fig. 10. Theme 3, Tin map Fig. 11. Theme 4, Raster map


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After many processing in Arc/Info program; map is exported into global Mapper program to make another processing to reach the final stage. In final stage there are three steps:

1- Create the required cross section. 2- Calculate the minimum water level at the specified station; this point is

achieved by using straight line relationship between the nearest two gauges to the required station.

3- Monitoring the changes in bed between 1982 and 2006.

Figures 12 and 13 represent two cross sections at Badrasheen water station intakes for 2006 and 1982.

Fig. 12. Cross section at Old Badrasheen water station, using maps 2006

Fig. 13. Cross section at Old Badrasheen water station, using maps 1982 Location of intake


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Table 2 El-Badrasheen Station

'El-Rouda Gauge Water Station Site 'El-Lathy Gauge Km (0) Km (20.5) Km (53) Year

Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. 1995 17.02 15.20 18.25 16.03 20.20 17.35 1998 17.30 15.56 18.66 16.31 20.82 17.50 1999 17.40 16.40 18.66 17.13 20.65 18.30 2000 17.48 16.11 18.77 17.04 20.82 18.51 2001 17.48 16.20 18.85 17.01 21.03 18.30 2002 17.44 16.13 18.75 16.73 20.82 17.68 2003 17.46 16.02 18.69 16.72 20.65 17.82

Table 2 represents the calculation of water level in two cases max. and min. at El-Badrasheen water station intake, in terms of El_rouda gauge and El_lathiey gauge. As mentioned about, safety operation for drinking water station is depending on two factors:

1- the distance between the bed level and the intake level, which represents the sedimentation

2- the distance between the surface level for minimum water level and the intake level, which represents the cavitations

According to the first point the safety distance achieved when the distance equal 2 m as a minimum distance, and the second point the safety achieved when the distance equal 1 m. This technique by the same steps is applied on the four stations in the study; which their details are available; El-Rouda water station, Abo-Nomros water station, El-Maadi water station and El-Badrasheen water station, Figs. 14-a to 14-d represent the cross sections for each station respectively. When matching to the cross sections of both Badrasheen and Tebeen each one separately, found significant differences between two of the bottom for 1982 and 2006, which indicates that the morphology of Nile River is continuous change, Figs. 15-a and 15-b represent this varies. Table 3 represents the results of the study for every station.


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Fig. 14-a. Cross Section at Tebeen Station Fig. 14-b. Cross section at Abo-Nomros station

Fig. 14-c. Cross Section at Maadi Station Fig. 14-d. Cross section at Rouda station

Fig. 15-a. Cross section at Tebeen station 82, 06 F ig. 15-b. Cross section at Badrasheen station 82, 06

Intake Location

Intake Location


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Table 3 Operation state for every station at the study

Station Name

Min. W.L ∗∗∗∗ (m)

S.W.L

Intake W.L∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗

(m) Ref.

Bed Level∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗

(m) (Actual)

Distance from

Bed ∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗ (m)

Distance from

Surface (m)

Operation State

Rouda 15.20 12 11.25 0.75 3.2 Critical Nomrous 15.45 15 13.6 1.40 0.45 Critical Maadi 15.49 14.4 11 3.40 1.09 Normal Badrasheen 16.03 15 14 1 1.03 Critical Tebeen 16.32 15 10.5 4.5 1.32 Normal ∗∗∗∗ Calculated at Nile Research Institute ∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗ Reference, the Holding Company for Drinking Water and Sanitation ∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗ According to the field measurements at 10-2-2009 ∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗ ∗∗∗∗ Distance calculated as (Intake W.L – Cross section W.L)

Where safety distance for bed � 2 m, and for surface � 1m V. CONCLUSIONS In this approach data base has been developed by using GIS program and an application is created to save, evaluate and analyze the behavior of the Nile and all data about hydraulic structures installation against it, use this application also gives a good picture on the morphology change of the river. Drinking water intakes, which were constructed on the banks of Nile in study area, is used as an example in the paper. The analysis indicated that, there are some drinking water stations which operate in normal mode and others operate in critical mode. It was clear that all the five stations are safe with respect to the intake position and the minimum water level. the results give that, EL-Rouda station suffering from the sedimentation, as the distance between the bed and intake is only 0.75 m, also Abo-Nomros and El-Badrasheen water stations intakes operate in critical mode according to the sedimentation processing, as the distances between the bed and the intakes are respectively for two stations; 1.40 m and 1 m. on other hand El-Maadi and El-Tebeen stations operate in normal mode for near future, as the distance between the bed and the intakes for two station are respectively; 3.4 m and 4.5 m. The change in the bed at Badrasheen and Tebeen water intakes are very clear, from the cross sections, where sedimentations occurred between year 1982 and 2006, so dredging at the site of intake is needed at least by 1m depth to satisfy the requirements for the safe operation.


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VI. RECOMMENDATIONS

1. This approach can be applicable to be for all other drinking water stations along the Nile River with the same procedure to avoid the sedimentation and the cavitations problems.

2. Abo-Nomros and El-Badrasheen stations will need dredging in near future. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Author would like to express her appreciation and gratitude to her advisor Prof. Dr. Medhat Saad Aziz, Director of Nile Research Institute for his support, and many thanks for both Eng. Mohamed el-Sayed and Eng. Maha el_Amein for their helping. REFERENCES [1] M. N. Allam, “Nile River and the Irrigation in Egypt”, Introduction to Irrigation

and Drainage Engineering, Ch. 2, pp. 27-28, 2004. [2] R. Li, D. Su, T. Sun, J. Zhang, “Research on Three-dimensional Water

Resources Information System Based on ArcGis”, China Institute of water Resources and Hydropower Research, World largest online library of Satellite and aerial images.

[3] M. Govindaraju, and V. Nagaratginam, “Water Resource Assessment and Preparation of Management Planning Strategy Using Remote Sensing and GIS – A Case Study from India”, Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University and Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, India.

[4] S. Maitra, “Environmental Impact Assessment for Dam Construction Using GIS/Remote Sensing”, www.kfupm.edu.sa/crp/crp514/project_term_papers

[5] H. M. Ebaid, “Assessment of Soil Suitability for Agriculture Using GIS Spatial Analyst Model Technique”, Third International Conference on Water Resources and Arid Environments 2008, the 1st Arab Water Forum.

[6] G. Mohamed, “Analysis of the Behavior of the River Nile (Rosetta Barrage) Using GIS”, A Thesis for Maser Degree, Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt, 2004.

Documents

GIS DATABASE FOR RIVER NILE - IWTC 2018iwtc.info/2010_pdf/09-02.pdf · Fourteenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC 14 2010, Cairo, Egypt GIS DATABASE FOR RIVER NILE