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Reproductive
System
Picture from http://declubz.com/blog/2008/09/12/pregnant-woman-sculpture/
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]
Supplemental instruction
Cell divisionCell division-Mitosis-Mitosis from zygote, for growth and repair Mother cells (2n;Diploid) Daughter cells (2n; Diploid)-MeosisMeosis production of gametes
Mother cells (2n;Diploid)
Daughter cells (n; Haploid) *gametes=sex cells (sperm, egg)
FertilizationFertilization
-Sperm(n) fertilizes ovum(n)
Zygote(2n)
Human life cycleHuman life cycle
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Mitosis Meiosis
2n(46)Diploid
2n(46)Diploid
2n(46)Diploid
N(23)Haploid
Cell duplicate(Growth) Generation(Sexual reproduction)
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GonadsGonads-Produce gametes(sex cell)-produce hormones that regulate reproduction-In male- Gonad =testes; sex cell=sprem-In femal Gonad = ovaries; sex cell=egg or ova
ZygotesZygotes-offspring’s first cell by fusion of gamets.
Accessory reproductive organsAccessory reproductive organs-Conduct gametes -Glands
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Gametes(n):Sperm or ova 23(haploid/diploid)
-are formed in gonads by ______.meiosis
Zygotes(2n):Union of two gametes
-is formed by __________.-46(haploid/diploid)
fertilization
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Chromosomal gender of zygote determined by the
Fertilizing (ova/sperm).
Gender(it’s a girl? boy?)Gender(it’s a girl? boy?)
23 pairs of chromosomes-_______ of autosomal chrmosomes.-_______ of sex chrmosomes.
:Female: ___ Male ___
22 pairs 1 pairs
XX XY
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Gender(it’s a girl? boy?)Gender(it’s a girl? boy?)
_____ initiates a sequence of events
that leads to the formation of testes
and male external genitalia.
TDF
TDF
1st 40 days after conception, gonads of males
and females are similar.
No TDF
*TDF:____________________
-the product of the SRY gene on the
_____________ .
Testis-determining factor
In the absence of TDF, ______ will deveop.ovaries
Y chromosome
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____ causes conversion to testes.TDF
TDF No TDF
Testes secretes _________ & ____.Male external sex organs develop.If absence, (female/male) structures develop.
Testerone MIF
Male accessory sex organs – derived from ____________.(epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, & ejaculatory duct)
Female accessory sex organs-derived from ____________.(uterus & fallopian tubes)
wolffian ducts
müllerian ducts
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Accessory organsAccessory organs-Transport sperms. ;epididymis, vas deferens, & urethra-Secrete substances. :activate, nourish, and protect the sperm. :prostate, seminal vesicles, & bulbourethral glands
TestesTestes-produce sperm and testosterone (male hormone)-SSeminiferous tubuleeminiferous tubule :Immature sperm are formed
prostate
testes
Epididymus
vas deferens
bulbourethrbulbourethral glandsal glands
urethra
Seminal vesicles
scrotum
Male reproductive systemMale reproductive system
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______________-Major androgen (male sex H.)-Secreated by Leydig cells.-Give rise to male accessory organs.-Produced a lot during 1st trimester.-Declined during 2nd trimester-Inactivated until purberty
Testerones
_____________________-Secreated by Sertoli cells.-Causes Müllerian ducts to regress.
Müllerian inhibiting factor (MIF)
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Hypothalamus -secretes ______ control release of _________from anterior pituitary. (Gonadotropin)
GnRHLH & FSH
Anterior Piturary-secretes _________
stimulate production of
________________________ in gonads.
LH & FSH
Gonads-secretes _________________.-sex steroids: negative feedback on _______________________ .
-Inhibin: negative feedback on _____ secretion.-Testerone in male: inhibits ___________ secretion but not _____.
sperm, eggs and sex steroids
sex steroids & inhibin
hypothalamus and anterior P.
FSH
LH & GnRHFSH
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FSHFSH -A pituitary hormone -causes the Sertoli cells to produce sperm *Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules
LHLH - A pituitary hormone - causes Leydig cell to produce testosterone *Leydig cell in testes
Hormonal regulation of the Hormonal regulation of the male reproductive systemmale reproductive system
TestosteroneTestosterone - A steroid hormone produced in the testes - At puberty :maturation and enlargement of the male sex organs. :Increases sperm production and sex drive :Development of male secondary sex characteristics (Lowering of voice, facial hair, enlargement of bones and muscles, and (probably) aggressive behavior)
seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cells Sertoli cells
Leydig cell Leydig cell
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EpididymisEpididymisA coiled tube in scrotum where sperm mature.
Vas (ductus) deferensVas (ductus) deferens
-Tubes that pass sperm during sexual excitement-from the epididymis, through the prostate gland, to the urethra-Vasectomy
UrethraUrethra-Sperm enter the urethra at the prostate gland
SemenSemen-A mixture of sperm and fluids -Seminal fluids from glands :activate, nourish, and protect the sperm
vas deferens
urethra
Epididymus
VasectomyDesigned by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com
Prostate glandProstate gland-single glands-surrounds the urethra near the bladder-add sperm-activating chemicals to semen.
Seminal vesiclesSeminal vesicles-A pair of glands -add nutrients to the semen to semen
Bulbourethral glandsBulbourethral glands-A tiny pair of glands -add a buffer to the semen
prostate
bulbourethrbulbourethral glandsal glands
seminal vesicles
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LH and FSH-secreted by _________. -stimulates productions in gonad __________________________-high for ___________________, falls to very low levels until puberty
Anterior P.
sperm or eggs and sex steroids1st 6 months of life
GnRH-secreted by ____________. -control release of _________.-increases GnRH secretion at _______.
so, increase _________ as well.
HypothalamusLH & FSH
puberty
LH & FSH
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____________(46):stem cells of sperms
:replicate selves by ______.
:Give rise to sperm(23) by ______.
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
Spermatogonia
mitosis
meiosis
:Occurs in _______________________ .wall of Seminiferous tubule
A A: _________:A cap of digestive enzymes
Acrosome
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Hormones control spermatogenesisHormones control spermatogenesis: Testosterone & FSH
Testosterone
Testosterone
FSH
___________ requires for completion of meiosis and spermatid maturation. essential for spermatogenesis.
Testosterone
_____ enhances testosterone-stimulated spermatogenesis. NOT essential for spermatogenesis.
FSH
Spermatogenesis begins (in embryo/ at 3month baby/at puberty)But not complete.secretion increases (in embryo/ at 3month baby/at puberty)___________ increase at puberty.Testosterone
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A
B
A: B:C: D:E: F:G: H: I:
I Ampulla Fimbriae
Corpus luteum
Follicle
C
Ovary
D E
F
H
Primary oocyte Secondary oocyte
G
Secondary oocyte
____________
:The formation, development, and maturation of an
ovum
Oogenesis
____________:Discharge of an ovum(egg) from the ovary:releases egg into ___________:induced by ___.
Ovulation
fallopian tube
Fallopian tube
LH
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OvariesOvaries-A pair of female gonads-Produce ova (eggs) & hormones-FolliclesFollicles house eggs; one egg per follicle Every 28 days, matures into “Graffian follicle”) Ovulation: ejects its egg -Corpus luteumCorpus luteum :empty follicle after ovulation :produces the steroid hormones estrogen & progesterone
Follicle Oocyte(egg)
Corpus luteum
OvulationOvulation
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-Conduct the egg; receive the sperm, ;house the developing baby
Fallopian (uterine) tubesFallopian (uterine) tubes-transport the egg to the uterus;
-site where the egg is fertilized
-Do not directly connected to ovary--FimbriaeFimbriae
:Waving projections
:sweep the ovulated egg to the inside of the fallopian tube-CiliaCilia
:hair-like projections
:propel the egg to the uterus in 3–4 days
Accessory organsAccessory organs
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UterusUterus-Receives the fertilized egg -Development into a babyEndometrium Endometrium -inner lining-site of egg implantation-Menstrual flow :lining sloughs off every 28 days if not pregnancyMyometriumMyometrium-smooth muscle layer FundusFundus-rounded superior portion of the uterusCervixCervix = The narrow inferior portion of the uterus (protrudes into the vagina)
Fundus
*Myometrium ~ contracted by oxytocin during labor.Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com
OogenesisOogenesis
Primary oocyte(46) -occur in ____________.-Begins the end of gestation-(Decrease/increase) in number through a woman’s life. Newborn – 2 milion oocyte Puberty – 400,000 reproductive years – 400-Ceases at __________.
Secondary oocyte(23)-After 1st meiosis; polar body
-Ovulation
-If fertilized,____________.
if Not,______________.
primary follicle
menopause
meiosis II completed
degenerated
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Acrosome _________ allows the sperm to penetrate the corona and zona pellucida.
Acrosome
After __________, the secondary oocyte completes meiotic division and produce _________.Then, _______ occurs.
fertilization
mitosis2nd polar body
Fertilization occurs in ______________.the fallopian tube
(commonly ampulla
tube)
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The female reproductive cycleThe female reproductive cycle-The monthly changes-28 days in length-1) ovarian cycleovarian cycle -monthly changes in the ovaries -by FSH and LH 2) uterine cycleuterine cycle -monthly changes in the uterus
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Ovarian cycleOvarian cycle-Monthly changes in the ovaries -by FSH and LH-At day 1-13At day 1-13 Increasing FSH : One follicle Graffian(maturing) follicle -At day 14At day 14 FSH/LH “spike” : ovulation -release of an egg from the ovary-At day 14-28At day 14-28 luteal phase Graffian follicle corpus luteum (estrogen and progesterone) corpus luteum is sustained by LH If NO pregnancy = falling LH levels the corpus degenerated drop the level of progesterone and estrogen If pregnancy = the corpus persist continue to release progesterone and estrogen
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The uterine cycle The uterine cycle - monthly changes in the uterus - thickening of the endometrium to provide a nutrient-rich location for the fertilized egg to implant-Day 1 – 5 (Day 1 – 5 (MensusMensus)) The previous thickened lining sloughs off discharged as the menstrual flow-Day 6 – 14 (Day 6 – 14 (Proliferative phaseProliferative phase)) New thickening of endometrial lining due to estrogen from the Graffian follicle
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After ovulation (empty follicle)- _______ phase starts.
-Empty follicle becomes corpus luteum by
___ from anterior P.
-____________________ secreted by
corpus luteum.
suppress _____ by negative feedback.
(increase/decrease) FSH & LH
Corpus luteum regress.
(increase/decrease) progesterone &
estradiol
____________ occurs.
LHprogesterone & estradiol
GnRH
Menstruation
Luteal
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Ovulation Ovulation Luteal phase Luteal phase
-Discharge of egg -Formation of corpus luteum
-Developing follicles secrete only only estradiolestradiol.
Increase FSH
Growth of follicelsMore estradiol secreted
LH surge by positive feedbackOvulation occur!
Menstruation not occur!
-Corpus luteum secrete both both estradiol and progesterone.estradiol and progesterone.
Decrease FSH and LH by negative feedback.Retard development of new follicles
Ovulation does not occur!
Corpus luteum regressDecrease estradial &
progrsteroneMenstruation!
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Birth control pillsBirth control pills
: containing a combination of the hormones
____________________ . Decrease _____ by negative feedback. Decrease _________mimic pregnancy and halts ovulation. Ovulation does not occur; Causing “False luteal phase”
estrogen & progesterone
If the woman stops the pills, estrogen & progesterone
levels (fall/rise).
Menstruation occurs.
GnRH
LH & FSH
* Estradiol is the major of estrogen hormone
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A secondary oocyte that has been
ovulated but not fertilized (does/does
not) complete its second meiotic
division.Disintegrates 12 to 24 hrs after
ovulation.
Fertilization (can/cannot) occur if intercourse takes place later than 1day following ovulation.
Sperm can survive up to (1day/3day/a week) in the female reproductive tract.
When can occur fertilization?If intercourse takes place within a 3-day period prior to the day of ovulation.
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A
B
CD
E
A: B:
C: D:
E: F:
Secondary oocyte Fertilization
Zygote(46) Modula
Blastocyst
F
Implantation
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A B
C
A: B:
C: Blastocyst cavity Trophoblast
Endometrium
The blastocyst implants itself into in the uterine lining, ___________.endometrium
___________ will develop
into Placenta
trophoblast
____________ - will form the babyInner cell mass
•Trophoblasts develops chorion and chorion develops placenta.
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Embryonic development Embryonic development -divides repeatedly while traveling to the uterus.-BlastocystBlastocyst (an early stage of the embryo) a hollow ball of cells with a smaller clump of cells inside =Trophoblasts(outer) + Inner cell mas Trophoblasts - form the placenta Inner cell mass - form the baby Week four: Heart beating
Week eight: Foundations of all organ systems present
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ImplantationImplantation
- Blastocyst implants in the ____________
- Blastocyst releases _____ to sustain corpus luteum.endometrium
hCG
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hCG(Human Chorionic gonadotropin)
-released by blastocyst
-an LH-like hormone-sustains the corpus luteum. Estrogen and progesterone sustain pregnancy preventing menstruation.-Nausea?(No one knows)
*corpus luteumBefore pregnancy- sustained by LH After pregnancy- sustained by hCG Estrogen and progesterone
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________- skin and nervous system
pituitary gland
________- connective tissue and muscle
endocrine, cardiovascular, skeletal
systems.
________- digestive, respiratory, urinary,
reproductive systems
After implantation, cells of blastocyst start to differentiate into three germ layers: _________________________.
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
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________
- trasnport of nutrients, red blood cell formation.
- Role reduced> 6 weeks
________
- encloses amniotic cavity.
- contain amniotic fluid ~ cushions for developing
embryo/fetus.
________
- forms urinary bladder; umbilical cord.
________
-blood vessels help nourish embryo.
-develops into placenta.
Extraembryonic membranesExtraembryonic membranes
Yolk sac
Amnion
Allantois
Chorion
* Trophoblasts develops chorion and chorion develops placenta.
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Diagram showing the timing of human monozygotic twinning with relation to extraembryonic
membranes. (A) Splitting occurs before the formation of the trophoblast, so each twin has its own
chorion and amnion. (B) Splitting occurs after trophoblast formation but before amnion formation,
resulting in twins having individual amnionic sacs but sharing one chorion. (C) Splitting after amnion
formation leads to twins in one amnionic sac and a single chorion.
TwinsTwins
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PlacentaPlacenta -Nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between embryo and mother -develops from the trophoblast cells and maternal cells by week three-makes its own progesterone and estrogen to maintain endometrium. corpus luteum no needed-Umbilical cordUmbilical cord A tube connecting the embryo to the placenta for exchange of materials-AmnionAmnion A fluid-filled sac that surrounds embryo
Baby side Mother side
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•Fetus’ blood vessels are
disconnected from mom’s blood
vessel.•However, antibodies can pass
through the placenta.
Rh incompatibility Rh incompatibility RhoGam
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FetusFetus-from the ninth week to term -ready for birth stage at around nine months (37 weeks)-Fetal growth and development continue until term-Poor nutrition, use of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs negatively affect growth and development-Typical birth weight = 6 – 10 pounds
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Labor Labor -The events that result in expelling the infant from the uterus
- ________
hypothalamus
Myometrium contracts in rhythmic waves
Due to oxytocin (positive feedback)
expel the infant over several hours
- ___________
produced by almost every tissue in the body
maintenance of pregnancy
initiation of labor
oxytocin
prostaglandins
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Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com
Mammary glands (breasts)Mammary glands (breasts)-Alveolar glands
:Produce milk-Adipose tissue
-Lactiferous and alveolar ducts
Passageways for milkflow to nipple
-Areola
The pigmented circle surrounding the nipple
-Pituitary hormones regulate lactation
_________ –cause alveolar glands to make milk
_________ -causes ejection of milk
Prolactin
Oxytocin
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Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com
_____________
-number is the normalnormal number of chromosomes within a cell
- 46 chromosomes
EuploidyEuploidy
___________
-number is the anormalanormal number of chromosomes within a
cell. (less or more)
-occurs during cell division
_________ ~ extra chromosome
_________ ~ lack of one chromosome of the normal
complement.
AneuploidyAneuploidy
Triploidy
Monosomy
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_________-an extra set of chromosomes-trisomy- ~ three copies
Down syndrome- trisomy 21 Edwards syndrome- trisomy 18 Patau syndrome- trisomy 13
TriploidyTriploidy
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_________-Lack of one of chromosomes-Turner syndrome (2n = 44,XO)
MonosomyMonosomy
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Aneuploidy r/t sex chromosomes- due to “mistakes” in meiosis
-Turner syndrome (2n = 44,XO) _________
-Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) _________
- XYY syndrome _________
MonosomyMonosomy
TriploidyTriploidyTriploidyTriploidy
Correction!!
XYY syndrome is Triploidy.Triploidy.
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____________ - an agent, which can cause a birth defect. - may - may cause Developmental problems - By chemicals and environmental factors - spontaneous or due to exposure to harmful substances - Risks working at a nuclear power plant, Chemical industry….. alcoholic, Smoking during pregnant
Teratogens
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Teratogen (Cont’d)
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-____________
a medical procedure for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal
abnormalities and fetal infections.
Amniocentesis
Chromosomal abnormalities
Extract a small amount
of____________ , which
contains fetal tissues. amniotic fluid
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