Geog 102 Topic 5

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GEOG 102 Population, Resources, and the Environment

Professor: Dr. ean!Paul Rodri"ue

Topic 5 Migration and Urbanization

# $i"ration %ssues

& $i"ration 'heor(

) Refu"ees

D *r+aniation

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Migration Issues

1. Types of Migration What are the major forms of migration?

2. Selective Migration Why migration can be considered as a selective process?

3. rain !rain What is the e"tent of movements of s#illed labor?

A

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Types of Migration

$migration and immigration %hange in residence. &elative to origin and destination.

&e'(ires information )eople and conditions. T*o different places. T*o different times.

!(ration )ermanent. Seasonal + Temporary.

%hoice + constraint ,mprove one-s life. eave inconvenient + threatening

conditions.

1

A

B

Problems or

benefits?

Problems or

benefits?

Emigrant

Immigrant

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Types of Migration

/ross migration Total n(mber of people coming in and

o(t of an area. evel of pop(lation t(rnover.

0et Migration !ifference bet*een immigration in

migration and emigration o(t

migration. )ositive val(e4

5 More people coming in.

5 )op(lation gro*th.6 778 of 0orth 9merica and ::8 of

$(rope.

0egative val(e45 More people coming o(t.5 )op(lation decline.

1

Emigration

Immigration

Net migration

Gross migration

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Annual Net International Migration by Continent,1!"51

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Net Migration, #!!!"!51

3,000

Net Migration (1,000s)

NA

Negative net migration

Positive net migration

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Types of Migration

,nternational Migration $migration is an indicator of economic and+or social fail(res of a

society. %rossing of a national bo(ndary.

$asier to control and monitor. a*s to control + inhibit these movements. et*een 2 million and 3 million people emigrate each year. et*een 1;>> 1@= million people have migrated4

5 38 of the global pop(lation.

1

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Migration $olicies and %lobal Migration $atterns

Period Policies Pattern

efore 1;17 Apen policies Bsho*ing (pC.,mmigration as a so(rce of labor anddevelopment.

Drom developed $(rope to developingco(ntries 9mericas 9frica 9(stralia.,mmigration from $(rope bet*een 1::>and 1;1> *as e"ceeded 2= million.

1;2>s and1;3>s

B%losed doorC lin#ed *ith theeconomic depression. !eportation ofimmigrants.

imited migration.

9fter 1;7= More open policies. &econstr(ctionin $(rope 128 of labor force andeconomic gro*th in 9merica.

eginning to shift from developing todeveloped co(ntries 128.

9fter 1;@3 &elatively open policies b(t *ithmore stringent re'(irements. /ro*thof ref(gees and illegal immigration.

Drom developing to developed co(ntries::8. 3 million illegal immigrantsentering the ES per year.

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&orld Migration 'outes (ince 1)!!

European

#frican -slaves%ndian

)hinese

apanese$a/orit( of population descended from immi"rants

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Total (la*e $opulation, United (tates +1)!"1-!.

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Ma/or International Migration $atterns, 1!s

NA

Negative net migration

Positive net migration

1

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International Migration0 Main estination Countries,1)1

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I22igration to t3e United (tates, 1#!"#!!41

&ritish

%sles

German(

candinavia

outheast

Europe

atin #merica

#sia

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'egion of Birt3 of t3e oreign"Born $opulation0 15!to #!!!1

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Top 1! Countries of 6rigin for U( 7egal I22igrants,15"#!!41

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U( $opulation by 'ace and 8t3nicity, 1!"#!5!1

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Illegal Aliens in t3e United (tates by Country of6rigin, 1!"#!!! +in 1,!!!s.1

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Types of Migration

,nternal Migration Within one co(ntry. %rossing domestic j(risdictional

bo(ndaries. Movements bet*een states or

provinces. ittle government control. Dactors4

5 $mploymentbased.5 &etirementbased.5 $d(cationbased.5 %ivil conflicts internally

displaced pop(lation.

1

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Migration by Ma/or Metropolitan Areas in t3e United(tates, 1!" +in 1,!!!s.1

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Types of Migration

ocal Migration 0o state bo(ndaries are crossed. (ying a ne* ho(se in the same

to*n or city. !iffic(lt to research since they

are (s(ally missed in cens(sdata.

ased on change of income or

lifestyle. Aften very high levels of local

migration. 9mericans change residence

every = to @ years.

1

Central City

Suburb

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Types of Migration

Fol(ntary migration The migrant ma#es the decision to move. Most migration is vol(ntary.

,nvol(ntary

Dorced migration in *hich the mover has no role in the decisionma#ing process.

Slavery45 9bo(t 11 million 9frican slaves *ere bro(ght to the 9mericas bet*een

1=1; and 1:

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Types of Migration

'(pe )haracteristics

,nternational %rossing a bo(ndaryG easier to controlG reg(latedGdifference in incomeG 23 million per year.

0ational et*een states or provincesG little controlG employmentopport(nitiesG ed(cationG retirement.

ocal Within a city+regionG change of income or lifestyle.

Fol(ntary The o(tcome of a choice.

,nvol(ntary The o(tcome of a constraint.

1

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2 (electi*e Migration

%onte"t Many migrations are selective. !o not represent a cross section of the so(rce pop(lation. !ifferences4

5 9ge.5 Se".5 evel of ed(cation.

9gespecific migrations Ane age gro(p is dominant in a partic(lar migration.

,nternational migration tends to involve yo(nger people. The dominant gro(p is bet*een 2= and 7=. St(dies and retirement are also agespecific migrations.

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$opulation $yra2id of Nati*e and oreign Born$opulation, United (tates, #!!! +in 9.

Male Female FemaleMale

Foreign Born Native

Age

2

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(electi*e Migration

Se"specific migrations Males4

5 Aften dominant international migrations.5 Ance established try to bring in a *ife.

Demales45 Aften dominate r(ral to (rban migrations.5 Dind jobs as domestic help or in ne* factories.5 Send remittances bac# home.5 Dilipino females 1@3> to Hong Iong and Japan.

BMailorder brideC45 1>>>>> 6 1=>>>> *omen a year advertise themselves for marriage.

5 9bo(t 1>>>> available on the ,nternet at any time.5 Mainly from So(theast 9sia and &(ssia.5 %ome from places in *hich jobs and ed(cational opport(nities for *omen

are scarce and *ages are lo*.

2

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(electi*e Migration

$d(cationspecific migrations May characteriKe some migrations having or lac#ing of. High level of ed(cation attained by most contemporary 9sian

immigrants to the ES9 and %anada.

$d(cational differences45 218 of all legal immigrants have at least 1@ years of ed(cation.5 :8 for nativeborn 9mericans.5 2>8 of all immigrants do not have ; years of schooling.

Doreign st(dents4

5 Aften do not ret(rn to their home co(ntries after their ed(cation.5 Aften cannot (tiliKe *hat they have learned.5 Since 1;@: some 13>>>> %hinese overseas st(dents have ret(rned

*hile some 2=>>>> have remained abroad.5 Most researchoriented grad(ate instit(tions have aro(nd 7>8 foreign

st(dents.

2

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(electi*e Migration

,mmigration and jobs &elated to the economic sector. High level4

5 Dilling high s#illed position in science technology and ed(cation.

5 0ot eno(gh highly trained personnel in the ES.5 &es(lt in recr(iting abroad see brain drain.

o* level45 Dilling lo* paid jobs minim(m *age that most people do not *ant

agric(lt(re and lo* level services.5

Maintain lo* *ages in lo* s#illed jobs.5 )ossibility of an informal economy.

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Brain rain

!efinition &elates to ed(cationally specific selective migrations. Some co(ntries are losing the most ed(cated segment of their

pop(lation.

%an be both a benefit for the receiving co(ntry and a problem tothe co(ntry of origin.

&eceiving co(ntry /etting highly '(alified labor contrib(ting to the economy right

a*ay. )romotes economic gro*th in strategic sectors4 science and

technology. 0ot having to pay ed(cation and health costs. 3>8 of Me"icans *ith a )h! are in the ES.

3

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Brain rain

%o(ntry of origin $d(cation and health costs not paid bac#. osing potential leaders and talent4

5 et*een 1= and 7>8 of a grad(ating class in %anada *ill move to the

ES. ong term impact on economic gro*th. )ossibility of remittances. Many brain drain migrants have s#ills *hich they can-t (se at

home4

5 The reso(rces and technology may not be available there.5 The specific labor mar#et is not big eno(gh.

May event(ally come bac# *ith s#ills and connections45 Iorea Tai*an %hina and ,ndia.

3

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Non U( Citizens :it3 (cience and 8ngineeringoctorates in t3e United (tates, 13

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7i;eli3ood of t3e &ell"8ducated to (tay, 13

1> L most li#ely

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$ercentage of College 8ducated Citizens 7i*ingAbroad

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B Migration T3eory

1. )(sh )(ll Theory What are the major Bp(shC and Bp(llC factors behind migration?

2. $conomic 9pproaches Ho* can migration be e"plained from an economic perspective?

3. ehavioral $"planations to Migration Ho* can migration be e"plained from a h(man behavior

perspective?

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$us3 " $ull T3eory

%onte"t Migrations as the response of individ(al decisionma#ers. 0egative or p(sh factors in his c(rrent area of residence4

5 High (nemployment and little opport(nity.5 /reat poverty.5 High crime.5 &epression or a recent disaster e.g. dro(ght or earth'(a#e.

)ositive or p(ll factors in the potential destination45 High job availability and higher *ages.5 More e"citing lifestyle.5 )olitical freedom greater safety and sec(rity etc.

1

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$us3 " $ull T3eory

,ntervening obstacles Migration costs + transportation. ,mmigration la*s and policies of the destination co(ntry.

The problem of perception

9ss(mes rational behavior on the part of the migrant45 0ot necessarily tr(e since a migrant cannot be tr(ly informed.5 The #ey *ord is perception of the p(ll factors.5 ,nformation is never complete.5 !ecisions are made based (pon perceptions of reality at the destination

relative to the #no*n reality at the so(rce. When the migrant-s information is highly inacc(rate a ret(rn

migration may be one possible o(tcome.

1

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$us3 " $ull T3eory1

Positive factorseutral factors

e"ative factors

Origin Destination

Intervening obstacles

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$us3"$ull actors for C3inese (tudents eciding to(ay in t3e United (tates, 1)1

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$us3"$ull actors for C3inese (tudents eciding to'eturn to C3ina, 1)1

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8cono2ic Approac3es

abor mobility The primary iss(e behind migration. 0otably the case at the national level. $'(ilibrate the geographical differences in

labor s(pply and demand.

9ccelerated *ith the globaliKation of theeconomy.

&emittances %apital sent by *or#ers *or#ing abroad to

their family + relatives at home.

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er>s 'e2ittances, top 1! countries, 15"1+in ?U(.2

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3 Be3a*ioral 8@planations of Migration

ifecycle factors Migration lin#ed to events in one-s life. )eople in their 3>s are the most mobile.

5 $d(cation career and family are being

established.

ater in life fle"ibility decreases and inertiaincreases. &etirement often brings a major change. arge migrations of retired people have been

occ(rring in the direction of amenities

oriented areas.

#$

$%

&$

Stay !ith "arents

Move to college

First 'ob

(romotion

Marriage

)etirement

Chil*ren leave home

Loss o+ mobility

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Be3a*ioral 8@planations of Migration

Migrants as ris#ta#ers Why among a pop(lation in the same environment the same

p(sh factors some leave and some stay? Migrants tend to be greater ris#ta#ers more motivated more

innovative and more adaptable. 0onmigrants tend to be more ca(tio(s and conservative. %an be (sed to e"plain the relative dynamism in some societies

li#e the ES9 since the 1:>>s.

S(mmary 0o one theory of migration can ade'(ately e"plain this h(ge*orld*ide phenomenon.

$ach brings a contrib(tion to the (nderstanding of *hy people

move.

3

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'efugees

1. !efinition What is a ref(gee and ho* one '(alifies for this stat(s?

2. %ontemporary $vol(tion Ho* the ref(gee sit(ation has evolved in time?

C

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1 efinition

The Enited 0ations definition The 1;=1 %onvention &egarding the Stat(s of &ef(gees and the

1;

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efinition

%onditions to '(alify for ref(gee stat(s )olitical persec(tion m(st be demonstrated. 9n international bo(ndary m(st be crossed4

5 !omestically displaced persons do not '(alify.

)rotection by one-s government is not seen an alternative45 The government may be the persec(tor.5 %o(ld be incapable of protecting its citiKens from persec(tion.

1

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efinition

$nvironmental and economic ref(gees )eople *ho can no longer gain a sec(re livelihood in their

homelands beca(se of *hat are primarily environmental or

economic factors of (n(s(al scope.

So(rces45 0at(ral disaster.5 H(man alterations to the environmentG climate change.5 %ontamination poll(tion of the environment.5 ac# of development and opport(nities.

&ender contin(ed residence in that partic(lar location(ns(stainable.

MoKambi'(e Debr(ary 2>>>45 Dloods made 1 million people homeless.5 !estroyed agric(lt(ral land and cattle.

1
http://geog%20102%20pictures%20topic%205.ppt/

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Conte2porary 8*olution

Arigins The first recorded ref(gees *ere the )rotestant H(g(enots *ho

left Drance to avoid religio(s persec(tion. 9bo(t 2>>>>> at the end of the 1@thcent(ry.

Went to $ngland /ermany the 0etherlands S*itKerland andthe $nglish colonies in 0orth 9merica.

)reWW ,, and d(ring WW ,, )rimarily political elites4

5 Dleeing repression from the ne* government *hich overthre* them.5 Es(ally small in n(mber and often had s(bstantial reso(rces available to

them.

Wardriven ref(gees45 9bo(t 128 of the $(ropean pop(lation displaced.5 Es(ally co(ld be e"pected to repatriate after the *ar ended.

2

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)ost WW ,, %hange in the patterns of ref(gee flo*s4

5 The majority of ref(gees are no* coming from the developing *orld.

!ecoloniKation in 9sia 9frica and the %aribbean45 )olitical (nrest in many ne*ly independent states.5 M(ltiethnic nat(re of those states.5 The res(lt of the dra*ing of colonial bo(ndary lines by $(ropeans.

The %old War also increased political instability in a n(mber of

co(ntries.

)olitical instability in atin 9merica increased d(e to the vastsocial ine'(alities e"isting in that region.

0e* #ind of ref(gee flo*45 arge and of long or permanent d(ration.

2

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%(rrent iss(es &ef(gees are a controversial iss(e4

5 $specially in the developed *orld.5 Anly a small share of the asyl(m see#ers are granted the ref(gee stat(s.5 ess than 2>8 for the $(ropean Enion.

5 ,ncreasingly ref(gees are no longer accepted.5 $conomic ref(gees resorting to asyl(m as the only *ay to get a legal

stat(s.

1;;< amendment to ES immigration la*45 $nforcing detention for all ref(gees entering the Enited States.

5 ,0S can s(mmarily deport those *ho arrive *itho(t valid traveldoc(ments.

5 7>>> detained on any given day.

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'efugees per Continent, 11"#!!42

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6rigins and estinations of 'efugees, #!!42

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

Red 3 Ori"in

Green 3 Destination

Main Asylu2 Countries and Internally isplaced2

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Main Asylu2 Countries and Internally isplaced$opulation, #!!12

D

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Urbanization

1. %onte"t and ,ss(es What is (rbaniKation and *hat are its ca(ses?

2. Why )eople Move to Erban 9reas? 3. Megacities and Erban &egions

What is the c(rrent state of global (rbaniKation? 7. Shantyto*ns

What characteriKes the prevailing (rban environment?

D

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Conte@t and Issues

What is (rbaniKation? ErbaniKation is the agglomeration

of pop(lation in cities45 /ro*th of the proportion of the

pop(lation living in cities.

!emographic process45 Erban pop(lation gro*th nat(ralincrease or migration.

,nfrastr(ct(re process45 $"pansion of (rban infrastr(ct(res

and land (se.

$conomic process45 %reation of secondary tertiary and

'(aternary sectors.

%reates a society *here val(es

and lifestyles are (rban.

1(o"ulation gro!th,Natural increase ormigration-

.rban e/"ansion

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Conte@t and Issues

%a(ses of (rbaniKation Historical4

5 !efense.5 Trade ro(tes.

Social45 ,ncreased social interactions.5 ,nstit(tions representing a society government religion O ed(cation.

$conomic45 in#ed *ith agric(lt(ral s(rpl(ses.5 ,ncreased economic opport(nities.5 9ccess to labor.5 SpecialiKation.5 $conomies of scale and of agglomeration.

1

1

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Conte@t and Issues

The (rban e"plosion Erban pop(lation gro*th is the most important change in

pop(lation geography. 9bo(t =>8 of the global pop(lation 3 billions lives in cities.

9lmost all the pop(lation gro*th bet*een 2>>> and 2>3> *illocc(r in cities.

y 2>=> >> pop(lation. M(ch of this gro*th *ill come in the *orld-s poorest co(ntries.

1

&orld Urban $opulation 15! #!!! :it3 $ro/ections1

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&orld Urban $opulation, 15!"#!!! :it3 $ro/ectionsto #!#! +in billions.1

Annual %ro:t3 of &orld and Urban $opulations1

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Annual %ro:t3 of &orld and Urban $opulations,15!"#!4! +in 2illions.1

1

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Conte@t and Issues

!eveloped co(ntries !eveloped co(ntries are already (rbaniKed. )assed thro(gh the r(ral (rban migration process. %onc(rrent *ith demographic transition and ind(strialiKation.

!eveloping co(ntries /oing thro(gh a major phase of (rbaniKation. ErbaniKation mainly occ(rs in developing co(ntries4

5 Will acco(nt for ;38 of the 2 billion increase in the global (rban

pop(lation bet*een 2>>> and 2>3>.

5 atin 9merica and $ast 9sia is farthest along.5 The rest of 9sia is a little f(rther behind.5 9frica is (rbaniKing more slo*ly than the other *orld regions.

1

1

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(tages of Urbanization1

0ime

.

rban

(o"ulation

0

20

40

50

60

100

Developed countries

0erminal Stage0ransition StageInitial Stage

Developin"

countries

east developedcountries

Rural to ur+an mi"ration

Demo"raphic transition

Rural

ociet(

*r+an

ociet(

*r+aniation

1

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$ercentage of $opulation Urban, #!!!1

Less than 25

25 to 50

50 to !5

More than !5

NA

1

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9 of Urban $opulation, 15!"#!4!1

1

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Urban $opulation, 15!"#!4! +in 2illions.1

2

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2 &3y $eople Mo*e to Urban Areas

%onte"t => million ne* (rbanites each year. 1 million ne* (rbanites each *ee#. 9bo(t 1==>>> ne* (rbanites each day.

9bo(t @=>>> r(ral poor migrate to cities each day. Major changes in the developing *orld. Migration4

5 Ma#es a significant contrib(tion to the gro*th of (rban areas.5 9cco(nts for bet*een 7>8 and 8 of ann(al (rban pop(lation gro*th in

the developing *orld.5 H(ge r(ralto(rban migration potential in areas having a large r(ral

pop(lation.

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&3y $eople Mo*e to Urban Areas

)(sh)(ll considerations oth are affecting r(ral(rban migrations. B)(llC of the cities may determine the destination. Migrants are p(lled to*ard cities4

5 )rospect of jobs and higher incomes.5 Most early (rbaniKation *as the res(lt of p(ll considerations.

)(shed o(t of r(ral areas45 B)(shC factors predominate as the motivation to move.5 )overty lac# of land declining agric(lt(ral *or# *ar and famine.5 )lay more importance today than p(sh considerations.

2

2

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$us3 " $ull actors for Urbanization in t3e T3ird &orld

(.S (.LL

InstabilityRural structures

Low employment

Demographic pressure

Employment market

Better serices

Low barriers

!o"ernity

2

Migration

1234$

)ural .rban

2

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7actor )ondition %ssues

%nsta+ilit( 8Disasters 8 9ars 87amines

Push )reation of refu"ees. )ities as safe heavens.

Epectation of /o+s Pull ;i"her

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9 of t3e $opulation

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ErbaniKation and economic s(rvival !ecision to move to an (rban area4

5 )art of a comple" s(rvival strategy.5 Damilies minimiKe ris# by placing members in different labor mar#ets.5 argest labor mar#et ma"imiKing the chances of employment and

s(rvival. %ities are the largest labor mar#ets. Davelas s'(atter settlements of &io de Janeiro4

5 %annot be (nderstood *itho(t reference to the latif(ndia land system in

r(ral raKil.

5 %haracteriKed by large landholdings o*ned by a limited elite.5 )easants as contract labor *ith no o*nership.

2

M i i d U b ' i3

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Megacities and Urban 'egions

%oncentration 9n increasing share of the global pop(lation lives in megacities4

5 Megacities over one million.5 S(percities over 7 million.5 S(pergiants over 1> million.

5 Dirst modern megacity eijing 1@@>. 1;>>4

5 233 million (rbanites 178 of the global pop(lationG 2> megacities.

1;=>45 :3 megacities.

5 37 cities in developing co(ntries.

2>>>45 3 billion (rbanites =>8G 733 megacities.5 9ll ne* millionaire cities are in developing co(ntries.5 11 of the 1= largest cities are in developing co(ntries.

3

Nu2ber of Cities :it3 $opulations of 5 Million or3

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Nu2ber of Cities :it3 $opulations of 5 Million orMore, 15!"#!!!3

Citi f t3 illi 15! #!!!3

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Cities of 2ore t3an 2illion, 15!"#!!!

1950 1970 1990 2000

Developed countries

New YorkLondon

e< >or=ondon'o=(oos #n"elesParis

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T3e 15 7argest cities in t3e orld #!!! #!153
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# (3antyto:ns

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%onte"t Many of the ne* (rban d*ellers partic(larly *omen and their

children are among the poorest people in the *orld. !iffic(lty to access ho(sing4

5 $conomic costs.5 9vailability.5 1>> million people are homeless.5 ;2: million live in precario(s ho(sing conditions sl(ms.

Shantyto*nsG informal habitat or s'(atter ho(sing45 FavelasraKil.5 Pueblos jovenesPo(ng to*ns.5 Asentamiento irregulares,rreg(lar settlements.5 Villas miseriasMiserable villages 9rgentina.5 Jughi Jopri,ndia.

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!efinition !*ellings are b(ilt by the c(rrent or original occ(pant4

5 &(dimentary constr(ction materials.5 !id not receive a constr(ction permit.5 !o not follo* norms in terms of ho(sing and sanitation.

,nhabitants have no legal title to the land45 Most are located in areas being declared inhabitable.5 A*n by the m(nicipality.5 9bandoned private land.5 $"ploiting a legal vac((m of land o*nership.

ac# of (rban services45 /enerally not serviced by p(blic (tilities s(ch as tap *ater electricity

roads p(blic transportation and se*age.

#

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Setting Shantyto*ns are constr(ctedover the least desirable land.

)(t the pop(lation at ris#. %aracas FeneK(ela 1;;;4

5 M(dslides #illed =>>>>

inhabitants.5 %reated 7>>>>> homeless.5 =>>>>> of the < million

inhabitants *ere considered at

high ris#.

hopal ,ndia 1;:745 Enion %arbide release of to"ic

coc#tail.5 =>>>>> people e"posed.5 1>> deaths.

#

CBD

Disamenity Disamenity

)ommercial8%ndustrialElite Residential ector

Aone of $aturit(

Aone in Situ Accretion

Aone of peripheral

s@uatter settlements

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Habitat ,nformal settlements4

5 )erhaps the most visible sign of *idespread poverty.5 9bo(t 2=8 of the s(rface of cities in developing co(ntries is covered by

shantyto*ns.

5 3>8 of the (rban pop(lation. $merged in all Third World cities4

5 Dollo*ing the demographic e"plosion.5 0o* the norm more than the e"ception.

,ncapacity of private and p(blic instances45 )rovide lo* price ho(sing for the majority of the pop(lation.5 The State more concerned abo(t providing ho(sing for its p(blic servants

and its middle class.

Ho(sing crisis that co(ld not be solved.

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/ro*th process )eople e"pelled from gentrification in do*nto*n areas. ,nflo* of people e"pelled from poverty in r(ral areas. ,n several cases rightf(l o*ners of land have divided it in small

lots and sold it in order to have a higher profit. ,n some instances land *as illegally sold to d*ellers being

framed.

,s there any hope? Ho(sing has al*ays been a priority for investment. 9s the pop(lation of Third World cities gets higher incomes the

priority *ill be improving their ho(sing conditions. An the long r(n shantyto*ns are li#ely to disappear or at least

become less significant.

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Geog 102 Topic 5