Geoscience Australia Survey Name: Gippsland Southern Flank ... · Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION The Gippsland Southern Flank

Geoscience Australia

Survey Name: Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic SurveyLocation: Gippsland Basin, Victoria, Offshore Australia

GA Reference: GA0352DUG Reference: gpsFnkPr_009

Marine Seismic Data PSTM and PSDM Processing Report

Date: 16 June 2016

16 June 2016

DUGRef: gpSFnkPr_009

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................5

2. SURVEY DATUM.................................................................................................................................................5

3. SURVEY LOCATION...........................................................................................................................................6

4. PROCESSING OBJECTIVES..............................................................................................................................7

5. KEY PERSONNEL................................................................................................................................................7

6. DATA ACQUISITION PARAMETERS...............................................................................................................8

7. PROCESSING INFORMATION.........................................................................................................................10

8. FINAL PROCESSING SEQUENCE....................................................................................................................11

9. PROCESSING......................................................................................................................................................12

9.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................12

9.2 Data Reformat and Navigation Merge..................................................................................................12

9.3 Spherical Divergence................................................................................................................................12

9.4 Low Cut Filter..............................................................................................................................................12

9.5 Seismic Interference and Swell Noise Attenuation..........................................................................12

9.6 Linear Noise Attenuation.........................................................................................................................13

9.7 Surface Related Multiple Elimination (SRME)....................................................................................14

9.8 Shallow Water Multiple Prediction (SWaMP).....................................................................................15

9.9 Pre-Migration Radon Demultiple...........................................................................................................16

9.10 DUG Broad Deghosting...........................................................................................................................18

9.11 Debubble......................................................................................................................................................18

9.12 Zero Phasing..............................................................................................................................................19

9.13 Pre-migration Noise Attenuation.........................................................................................................19

9.14 Inverse Q Filtering (Phase Only).........................................................................................................20

9.15 Remove Spherical Divergence.............................................................................................................20

9.16 Five Iterations of Tomographic Velocity Analysis.........................................................................20

9.17 Kirchhoff Pre-stack Depth Migration.................................................................................................22

9.18 Time Tomography...................................................................................................................................23

9.19 Post Migration Radon Demultiple.......................................................................................................23

9.20 Post Migration Residual Noise Attenuation....................................................................................24

9.21 Inverse Q Filtering (Amplitude Only)..................................................................................................26

9.22 NMO, Mute and Stack............................................................................................................................26

9.23 Angle Stack..............................................................................................................................................26

10.POST-STACK PROCESSING...........................................................................................................................28

10.1 Spectral Enhancement............................................................................................................................28

10.2 Time Varying Bandpass Filtering........................................................................................................29

10.3 Scaling........................................................................................................................................................29

10.4 Polarity and Phase..................................................................................................................................29

10.5 Shot Point to CDP Relationship...........................................................................................................29

10.6 Output to SEGY........................................................................................................................................29

11. CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................................................30

12. APPENDICES.......................................................................................................................................................31

gpSFnkPr_009 © DownUnder GeoSolutions Pty Ltd Page 3

12.1 Final Line List (2D Processing)...............................................................................................................31

12.2 Deliverables (2D Processing)................................................................................................................32

12.3 EBCDIC Header (example).....................................................................................................................6512.3.1 Gather.................................................................................................................................................6512.3.2 Stack...................................................................................................................................................6612.3.3 Velocity..............................................................................................................................................67

12.4 Gun Signature..........................................................................................................................................68

12.5 Zero Phasing Coefficients.....................................................................................................................69

13. REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................................78


Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

The Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D marine seismic survey is located in Gippsland Basin,Victoria, offshore Australia.

This 2D marine seismic survey was acquired by Gardline CGG JV between 1 April and 27 April2015. The survey covers approximately 908.175 kilometres.

DownUnder GeoSolutions received 37 sail lines. The datasets were processed from SEGD fieldtapes by DownUnder GeoSolutions in their Brisbane office from September 2015 to May 2016.

2. SURVEY DATUM


Geodetic datum: WGS 84

Projection: 002Universal Transverse Mercator

Zone: UTM ZONE 55 S (147 E)

Central meridian: 1470000.000E

Origin false easting: 500 000.000

Origin false northing: 10 000 000.000

Scale factor: 0.9996

Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey SURVEY LOCATION

3. SURVEY LOCATION


Figure 1: Location map of the Gippsland 2D Seismic Infill survey.

Figure 2: Map view of the Gippsland 2D Seismic Infill survey with test lines highlighted in blue.

Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey PROCESSING OBJECTIVES

4. PROCESSING OBJECTIVES

Geoscience Australia objectives as outlined for this project were to undertake the BroadbandPreSTM processing of the 908 km (full fold) Gippsland Southern Margin Infill 2D. To provide theoptimum processing flow based on the acquisition parameters and consideration of thefollowing; water depth, multiple attenuation (including interbed multiples). To achieve thesegoals, both SRME and shallow water demultiple were recommended. For broad banding the data,DUG Broad shot and receiver deghosting will be provided which will result in improved resolutionand stratigraphic analysis of the dataset.

Optional PreSDM processing was under taken to remove the effects of channelling and slumpfeatures in the shallow section to allow improved imaging of the deeper basin and basin marginfault systems.

5. KEY PERSONNEL

The main personnel involved with the project were:

Client Company Personnel:

Merrie-Ellen Gunning Senior Geophysicist

John Cant Geophysical Consultant

Bruce Hawkes Geophysical Consultant

DownUnder GeoSolutions:

Simon Stewart Geoscience Manager

Pei-Fei Chau Geophysicist


Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey DATA ACQUISITION PARAMETERS

6. DATA ACQUISITION PARAMETERS

Country of survey: Offshore Australia

Area of survey: Gippsland Basin

Survey vessel: M.V. Duke

Data type: 2D Marine

Volume: 908.175 line kilometres

Acquisition record length: 5.5 seconds

Acquisition sample interval: 2 ms

Acquisition filter applied: Low cut: 3HzLow cut slope: 12 dB/ octHigh cut: 412 HzHigh cut slope: 276 dB/ oct

Number of sources: 1

Source depth: 6 +/- 1 m

Shot interval: 18.75 m

Streamer length: 5100 m

No. of streamers: 1

Streamer depth: 8 +/- 1 m

Channel interval: 12.5 m

No. channels: 408

Nominal inline near offset: 20 m

Recording system: Sercel SEAL 408

Tape format: SEG-D 3592


Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey DATA ACQUISITION PARAMETERS


Figure 3: Towing configuration diagram.

Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey PROCESSING INFORMATION

7. PROCESSING INFORMATION

The dataset was processed with CDP spacing 6.25 metres throughout the processing sequence.


Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey FINAL PROCESSING SEQUENCE

8. FINAL PROCESSING SEQUENCE

Data reformat and navigation merge

Spherical divergence

Low cut filter

Seismic interference and swell noise attenuation

Linear noise attenuation

Surface Related Multiple Elimination (SRME)

Shallow Water Multiple Prediction (SWaMP)

Pre-migration Radon demultiple

DUG Broad deghosting

Debubble

Zero phasing

Pre-migration noise attenuation

Inverse Q filtering (phase only)

Remove spherical divergence

Five iterations of tomographic velocity analysis

Kirchhoff pre-stack depth migration

Time tomography

Post migration Radon demultiple

Post migration residual noise attenuation

Inverse Q filtering (amplitude only)

NMO, mute and stack

Angle stack

Spectral enhancement

Time varying bandpass filter

Scaling

Polarity and phase

Shot point to CDP relationship

Output to SEGY


Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey PROCESSING

9. PROCESSING

9.1 IntroductionThe dataset was processed from SEGD field tapes by DownUnder GeoSolutions in their Brisbaneoffice from September 2015 to May 2016.

9.2 Data Reformat and Navigation MergeData were read from SEGD tapes, reformatted and the geometry information was used to updatethe seismic trace headers No trace edits were applied prior to dataloading .

Details of the data loading are outlined in the Data load report.

9.3 Spherical DivergenceSpherical divergence correction of T^2 was applied.

9.4 Low Cut FilterA low cut filter was applied to remove some low-frequency noise in the data.

9.5 Seismic Interference and Swell Noise AttenuationSwell noise is generally caused by rough sea conditions, particularly when the streamers aretowed at a shallow depth. Swell noise is removed in the time–frequency domain. The medianspectral amplitude within frequency sub-bands is calculated within temporal and spatial windows.If a sample value exceeds a user-defined threshold (measured relative to the median value) thesample is interpolated from the adjacent data in the sub-band.

Swell noise attenuation was tested in various domains in an effort to determine if the noise wasmore randomly distributed in these domains. Swell noise removal in the CDP domain provedvery efficient. An added advantage of applying the swell noise attenuation here, was that theevents were flat after application of normal moveout correction, which improved the result ofinterpolating the noisy sub-bands.

Swell noise attenuation via time-frequency denoise was applied in shot and common channeldomain.

Details of the swell noise attenuation are outlined in the Initial flow QC report.


Parameter values:

Low cut filter: 2 – 3 Hz


TFDN 1 TFDN 2

Domain: Channel Shot Shot

Frequency range: 0 – 16 Hz 0 – 16 Hz 0 – 250 Hz

Number of adjacenttraces:

15 11 5

Window length: 500 ms 500 ms 500 ms

Threshold: 5 4 4

Application starttime:

0 ms; taper = 250ms

0 ms; taper = 250ms

0 ms; taper = 250ms

Trace order: Sequential Sequential Sequential

9.6 Linear Noise AttenuationLow frequency array forming (LFAF) firstly transforms data to the frequency domain via FourierTransforms. Subsequently a range of spatial filters are applied before the data are back-transformed into the time domain.

DUG LNR removes linear energy from records. It uses a windowed, time-domain, high-resolutiontau-p transform to model the energy, which is then subtracted from the records.

Some remnant noise removal after linear noise attenuation was further achieved by applying onepass of DUG TFDN in the shot domain.

Details of the linear noise attenuation are outlined in the LNR, SRME and SWaMP test report.



9.7 Surface Related Multiple Elimination (SRME)Surface related multiple elimination is based on the premise that the seismic dataset itselfcontains all the information required to predict surface multiples. The multiple model iscomputed via an auto-convolution method of the input data. The resulting multiple model is thenadaptively subtracted from the input data.

Surface related multiple elimination requires an adaptive subtraction of the multiples from theinput data. In areas where the multiples are very strong and the primaries very weak, specialcare must be taken not to be too harsh with the subtraction process. Of course this means thatsome multiple may be left in the data as a trade-off.

Details of the surface related multiple elimination (SRME) are outlined in the LNR, SRME andSWaMP test report.


Parameter values:

Low Frequency Array Forming (LFAF)

NMO wraparound

Surface velocity: 1000 m/s

Filter frequency: 3 – 10 Hz

Receiver spacing: 10 m

DUG LNR

NMO and AGC wraparound

Low cut filter: 3 – 7 Hz

Start time: 150 ms; Ramp: 50 ms

Min/Max dip to model: -5000 m/s to 1000 m/s

Min/Max dip to remove: 1000 m/s to 3500 m/s

Time-Frequency Denoise (TFDN)

Domain: Shot

Start time: 500 ms

Frequency range: 0 – 250 Hz

Number of adjacent traces: 151

Window length: 200 ms

Threshold: 3


9.8 Shallow Water Multiple Prediction (SWaMP)Shallow Water Multiple Prediction (SWaMP) is a model-driven prediction method to modelmultiples generated between the seafloor and the free surface. This process is very successfulfor shallow water. Multiples thus modelled are removed by a least-squares subtraction method.

Details of the shallow water multiple prediction (SWaMP) are outlined in the LNR, SRME andSWaMP test report.


Parameter values:

SRME model building

Contribution grid sampling: 12.5 m

Half aperture at 0 m offset: 125 m


SRME adaptive subtraction

Domain: Channel

Temporal window: 500 ms

Spatial window: 51 traces

Filter length: 42 ms

Whitening factor: 0.1


9.9 Pre-Migration Radon DemultipleRadon demultiple involves transforming normal moveout corrected common midpoint or imagepoint gathers from X-T domain into the Tau-P domain. The seismic data is modelled with a seriesof parabolic or hyperbolic curves that are fit to the data using a least squares method. Primaryand multiple energy transform to different locations in Tau-P space, which can be exploited toremove unwanted events. The primary energy is normally removed and the multiple energytransformed back to X-T domain and subtracted from the input gathers.

Pre-migration Radon demultiple were applied to shot point interpolated datasets. Interpolationof extra shot points result in a finer trace spacing in the CMP domain. Multiples and dippingnoise with large moveout from near to far traces are usually aliased in the CMP domain due tothe sparse sampling. By interpolating shot positions one can de-alias this energy. This isimportant for any processes that are implemented in this domain, e.g. Radon demultiple andstacking.

Two passes of time-frequency denoise was applied in CDP domain to remove remnant swell noiseafter application of parabolic Radon.

Details of the pre-migration Radon demultiple are outlined in the following reports:

Radon demultiple test report

Parabolic Radon test report


Parameter values:

SRME model building

Contribution grid sampling: 12.5 m



SRME adaptive subtraction

Domain: Channel

Temporal window: 500 ms

Spatial window: 51 traces


Whitening factor: 0.1



Parameter values:

Parabolic Radon

Domain: CDP

Shot interpolation: 6.25 m


Minimum / maximum moveout at 5000 m offset: -4500 ms / 4500 ms

Start time: 700 ms; taper: 250 ms

P traces: 501

Mute values (ms of moveout at 5000 m offset):

o 0 ms : 700 ms

o 1000 ms : 500 ms

o 1500 ms : 400 ms

o 5500 ms : 100 ms

Time-frequency denoise (TFDN)

TFDN 1 TFDN 2

Domain: CDP CDP

Frequency range: 25 - 250 Hz 5 – 250 Hz

Number of adjacent traces: 151 101

Window length: 500 ms 300 ms

Threshold: 3 3

Application start time: 200 ms; taper = 250 ms 1600 ms; taper = 250ms

Trace order: Sequential Sequential

Linear Radon

Domain: CDP


Minimum / maximum velocity to model: -3000 / 3000 ms-1

Start time: 200 ms; taper: 150 ms

P traces: 801

Hand-picked polymute in Tau-P space


9.10 DUG Broad DeghostingA well known issue in marine acquisition relates to reflections from the sea surface. Acousticsignals travelling upwards in the water layer will be reflected, with opposite polarity, from thisinterface. These are termed ghost reflections.

Using a unique design window architecture based on transformations (patent pending) weminimise the variability in receiver depth, source depth, obliquity, sea state and SNR. An initialmodelled signature is optimised to match the observed signature within each design window. Itis critical that the exact location of the notches is known in order to calculate an inverseoperator to correct the variable phase and amplitude distortion present throughout the dataset.

DUG Broad deghosting is performed based on the nominal source and receiver depths. The inputdataset is in minimum phase, first receiver deghosting was performed followed by sourcedeghosting for the optimum results.

Details of the DUG Broad deghosting are outlined in the DUG Broad deghosting, debubble andzero phasing test report.

9.11 DebubbleDebubble was performed after DUG Broad deghosting was applied. Wavelet was extracted fromthe seafloor.

Details of the debubble are outlined in the DUG Broad deghosting, debubble and zero phasingtest report.


Parameter values:

Receiver deghosting

Optimise parameters with frequency dependence

Prior sea state: 0.75

Source deghosting

Optimise parameters with frequency dependence

Prior sea state: 0.55

Parameter values:

Operator length: 600 ms

Gap length: 80 ms

White noise percentage: 0.0001 %


9.12 Zero PhasingThe objective of source signature conversion is to convert a modelled far-field source signatureto a more suitable (fit for purpose) signature. This may include a minimum phase wavelet, whichis a pre-requisite for spiking deconvolution and DUG Broad deghosting or alternatively a zerophase signature that is more desirable for interpretation and controlled phase processing.

The far field signature can be measured or modelled. For this project, conversion to zero phasewas performed after DUG Broad deghosting was applied. A wavelet is extracted from theseafloor. A filter is then designed to convert the extracted wavelet to it's zero phase equivalentwithout changing the amplitude spectrum of the signature. This filter is then applied to theseismic data. Output polarity of the wavelet was SEG reverse or an increase in acousticimpedance is represented by a negative number and displayed as a trough.

Details of the zero phasing are outlined in the DUG Broad deghosting, debubble and zero phasingtest report.

9.13 Pre-migration Noise AttenuationResidual random noise, deep horizontal noise and aliased high amplitude noise were addressedbefore phase only inverse Q filtering.

Details of the pre-migration noise attenuation are outlined in the Pre-migration denoise testreport.


Parameter values:

Linear Radon

Domain: Shot


Minimum / maximum velocity: -1500 ms-1 / 1500 ms-1

Hand-picked polymute in Tau-P space

Dip filter

Number of traces in filter: 301


Adaptive subtraction

Application start time: 200 ms below ft_08 horizon

Time-frequency denoise (TFDN)

Domain: CDP

Start time: 1500 ms

Frequency: 0 – 250 Hz

Traces: 81


Threshold: 3


9.14 Inverse Q Filtering (Phase Only)As the seismic pulse travels through the earth, energy is converted into heat through inelasticmovement of rock particles resulting in attenuation of higher frequencies and phase distortiondue to velocity dispersion.

Inverse Q filtering involves the application of a continuously time varying filter to the seismicdata to remove the effects of inelastic attenuation and dispersion.

It employs a wave propagation reversal procedure that compensates for energy absorption andcorrects wavelet distortion due to velocity dispersion.

The algorithm is based on phase-shift migration theory where the kernel of the phase term ismodified to take account of dispersion.

Details of the inverse Q filtering (phase only) are outlined in the Pre-migration Q filter testreport.

9.15 Remove Spherical DivergenceSpherical divergence correction of T^2 was removed prior to Kirchhoff pre-stack depthmigration.

9.16 Five Iterations of Tomographic Velocity AnalysisIsotropic velocity updates were performed in a layer down approach. In total, three isotropictomographic updates to the velocity model were made. The anisotropic velocity model buildingprocess updates the isotropic tomography 3 model with anisotropic delta and epsilon modelsderived from the wells Bullseye-1, Devilfish-1, Kyarra-1A, Pike-1, and Tarra-1. One last iteration ofanisotropic velocity update was performed to the full trace length.

Velocity model building workflow

a. Perform isotropic migration using first pass velocity field (velocity field beforemigration) integrated with depth varying water function.

b. Pick residuals and perform isotropic reflection tomography. Residuals were picked onclient supplied and DUG picked horizons and in between horizons using DUG Insightautomated volume picker.

c. Perform isotropic model building PreSDM.

d. Three cycles of residual picking and isotropic model building migration were performedto produce acceptably flat gathers at short offset.

e. Build delta field from the third isotropic tomography updated velocities and well check-shot velocities.

f. Scale the third isotropic tomography updated velocities with the delta field.

g. Perform anisotropic model building (PreSDM) with scaled velocity field, delta field andepsilon scalar field. Imaged gathers displayed minimal move out.


Parameter values:

Constant Q: 136

Reference frequency: 250 Hz

Mode: Phase only


h. Perform full anisotropic PreSDM – true relative amplitude Kirchhoff Migration.

Velocity updates summary

Velocity Update 1 – Initial Tomography Model

o The smoothed second pass velocity picked on the preliminary PreSTMdatasets.

o TS dips were provided by Geoscience Australia and were used to derived asingle function water column velocity.

o The water velocity was spliced back in above the water bottom horizon.

o Details of the initial tomography model are outlined in the Initial velocity modelreport.

Velocity Update 2 – Isotropic Tomography Update 1

o Isotropic tomography 1 has been updated between the water bottom to aconstant of 1000 m.

o Residual move out (RMO) were picked on a 100 m grid.

o The RMO picks were used to update the velocity model.

o Details of the isotropic tomography update 1 are outlined in the Tomography 1QC report.


o Isotropic tomography 2 has been updated between 200 ms above C05 SlumpTop Event horizon and 1500 ms below C05 Slump Top Event horizon.

o RMO were picked on a 100 m grid.


o Details of the isotropic tomography update 2 are outlined in the Tomography 2QC report.


o A layer by layer tomography update approach was adopted to obtain a stabletomography model.



Velocity Update 5 – Delta Derivation, Scaled Tomography 3 and Epsilon Scans

o Delta function was derived by using the average delta values from theBullseye-1, Devilfish-1, Kyarra-1A, Pike-1, and Tarra-1 wells.

o The smoothed delta function was then extrapolated in a horizon consistentmanner away from the well.

o The delta field was then used to scale the isotropic tomography 3 model.

o Epsilon scan migration tests were performed and an epsilon of 1.6 x delta fieldwas chosen to better account for anisotropy in the far offsets.

o Details of the delta function and epsilon scans are outlined in the followingreports:

Delta function test report

Epsilon Scans test report

Velocity Update 6 – Anisotropic Tomography Update 4



o A layer by layer tomography update approach was adopted to obtain a stabletomography model.



o Details of the anisotropic tomography update 4 are outlined in theTomography 4B test report.

9.17 Kirchhoff Pre-stack Depth MigrationKirchhoff pre-stack depth migration requires the computation of travel times at every imagepoint in subspace. These travel times are calculated through the wavefront reconstructionmethod and the maximum energy travel times are utilised. Operator aliasing frequency limitsare calculated along the lines of Abma et al. (1999) and anti-aliasing is implemented as aperture-dependent low pass temporal filtering of the input data as proposed by Gray (1992). Theamplitude maps for true amplitude migration are calculated using a method based on Dellingeret al. (2000).

Aperture tests were performed before the final migration was run.

A gun and cable static correction was applied to the data to correct it to mean sea level duringmigration.

Details of the Kirchhoff pre-stack depth migration are outlined in the report Pre-stack depthmigration test report.


Parameter values:

Offset bins: 30-5122[38] m

Aperture: 5000 m

Depth step: 2 m

Input grid: 6.25 m

Output grid: 6.25 m

Iterations: 5

Migration parameters:

Migration approach: Kirchhoff

Velocity grid: 200 m

2D image gather grid for tomography: 100 m

2D image gather grid for velocity picking: 100 m

Aperture: 5000 m

Depth step at surface: 2 m

2D input data grid: 6.25 m

2D final data grid: 6.25 m

Number of isotropic tomography iterations included: 3

Number of anisotropic tomography iterations included: 1


9.18 Time TomographyThe time tomography process (based on the ideas presented in Koren and Ravve's 2006Gephysics paper “Constrained Dix Inversion”) updates a migrated velocity model using a set ofparabolic RMO picks, and does so in a geophysically constrained way, to produce a smoothoutput velocity field. It is the preferred method for updating the velocity field after migration, asopposed to manual repicking of velocity, because it gives a more stable interval velocity field.

Details of the time tomography are outlined in the Post migration processing test report.

9.19 Post Migration Radon DemultipleDetails of the post migration Radon demultiple are outlined in the Post migration processing testreport.


Parameter values:

Parabolic Radon pass 1

Domain: CDP


Application start time: 300 ms below ft_02 horizon

Modelling range at 5000 m offset: -1500 ms to 1500 ms

P traces: 201

Time varying moveout cut:

From 300 ms below ft_02 horizon: 300 ms

1500 ms: 150 ms

3000 ms: 120 ms

5000 ms: 100 ms

Parabolic Radon pass 2

Domain: CDP


Application start time: 350 ms, taper: 100 ms

Modelling range at 5000 m offset: -300 ms to 300 ms

P traces: 301

Parameter values:

Velocity grid: 200 m x 200 m

2D image gathers grid for tomography: 50 m x 50 m


9.20 Post Migration Residual Noise AttenuationReverberation below the main unconformity can be modelled using Cadzow filtering. For thisdataset the application has been performed in two passes. Pass 1 flattens on the FT_08 horizonprovided by Geoscience Australia and models reverberations that parallel this interface. Pass 2targets remnant linear noise energy on the far offsets which in common offset plane parallel theseabed. The generated models are first trimmed using a re-picked unconformity horizon beforeadaptive subtraction is used to match and remove from the common offset planes.

Details of the post migration residual noise attenuation are outlined in the Post migrationprocessing report 2 – Update (Revised Cadzow Application) report.




Parameter values:

Time-Frequency Denoise (TFDN)

Domain: CDP

NMO wraparound

Application start time: ft_08 horizon

Pass 1:

o Frequency range: 60 – 250 Hz

o Number of traces: 101

o Window length: 100 ms

o Threshold: 3

Pass 2:

o Frequency range: 0 – 60 Hz

o Number of traces: 51

o Window length: 100 ms

o Threshold: 3

Cadzow filtering

Cadzow filter pass 1:

Domain: Common offset

Application start time: 50 ms below ft_08_dugpick horizon with100 ms taper

Spatial half-window size: 301 traces

TWT half-window size: 500 ms

Filtering rank: 1


Cadzow filter pass 2:

Domain: Common offset

Applied beyond 25 degrees to minimise leakage at full data range

Application start time: 50 ms below ft_08_dugpick horizon with 100 ms taper

Spatial half-window size: 301 traces

TWT half-window size: 500 ms

Filtering rank: 1



9.21 Inverse Q Filtering (Amplitude Only)As the seismic pulse travels through the earth, energy is converted into heat through inelasticmovement of rock particles resulting in attenuation of higher frequencies and phase distortiondue to velocity dispersion.

Inverse Q filtering involves the application of a continuously time varying filter to the seismicdata to remove the effects of inelastic attenuation and dispersion.

It employs a wave propagation reversal procedure that compensates for energy absorption andcorrects wavelet distortion due to velocity dispersion.

The algorithm is based on phase-shift migration theory where the kernel of the phase term ismodified to take account of dispersion.

Details of the inverse Q filtering (amplitude only) are outlined in the Post migration processingreport 2 – Update (Revised Cadzow Application) report.

9.22 NMO, Mute and StackAn outer trace mute was applied to the data before stacking in order to suppress direct arrivals,refraction energy and NMO stretch. The mute was based on angle of incidence.

The data were stacked using 1/n¹ normalisation, where n is the time dependent fold of coverage.

Inner mute 5 degrees

Outer mute 40 degrees

9.23 Angle StackIncident angle as a function of time and input velocity (RMS) velocity is calculated for normalmoveout corrected CDP gathers. The angles are computed using a curved-ray ray tracingalgorithm. The input RMS velocity functions are smoothed before angle calculation. The T-Xdomain data is then muted along specified angles or converted to angle gathers. Angle stacksare created by stacking the angle muted T-X gathers or the angle gathers.

Details of the angle stack are outlined in the Angle mute test report.


Parameter values:

Mode: Amplitude only

Constant Q: 136


Gain stabilisation limit: 10 dB



Parameter values:

Near stack angle range: 5 – 15 degree

Mid stack angle range: 15 – 25 degree

Far stack angle range: 25 – 35 degree

Ultra-far stack angle range: 35 – 45 degree

Velocity for angle calculation: Anisotropic Tomography 4B velocity model

Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey POST-STACK PROCESSING

10. POST-STACK PROCESSING

10.1 Spectral EnhancementSpectral balancing was applied to post-stack data to recover residual ghost notches and boostlow-frequencies in the stacked sections.

Details of the spectral enhancement are outlined in the Post-stack processing test report.


Parameter values:

Frequency (Hz) : Weights (dB)

0 : 5

10 : 4

20 : 3

30 : 2

40 : 2

50 : 2

55 : 2

60 : 2

85 : 2

95 : 10

100 : 3

110 : 3

120 : 5

125 : 6

130 : 3

145 : 3

150 : 3

155 : 3

240 : 3

Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey POST-STACK PROCESSING

10.2 Time Varying Bandpass FilteringA time varying bandpass filter was designed to remove low-frequency noise in the data.

Filter type: Ormsby

Time Window(ms)

Low Stop (Hz) Low Pass (Hz) High Pass (Hz) High Stop (Hz)

0 12 14 170 220

350 10 12 170 220

1000 3 4 170 220

3000 2 3 70 90

5000 2 3 70 90

Details of the time varying bandpass filter are outlined in the Post-stack processing test report.

10.3 ScalingA residual gain correction of 1 dB/s improves the vertical amplitude balance of the data.

Details of the scaling are outlined in the Post-stack processing test report.

10.4 Polarity and PhaseData after DUG Broad deghosting was converted to zero phase and pre-stack Q compensationphase only was applied. No further phase processing was done to the data.

10.5 Shot Point to CDP RelationshipShot point (SP) to CDP relationship was derived by using the following equation:

First SP = CDP number 408, where every SP increment = 3 CDP increment

10.6 Output to SEGYData were transformed into SEGY format for delivery to the client.


Parameter values:

Polarity data : Increase in impedance is a negative number (trough)

Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey CONCLUSIONS

11. CONCLUSIONS

Geoscience Australia objectives as outlined for this project were to undertake the BroadbandPreSTM processing of the 908 km (full fold) Gippsland Southern Margin Infill 2D. To provide theoptimum processing flow based on the acquisition parameters and consideration of thefollowing; water depth, multiple attenuation (including interbed multiples). Optional PreSDMprocessing was under taken to remove the effects of channelling and slump features in theshallow section to allow improved imaging of the deeper basin and basin margin fault systems.

The processing flow designed for this dataset achieved the goals as outlined in the objectives.The combination of both SRME and SWaMP was effective at removing the majority of free-surface and water column period multiples. Radon demultiple was able to remove most of theremaining multiple energy. Below the main unconformity residual cross-cutting multiple energywas modelled using a cadzow filter and adaptively subtracted from the data.

For deghosting of the data, DUG Broad was used for both receiver and source deghosting usingthe actual gun and cable depths recorded in the trace headers. A residual correction was appliedpost-stack to remove a remnant receiver notch. DUG Broad deghosting improved the resolutionof the data in two ways; through broadening of the amplitude spectrum by removing the sourceand receiver notches and by reducing the interference where tuning through thin beds and pinchouts occur. Through a wavelet with less side lobe energy.

Detailed modelling through depth tomography, highlighted the velocity variability within thechannelling and slump features present in the shallow section. PreSDM using this velocity modelwas able to improve the imaging of the deeper basin and basin bounding fault systems over thePreSTM flow.


Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey APPENDICES

12. APPENDICES

12.1 Final Line List (2D Processing)


LIN E N AM E Fi rst S P Last S P CDP range Tota l l ength ( k m)

GA0352P1001 995 2200 1 – 4023 22.61

GA0352P1002 995 2210 1 – 4053 22.80

GA0352P1003 995 2210 1 – 4053 22.80

GA0352P1004 995 2210 1 – 4053 22.80

GA0352P1005 995 2210 1 – 4053 22.80

GA0352P1006 995 2240 1 – 4143 23.36

GA0352P1007 995 2260 1 – 4203 23.74

GA0352P1008 995 2300 1 – 4323 24.49

GA0352P1009 995 2330 1 – 4413 25.05

GA0352P1010 995 2360 1 – 4503 25.61

GA0352P1011 995 2390 1 – 4593 26.18

GA0352P1012 995 2420 1 – 4683 26.74

GA0352P1013 995 2090 1 – 3693 20.55

GA0352P1015 995 2080 1 – 3663 20.36

GA0352P1016 995 2070 1 – 3633 20.18

GA0352P1017 995 2050 1 – 3573 19.80

GA0352P1018 995 1750 1 – 2670 14.18

GA0352P1020 995 2050 1 – 3573 19.80

GA0352P1021 995 2060 1 – 3603 19.99

GA0352P1022 995 2040 1 – 3543 19.61

GA0352P1023 995 2040 1 – 3543 19.61

GA0352P1024 995 2070 1 – 3633 20.18

GA0352P1025 995 2350 1 – 4473 25.43

GA0352P1026 995 2120 1 – 3783 21.11

GA0352P1027 995 2120 1 – 3783 21.11

GA0352P1028 995 2090 1 – 3693 20.55

GA0352P1029 995 2090 1 – 3693 20.55

GA0352P1030 995 2070 1 – 3633 20.18

GA0352P1031 995 2040 1 – 3543 19.61

GA0352P1032 995 2040 1 – 3543 19.61

GA0352P1033 995 3160 1 – 6903 40.61

GA0352P1034 995 3790 1 – 8793 52.43

GA0352P1035 995 4740 1 – 11643 70.24

GA0352P1036 1295 3510 1 – 7053 41.55

GA0352P2014 1995 3090 1 – 3693 20.55

GA0352P2018 1461 2070 1 – 2235 11.44

GA0352P2019 1995 3060 1 – 3603 19.99

Tota l processed l ine k m 9 08. 18


12.2 Deliverables (2D Processing)

Datasets Type ofmedia

Type ofdata

Contents Date delivered

Pre-MigrationCDP Gathers

USB Disk(Windowsformat)

SEGY Media ID: GE0019UW, GE0020UW

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_PreMigration_CDP_Gathers_TWT.sgy





































15/06/16

Pre-MigrationStack



gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_PreMigration_Full_Stack_TWT.sgy












15/06/16




Type ofdata



























Final PreSDMCDP Gathers



gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_CDP_Gathers_TWT.sgy






























15/06/16




Type ofdata









Final PreSDMFull Stacks

(Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Full_Stack_TWT.sgy





































Depth:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Full_Stack_TVD.sgy








15/06/16




Type ofdata































Final PreSDM(Near) Angle

Stacks

(Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Near_Stack_TWT.sgy

























15/06/16




Type ofdata














Depth:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Near_Stack_TVD.sgy





































Final PreSDM(Mid) Angle

Stacks

(Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Mid_Stack_TWT.sgy



15/06/16




Type ofdata




































Depth:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Mid_Stack_TVD.sgy


























Type ofdata
















Final PreSDM(Far) Angle

Stacks

(Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Far_Stack_TWT.sgy





































Depth:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Far_Stack_TVD.sgy

15/06/16




Type ofdata






































Final PreSDM(Ultrafar)

Angle Stacks

(Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Ultrafar_Stack_TWT.sgy














15/06/16




Type ofdata

























Depth:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Ultrafar_Stack_TVD.sgy





































Type ofdata





Final ScaledPreSDM Full

Stacks (Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_Scaled_PreSDM_Full_Stack_TWT.sgy





























15/06/16




Type ofdata










Depth:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_Scaled_PreSDM_Full_Stack_TVD.sgy
























gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1027_Final_Scaled_PreSDM_Full_Stack_TVD.




Type ofdata


sgy













Final PreSDMVelocities


SEGY &

ASCII

Media ID: GE0019UW, GE0020UW

SEGY:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Interval_Velocities_TVD.sgy


















15/06/16




Type ofdata





















ASCII:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Interval_Velocities_TVD.velf













gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1015_Final_PreSDM_Interval_Velocities_TVD.




Type ofdata


velf
























Delta Field USB Disk(Windowsformat)


gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Delta_Field_TVD.sgy













15/06/16




Type ofdata


























Epsilon Field USB Disk(Windowsformat)


gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Epsilon_Field_TVD.sgy































15/06/16




Type ofdata








Final PreSDMStacking

Velocities


SEGY &ASCII


SEGY:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Stacking_RMS_Velocities_TWT.sgy



























gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1030_Final_PreSDM_Stacking_RMS_Velocitie

15/06/16




Type ofdata


s_TWT.sgy










ASCII:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSDM_Stacking_RMS_Velocities_TWT.velf






















gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1025_Final_PreSDM_Stacking_RMS_Velocitie




Type ofdata


s_TWT.velf















Final PreSTMCDP Gathers



gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_CDP_Gathers_TWT.sgy





























15/06/16




Type ofdata










Final PreSTMFull Stacks

(Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Full_Stack_TWT.sgy





































Depth:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Full_Stack_TVD.sgy







15/06/16




Type ofdata
































Final PreSTM(Near) Angle

Stacks

(Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Near_Stack_TWT.sgy
























15/06/16




Type ofdata















Depth:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Near_Stack_TVD.sgy





































Final PreSTM(Mid) Angle

Stacks

(Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Mid_Stack_TWT.sgy


15/06/16




Type ofdata





































Depth:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Mid_Stack_TVD.sgy

























Type ofdata

















Final PreSTM(Far) Angle

Stacks

(Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Far_Stack_TWT.sgy





































Depth:

15/06/16




Type ofdata


gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Far_Stack_TVD.sgy





































Final PreSTM(Ultrafar)

Angle Stacks

(Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Ultrafar_Stack_TWT.sgy

















15/06/16




Type ofdata






















Depth:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Ultrafar_Stack_TVD.sgy








































Type ofdata


Final ScaledPreSTM Full

Stacks (Time &Depth)



Time:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_Scaled_PreSTM_Full_Stack_TWT.sgy































gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1034_Final_Scaled_PreSTM_Full_Stack_TWT.

15/06/16




Type ofdata


sgy






Depth:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_Scaled_PreSTM_Full_Stack_TVD.sgy


























gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1029_Final_Scaled_PreSTM_Full_Stack_TVD.




Type ofdata


sgy











Final PreSTMVelocities


SEGY &ASCII


SEGY:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_RMS_Velocities_TWT.sgy























15/06/16




Type ofdata
















ASCII:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_RMS_Velocities_TWT.velf






















Type ofdata




















ETA Field USB Disk(Windowsformat)


gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_ETA_Field_TWT.sgy























15/06/16




Type ofdata
















Final PreSTMStacking

Velocities


SEGY &ASCII


SEGY:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Stacking_RMS_Velocities_TWT.sgy






















gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1025_Final_PreSTM_Stacking_RMS_Velocitie

15/06/16




Type ofdata


s_TWT.sgy















ASCII:

gpSFnkPr_009_GA0352P1001_Final_PreSTM_Stacking_RMS_Velocities_TWT.velf





















Type ofdata





















FinalProcessed and

MergedNavigation C-Cards and S-

cards


ASCII Media ID: GE0019UW, GE0020UW

Gippsland_Basin_2D_Infill_1cable_WGS84_UTM55S_S-card_nav.p190

Gippsland_Basin_2D_Infill_1cable_WGS84_UTM55S_C-card_nav.p190

15/06/16

FinalProcessing

Report


PDF Media ID: GE0019UW, GE0020UW

gpSFnkPr_009_ProcessingReport_160615.pdf

15/06/16



12.3 EBCDIC Header (example)

12.3.1 Gather



12.3.2 Stack



12.3.3 Velocity



12.4 Gun Signature


Figure 4: Gun signature.


12.5 Zero Phasing CoefficientsSample rate: 2.0 ms

Time range: 0.0 – 2000.0 ms

Number of samples: 1001

0.0 -3.0950600E-03

2.0 1.7154749E-03

4.0 -1.9782608E-03

6.0 9.5544102E-04

8.0 -1.3874076E-03

10.0 2.7421489E-04

12.0 -7.1690372E-05

14.0 -2.9492448E-04

16.0 -2.3183368E-04

18.0 -8.4390050E-05

20.0 -9.0640921E-04

22.0 -9.7342112E-05

24.0 -3.8153469E-04

26.0 -1.9406907E-04

28.0 -4.2082043E-04

30.0 -8.4225879E-04

32.0 -7.6811804E-05

34.0 -4.4039825E-04

36.0 -4.4106993E-04

38.0 -4.9765826E-04

40.0 -6.9586721E-04

42.0 -3.1876913E-04

44.0 -3.3607241E-04

46.0 -4.2270262E-04

48.0 -5.1110145E-04

50.0 -8.3219584E-04

52.0 -5.7989431E-04

54.0 -4.5648661E-04

56.0 -6.0548449E-04

58.0 -6.7732087E-04

60.0 -9.3914986E-04

62.0 -5.5280723E-04

64.0 -5.1102695E-04

66.0 -6.7561657E-04

68.0 -6.5993052E-04

70.0 -9.0407369E-04

72.0 -6.8181521E-04

74.0 -5.6500615E-04

76.0 -6.6599996E-04

78.0 -7.3880750E-04

80.0 -9.2455045E-04

82.0 -8.1001992E-04

84.0 -5.4977183E-04

86.0 -7.9072311E-04

88.0 -8.1078313E-04

90.0 -9.5650690E-04

92.0 -6.4882705E-04

94.0 -8.2811691E-04

96.0 -6.4491666E-04

98.0 -1.0401991E-03

100.0 -9.0294238E-04

102.0 -1.0425532E-03

104.0 -7.9433338E-04

106.0 -8.4456219E-04

108.0 -1.0323622E-03

110.0 -1.0695064E-03

112.0 -9.6286742E-04

114.0 -8.7045067E-04

116.0 -8.9830529E-04

118.0 -1.0989881E-03

120.0 -1.1143351E-03

122.0 -1.0330549E-03

124.0 -9.9261875E-04

126.0 -9.4525214E-04

128.0 -1.1326724E-03

130.0 -1.1788769E-03

132.0 -1.1191019E-03

134.0 -1.0382514E-03

136.0 -1.0324416E-03

138.0 -1.2030262E-03

140.0 -1.2529525E-03

142.0 -1.1567536E-03

144.0 -1.0807671E-03

146.0 -1.0958258E-03

148.0 -1.2390772E-03

150.0 -1.3065660E-03

152.0 -1.2299719E-03

154.0 -1.1868674E-03

156.0 -1.1768553E-03

158.0 -1.3145544E-03

160.0 -1.3996668E-03

162.0 -1.3107110E-03

164.0 -1.2484710E-03

166.0 -1.2453738E-03

168.0 -1.3863609E-03

170.0 -1.4627923E-03

172.0 -1.3787115E-03

174.0 -1.3110035E-03

176.0 -1.3318169E-03

178.0 -1.4322957E-03

180.0 -1.5312400E-03

182.0 -1.4501880E-03

184.0 -1.3971031E-03

186.0 -1.3817579E-03

188.0 -1.5160995E-03

190.0 -1.5849155E-03

192.0 -1.5331772E-03

194.0 -1.4317422E-03

196.0 -1.4620297E-03

198.0 -1.5714897E-03

200.0 -1.6557816E-03

202.0 -1.6003169E-03



204.0 -1.5165801E-03

206.0 -1.5349696E-03

208.0 -1.6423703E-03

210.0 -1.7260796E-03

212.0 -1.6787340E-03

214.0 -1.5864593E-03

216.0 -1.5968388E-03

218.0 -1.7178607E-03

220.0 -1.8005082E-03

222.0 -1.7543611E-03

224.0 -1.6560119E-03

226.0 -1.6692739E-03

228.0 -1.7871179E-03

230.0 -1.8702844E-03

232.0 -1.8277156E-03

234.0 -1.7314550E-03

236.0 -1.7395457E-03

238.0 -1.8575376E-03

240.0 -1.9471107E-03

242.0 -1.9037188E-03

244.0 -1.8002886E-03

246.0 -1.8009840E-03

248.0 -1.9266384E-03

250.0 -2.0194010E-03

252.0 -1.9760396E-03

254.0 -1.8719918E-03

256.0 -1.8714626E-03

258.0 -2.0001832E-03

260.0 -2.0959236E-03

262.0 -2.0551778E-03

264.0 -1.9458308E-03

266.0 -1.9399248E-03

268.0 -2.0703412E-03

270.0 -2.1771673E-03

272.0 -2.1334332E-03

274.0 -2.0191752E-03

276.0 -2.0066643E-03

278.0 -2.1450297E-03

280.0 -2.2552546E-03

282.0 -2.2136948E-03

284.0 -2.0916420E-03

286.0 -2.0782302E-03

288.0 -2.2162933E-03

290.0 -2.3374885E-03

292.0 -2.2948874E-03

294.0 -2.1654339E-03

296.0 -2.1444393E-03

298.0 -2.2878207E-03

300.0 -2.4194177E-03

302.0 -2.3768492E-03

304.0 -2.2383119E-03

306.0 -2.2125261E-03

308.0 -2.3616617E-03

310.0 -2.5023107E-03

312.0 -2.4609579E-03

314.0 -2.3127564E-03

316.0 -2.2806458E-03

318.0 -2.4345904E-03

320.0 -2.5875378E-03

322.0 -2.5478835E-03

324.0 -2.3882440E-03

326.0 -2.3478674E-03

328.0 -2.5083250E-03

330.0 -2.6741223E-03

332.0 -2.6356350E-03

334.0 -2.4641170E-03

336.0 -2.4156144E-03

338.0 -2.5829859E-03

340.0 -2.7621469E-03

342.0 -2.7259720E-03

344.0 -2.5413652E-03

346.0 -2.4821941E-03

348.0 -2.6563159E-03

350.0 -2.8509025E-03

352.0 -2.8179032E-03

354.0 -2.6186638E-03

356.0 -2.5483153E-03

358.0 -2.7302317E-03

360.0 -2.9419027E-03

362.0 -2.9117724E-03

364.0 -2.6975175E-03

366.0 -2.6141687E-03

368.0 -2.8041401E-03

370.0 -3.0339227E-03

372.0 -3.0085945E-03

374.0 -2.7776174E-03

376.0 -2.6796635E-03

378.0 -2.8774170E-03

380.0 -3.1280645E-03

382.0 -3.1076115E-03

384.0 -2.8589200E-03

386.0 -2.7445513E-03

388.0 -2.9509023E-03

390.0 -3.2238739E-03

392.0 -3.2094419E-03

394.0 -2.9418053E-03

396.0 -2.8090312E-03

398.0 -3.0234915E-03

400.0 -3.3209721E-03

402.0 -3.3140608E-03

404.0 -3.0260076E-03

406.0 -2.8725915E-03

408.0 -3.0954228E-03

410.0 -3.4198555E-03

412.0 -3.4216538E-03

414.0 -3.1117462E-03

416.0 -2.9355291E-03

418.0 -3.1666508E-03

420.0 -3.5203021E-03

422.0 -3.5325459E-03

424.0 -3.1995089E-03

426.0 -2.9977813E-03

428.0 -3.2368436E-03

430.0 -3.6223537E-03

432.0 -3.6469402E-03

434.0 -3.2892422E-03

436.0 -3.0591089E-03



438.0 -3.3060554E-03

440.0 -3.7261405E-03

442.0 -3.7651889E-03

444.0 -3.3811633E-03

446.0 -3.1197659E-03

448.0 -3.3738243E-03

450.0 -3.8314416E-03

452.0 -3.8872069E-03

454.0 -3.4755857E-03

456.0 -3.1792705E-03

458.0 -3.4400109E-03

460.0 -3.9382279E-03

462.0 -4.0135084E-03

464.0 -3.5725496E-03

466.0 -3.2377499E-03

468.0 -3.5043200E-03

470.0 -4.0465669E-03

472.0 -4.1441619E-03

474.0 -3.6725115E-03

476.0 -3.2951591E-03

478.0 -3.5665483E-03

480.0 -4.1562206E-03

482.0 -4.2796581E-03

484.0 -3.7756373E-03

486.0 -3.3514025E-03

488.0 -3.6263654E-03

490.0 -4.2673165E-03

492.0 -4.4201686E-03

494.0 -3.8823940E-03

496.0 -3.4064050E-03

498.0 -3.6835209E-03

500.0 -4.3795927E-03

502.0 -4.5660362E-03

504.0 -3.9930157E-03

506.0 -3.4601569E-03

508.0 -3.7374962E-03

510.0 -4.4930168E-03

512.0 -4.7175514E-03

514.0 -4.1079225E-03

516.0 -3.5124810E-03

518.0 -3.7880391E-03

520.0 -4.6073458E-03

522.0 -4.8751196E-03

524.0 -4.2275264E-03

526.0 -3.5634466E-03

528.0 -3.8347226E-03

530.0 -4.7223642E-03

532.0 -5.0391330E-03

534.0 -4.3521935E-03

536.0 -3.6131379E-03

538.0 -3.8768092E-03

540.0 -4.8382393E-03

542.0 -5.2097028E-03

544.0 -4.4828170E-03

546.0 -3.6610703E-03

548.0 -3.9144309E-03

550.0 -4.9540549E-03

552.0 -5.3877160E-03

554.0 -4.6193786E-03

556.0 -3.7079133E-03

558.0 -3.9463228E-03

560.0 -5.0701760E-03

562.0 -5.5730605E-03

564.0 -4.7630409E-03

566.0 -3.7530115E-03

568.0 -3.9724000E-03

570.0 -5.1859058E-03

572.0 -5.7664923E-03

574.0 -4.9140936E-03

576.0 -3.7968016E-03

578.0 -3.9918981E-03

580.0 -5.3008421E-03

582.0 -5.9684255E-03

584.0 -5.0733799E-03

586.0 -3.8393733E-03

588.0 -4.0039419E-03

590.0 -5.4147615E-03

592.0 -6.1793366E-03

594.0 -5.2416101E-03

596.0 -3.8806658E-03

598.0 -4.0079280E-03

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1762.0 4.6261979E-05

1764.0 4.4566476E-05

1766.0 4.4773289E-05

1768.0 4.5654451E-05

1770.0 4.5214795E-05

1772.0 4.4585627E-05

1774.0 4.2303597E-05

1776.0 4.3418054E-05

1778.0 4.3593783E-05

1780.0 4.3771551E-05

1782.0 4.2806029E-05

1784.0 4.1093095E-05

1786.0 4.0999949E-05

1788.0 4.1767999E-05

1790.0 4.1783352E-05

1792.0 4.0682556E-05

1794.0 3.8952684E-05

1796.0 3.8881815E-05

1798.0 4.0033236E-05

1800.0 4.0100467E-05

1802.0 3.8817045E-05

1804.0 3.7202249E-05

1806.0 3.6855839E-05

1808.0 3.8212790E-05

1810.0 3.8424086E-05

1812.0 3.7494771E-05

1814.0 3.5310586E-05

1816.0 3.5837031E-05

1818.0 3.6300539E-05

1820.0 3.7382329E-05

1822.0 3.5383434E-05

1824.0 3.3898380E-05

1826.0 3.3627017E-05

1828.0 3.4653960E-05

1830.0 3.5779581E-05

1832.0 3.4301556E-05

1834.0 3.1860721E-05

1836.0 3.2146956E-05

1838.0 3.2878423E-05

1840.0 3.4244092E-05



1842.0 3.2445854E-05

1844.0 2.9913311E-05

1846.0 3.0355236E-05

1848.0 3.0782453E-05

1850.0 3.2049253E-05

1852.0 3.0511874E-05

1854.0 2.7825314E-05

1856.0 2.7693256E-05

1858.0 2.9003451E-05

1860.0 3.0696334E-05

1862.0 2.9647331E-05

1864.0 2.6190172E-05

1866.0 2.6630660E-05

1868.0 2.8005160E-05

1870.0 2.8985641E-05

1872.0 2.7933972E-05

1874.0 2.3950793E-05

1876.0 2.5395829E-05

1878.0 2.5922550E-05

1880.0 2.7449847E-05

1882.0 2.7143703E-05

1884.0 2.2765002E-05

1886.0 2.2370630E-05

1888.0 2.4206573E-05

1890.0 2.6352559E-05

1892.0 2.5514615E-05

1894.0 2.1362313E-05

1896.0 2.0371604E-05

1898.0 2.6160197E-05

1900.0 2.2235064E-05

1902.0 2.5731146E-05

1904.0 1.6297330E-05

1906.0 2.1148139E-05

1908.0 1.6319406E-05

1910.0 2.3597589E-05

1912.0 1.9990315E-05

1914.0 1.9926461E-05

1916.0 1.4148968E-05

1918.0 2.0357955E-05

1920.0 2.2827706E-05

1922.0 1.8237072E-05

1924.0 1.6771199E-05

1926.0 1.4469284E-05

1928.0 1.7141617E-05

1930.0 2.2378474E-05

1932.0 1.6298217E-05

1934.0 1.7003157E-05

1936.0 1.3102292E-05

1938.0 1.3943188E-05

1940.0 2.3300031E-05

1942.0 1.6755846E-05

1944.0 1.5236690E-05

1946.0 1.1683740E-05

1948.0 1.4601423E-05

1950.0 2.0649080E-05

1952.0 1.2625628E-05

1954.0 1.0635550E-05

1956.0 8.6203962E-06

1958.0 8.0562869E-06

1960.0 1.7273589E-05

1962.0 1.2302024E-05

1964.0 1.1080850E-05

1966.0 1.1197138E-05

1968.0 1.9939053E-06

1970.0 2.0947700E-05

1972.0 1.0410542E-05

1974.0 4.8873670E-06

1976.0 9.6865353E-06

1978.0 2.4842956E-06

1980.0 2.2592722E-05

1982.0 2.0128427E-06

1984.0 5.8165124E-06

1986.0 7.4878247E-06

1988.0 1.8576730E-06

1990.0 -6.9453451E-06

1992.0 3.4650424E-05

1994.0 -2.3880610E-05

1996.0 4.9618627E-05

1998.0 -4.2896426E-05

2000.0 7.7397463E-05


Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey REFERENCES

13. REFERENCES

Abma, R., Sun, J., and Bernitsas, N., 1999, Antialiasing methods in Kirchhoff migration:Geophysics, 64, no. 6, 1783–1792.

Gray, S. H., 1992, Frequency-selective design of the Kirchhoff migration operator: GeophysicalProspecting, 40, 565-571.

Dellinger, J. A., Gray, S. H., Murphy, G. E., and Etgen, J. T., 2000, Efficient 2.5-D true-amplitudemigration: Geophysics, 65, 943-950.

Ilya Tsvankin and Leon Thomsen, 1994, Nonhyperbolic reflection moveout in anisotropic media:Geophysics, 59 , no. 8, 1290-1304.

M. Turhan Taner and Fulton Koehler (1969), velocity spectra—digital computer derivationapplications of velocity functions : Geophysics, 34 , no. 6, 859-881.


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Geoscience Australia Survey Name: Gippsland Southern Flank ... · Gippsland Southern Flank Infill 2D Marine Seismic Survey INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION The Gippsland Southern Flank