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Getting it Right from the Start’s Mission
To collaboratively develop and test models of optimal marijuana policy with the goal of reducing harms, youth and problem use. Models are based on the best scientific evidence and protection of
public health, social equity and safety.
Why focus on local?
• California’s Prop 64 legalizing recreational marijuana passed 11/16 and became effective 1/1/18
• A statewide ballot initiative with scant attention to public health concerns
• But it left broad leeway for local control• Window of opportunity to get it right (or
at least better)
The project is working in California through:
QualitativeResearch
Model Laws
LegalAnalysis
Building engagement
for action TechnicalAssistance
Marijuana - Not
But Also Not
Cannabis
• Approximately 4.0 million Americans met criteria for cannabis use disorders in 2015.
• 1.2 million of first time users in 2016 werebetween the ages of 12 and 17
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Psychoactive
Ingredient in Marijuana
Source: Slide - S. Weiss, NIDA and 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, SAMHSA
SOURCE: University of Mississippi; University of Michigan, 2014 Monitoring the Future Study Slides: S.Weiss NIDA
Changing Landscape of Increasing Potency and New Routes of
Administration
a
0.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
80.0
100.0
Smoking In Food In Drink Other
Non-MMJ StatesMMJ States
0
10
5
15
20
95 00 05 10
∆-9 THC
12th grade Past Year Users
Marijuana has
significantnegative health impact,
especially when heavy users start
young
Why Worry? • Small number of proven beneficial uses
• Substantial evidence of harm:• Low birth weight• Increased schizophrenia and
psychoses• Increased motor vehicle crashes• Respiratory illness• Early onset of use and frequency
associated with problem use
• Growing evidence:• Cognitive, academic and social
effects, overdose injuries, heart disease and others
Source: National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, 2017e
Rising Marijuana Use in Colorado Post Legalization
Youth Ages 12 to 17 Years Old
College Age 1 8 to 25 Years Old
Adults Age ≥ 26 Years Old
Rocky Mountain HIDTA Report www.rmhidta.org Supplement: The Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado: The Impact, Volume 4 (March 2017); S. Weiss NIDA; SAMHSA.gov, National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2014 and 2015
Use and Heavy Use Rising: 42% of Current Users are Daily or
Almost Daily UsersNumber of Days Used Marijuana
in the Past Month
1 to 2 Days24%
3 to 5 Days18%
6 to 19 Days25%
20 or More Days 33%
2002 201522.2 Million Past Month Users of Cannabis in 201514.6 Million Past Month Users of Cannabis in 2002
1 to 2 Days22%
3 to 5 Days16%
6 to 19 Days20%
20 or More Days 42%
Source: SAMHSA, 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (September 2016).
Trends in Washington State Post-Legalization
• Falling Prices – median price per gram fell from $25 to $10 between 2014 and 2016
• % Market share of high potency flower with more than 20% THC increased by 48.4% since 2014, now 56.5% of retail expenditures on flower
Rapidly Declining Tax-Inclusive Price for Cannabis Flower Post Legalization Washington 2014-2016
Cannabis and Brain Development:The Most Vulnerable Periods are
during Pregnancy and Adolescence
Prenatal Adolescent
Source: Slide – S. Weiss NIDA
Declining Perception of Risk During Pregnancy
Source: Roberson et al. Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2014
Marijuana Use in California Pregnant Women Rises
Slide – S. Weiss NIDA
• From 2009 to 2016, marijuana use among Northern CA Kaiser insured pregnant women increased from 4% to 7%
• 22% of pregnant females younger than 18 years and 19% of pregnant females aged 18 to 24 years screened positive for marijuana use in 2016
Source: Young-Wolff et al, JAMA 2017
The Brain Continues to Mature into Early Adulthood
Slide – S. Weiss NIDA
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
High School Completion
Degee Attainment
Depression Welfare Dependence
Adju
sted
Odd
s Ra
tios
0
5
10
15
20
Cannabis Dependence
Other IllicitDrug Use
Suicide Attempt
Less than Monthly
Monthly or MoreWeekly or More
Daily
Frequency of Cannabis Use Before Age 17 and Adverse Outcomes at
30 years (n=2500-3700)Consistent and dose-response associations were found between frequency
of adolescent cannabis use and adverse outcomes
Source: Silins E et al., The Lancet September 2014
Use of High Potency Products Increases Risk of Psychosis
Source: Slide – S. Weiss NIDA
The biggest determinants of health impact of legalization on your
community will be:
How many people the industry gets to use cannabis, how intensely, and at
what age?
How many people still go to jail for cannabis?
Legalization – the Regulatory Spectrum
Free rein to the power and might
of American Entrepeneurship and innovation
Grudging toleration
Economic 0pportunity with some constraints
Start modestly and cautiously
Our Approach
Commercial free-for-all
Our Approach: Cautious LegalizationReduce illegal market and drug related
incarceration
.
What we are focusing on
• Model local ordinance on cannabis retailing and marketing
• See website www.gettingitrightfromthestart.org
• Model local ordinance for taxation
Promote economic justice but recognize that this particular economic opportunity comes at a cost that may include negative
social impacts in youth, like not graduating or lower IQ.
Keep marijuana from becoming too inexpensive and increasing youth
access
Correct false perceptions of harmlessness and fight “social
normalization”\
Learn from tobacco and alcohol experience, including need for high
taxation
Prevent market practices that will increase consumption and attract
youth
Fully use local authority, innovate & learn
Retail Pricing
• Price will be a major determinant of youth use in spite of < 21 prohibition
• Vast evidence from tobacco, alcohol and youth
“Washington is allowing the potency and price of legal cannabis to be shaped by the market; remember, this is a choice. Potential policy levers for controlling potency include potency-driven taxes, price floors linked to potency, or THC limits. Although these may be challenging to enforce and no evidence yet exists on what threshold constitutes a ‘safe’ potency, risk-averse jurisdictions considering or implementing non-medical legalization may nonetheless want to discourage consumption of high-potency products until more is learned about their health effects.”
Source: Smart et al, Addiction, 2017
Taxation
• Taxation is allowed locally in CA, and will affect price and reduce youth use
• Globally recognized as one of the most effective tobacco control policies
• Raises money
Tough tax questions• Who should we tax?• How much should we tax?• How should we tax? • Are there products we should tax less or more?• How do we balance promoting the shift to the
legal market with not making cannabis so cheap it increases use and harm?
• How should we use the proceeds? – Let’s get started
Note: The legal information provided in this model ordinance does not constitute legal advice or legal representation. For legal advice, readers should consult an attorney in their state
What should tax funding go to?
Since it comes on the heels of decades of unequal enforcement and large scale social consequences of the War on Drugs, tax funds should:
Be strategically dedicated to undoing the complex web of social and health factors that perpetuate substance abuse, exacerbate its consequences in people’s lives, or diminish freedom, safety, health, well-being, ability to find jobs or to live a dignified life.
A Dedicated Tax
Part 1: Create healthier communities that prevent substance abuse
Assuring sustained funding to community-based prevention including:• Prevent cannabis consumption by youth, during pregnancy or in
excessive or harmful ways; • Prevent other forms of substance abuse or addiction; • Prevent other leading causes of illness, injury and premature
death in the community• Promote wellness and reduce inequity in health conditions• Flexibility to define priorities over time(Proposed 70%)
• 4,100 hospitalized for overdoses in 2016
• Nearly 2,000 deaths
• Demands on medical, jail and foster care systems
• Rural CA counties hardest hit
• 3,650 exposed newborns in 2015
Address California’s Opioid Epidemic
• Nurse Family Partnership or home visiting with high risk mothers
• Prevents adverse childhood experiences, like unemployment or addiction that lead to poor health and social outcomes
Start early!
• For every $1 spent to create healthier communities a return on investment of $6.90 could be realized over 11 years, based on a major CDC effort *
• California healthcare expenditures for the top 6 conditions cost $98 billion in 2010.
Investing in Prevention is the Best Deal in Town
Source: Haddix, personal communication 2017
Part 2: Prevent Drug-Related Incarceration and Mitigate Negative Social Impact
Examples:• Support to diversion programs to reduce new drug-related
incarceration • Assist in expungement or reclassification of past marijuana
convictions • Re-entry programs after release from prison to avoid recidivism• Job training programs• Community-based and educational programs especially those
which can help minimize substance-abuse related incarceration; (Proposed 30%)
• Advise governing body
• Recommend priorities for funding
• Make annual recommendations on the spending of tax
• Recommend efforts to evaluate
• Review the fund’s annual report and related records
• Can serve for either special or general tax
Special Tax Community Advisory Board
Community-based organization, including CBO serving low-income people
Residents of communities disproportionately affected by drug-related incarceration
Community clinics School nurse or school-based mental health professional Public health professional Expert in addiction/substance use prevention & treatment Community Physician County health officer or designee. No cannabis industry reps
Suggested Composition of Board
Products: Is this what we want sold in our communities?
Why higher taxes on problem products? Two potential paths for problem products:• Prohibit Sale (see model ordinance)• Levy higher taxes as disincentive
Goal: Discourage sale of products• Particularly attractive to youth• More likely to cause harm
Rapid rise in higher potency cannabis flower post legalization in Washington 2014-2016
High Potency Products• Marijuana potency has vastly increased over
past 30 years
• What we thought we were legalizing is no longer what is sold
• Products now up to >90% THC (shatter for dabbing)
• More psychotic and other unexpected reactions
• Higher taxation recommended by numerous experts
Model local retailing ordinance recommends not allowing sale of:• Flower > 20% THC• Cannabis concentrates > 50%THC
If sale is allowed, use higher taxation (by 1% per 1% over 17% THC) on:• Flower > 17%• Cannabis products > 50% THC• Exclude edibles at 10mg or less per dose• Would make skunk, shatter, wax, butter more expensive
Recommendations on Taxing High Potency
Sweetened Cannapops and Other Drinks
• Zero need for cannabis soda or iced tea
• Mimics “alcopops” (sweetened, fruit-flavored alcoholic beverages) known to attract youth
• Youth consume 47% of alcopops in CA
• Nationwide, minors are twice as likely to consume “alcopops” as are adults
• “Reglamorizes” unhealthy sugar sweetened beverages known to promote obesity, diabetes and tooth decay, now with added pot
Sources: Rosen et al, 2007; Siegel et al 2012
Model local retailing ordinance recommends not allowing sale of Cannabis beverages
If sale allowed, recommend additional; 20% tax on liquid cannabis product containing natural or artificial sweeteners sold in units intended for consumption exceeding one
Recommendations on Taxing Sweetened Beverages
• Create a healthier and more just community
• Promote a safer cannabis market
• Save public dollars going to preventable healthcare, avoidable incarceration, foster care and other social needs
Thoughtful cannabis taxation can help you: