Geog 102 Topic 8

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GEOG 102 Population, Resources, and the Environment

Professor: Dr. ean!Paul Rodri"ue

Topic 8 Environment and Society

# Environmental Perception and $oncern

% &he Ecolo"ical 'ootprint

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Environmental Perception and Concern

1. Historical Changes 2. Environmental Movements (1960s and 1970s) 3. Environmental etreat (19!0s) ". Environmental #lo$alism (1990s) %. C&rrent 'ersective ealit* Chec+

A

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1 Historical Changes ,estern ersective

-at&re as adversar* something that had

to $e overcome. 'rono&nced man/nat&re dichotom*. ttit&des toards &nrestrained

eloitation o nat&ral reso&rces. -o sense o limits in terms o caacit*. 4ten s&orted $* religio&s $elies

artic&larl* Christianit*.

-on5,estern societies

oer technolog* levels and dierentattit&des revailed.

Man / nat&re s*m$iolism.

Nature

Nature

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Technological Changes and Environment

Relationships

(unter!Gatherer)ocieties

&rvival $ased $* gathering edi$le lants and +illing animals.ittle acc&m&lated economic and ood s&rl&s.mall n&m$ers decentrali8ed and little &se o reso&rces.trong lin+age ith nat&re.

#"riculturalsocieties

'rod&ce larger and more sta$le ood s&lies.arger settlements and o&lations.irst ma:or environmental degradation.;ecline or collase o civili8ations lin+ed ith the degradation othe soils and reso&rce $ases.H&man domination o nat&re (anthroocentric vie).

*ndustrialsocieties

&$stit&tion o h&man and animal la$or $* machines.

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Climate change and the collapse of civilizations

$ivili+ation *ssue

++adian Emire (2170=C)

Esta$lished $eteen the >igris and E&hrates rivers.Collased $eca&se climate change destro*ed itsagric&lt&ral $ase. Cooling o the -orth tlantic 4ceaninl&ence rainall in the Middle East.

Ma*an Civili8ation (900;)

ocated in the ?&catan 'enins&la. Collased ater 200*ears o loer reciitations.

oano+e settlement-orth merica (1%!7)

irst ermanent =ritish colon* vanished ater " *ears.Corresonded to the orst dro&ght on the East Coast in700 *ears

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Historical Changes

'reservation vs. conservationdichotom* 'reservation

@ oc&sed on the maintenance o

ilderness.

@ n* &se o the reso&rces containedtherein o&ld negate the contin&ed

eistence o the ilderness itsel.@ o imact to&rism oten ermitted.

Conservation@ avors reso&rce management.@ 'reventing ramant eloitation $&t

alloing some develoment to occ&r.@ ;iic&lt to assess the right level o

reso&rce eloitation (non5renea$le

reso&rces).

1

Preservation

$onservation

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Historical Changes

Earl* conservation movements An E&roe earl* conservation movements ere the reserve o

the elite. Mainl* h&nting gro&nds in large rivate estates.

Heled to reserve man* secies in E&roe that o&ld otherisehave disaeared.

-ational ar+s irst as ?osemite (1!6").

'rotection o one or several ecos*stems rom h&man eloitationor alteration.

'rotected $* the highest a&thorit* in the co&ntr*. Bisitors m&st resect a set o r&les and reg&lations.

1

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Environmental Movements (!"#s and !$#s%

Risin" affluence #roth o leis&re and to&rism (ristine environments).

Risin" levels ofeducation

=etter5ed&cated eole develoed greater aareness oenvironmental ro$lems

Environmental

or"ani+ations

Man* environmental organi8ations o&nded. -ational ,ildlie

ederation (1936)

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egislations eg&lator* las ere assed in the

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Environmentalism and the glo$al crisis Carried the roots o environmentalism $e*ond local and national

scales to the glo$al scale. >ransnational dimensions o man* environmental ro$lems

@ Man* environmental ro$lems do not recogni8e $o&ndaries.@ cid rain in ,estern E&roe (eden) and -orth merica.

irst

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3 Environmental Retreat (!8#s%

etreat etreat or the environmental movement in the he oil crises heled ea+en &$lic s&ort or environmental

rograms.

Conservative agenda o de5reg&lation. ,ea+ening o some environmental controls in the

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Environmental Retreat (!8#s%

Creation o a s&staina$le develoment ideolog* Car$on ;ioide as o&nd to ca&se glo$al arming (19!3). hole in the o8one la*er as o&nd over the ntarctic (19!%). =r&ndtland eort D4&r Common &t&re

@ &staina$le is &sed or the irst time.@ Maintenance o lie s&ort s*stems.

@ ,or+ing to red&ce the threats to those s*stems reresented $* erosion

oll&tion deorestation etc.

@ 'reservation o genetic diversit*.

@ 'roviding &s ith ins&rance or the &t&re $* g&arding against the ravageso cro diseases.@ Anvestment or &t&re cro5$reeding or harmace&tical develoment.

@ &staina$le develoment o secies and ecos*stems

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Environmental Retreat (!8#s%

Environmental ethics D,e have not inherited the earth rom o&r arents e have

$orroed it rom o&r children. ;eveloment is oten vieed in materialistic terms.

oc&sing on reso&rce &tilit* thro&gh conservation. Environmentalism as an elitist attit&de intended to revent

develoment in the o&th.

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Environmental &lo'alism (!!#s%

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verage Temperat)re at the Earth*s S)rface and

+orld Car'on Emissions ,rom ,ossil ,)el -)rning. (in

millions of tons% 88#/0##04

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Estimated Climate ,actors Change. 81#/0### (in

2atts3m0%4

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>he io ;eclaration Ddeveloment m&st occ&r on a s&staina$le $asis to meet the

needs o resent and &t&re generations. ac+ o detail and no oerational asects are considered.

Have relativel* little meaning. #lo$al ,arming >reat*

Dta$ili8ation o the amo&nt o greenho&se gases in the

atmoshere at a level hich o&ld revent dangero&s

intererence ith climate s*stems. ac+s a seciic timeta$le or decreasing emissions. -o mandator* maim&m levels or emissions. Most co&ntries other than the

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=iodiversit* Convention #&arantees the rotection and conservation o lant and animal

secies threatened ith etinction. ;eclares ho has the right to develo and mar+et rod&cts

$ased on s&ch secies. >he

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Co)ntries Having Ratified the -iodiversity

Convention. 0##4

Not ratified

Ratified

4

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genda 21(=l&erint or ction) Commitment to s&staina$le develoment thro&gh a set o o&r

rogram areas. 1) 'romoting s&staina$le develoment thro&gh trade.

2) Ma+ing trade and environment m&t&all* s&ortive. 3) 'roviding adeF&ate inancial reso&rces to develoing

co&ntries@ Committed to 0.7I o #-'.

@ C&rrentl* stands at aro&nd 0.%I o #-' or most E&roean co&ntries

Canada and aan.@ &st 0.2%I or the

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J*oto 'rotocol >he #lo$al ,arming >reat* as not or+ing. 2000 goals o&ld not achieved. High roile meeting in J*oto in 1997.

160 nations ormall* adoted the rotocol@ egall* committing ind&strial co&ntries do red&ce Car$on ;ioide

emissions.@ ed&ce climate5altering gases $* %.2I $elo 1990 levels $eteen 200!

and 2012.

;eveloing co&ntries mainl* China and Andia o$:ected@ Meeting the target o&ld crile their economies leaning on coal.@ ;eveloing co&ntries ere th&s eemted.

4

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Co)ntries Having Ratified the 5yoto Protocol. 0##4

Did not ratify

Ratified

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Characteristics of the 5yoto Protocol

*ssue $haracteristics

Commitments ed&ctions o 60 to !0I $elo 1990 levels are reF&ired tosto glo$al arming. ;eveloing co&ntries not incl&ded

lei$ilit* Consideration o Dcar$on sin+s s&ch as orests.;oes not address C42 emissions

C42 trading -ations can trade C42 alloances (1990 levels) ith othernations. &ssia he

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Total Car'on Emissions. !##/!!! (in millions of

tons%4

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nthropogenic C60 Emissions. !!1

Million tons of CO2

High : 27500

Low : 0

4

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C)rrent Perspective7 Reality Chec

'ersective o or over val&ation o the environment

@ Cons&mers and environmental radicals.

Maimi8ation o ealth and ris+ ta+ing.

-o limits to groth and ro$lems can $e overcome $*technolog*.

hort term ersective. 4strichKs aroachL

Environmental divide =eteen develoing and develoed co&ntries. =eteen E&roe and the

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;eendenc* ocieties are ca&ght in the reF&irements the* have created

@ Economic groth.@ tandard o living.

@ Mo$ilit*.

merican resonse@ ,o&ld not contemlate an* action that o&ld h&rt mericaKs econom* or

restrict its access to energ*.

@ D,e m&st $e ver* care&l not to ta+e actions that co&ld harm cons&mers.

'resident =&sh (2001).@ ;id not rati* the J*oto 'rotocol (2001).

hit o emhasis datation more than revention. Coe ith the conseF&ences o #, instead o dealing ith the

so&rces.

5

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Environmental Perception7 +ho Cares95

Week Year Lifetime Next Generation

Family

Community

Nation

World er- *mportant

)ome *mportance

ittle *mportance

/o *mportance

Gloal armin"

(a+ardous materials#ir pollution

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Environmentalism ascismL Man* environmentalists ell re* to irrationalism and ear

mongering@ el5righteo&sness and hatred o dierent ideas.@

Moral deca* &se o violence decetion and $io5terrorism to achievegoals.

cience is less art o the agenda@ elaced $* ideolog* and dogmatism.

Environmentalism ta+es aa* rivate roert* rights and

reedom@ >he goal is socialism / comm&nism and control o the o&lation.

=iocentrism@ H&man $eings are less imortant than nat&re.

@

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The Ecological ,ootprint

1. ;riving orces 2. >he Bicio&s Circle 3. >he Ecological ootrint

B

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:riving ,orces

Contet ;emograhic groth. #roing si8e o societies and comm&nities. echnological develoment. Ancreasing ineF&alities. arger levels o ersonal cons&mtion. Higher generation o astes

@ everal are diic&lt to $e a$sor$ed.

#roing imacts on the environment

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:riving ,orces

'o&lation change orld o 6.3 $illion Dcons&mers. Each addition o cons&mers generate more ress&res on

@ ood.@

,ater.@ Energ*.@ a materials.

@ ace.

Comara$le negative imact on the environment.

,hat ill $e the imacts o a$o&t 9 $illion cons&mers $* 20%0L

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:riving ,orces

'romotion o economic groth Mar+et economies are $ased on economic eansion

@ #roth o rod&ction (s&l*).@ #roth o cons&mtion (demand).

Ass&e reinorced $* glo$ali8ation. #overnments tr* to reinorce economic groth

@ Elected or s&ch a &rose.@ eversed i the* Dmismanage the econom*.

ConseF&ences

@ ;eletion o nonrenea$le reso&rces.@ 4ver&se o renea$le reso&rces.@ =eteen 199% and 199! the orldNs economic o&t&t eceeded the

o&t&t rom the $eginning o histor* to 1900.

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:riving ,orces

C&lt&re and $elie s*stems Cons&merism incarnates materialistic val&es in h&man $ehavior. &lillment derived rom the acc&m&lation o goods. Eands the demand side o the mar+et econom*.

e$o (commenting merican cons&merism)@ D4&r enormo&sl* rod&ctive econom* O demands that e ma+e

cons&mtion o&r a* o lie that e convert the $&*ing and &se o good

into rit&als that e see+ o&r sirit&al satisaction and ego satisaction in

cons&mtion. O ,e need things cons&med $&rned & orn o&t

relaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate.@ >he

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,)lfillment C)rve

$onsumption

'ulfillment

Su

rviv

al

Com

fort

Luury

!travagan"e

#ther mean$

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:riving ,orces

>echnolog* 'o&lation groth economic groth and cons&merism eisted

to vario&s degrees $eore the ind&strial revol&tion. >echnological develoments have eanded the rocesses.

>echnological groth oten the res&lt o reso&rce deletion. More eicient technologies also a actor o accelerated reso&rce

deletion. o ar technolog* as $een more a actor o reso&rce deletion

and environmental destr&ction than o conservation.

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The ;icio)s Circle

Era o s&erdisasters Climate change. ;eorestation. 'overt*.

Croding. Collision to create larger ha8ards

1 $illion eole are living in shant*tons. everal o the largest cities are at ris+ $* earthF&a+es.

%0I o the glo$al o&lation lives along the coastline. 10 million are at high ris+ o $eing looded. 96I o all ca&salities rom nat&ral disasters are in the >hird

,orld.

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The ;icio)s Circle2

PopulationPoverty

Environment

Instability

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The ;icio)s Circle

More children to comensate highmortalit*.

More children to hel domestic tas+sand c&ltivation.

ac+ o rotection in vie o disease or

old age. ac+ o ed&cation la*s against amil*lanning.

,omen stat&s and overt* or$idaccess to ed&cation.

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The ;icio)s Circle

Ancrease o ress&res over marginalland overeloitation and

deorestation. Erosion and loods.

Ancrease &se o ertili8ers esticidesand ater. Migration to shant*tons. Erosion salination and loods loer

agric&lt&ral *ields emlo*ment and

incomes. 4vero&lation increases health

ro$lems and loers rod&ctivit*.

Population

Environment

2

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The ;icio)s Circle

hort term needs are a riorit* andor$ids environmental rotection.

;eveloment ins over

environmental iss&es.Poverty

Environment

2

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The ;icio)s Circle

all $ac+ o democrac* reression anddictatorshi.

>he arm* ta+es most o &$lic sending. =ad investment environment loss o

to&rism incomes. ;isorgani8ation o health and ed&cation

services. ;isorgani8ation o trade and limited

develoment oort&nities.

-ational and international reso&rces

toards &rgencies. ocial divisions and olitical ro$lems. e&gees.

>errorismL

Instability

2

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*stem rocessing in&ts to rod&ceo&t&ts An&ts

@ Energ* and ra materials.

'rocesses

@ Energ* and ra materials ith la$orand inrastr&ct&re.

4&t&ts@ 'rod&cts services and astes.

4ers conditions (oort&nities) to

s&ort its or+ing conditions and

ins&re its groth. ast groth can $e seen as a disease

(cancer). &staina$ilit* achieved thro&gh the

red&ction o in&ts and o&t&ts.

3

Processes

Inputs

utputs

Ener"-

Ra materials

Products

)ervices

astes

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Material ,lo2 Cycle

!esourcesupply

Productionand

manufacturin"

Consumption

!ecyclin"

Reneale and

/onreneale resources

Rec-cled flo

aste or losses Post!consumer discards

andfills, impoundments,

Deep ells and ocean

disposal

Releases to air, land and

ater

#ink

3

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Concet >he environment is a sin+. Consideration o h*sical meas&res

o environmental damage. Eval&ation o involved costs or the

societ*. Can $e considered rom economic

social and environmental

dimensions.

#ink

Lit$osp$ere

%ydrosp$ere

&tmosp$ere

Ecosp$ere

3

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The Sears To2er. Chicago

eat&res Enclosed entit*. 1700 eet high. 110 stories. 10000 or+ers.

Energ* Cons&mes more energ* than an

merican cit* o 1%0000. Cons&mes more energ* than an

Andian cit* o 1 million.

3

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Amacts 'ossi$le to meas&re the general

imacts o h&man activities on

the environment. Amacts (A) 'PP>

,here ' is o&lation isal&ence (level o cons&mtion)

and > is technolog*. >he imacts m&st $e loer than

the carr*ing caacit* o the

orld.

Impacts

Population &'uence

(ec$nolo"y

3

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Calc&lating the ootrint Jee trac+ o most o the reso&rces cons&med and the astes

generated. Converted to a $iologicall* rod&ctive area necessar* to rovide

these &nctions. >he ootrint is not a contin&o&s iece o land

@ ;&e to international trade the land and ater areas &sed $* most glo$al

citi8ens are scattered all over the lanet.

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Ecological -alance. !!ondon (yearly fig)res%

*nputs Outputs

20 million tons o &el"0 million tons o o*gen1 $illion tons o ater2." million tons o ood1% million tons o ra materials

3.9 million tons o ho&sehold andcommercial astes11." million tons o ind&strial anddemolition astes60 million tons o C42"00000 tons o 422!0000 tons o -42

3

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The =r'an ,ootprint of >ondon

ondon, Population 3 millions, 145,000 hectares

'ood production, 0.2 hectares per person, 5.6 million hectares

$aron se7uestration, 1.4 hectares per person, 10.4 million hectares

ood products, 385,000 hectares

&otal: 19.3 million hectares, 124 times

the surface of the cit-

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Geog 102 Topic 8