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Julian Switala Mega LD BackfilePart ICan’t Touch This

* * * * * MEGA LD BACKFILE * * * * *

* * * * * Written by Julian Switala * * * * *

* * * * * Instructions * * * * *

1. !!!USE THE “DOCUMENT MAP” VIEW FUNCTION!!!

2. !!!MINIMIZE EVERYTHING IN THE DOCUMENT MAP FIRST!!!

3. This file has internal link, impact, and framework cards applicable to

nearly all possible LD resolutions.

4. I suggest reading and cutting articles specific to the topic for linksand uniqueness.

5. A LOT of the cards overlap and can be reasonably placed in differentcategories. However, there are very few duplicate cards (cards thatcould be in multiple categories only appear once in the file). Thus, if you're looking for a particular card in what seems like its most likelycategorization, you may not find it there and will have to searchelsewhere in the file. I guarantee that you’ll find what you’re looking

for if you search hard enough. (Some defense cards might be in theoffensive sections etc.).

6. As such, I would advise against using this file in-round since thecards aren’t partitioned enough and many different cards are lumpedtogether under a very broad heading. I would recommend writingblocks pre-round with this file. However, if you need carded answersto arguments you haven’t heard before or if you know the fileextremely well, then go for it.

7. And given how LD works, you’ll probably be successful just by

reading the taglines of these cards and then making shortextrapolations and analytics on the fly…

8. Have fun!

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* * * * * TABLE OF CONTENTS * * * * *

* * * * * MEGA LD BACKFILE * * * * *...........................................................1* * * * * Written by Julian Switala * * * * *.......................................................1* * * * * Instructions * * * * *............................................................................1* * * * * TABLE OF CONTENTS * * * * *........................................................2*****LIBERTY*****.......................................................................................14

**Autonomy Good / Coercion Bad**............................................................14Human dignity is the highest standard........................................................................................................................14Moral obligation to protect liberty................................................................................................................................ 14Freedom comes before all other impacts ...................................................................................................................14Coercion outweighs, conditions like poverty are inevitable, it’s futile to try to solve....................................................15

Compulsory à violate rights....................................................................................................................................... 15Coercion is immoral – denies individuals the capacity develop as moral agents........................................................15Evaluate freedom first – it is critical to both prosperity and fairness ...........................................................................16Freedom outweighs – without freedom, we are all reduced to the level of animals and slaves – only freedom fromgovernment oppression solves................................................................................................................................... 16Coercion restricts rights and destroys individual agency............................................................................................17Coercion snowballs—Every increase in the state’s power brings us closer to tyranny...............................................18There is no value to life in their framework – coercion makes us into mere tools of the state.....................................18

Utilitarianism doesn’t trump the impact of coercion—individuals can’t be reduced to units of value...........................19Every invasion of liberty must be rejected – failure to do so leads to massive atrocities............................................19Government coercion is immoral because it kills freedom and virtue by eroding the basis of free market capitalism 20Coercion creates a slippery slope to more coercion................................................................................................... 21Violations of liberty create a slippery slope to more governmental constraints. .........................................................21Government coercion causes more violations of liberty..............................................................................................21Government coercion destroys the value to life and cannot be morally justified.........................................................22Coercion destroys value to life.................................................................................................................................... 22Coercion ensures extinction. ......................................................................................................................................22Coercion is the root cause of military conflict .............................................................................................................22Global democratic consolidation is necessary to prevent many scenarios for war and extinction....................... .......24Each use of coercive force paves the road for massive atrocities.............................................................................. 24Government coercion creates evil...............................................................................................................................25Government coercion must be morally rejected..........................................................................................................25Coercion must be rejected in every instance.............................................................................................................. 26Coercion violates fundament human rights................................................................................................................. 26

**Property Rights Good**............................................................................27

Property rights are key to all rights..............................................................................................................................27Property rights critical to moral agency....................................................................................................................... 27Property rights are key to prevent Nazism.................................................................................................................. 27

**Rights Come First**..................................................................................29

Placing survival over individual autonomy replicates authoritarian regimes of control, subjugating individual rights tothe values held by those in power ..............................................................................................................................29Violation of freedom negates the value of human existence and represents the greatest threat to human survival...29Violating rights in the name of survival causes social paralysis and destroys the value to life....................................30It is impossible for policymakers to know future consequences – allowing more rights violations will justify worseconsequences in the future......................................................................................................................................... 30

Rights outweigh all – critical to human dignitye future................................................................................................ 31Policymakers must protect individual rights................................................................................................................ 31The calculation of utilitarianism is the foundation of totalitarianism.............................................................................32Every alternative to rights leads to tyranny................................................................................................................. 32Collective safety is no justification for rights violations—leads to slavery, genocide, and wars........................... .......33Sacrificing rights to preserve life produces totalitarianism. ........................................................................................ 33Err on the side of rights – it’s the biggest consequence in the long term....................................................................34Rights absolute – can’t infringe on one person’s rights to increase well-being of others............................................34Rights and basic liberties are a prerequisite of rational decisionmaking.....................................................................35Right to health outweighs – violation of right to life..................................................................................................... 35

**AT: Positive Rights Good**......................................................................37

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Government protection of positive rights justifies war.................................................................................................37Limiting government protection to property rights is key to prevent atrocities.............................................................38

**AT: Util Protects Rights**.........................................................................39

Current price-tag thinking is insufficient- we have to make the tough decisions that incorporate individual rightsinstead of trying to spare laypeople from difficult decisionmaking............................................................................ ..39Utilitarianism doesn’t trump the impact of coercion—individuals can’t be reduced to units of value...........................39The sacrifice of innocence degrades humanity-- it is an absolute wrong....................................................................40Util fails to protect moral rights – it silences rights claims when not grounded in law..................................................40

Utilitarianism fundamentally fails to protect individual rights – “greatest good” claims simply conflict.........................41Utilitarianism reduces individuals to their mere utility value, making them expendable..............................................41Calculation of human life leads to no value to life and the zero point of the holocaust...............................................41

**AT: Rimal**...............................................................................................43

Mutual coercion won’t solve - they lack the knowledge and incentive to protect the environment and will perpetuatetyrannical coercion...................................................................................................................................................... 43An authoritarian government would fail to conserve resources...................................................................................43Their authors contradict themselves........................................................................................................................... 43

**AT: Coercion Bad**..................................................................................45

Illegitimate resource acquisition justifies redistribution................................................................................................45Libertarians concede that extinction outweighs.......................................................................................................... 45Redistribution is not an inherent affront to human dignity. As long as you believe helping others is good,redistribution doesn’t threaten dignity......................................................................................................................... 45The only way their alternative can capture this is if their alternative is allowed to imagine a world in which individuals

all become charitable givers. This is abusive private actor fiat. If the neg can imagine this they can just imagine worldpeace and solve all of our case impacts..................................................................................................................... 45Nozick's concept of dignity requires access to resources........................................................................................... 46Since initial acquisition was unjust, there are no legitimate entitlements ...................................................................46Taxation redistributes freedom rather than limiting it.................................................................................................. 46Taxes don't violate rights......................................................................................................................................... ... 46Violations of liberty don’t justify rejecting welfare........................................................................................................46Welfare enhances self determination.......................................................................................................................... 47Redistribution is justified on utilitarian grounds...........................................................................................................47Utilitarianism justifies the welfare state....................................................................................................................... 47Extinction outweighs................................................................................................................................................... 47Excess liberty creates a moral vacuum.......................................................................................................................48Libertarianism would undermine the moral basis of the liberal state...........................................................................48

Blanket statements about coercion are false, must evaluate coercion on a case by case basis............... .................48Turn: Autonomy bad................................................................................................................................................... 48

**AT: I Solve Future Coercion**..................................................................50

Coercion snowballs – Each increase becomes easier to justify. The only reason why we do not realize it is becausethe government uses the ploy of “Altruism” to take it step by step. As each program fails, it becomes “necessary” tomove another step closer to more coercion. We are on a road to oppression. ..........................................................50Linear— every increase in coercive power decreases human dignity. .......................................................................50Steps toward state power are steps toward tyranny .................................................................................................. 50Coercion isn’t justified to prevent coercion – this mindset leads to war...................................................................... 51Human dignity outweighs – Utilitarianism fails to protect rights.................................................................................. 52Non-absolute rights fails to protect freedom........................................................................................................... ....52

**AT: I’m not excessively coercive**...........................................................54

Every justification for coercion, no matter how legitimate, conditions us to accept further limitations on our liberty.. .54Coercive efforts fail and snowball into massive atrocities – every invasion of liberty must be forcefully rejected.......54

Uncompromising stance on libertarian principles is key..............................................................................................55Allowing any realm of government control quickly snowballs to totalitarian collectivism.............................................57

**AT: Rawls**..............................................................................................58

Rawls’ conception of rights flawed – fails to explain why small incursions on liberty would threaten citizenship........58Rawls fails to provide warrants for the absolute preservation of basic liberties over other ends.................................58Rawls’ conception of personal freedom cannot resolve utilitarian democratic ideals..................................................59

**AT: Egalitarianism / Equality / Distribution Good**..................................60

1. Distributive justice leads to global poverty.............................................................................................................. 602. Focusing exclusively on the poor stigmatizes the issue—no solvency...................................................................603. Egalitarianism does not equate society ..................................................................................................................604. “Principles of justice” cement the political sphere—erode the possibility for real change ......................................61

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5. Inequality inevitable—capitalism ............................................................................................................................ 61Hierarchies’ are inevitable even after the redistribution of wealth...............................................................................62Equality is impossible—envy ..................................................................................................................................... 62Distribution of benefits to equalize the impoverished is indefensible – encourages envy and moral disorientation....63Egalitarian and Prioritarian thinking flawed – no standard baseline for equality guarantees never-endingredistribution. ............................................................................................................................................................. 64Acceptance of egalitarianism dominates the political sphere and makes us powerless to the abuses of elites .........64Moral calls for egalitarianism are self defeating .........................................................................................................65

Err on the side of combining political consequences with humanitarianism ...............................................................65Moral views of egalitarianism are self serving ............................................................................................................65Egalitarianism isn’t democratic—inevitable dilemma ................................................................................................. 66Forced attempts at equality perpetuate inequality ....................................................................................................66Egalitarianism hurts the poor .................................................................................................................................. .. 66No such thing as a utilitarian defense of egalitarianism .............................................................................................67Utilitarian calculus not egalitarian – doesn’t act on the principle of intrinsic equality...................................................67In-egalitarianism solves– benefits trickle down........................................................................................................... 68The goal of the judge should not be to make sure each person is equal—rather ensure each person is sufficient....68Everything is relative—the goal should not be to carve everyone into the same statue—rather ensure each person issufficient—this is distinct from economic egalitarianism............................................................................................. 69Egalitarianism fosters never-ending comparison and obligation – a sufficientarian framework should takeprecedence................................................................................................................................................................. 69

Moderate sufficentarianism offers a pluralist approach to justice which maximizes contextual equality.....................70*****PRIVATIZATION*****...........................................................................71**Privatization Good / Government Bad**...................................................71

So-called welfare “rights” restrict freedom, rationalize the coercive transfer of wealth, and destroy charitable feelings,turning the case...................................................................................................................................................... .... 71Health care policies are coercive................................................................................................................................71Free health care means slavery..................................................................................................................................72The state is dehumanizing because of bureaucracy and the ability to make war.......................................................72The government is inherently dehumanizing because it seeks to control people.......................................................73Government is stripping doctor’s rights through coercive action.................................................................................73The welfare state is flawed – it looks only at the outcomes rather than the process which is immoral because lookingat outcomes only assumes that the poor have been cheated not that they have tried and failed...............................74Capitalism is the best system to foster freedom, which is a moral necessity..............................................................75Limited government is key to prevent tyranny, which killed more people than both World Wars combined – the plan

provides positive rights, or entitlements that causally fail to protect the right to life....................................................75Free markets are inherently non-violent because they rely on voluntary associations whereas governments forceand compel, leading to violence. ................................................................................................................................ 76Turn – aff/neg creates dependence which decreases incentives to work – tanks the economy.................................77Taking wealth forcefully kills charitable desires..................................................................................................... .....77The alternative results in beneficial forms of capitalism. Only altruism results in the dangerous forms of capitalismthat their authors assume........................................................................................................................................... 78Capitalism solves war – economic interdependencies................................................................................................78Economically free countries are less likely to go to war – put away your democracy add-ons because the alt. solvesbetter........................................................................................................................................................................... 79The free market is a moral necessity.......................................................................................................................... 79Government coercion destroys freedom – the free market system is the highest moral ground and will solve all otherproblems .................................................................................................................................................................... 80

Government power inevitably leads to war and mass genocide – limiting the power of the government and fosteringindividual freedom solves............................................................................................................................................82Government provision is inefficient and ineffective — three reasons..........................................................................83Eliminating licensing requirements for medical establishments and restrictions on medical supplies, deregulatinghealth insurance, and eliminating subsidies such as Medicaid key to greater effectiveness and availability of healthcare............................................................................................................................................................................. 84Abolishing federal programs is the first step to solving poverty – allows private sector to grow.................................85Lower tax rates induce charitable giving – studies prove............................................................................................85Failure to privatize collapses the economy................................................................................................................. 86

**Alternative to Government Provision**.....................................................86

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The alternative is to reject the coercive policies of the affirmative. By embracing negative freedoms, the free market will alleviate social ills, turning the case...................................................................................................................... 86We should reject coercion for deliberative democracy................................................................................................87Reject coercion in favor of capitalism and individual rights.........................................................................................88Rejection of the collectivist welfare policies of the aff is critical to imagining a better world. Only through this can weestablish concrete foundations for reasonable change...............................................................................................88Alt – view the invisible victims ....................................................................................................................................89Americans want smaller government when taxes matter............................................................................................90

AT: Can’t imagine. Confinement to the “politically possible” makes change impossible. Prefer the reformist policies.................................................................................................................................................................................... 91

**Private Charities CP**..............................................................................92

Private charities are more successful than the government at providing aid.............................................................. 92Government eligibility requirements skew aid distribution...........................................................................................92Governmental programs are inefficient; Private charities aren’t..................................................................................93A greater diversity of solutions makes private charities more effective.......................................................................93Private Charity causes an attitudinal shift encouraging recipients to escape poverty.................................................93Private Charity promotes participatory democracy............................................................................................ .........94Only the counterplan solves – informal private networks are not only solve poverty but protect key values ..............94Privatization promotes choice and increases quality of services to all people............................................................94Product choice because of privatization will resolve the inefficiency preventing high quality goods and services......95Privatizing is a prerequisite to eliminating poverty...................................................................................................... 95

Private charities solve poverty.................................................................................................................................... 96Government programs are ineffective and trade-off with private efforts......................................................................97Private charities solve coercion............................................................................................................................... ... 97Private charity best – targets causes, not symptoms. ................................................................................................97Taxes trade off with charity......................................................................................................................................... 98

*****UTILITARIANISM GOOD / DEON BAD*****........................................99**Util Good For Rights**..............................................................................99

Utilitarianism upholds self-ownership and thus liberty.................................................................................................99Utilitarianism is best – it protects rights while not totally rejecting all policies that might infringe................................99Util protects rights in social and constitutional hierarchies..........................................................................................99Utilitarian calculus is the only way to determine rights’ relative importance..............................................................100

**Util Good: Generics**.............................................................................101

Their moral imperatives revolve around a flawed libertarian method- consequences must be evaluated first toescape the cycle....................................................................................................................................................... 101

Policy must be viewed through a consequentialist framework- slipping into the libertarian mindset only recreates theroot cause of the affirmative harms...........................................................................................................................101Governments must weigh consequences................................................................................................................. 102Moral absolutism suffers from tunnel vision that generates evil and political irrelevance..........................................102Utilitarianism key to policy making............................................................................................................................ 103Policymakers should adapt utilitarian calculus – applicable throughout society........................................................103In a nuclear world, you have to weigh consequences...............................................................................................104Utilitarianism necessitates public policy that requires that leaders take the action which is in the best interest ofpeople....................................................................................................................................................................... 104Consequences matter – the tunnel vision of moral absolutism generates evil and political irrelevance....................106Deontology is bad in the context of public policy – five reasons ..............................................................................106At the same time, deontologically based ethical systems have severe practical limitations as a basis for public policy.At best, a priori moral principles provide only general guidance to ethical dilemmas in public affairs and do notthemselves suggest appropriate public policies, and at worst, they create a regimen of regulatory unreasonableness

while failing to adequately address the problem or actually making it worse. For example, a moral obligation topreserve the environment by no means implies the best way, or any way for that matter, to do so, just as there is noa priori reason to believe that any policy that claims to preserve the environment will actually do so. Any number ofpolicies might work, and others, although seemingly consistent with the moral principle, will fail utterly. Thatdeontological principles are an inadequate basis for environmental policy is evident in the rather significant irony thatmost forms of deontologically based environmental laws and regulations tend to be implemented in a very utilitarianmanner by street-level enforcement officials. Moreover, ignoring the relevant costs and benefits of environmentalpolicy and their attendant incentive structures can, as alluded to above, actually work at cross purposes toenvironmental preservation. (There exists an extensive literature on this aspect of regulatory enforcement and theoften perverse outcomes of regulatory policy. See, for example, Ackerman, 1981; Bartrip and Fenn, 1983; Hawkins,

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1983, 1984; Hawkins and Thomas, 1984.) Even the most die-hard preservationist/deontologist would, I believe, betroubled by this outcome. The above points are perhaps best expressed by Richard Flathman, The number of valuestypically involved in public policy decisions, the broad categories which must be employed and above all, the scopeand complexity of the consequences to be anticipated militate against reasoning so conclusively that they generatean imperative to institute a specific policy. It is seldom the case that only one policy will meet the criteria of the publicinterest (1958, p. 12). It therefore follows that in a democracy, policymakers have an ethical duty to establish aplausible link between policy alternatives and the problems they address, and the public must be reasonablyassured that a policy will actually do something about an existing problem; this requires the means-end language

and methodology of utilitarian ethics. Good intentions, lofty rhetoric, and moral piety are an insufficient, thoughperhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy......................................................................106Maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equal and unconditional human dignity...............................................107We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice of individuals for some abstract“social entity.” It is not a question of some persons having to bear the cost for some elusive “overall social good.”Instead, the question is whether some persons must bear the inescapable cost for the sake of other persons. RobertNozick, for example, argues that “to use a person in this way does not sufficiently respect and take account of thefact that he is a separate person, that his is the only life he has.” But why is this not equally true of all those whom

we do not save through our failure to act? By emphasizing solely the one who must bear the cost if we act, we fail tosufficiently respect and take account of the many other separate persons, each with only one life, who will bear thecost of our inaction. In such a situation, what would a conscientious Kantian agent, an agent motivated by theunconditional value of rational beings, choose? A morally good agent recognizes that the basis of all particularduties is the principle that “rational nature exists as an end in itself” (GMM 429). Rational nature as such is the

supreme objective end of all conduct. If one truly believes that all rational beings have an equal value, then therational solution to such a dilemma involves maximally promoting the lives and liberties of as many rational beingsas possible (chapter 5). In order to avoid this conclusion, the non-consequentialist Kantian needs to justify agent-centered constraints. As we saw in chapter 1, however, even most Kantian deontologists recognize that agent-centered constraints require a non- value-based rationale. But we have seen that Kant’s normative theory is basedon an unconditionally valuable end. How can a concern for the value of rational beings lead to a refusal to sacrificerational beings even when this would prevent other more extensive losses of rational beings? If the moral law isbased on the value of rational beings and their ends, then what is the rationale for prohibiting a moral agent frommaximally promoting these two tiers of value? If I sacrifice some for the sake of others, I do not use them arbitrarily,and I do not deny the unconditional value of rational beings. Persons may have “dignity, that is, an unconditional andincomparable worth” that transcends any market value (GMM 436), but persons also have a fundamental equalitythat dictates that some must sometimes give way for the sake of others (chapters 5 and 7). The concept of the end-in-itself does not support the view that we may never force another to bear some cost in order to benefit others. If

one focuses on the equal value of all rational beings, then equal consideration suggests that one may have tosacrifice some to save many.....................................................................................................................................107

Utilitarianism is the most moral outlookàprovides the most benefits for the most number of people.......................107Ethics are accessed through the evaluation of consequences through an impartial outlook....................................108Turn – calculation is inevitable and justified – every action requires calculation, and refusing to engage in calculationmeans allowing the worst atrocities to occur.............................................................................................................108Rejection of prediction is an implicit prediction which undercuts good predictions.............................................. .....109Predictions are key to check disasters ..................................................................................................................... 110Despite studies predictions experts are still trustworthy............................................................................................111

Consequentialism accesses their internal linkà we make the best decisions based on moral AND utilitarianconsequences........................................................................................................................................................... 112Concrete decision making - Only Utilitarianism makes justifications based on the end result rather then ambiguouslanguage................................................................................................................................................................... 113Utilitarianism prevents nuclear war........................................................................................................................... 113Utilitarianism inevitable............................................................................................................................................. 114Utilitarianism is inevitable - people are inherently utilitarians....................................................................................114Consequentialism is best, short term impacts are key even when the long-term impacts are uncertain...................115Concept of morals not mutually exclusive with utilitarianism.....................................................................................115Successful integration of morality into utilitarian calculus possible...................................................................... .....116Utilitarianism is inevitable it will indefinitely permeate human thought...................................................................... 117Because of the advent of nuclear omnicide, ethics should not be held absolute .....................................................117Once an action enters the policy realm we must use a Consequentialist approach, this is necessary to minimizesuffering and conflict. ............................................................................................................................................... 117Utilitarianism and other forms of calculation are inevitable....................................................................................... 117

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Individual and government choices on morality are different, once we play the role of policy makers we must follow autilitarian calculus .....................................................................................................................................................118Consequences come first for governments - only our evidence draws the distinction between moral theories forindividuals and governments............................................................................................................................... ..... 118Moral rights and wrongs are based on consequences – proves Consequentialism is best................................. .....118Ignoring consequences is immoral - they sacrifice others to preserve moral purity. It is most moral to act to producethe best end regardless of the moral cleanliness of the means................................................................................119Justice – must save humanity and weigh..................................................................................................................119

Utilitarian actions only act as a last resort. Lack of alternatives means the only inhuman action is to not act at all. 119Overriding rights is justified when more rights of others and lives are at stake. .......................................................120We must choose the lesser evil. Hard and fast rules about what is right must be made to limit further atrocitiesagainst civilization..................................................................................................................................................... 121Moral policy only blocks decision making necessary to limit further damage. Injustice can only be destroyed byinaction to make sacrifices........................................................................................................................................ 122Utilitarianism is the only moral framework and alternatives are inevitability self-contradictory..................................122Politics can only be one of responsibility. Rational policy makers must consider first whether to put rights before allelse. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 123Only consequentialism can resolve conflicting moral values and promote healthy society.......................................124Morals and questions of human dignity will constantly conflict making deontological policy making impossible......124Human value and dignity is impossible to determine externally, utilitarianism is only alternative. ............. ..............125The impossibility to attain knowledge of every outcome or abuse leaves utilitarianism as the only option for most

rational decision-making........................................................................................................................................... 125Not knowing conditions for each individual or ramifications forces us to adopt utilitarianism. Policy makers must usein their decision making......................................................................................................................................... ... 126True equality is only attainable under utilitarian framework. .............................................................................. ......126

**AT: Rights / Liberty Come First**...........................................................128

Upholding life is the ultimate moral standard............................................................................................................ 128Life is the end toward which all purposeful action is directed....................................................................................128Life is the prerequisite to all other value.................................................................................................................... 128Utilitarianism precludes any claim of moral rights – rights not quantifiable...............................................................128No legitimate reason to include rights discussion under util f/w................................................................................129Utilitarianism is the only calculus that takes into account human response..............................................................129Rights don’t come first – conflicting values and ideologies..................................................................................... ..130Rights not absolute – doesn’t take into account intended good................................................................................130No appropriate duty to satisfy rights of conscience. .................................................................................................130No absolute rights – competing values and rights of different groups.......................................................................131Priority of liberty not viable as basis of government – at best it would be a competing theory among other liberalconceptions of justice................................................................................................................................................ 131No justification for violation of rights to prevent external loss - principle of intervening actions means that governmentis not held responsible for death of others. .......................................................................................................... ....131Government cannot act to uphold the rights of the subject on the basis of moral principle.......................................132

**AT: Utilà No Rights**...........................................................................133

Utility can’t be maximized in the long term by violating rights...................................................................................133Utilitarianism Protects Fairness.............................................................................................................................. .. 133

**AT: Freedom / Liberty Outweighs Life/Util**..........................................134

Libertarianism denies emotional satisfaction outside that of freedom.......................................................................134Utilitarian policy-making ensures there will be no unnecessary constrains on liberty because each scenario is

weighed. .............................................................................................................................................................. .... 134**AT: Calculations Bad**...........................................................................136

Turn – calculation is inevitable and justified – every action requires calculation, and refusing to engage in calculationmeans allowing the worst atrocities to occur.............................................................................................................136Multiplying probability by magnitude is the only moral option – hard moral rules result in circular preferences andhorrible consequences.............................................................................................................................................. 137

**AT: Catastrophes – Low Probability**....................................................139

Policy-making requires assessment of all risks despite probability...........................................................................139Policy makers risk political backlash when proper action isn’t taken to prevent catastrophe....................................139

**A2: Strive for Perfection (Imagination)**................................................141

Imagination fails – can’t change reality.....................................................................................................................141**Deontology Bad**...................................................................................142

Deontology is bad when people disagree about what is right or wrong....................................................................142

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While the ethical choice is normally a good idea, a threshold should be used in the face of a catastrophe..............142Morality co-opts ethical behavior because the focus falls on ideology, not action ...................................................142Deontology is unable to distinguish between “better” ethics, but is logically no longer ethical when peoples’ lives areat risk........................................................................................................................................................................ 143Hatred between groups of people make human rights violations inevitable..............................................................143Deontology does not hold up against the threat of nuclear war................................................................................ 144Deontology is a terrible system for policy- policies must use means to an end framework and are judged by theireffectiveness ............................................................................................................................................................ 145

Deontology is irrelevant in policy making - intentions are impossible to know, only the outcome matters........... ....145Deontology in policy making fails to uphold democracy and legitimizes oppression.................................................146Deontology fails-- no way of evaluating conflicting obligations ............................................................................ ....146The need for exceptions means deontology fails as a theory................................................................................ ...147The subjectivity of what rights are important means deontology fails. .....................................................................148Deontology’s absolutism prioritizes morality as a concept over moral results. .........................................................148Deontology’s absolutism means it will inevitably fail. ...............................................................................................149Utilitarianism is the only way to access morality. Sacrifice in the name of preserving rights destroys any hope offuture generations attaining other values. ................................................................................................................ 149Destruction of social institutions that limit rights literally cause social chaos and make it impossible to project right-based economies elsewhere. .................................................................................................................................. 150There is no Utopia in which we can get rid of difficult moral decisions. Political inaction in times of risks can only befor the worst.............................................................................................................................................................. 150

Political inaction to prevent further death is the greatest inhumanity one can commit. ............................................151Attempts to totalize systems of morals is impossible................................................................................................151Construction of moral lines is counter-productive to decision making. .....................................................................151Exceptions to all concrete lines of morals prove there exists no true deontological framework. ..............................152Alternatives to cost-benefit analyses would result in political paralyses and crush decision-making .......................152

*****UTIL BAD / DEON GOOD*****..........................................................154**Util Bad**................................................................................................154

People are not a means to a result, the results of an action are never as important as the action itself...................154Normality bias causes us to underestimate the impact of discriminatory outcomes. This justifies a feedback loop

where we accept the established order and treat disadvantaged populations as suitable victims necessary for oursafety........................................................................................................................................................................ 154Risk assessment is distorted by poverty – trading on capital reserves exclude the poor..........................................158Judge must recognize their complicity in reinforcing beliefs which justify a continuation of racism............ ............. .158Apocalyptic predictions are constructed by alarmists to advance personal interests................................................159

Predictions out of debate may be good, but in debate they should be held to a very low standard. The probability ofone small political change from the status quo causing nuclear war or extinction is not only infinitesimal, it’s alsoridiculous...................................................................................................................................................................159Moral conscience precedes rational decision making – decisions are based off a moral backdrop..........................159The quest for survival destroys all human values.....................................................................................................161Utilitarianism inherently only favors a privileged few.................................................................................................161Calculation reduces life to zero................................................................................................................................. 161Utilitarianism causes species extinction.................................................................................................................... 162

Utilitarianism is unsustainableàadvocates ultimately revert back to morals to make decisions ..............................162Prediction destroys human agency...........................................................................................................................162Utilitarianism = Killing................................................................................................................................................ 163The calculation of utilitarianism is the foundation of totalitarianism...........................................................................165Every alternative to rights leads to tyranny............................................................................................................... 165

Government coercion must be morally rejected........................................................................................................165Consequentialism, by very nature, will fail in public policy to improve the well-being of others........................... .....166Consequentialism is based on the greater good, not on self-interests......................................................................166There is a limit to what morality can require for us, which consequentialism fails to incorporate..............................167Consequentialism can result in sacrifices on some for the sake of others................................................................167Utilitarianism cant address the issues of equity and distributive justice ...................................................................167Utilitarianism policies result in inequality ..................................................................................................................168Utilitarian thinking results in mass murder.......................................................................................................... ...... 168Utilitarianism is used to justify mass murder by governments...................................................................................169Medical utilitarian calculus ensures human dehumanization and annihilation..........................................................169Utilitarianism takes away all value to live..................................................................................................................170

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Rights incompatible with utilitarianism..................................................................................................................... .170Util ignores fundamental rights and creates a slippery slope until rights lose all significance...................................171Morality is complex – Blanket claims that we need to save people in poverty prevent us from making rational choices.................................................................................................................................................................................. 171The utilitarian viewpoint is flawed. It is impossible for society to be viewed as a single............................................173Utilitarians view society as a single entity, which devalues the rights and human dignity of.....................................173Utilitarianism views people as locations of utilities, whose purpose is to bring good to the......................................173Adapting the consequentialist viewpoint justifies the deaths of millions of innocents in............................................174

Utilitarianism taken alone allows unjustified war; full weight must be given to..........................................................174Policy decisions directed at maintaining human survival through whatever means will encourage genocide, war, andthe destruction of moral values.................................................................................................................................175Utilitarianism disregards respect for the individual and perpetuates societal inequality by evaluating utility as a whole.................................................................................................................................................................................. 176Although utilitarianism claims to result in equality, its nature to only regard people as one entity rather than a groupof individuals inherently contradicts the principle of equality.....................................................................................177Owning oneself is a moral imperative – utilitarianism imposes interpersonal obligations to society, which destroysmorality..................................................................................................................................................................... 177Aims to maximize overall utility despite competing interests in the public is utilitarianism – destroys individualism. 178Utility maximization destroys individualism............................................................................................................. ..178Utilitarianism forces individuals to sacrifice their own goals in order to increase utility ............................................178Risks taken by the government to increase overall utility will severely compromise the individual which will result in

fatality....................................................................................................................................................................... 179Government coercion threatens individual freedom and renders morality meaningless...........................................179Utilitarianism promotes inequity and inherently discriminates against minority like slavery .....................................180Utilitarianism destroys value to life by forcing the individual to take risks on a cost-benefit basis in an effort toincrease overall utility of an entity, while demoralizing the individual’s own system of values..................................181The only way to preserve individualism is to allow all persons to have the right to own themselves regardless of anynegative consequentialist impacts............................................................................................................................ 181Utilitarianism allows larger powers like the government to control the individual as long a greater utility is achieved. Itis immoral to violate the sanctity of human life..........................................................................................................182Utilitarianism suppresses individual choice-making – freedom gives value to life.....................................................182Governments have a responsibility to maintain human rights and individualism – utilitarianism undermines humanrights ........................................................................................................................................................................ 183Theories of right preserve value to life – government politics with the intention of increasing overall utility through

environmentalism destroy morality and deceives the individual................................................................................183Utilitarianism inevitable even in deontological frameworks.................................................................................... ...184Compromising moral values and trading off for other injustices proves deontology is impossible............................184Age of nuclear deterrence makes preventative measures necessary. It’s too late to consider otherwise. ...............185

**Deon Good**..........................................................................................186

Consequences can only be evaluated AFTER morals à Rights come first.............................................................186

Deontology InevitableàIt is grounded in human behavior........................................................................................186Deontology precludes util- the values of deontology come first................................................................................ 186Deontology comes first, the means must justify themselves – utilitarianism justifies the Holocaust. ................ ......187Deontology precludes util- the values of deontology come first................................................................................ 188Deontology comes before util- utilitarianism can be a last resort to preserve fundamental rights.............................188Deontology preserves fundamental rights and still accesses the ultimate good, accessing the same things as util. 189Evaluating the deontological aspects of a policy is critical to policy making..................................................... ........190Deontology key to giving human life value................................................................................................................ 191

Deontology does not dismiss consequences, categorical imperative means deont still maximizes happiness........191Callahan embraces reason and says it must be used in combination with a moral obligation to make decisions....192Policy makers cannot depend solely on economics, but need to apply ethics to make efficient policies..................193Deontology is essential for the maintenance of international human rights because it restricts the practice of

justifying the actions of the government by the ends achieved, creating what is essentially a humane internationalorder......................................................................................................................................................................... 194Certain premises have an intrinsic moral value that comes before consequences of actions. Evaluatingconsequences first puts our fate and the fate of the masses in the hands of............................................................194Recognizing rights and putting them before a utilitarian calculus is the only rational and.........................................195

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The goal of ethics to the other and the ethics of the refugee actually furthers state control. Only by challengingsovereignty can we have independent ethics........................................................................................................... 219Deconstructing universal conceptions of right and ethics actually opens up the possibility for responsibility to theother. Working within the state re-entrenches current oppressive dualisms.............................................................220Government enforcement of responsibility takes away from the individual’s ability to think and act on an individuallevel of morality, which is key to regaining lost sense of morality in politics..............................................................221Government established norms of ethical and moral right and wrongs lead to the dulling conscience of the individualtaking out all solvency. It also leads to accepting the shift to totalitarian regimes in the name of crises...................222

Forcing ethical views upon people through politics results in the ethics being short lived as individuals are unable tofeel invested in these new ideals.............................................................................................................................. 224State ethics violate the very idea of democratic ethics (no solvency).......................................................................224

**Universal / Absolutist Ethics Bad**.........................................................226

Universal morality is impossible because everyone has individual passions and views...........................................226Institutional ethics results in a homogenous mindless unconscious. Only by advocating individual ethics can humansgain value for themselves......................................................................................................................................... 226Any project that defines a universal ethical claim fosters indifference. Only by finding ethics in the absence ofuniversal norms can ethical action take place...........................................................................................................227Their form of moral absolutism prioritizes clean moral hands over moral results: they are more concerned with notacting directly immoral than preventing much larger immoral consequences...........................................................228Ignoring consequences is immoral - they sacrifice others to preserve moral purity. It is most moral to act to producethe best end regardless of the moral cleanliness of the means................................................................................229

**Aesthetic Ethics Good**.........................................................................230

Foucault proposed an aesthetical ethics in which individuals choose their ethics based on an aesthetic existence.Poster 07.................................................................................................................................................................. 230Narcissism were the Other is supposed to discover themselves is opposed by Foucault, indicating that we shouldlive aesthetically instead and draws a line between this narcissistic enlightenment and aesthetic valuesPoster 07.................................................................................................................................................................. 230Aesthetic judgments, or judgments free of bias and societal opinion, are the best alternatives to judging morals andethics without placing our own vanity and egos as the hidden priority......................................................................231By placing our own individual art and judgment before the world’s ethics we have the ability to question theinstitutionalized ethics that leads our lives and form our own idea of “ethics” by the superior imperatives...............233

**AT: Kant’s Categorical Imperative**.......................................................236

Institutionalized ethics, such as the Kant’s Categorical Imperative, places regulations of what is “right” and what isthought to be “wrong” without explanation or freedom to assume an alternative pathway by the individual.............236Kant’s categorical imperative results in duty being impersonal. This results in a society where we work simply out of

necessity and no person choice resulting in the destruction of ourselves like the German writer Heinreich von Kleis.................................................................................................................................................................................. 237Kant’s categorical imperative creates a world where people are impersonal to the notion of duty. A nation followingthis categorical imperative of impersonal duty will assure its destruction as it makes a nation of conscience lackingmachines.................................................................................................................................................................. 238The categorical imperative destroys any individualism and promote sovereignty by claiming in the name of self-preservation we must embrace a universal ethics................................................................................................. ...239

*****BIOPOWER*****................................................................................241**Link: State Ethics**.................................................................................241

The affirmatives attempt to “secure society” allows for the government to rule a state of exception on behalf ofHumanitarian Imperatives. It allows the sovereigns biopower to go global...............................................................241The modern humanitarian movement is rendered in biopolitical terms and actually works to extend the state’sbiopolitical control to a global scale...........................................................................................................................242The State’s attempt to be ethical is just a cover to increase biopolitical control over the population. Humanitarian

intervention is meant to justify state sponsored security and control over life...........................................................243The idea of human rights and a state’s obligation to protect things like hunger is just the moving of security discourseinto the private life. This idea of an ethical responsibility is just the state’s excuse for further biopolitical control ofeveryday life..............................................................................................................................................................244The State exploits and destroys the Other in the name of humanitarian intervention and for the sake of humanity asa whole............................................................................................................................................................... ...... 245The ability of the state to apply good or bad ethical claims is the root of security discourse. In the name of ethics theaffirmative gives the state increased biopolitical control........................................................................................... 246In the name of humanitarian and ethical concerns the government intervenes even more into the person life of thepeople. The biopolitical order is reinforced by the idea that the state has a responsibility to its people and thereforehas a right to control it...............................................................................................................................................248

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**Link: Ethics**..........................................................................................250

Foundationalism is a moral stance that leads towards a homogenous biopolitical structure....................................250Attempts to coercively generalize ethical stances results in reinforcing the already hierarchal and dominating systemof the state, this coercively brings people into the state’s control and is biopolitical.................................................250

*****GOVERNMENT PROVISION*****.....................................................252**Rimal**....................................................................................................252

Authoritarianism and constraints are key to avoid overpopulation and resource crunch that will end life.................252Constitutional liberties encourage an unsustainable relationship with natural resources..........................................253Private property and liberty encourages unsustainable resource consumption........................................................253Welfare is key to avoid the resource crunch that will end all life...............................................................................254Tyranny is inevitable – its only a question of how quickly we allow it to form............................................................254Frontline: Mutual coercion agreed upon by the majority will check bad instances of coercion..................................255Uniqueness: A global authoritarian revolution is coming – there is a lack of political interest in the promotion ofdemocratic freedoms................................................................................................................................................ 255Uniqueness: Authoritarianism is spreading globally – it’s already enmeshed in global political and economicinstitutions................................................................................................................................................................. 256

**AT: Privatization**..................................................................................258

Privatization Fails More Than Succeeds...................................................................................................................258No moral common good exists – arguments that the free market will provide for those in poverty are loosepredictions and are nto morally motivated................................................................................................................ 258Privatization Raises Death Rate............................................................................................................................. ..259Individual investors will be less profitable than the government ensuring the failure of privatization........................259

Privatization Not Efficient.......................................................................................................................................... 260Privatization Creates Disaster................................................................................................................................... 260Corporations running the privatized economy are analogous to big governments....................................................260

*****THE USFG*****..................................................................................261*****Courts*****..........................................................................................261**Social Reform / Movements**................................................................261

Judicial rulings fail to spur social movements on their own.......................................................................................261Courts can’t produce social reform – 3 reasons........................................................................................................261

**Courts Good: Generic**.........................................................................262

Judicial supremacy key to maintaining constitutional unity and rights of minorities................................................ ..262Not adhering to precedent kills Court legitimacy.......................................................................................................262Undermining the Constitution causes extinction ......................................................................................................262

**Hollow Hope / Courts Bad**...................................................................263

The Supreme Court Prevents democracy.................................................................................................................263

Link- Environment. The Courts were only able to help the environment once the other branches had acted...........263Controversial Supreme Court decisions spur confusion, accomplishing nothing......................................................263The Supreme Court undermines minority rights movements causing tension in American communities anddependence on flawed legislation.............................................................................................................................264Litigation distracts time and money from successful grassroots movements............................................................264Courts merely join movements- they don’t produce social change........................................................................... 265Court rhetoric prevents the mobilization of the public, short circuiting personal autonomy. .....................................265Civic Engagement is key to democracy................................................................................................................... .266

**AT: Hollow Hope / Courts Good**..........................................................267

Civil obedience follows legislation- social change is a product of congressional law................................................267Lawsuits can facilitate social movements............................................................................................................... ..267Court decision can be transformative—it’s proven by the fact that Brown affected far more than just public schools.................................................................................................................................................................................. 268Court decisions are insufficient in changing public opinion.......................................................................................268

Judicial victories do not have a catalytic effect......................................................................................................... 268Courts mobilize social change – wage discrimination rulings prove......................................................................... 269Symbolic legal support to rights claims advance social movement...........................................................................269Even losses in the Courts lay the groundwork for political success..........................................................................270Social success requires a shift in ideology that the Courts and individuals must achieve together...................... ....271Rosenberg’s hollow hope analysis is flawed, court decisions polarize citizenry in exceptional ways. .....................271Judges are seen by the public as essential to social change....................................................................................272Courts can’t solve broader women’s rights – even precedent setting decisions fail because courts lack the essentialtools to solve for alt. causalities ............................................................................................................................... 272Rosenberg is wrong – bad theory and no reason why congress and the executive do provide change ..................272

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Perm on the counterplan solves the DA – to be effective, the court must work with other branches of government.................................................................................................................................................................................. 273Courts solve social change – massive swings in public opinion don’t matter, minor changes in assumptions overtimebuild up and influence actors.................................................................................................................................... 273Social change doesn’t need to be seen, court decisions simply need to challenge current assumptions to provide forchange elsewhere.....................................................................................................................................................274The Hollow Hope theory is wrong – Rosenberg misrepresents the efficacy of the lower courts in court decisionenforcement.............................................................................................................................................................. 274

Rosenberg fails to take into account problems with implementation at the Congressional level...............................274Courts are important – the Hollow Hope fails to take into account that the judiciary works with and results in theaction of other branches of government to enforce decisions...................................................................................275Rosenberg asks too much of court decisions – he implies there is intent where there isn’t – justices rely onenforcement at the local level................................................................................................................................... 275In cases of lost hope, the court didn’t actually act on the social change- hollow hope is a myth............. .................277Rosenberg and followers exaggerate the power the court has to lose hope.............................................................277Turn: Court action encourages further litigation and strategy- Brown proves...................................................... .....278Social movements will continue even if they don’t win- resources, need to fight opposition ....................................279

*****Congress*****.....................................................................................280**Social Reform / Movements**................................................................280

Congress is the most effective agent for solving societal problems..........................................................................280**Centralization / Government Bad**........................................................281

The affirmatives acceptance of centralization prevents social movements by discouraging individual action—the

result is extinctionPapworth 01 (John, Senior Editor @ Ecologist + Founder of Fourth World Review, Peace Through SocialEmpowerment, "Primary Causes," http://www.williamfranklin.com/4thworld/academicinn/jp14.html) ......................281Voting negative challenges the inevitability of centralization and opens up local communities for action.................281Decentralization Solvency - Seeking institutional solutions while failing to question the assumptions that underliesuch institutions will inevitably fail ............................................................................................................................ 281No net benefit—there is only a risk the CP alone solves best................................................................................................................................................................................... 282Centralization and individualism are zero-sum—the growing power of centralized power necessarily decreases thesignificance of individuals ................................................................................................................................. ....... 282The centralization of power in the center of an organization inevitably trades off with the individual........................283Perm fails- power cannot reside in two places at once............................................................................................. 283The perm cannot solve. The endorsement of a mass movement, no matter how well meant, will inevitably lead to a

loss of individual power............................................................................................................................................. 283Centralized power inevitably trades off with the local................................................................................................284Central government action discourages individual movements to solve the problem because they posit problems as“out of our control”.....................................................................................................................................................284The government is the root cause of problems.........................................................................................................285Decentralization solves democracy and poverty.......................................................................................................285The government is the root cause of environmental destruction, wars, and economic upheavals............................285The centralization of power inevitably leads to global destruction.......................................................................... ..286Individual engagement in democracy is key to preventing a collapse.......................................................................286Decentralized government is key to develo

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