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https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790002350 2020-03-22T02:11:54+00:00Z

DOE/ NASA CONTRACTOR REPORT

DOE /NASA CR-150819

THERMAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE CALMAC (LIQUID)SOLAR COLLECTOR

Prepared by

Wyle NaboratoriesSolar Energy Systems ')ivisionHuntsville, Alahama 35805

Under subcontraci to IM Federal Systems Division, Huntsville, Alabama

Contract NAS8-32036

AN

o.^ 61 B 5 1p ^t

.w ^ L cr

N79-10521TXN

Unclas33917

National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationGeorge C. Marsh,01 Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812

For the U. S. Department of Energy(NASA-CE-150819) THERMAL PERFOPMANCEEVALUATION OF THE CALMAC (LIQUID) SOLARCOLLECTOR (wyle Labs., Inc.) 28 pHC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10A

G3/44

AA

U.S. Department of Energy

11 1 ,Solar Energy

k-

VrtTTry

This report was prepared to document work sponsored by theUnited States Government. Neither the United States nor itsagents the United States Dzpartmer.t of Energy, the UnitedStates National Aeronautics and Space Administration, nor anyfederal employees, nor any of their contractor3, subcontractorsor their employees; make any warranty, express or imp lied. orassume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,product or process disclosed, or represent that its use wouldno: infringe privately owned rights.

eV l"L CEDING PAGE NO,'* . rc rrk'nTABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

1.0 PURPOSE 1

2.0 REFERENCES 1kk

3.0 COLLECTOR DESCRIPTION 1

4.0 SUMMARY 2

5.0 TEST CONDITIONS AND TEST EQUIPMENT 3

5.1 Ambient Conditions 35.2 Instrumentation and Equipment 35.3 Data Systems 4

i;.0 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES 5

6.1 Collector Preconditioning andStagnation Test 5

6.2 Collector Time Constant Test 66.3 Collector Thermal Efficiency Test 86.4 Incident Angle Modifier Test 11

7.0 ANALYSIS 14

7.1 Time Constant Test 147.2 Thermal Performance Test 157.3 Incident Angle Modifier Test 18

TAbLL 1 DE== 6Ai OE. _19S 'RUMENTATION FORSIMULATOR TESTS 19

TABLE II CALMAC LIQUID COLLECTOR THER1,1ALPERFORMANCE TEST DATA 20

Figure 1 Instrumentaticn Locations for LiquidCollector Test 21

Figure 2 Test Setup for Static Loads 22

Figure 3 Time Constant Test of Calmac Collector 23

Figure 4 Thermal Efficiency of Calmac LiquidCollector 24

Figure 5 Incidence Angle Modifier Versus Angleof Incidence 25

Hi

,a

1.0

PURPOSE

The purpose of this document is to present the proce-dures used and the test results obtained during anevaluation program. The test program was conducted toobtain the following performance data and informationon the Calmac solar collector:

• Thermal performance data under simulationconditions.

Structural behavior of the collector understatic loading conditions.

Effects of long-term exposure to naturalweathering elements.

The tests were conducted utilizing the MSFC Solar Simu-lator in accordance with the test requirements specifiedin Reference 2.1 and the procedures contained in Refer-ence 2.2.

2.0

REFERENCES

2.1

ASHRAE 93-77

Method of Testing to Determine theThermal Performance of Solar Col-lectors

2.2

MTCP-FA-SIiAC-400

Procedure for Operatics of the MSFCSolar Simulator Facility

3.0

COLL.I•:CTOR DESCRIPTION

Manufacturer:

Manufacturer's

Model Number:

Serial Number:

Type* Flat P1

Working Fluid:

Calmac Manufacturing Corporation

Address: 150 South Van Brunt StreetEnglewood, N.J. 07631

None shown.

O1

ate

Water

Gross Collector Area, ft 2 : 34.33 ft2

Overall external dimensions:Width inches: 50.31"Length, Inches: 98.25"Thickness, IncheF,: 3.75"Aperture area, ft 2 : 29.3 ft2

1

3.0 COLLECTOR DESCRIPTION (Continued)

Collector glaiiny: Single (.040 Fibvi-gl.as reinforcedPolyester (Kalwall)

Weight, lbs: Empty: 78.5 lbs.Full: 83.5 lbs.

Absorber Plate: .002" aluminum plate with plastictubes coated with Methane Black.

4.0 -SUMMARY

Results of performance evaluations of collector effi-ciency, thermal response time, and incident angle modi-fier are presented in Section 6. Graphical presentationsof the collector thermal response time, collector effi-ciency and incident . angle modifier are contained inFigures 3 through 5.

Measurements of stagnation temperature during the pre-conditioning evaliiat icon and structural load evaluationswere not performed during this test program du@ to thecollector construction.

Tt is noted that the manufaot.urer limits the maximumoperating temperature to 210 ° F and the maximum operatingpressure is specified to be 20 psig.

2

5.0 TI'r;T CONDITIONS AND 'rF's-r EQU I PMF:NT

5.1 Ambic,nt Condi t iimS

l i n le::a ot hoiw i!;o :;poci } i cd hoio in, :111 test,. werept - ifozmod . ► t .ImlIioiit con dit ions existing in 11uiIdin94619 at- the t imo of the tr y ;t s.

5.2 I ll :+t I unuent .et i on .III(I Fciu i 1>nuont

All l rst eciuipi ont .1rld inst i milont -it i on u: • c , cl i n t he pvr-turm. ► rlcc, of this t(`-:t i ► ioyr.In1 comply with the re-yu:remtrnts of MSFC imml 1,400.40, Mot iology and Calibiat icn.T.lhle. 1 contains in: ;I I iii,wnt . ► t i on icl,ni i i ii-at ion .Ind data.lccluisi t ion connc-c • t i can (1, 11t a. 1 il!A rulnelitat icnl loc. ► t iconson the test loop and collector .Ire depicted in Fiqur-e 1.A 1 i st i ng of t h< , —pi i pmont u::rd ill vac• h 1 c . :;t fol l aws .

? pparat us M.lnufact ur er /Model R.ulcje /Accuracy

1`lat.inuin 12c • : ;i:; t aIIcc SuppI iod by Co11octor 0--500°F ± 0.5 °FMiotrnometor Maim fac I ii car

Pyr.ln^^n,^^t e a r Eppley - I^s p 0 -800 HTU/Ft 2 •Hrf 3•

Liquid koop

Flowow Mc.N tchr

Pla t i num ResistanceThe, rmomi , t v

St r i p c'h.1rt Pocol do

MSFC :;upp 1 i c a d

Fischer n Porter/1OA3565SZ

Hy -C.1 t

Mosle y b 80

.1 - 2.5 GPM

0 - 30 MPH

.1 - 2.2 f .01 GI,M

0-500 0 F t_ 0.5°F

5-500 MV f 2%

Dil - OCt ional Anomc >mete'r "uppl iod by AMC

Floor Fan MSW Supplied

N/A

Sol. ► r Siinu1.+t or MSF'C Supplied

See SHC 3006

Di fferential Pressure

St.athatn 0 - 10 PSIDTransducer + 1 it

A,1 trans;ducvt with thy • oxct , pi iorl of tho Fppley PSP pyranon>Lterus;Od in I , , coi cling t est c1.It a . ► I c, c al ihr.It o d by either NASA or AMCca i i hl at i on 1.ihu1 .et ories as rrciu i red by M.SFC MMI 5300.4C. The l' SPp y t,momete-'r wa s calibrated by the mantlfacturer. The st ated accuracyof indiviau.11 t r.lnsduc •rrs tot loots t lie overall expvcted accuracyihr ough t lio data acquisition system.

3

5.0 'TEST CONDITIONS AND TEST EQUIPMENT (Continued)

5.3 Date Systems

'Test data obtained during simulator tests are trans-mitted from MSFC Building 4619 (test site) through pri-mary data acquisition system 03 to the real time datalink and the DDP -224 computer .located in Building 4646.A separate data link between Building 4646 and 4619 pro-vides for printout of real time data at the test site.A listing of all instrumentation by function, type andcorresponding data recording sy-Lem is indicated inTable I.

The end-to-end accuracy of data derived from systemtesting is subject to an error analysis which account:for all inaccuracies in the transducer, signal condi-tioning, signal transmission and computer processingmethods. Since a formal systems error analysis willnot be clone, confidence in printout accuracies areestablished by installing calibrated "parallel" trans-ducers and direct readouts at key points in the systemand performing comparison checks from time to tiiiu-before, during and after tests. The results of suchchecks together with a review of the data for anomaliesindicate that the data presented `.s suitable for the pur-pose intended.

t^.0 'PEST kF'QII I kF:1-1KNTS AND PROCEDURES

6.1 Collor-Lor. P ► 4 , 1 •ondit ie^nin and Sta g nation 'rest

Test o , d B y B. Henderson_Started 4/10/78Completed 4213/78

6.1.1 Reyui remcnt

The collector sh^.1 be mounted on an outdoor passivetest !;Land at an angle of 45° from the horizontal andfacing south. 'i'he inlet an(? outlet ports to the col-lertor shall he cappl-d to prevent Clow. The upper capshall contain a small vaunt hole. The preconditioningshall consist_ of at le;t:.t three days exposure duringwhich the mc. ► n incident solar radiation measured inthe plane of the collector shall be 1500 H'rU/Ft2•day.During this pioconditinning, Iie following data shallbe recorded within two hours of solar noon when t t-einsolation is constant and above a minimum of 200 11TU/1Ir • Ft 2 in the plane of the collector. Data recordedshall be the average for at least a 20 minute periodat quasi -ste-idy state conditions.

1. Insolation rate.

2. Ambient temperature.

3. Wind Velocity and direction.

4. Absorber surface temperature at either 4 or 5locat ions. (Not instrumented)

o.1.1 Procedure

1. Mount test specimen as described above.

2. Connect instrumentation.

3. Record data as described above.

6.1.3 Results

The following data sheet shall I)e used to record thesestagnation conditions.

--- -- Insolation Ambient -^ Wind --Ra to Tempe ratu i e . Di r/Ve 1

)ate 11Ti me 13'1'U/1-.t2 • 11r °F leg/mphT otal exposure 3 days at1500 D f/day.

* '1'105 is an optionalsome manufacturers.

Absorber Plate Temp.,°F

'1'101 T102 T103 '1'104 T105

Not . ins r ument 3ddue to c llect rcon true' ion. I

temperature sensor installed by

5

L

6.0 TEST mQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES (Continued)

6.2 Collector Time Constant Test

Tested By B. HendersonStarted 'SJ22j78Completed _5/22/78

6.2.1 Requirements

The collector time constant shall be determined byabruptly reducing the solar flux to zero. This willbe done with the inlet temperature adjusted to withint 2°F of ambient while the liquid is flawing at 14.7lbm/heft . These are recommended flowrates. Themanufacturer's flowrates should be used when specified.The differential temperature across the collector shallbe monitored to d-.termine the time required to reachthe condition of:

AT(t)

,nTi = . 368

where L T(t) is the differential temperature at time tafter the solar flux is reduced to zero and A T1 is thedifferential temperature prior to the power down of theSoler simulator. The liquid to be used as the collectorheat transfer medium shall be as specified by the manu-facturer. If this liquid is not specified, use water asthe fluid.

The following data will be recorded for the test:

(1) Solar flux.(2) Ambient temperature.(3) Inlet liquid temperature.(4) Collector differential temperature.(5) Liquid flow rate.(6) Specified heat transfer medium.

6.2.2 Procedure

1. Adjust the liquid flow rate to 999.6 lbm/hr.*

2. Adjust the inlet temperature to ambient ± 2°F.

3. Power up the solar simulator and establish a solarflux level of 260 BTU/Ft *Hr.

1 4. Establish wind speed of 7.5 mph.

" These are recommended flowrates. The manufacturer'sflowrates should be used when specified.

6

6.0

TEST kj.QL 1 id.ME:NTS AND PROCEDURES , (Continued)

6.2

Coll--c,-or 'rime Constant Test (Continued)

6.2.3 ResultsThe thermal response timr if the Calmac collector wasdetermined to be 1 minute and 44 seconds. E:xperink-ntalresults are shown graphically in Figure 3. Data analysism,-'-hodshods are described in Section 7.1.

7

h-

.0 TEST R^U1Rt_MENTS AND PkOCF.DURES (Continued)

6.3 Collector Thermal Efficiency Test

Tasted By R. Hejpisch_L Jr.Started _ 511178Completed J/1/78

0.3.1 Requirements

Utilizing the MSFC Solar Simulator and tr.' portableliquid loop, parametric performance evaluation datashall be recorded of the following test variables andconditions. Tho liquid to be used is the manufacturer'sreconuronded heat transfer fluid. It not specified, thetest shall be performed using water as the workingfluid.

Variable/Condition

(1) Collector inlet liquidtemperature differentialabove existin g ambienttemperature level

(2) Collector outlet liquidtemperature

(3) Incident solar flux level.liquid

(4) Liquid flow rate throughcollector (Ref. 2.1, arearased on aperture)

(5) Wind speed

(6; Ambient air temperature

6.3.2 Procedure

Requirement '

0 °F, 25°F, 50°F, 75°Fand 100°F

Measured data

250, 300 BTU/Hr•Ft 2 °F'

14.7 lbm/hr•ft2

7.5 MPH

Existing room condition

1. Mount test specimen on test table at a 4 1,° anglewith reference to the floor.

2. Assure that simulator lamp array is adjusted to anangle of 45° with reference to the floor.

3. Using the procedure contained in Reference 2.3, alignthe test table so the test specimen's vertical center-line coincides with the vertical -;enterline of thelamp array and the distance from the loop of the testspecimen to the lens plane of the lamp array is 9 feet.

4. Insulate all liquid lines.

5. Connect instrumentation leads to data acquisitionsystem in accordance with Table I.

8

kk

6.0 TEST REQUIRF MENTS AND PROCEDURES ( Continued)

6.3 Collector T' ,rmal Efficiency Test(Continued)

6.3.2 Procedure (Continued)

6. Assure that data acquisition system is operational.

7. Perform sensor accuracy verification tests.

B. F:stabl ish c equi red wind speed.

9. Start liquid flaw loop and establish the requiredflow rate.

10. Establish the required inlet temperature.

11. Power ap solar simulator in accordance with Refer-ence 2.2 and establish the required solar flux level.

12. Record data for a minimum of five minutes at thesestabilized conditions.

13. Repeat Steps 9 through 12 as necessary to completeall the required test conditions with independenttests as specified below:

Inlet LiquidTempe r a i tireDifferential LiquidAbove Existing Flow Wind

'Cost Ainbi ent Temp. , Solar F1 ► ix Rate Speed,No. ,°F BTUIHr• F t2 °F' LAM HR MPH

1 0 250 999.6 7.5

2 0 300 999.6 7.5 i

3 25 250 999!6_ 7.5

4 25 300 999.6 7.5

5 50 250 999.6 7.5i

6 50 300 999.6_ 7.5

-_7 15 250_.999 •6 7.5

999.68 75 300 ___ 7.5

999.69 100 250 __ 7.5

10 100 300 .9^9 7.5

R 9

IL

10

6.0 TEST REQUIREMLNTS AND PROCEDURES (Continued)

6.3 Collector Thermal Efficiency Test (Continued)

6.3.2 Procedure (Continued)

14. Upon completion of testing, power down siand liquid loop in accordance with Refere

15. Inform data control group that simulatorhas terminated.

6.3.3 Results

Results of thermal efficiency tests are depictically in Figure 4. Supporting data obtainedthe test are presented in Table II. The methodata analyses are described in Section 7.2.

0 ,0 i h::,'i' It1:QUI Rt_MF:NTS AND PROCE DURE S (Continued)

6.4 Incident Angle M.)-difirr Test

Te:3ted II Y B. HendvruQnSt actedCompleted __5/ 2/ 78_2/ 78

6.4.1 men It s

The collector incident angle modifier shall be deter-inined by tilting the coll(-ctor at 30 0 , 40 0 0 50° and 600with rospoet. to the :;olar simulator :.urf •ice. The liquidflow rate :.hall be 999.6± 2 Ihrn/hr with the inlettemperature controlled -to with-Fn t 2°F of ambient. Theinsolation rate shall he 250 H'rU/F't 2 •11r. The liquid tohe used is the m inufact.urer's recommended fluid. Ifriot specified, the tests shall be performed using wateras the heat transfer medium. The following data shall.be recurded during the tests.

(1) Collector tilt angles.

(2) Ambient air temperature.

(3) Collector inlet liquid temperature.

(4) Collector outlet liquid temperature.

(5) Collector differential temperature.

(()) hector differential pressure.

(7) Inc:idcnt solar .lux level.

(R) t,icluid flaw rate through the collector.

6.4.2 Procedure

I . Set up collector at i oqui red tilt angle.

2. Establish required flowrate.

3. Kstabli:ch required inlet temperature.

4. F?;tablish solar simulator flux level at 250 BTU/Ft 2-II[' and measure the flux levels at 9 locations on the

collector surface and record on data sheet.

Record data for five minutes at above stabilizedconditiOtis.

6. Reheat above steps as necessary t^ obtain requireddata for each tilt angle.

11

6 .0 ►,xsT REQU I NKMI:NTS AND PROCEE)URES (Conti nued)

6.4 Inridont Angle Modifier Test (Continued)

6.4.3 Results,

The following data sheet was utilized to recordsteady state data for the incident jingle modifiertest.

collectorTilt Angle,De9re 30 40 50 60 0

Average SolarTnsolatior^ Rate, 216.0 179.8 143.7 118.5 255.0HTU/IIr • Ft,

Ambient AirTemperature, °r 72.2 72.1 71.2 72.5 71.1

Collector Inletrrmhe rat ure, O F 73.0 73.0 72.7 73.3 73.1

col lest or OutletI'emporature, O F 78.0 77.1 75.9 75.9 79.0

CollectorM ffer.ential 5.0 4.1 3.2 2.6 5.9

Temperature, c F

t'iowrate throughCollector, lbm/hr. `19`3 • 6 999.6 999.6 999.6 999.6

CollectorDifferentialPrr,•sure, in N O T ;N1 E; A S U R E Dwater

.incident Angle 1.0 .99 .966 .95 1.0Modifier, K•t r

* Data measured to obtain average ihsolationrates are to be recorded on t.1e followingsheet.

The resulting incident angle modifier values are showngraphically in Figure 5 as a function of the angle ofincidence. Methods of data analysis are described inSection 7.3.

12

N

n n195.4 216.7 218.5

214..8 230.4- 225.2

188.7 231.9 222.9

Tilt ongle = 30

K asured 111solation

Rat e, R tU/Iir Ft2.

-v

55.6 249.7 247.5

249.7 251.9

156.0 1 .7. 9_.8 194.2

163.5 187.3 205.4

xx136.7 190.2 20_5.1

Tilt angle 40

1 UAL 14 .7 _ 1-55 .3 -

134.5 150, _6- 1710_i 2__

104,_0- 149.4_ 166 4_

lilt angle 50°

101- , ^ 11.5- ^ 134

112.2 118.9 142,7_

/% _ XL.92.1

117.4

Tilt angle - 600

X63.6 264.6 246.0 1

Tilt Angle = 01

M1 ASURED INSULATION PAILS AS A f UNCI ION OF COLLECTOR TILT ANGLE

13

7.0 ANALYSIS

7.1 Time Constant Test

Two methods area time constanttions, only theconsisted of sha constant flowing data.

proposed by ASHKAE 93-77 for conductingtest. However, due to facility limita-first method could be used. This methodutting down the simulator and maintainingrate and inlet temperature whi p: obtain-

According to the definition of time constant given in93-77, it is the time rE quired for the ratio of thedifferential temperature at time 'r to the initial differ-ential temperature to reach .368. It can be expressed as:

T f,e Z - Tf,i = ,368 (1)T f,e,ini - Tf,i

if the inlet liquid temperature can be controlled toequal the ambient air temperature,

whe re:

Tf a 2- = F.xit liquid temperature at time

Tf'i - Inlet liquid temperature

Tf,e,ini = Initial exit liquid temperature.

From Figure I the time constant was determined to be1 minute and 44 seconds.

14

7.0 ANALYSIS (continued)

7.2 Thermal Performance Test

The analysis of data contained in this report is inaccordance with the National Bureau of Standards recom-mended approach. This approach is outlined below.

The efficiency of a collector is stated as:

qu/A tit Ctf ( t f,e - t f,i ) (1)

I Iwhere:

q u = rate of useful energy extracted from theSolar Collector (B'TU/Fir)

A = Gross collector area (Ft2)

I Total solar energy incident upon the plant ofthe solar col le-tor per unit time per unitarea ( BTU/t1 r - Ft )

m Mass flow rate of the transfer liquid throughthe collector per unit area of the collector(1,Um/Ft -fir)

Ctf = Specific heat of the transfer liquid (t+TU/Lh• °F)

t e Temperature of the transfer liquid leaving thecollector ('F)

tf,i = Temperature of the transfer liquid entering thecollector ( °F)

Rewriting Equation (1) in terms of the total collectorarea yield:

7L = (.'A)Ctf `tf•e-tf,i) M Ctf (t f ^ e - t f,i ) (2)

(IA) Pi

Notice t hat :

P i = IA Total Power Incident on the Collector.

mA = M = Total Mass Flow Rate through the Collector.

Therefore M Ctf (t f,c - t f,i) = Total Power Collected bythe Collector.

6-

ANALYSIS (Continued)

Thermal Performance Test (Continued)

Substituticn in Equation (2) results in:

7'L = Pabs (3)Pincwhere:

Pabs - Total collected power

Pinc = Total incident power

This value of efficiency is expressed as a percentage bymultiphying by 100. This expression for percent efficiencyis:

Collector Efficiency = Pabs x 100 (4)Pinc

or from Equation (2), collector efficiency is defined bythe equation:

Eff. = M Ctf (t f,e - tf,i) x 100 (5)

P1

Each term in Equation (5) was measured and recorded inde-pendently during the test. Tai calculated values ofefficiency were determined at sixty-second intervals.The mean value of efficiency was determined ever a five-minute period during which the test conditions remainedin a quasi-steady state. Each five-minute period con-stitutes one "data point" as is graphically depicted ona plot of percent efficiency versus

(ti - t ai /I

where:

t iLiquid inlet temperature (°F)

to = Ambient temperature ()F)

I = Incident flux per unit area (BTU/Hr•Ft2)

The abscissa term ((t i - t ) /I) was used to normalize theeffect of operating at different values of I, ti and ta.

The result of second order polynomial analysis is shownin Figure 4. The second order polynomial to best describethe test results is:

% Efficiency = a0 + a lf + a2r2

16

7.o

7.2

7.0 ANALYSIS (Continued)

7.2 Thermal Performance T-,st (Continued)

where:

(ti - t a ) /I

and the coefficients are determined to be:

a0 = 62.67; a l = -101.90, and a 2 = -9.19

17

7.0 ANALYSIS (Continued)

7.3 Incident Angle Modifier Test

Two methods are proposed by ASHRAE 93-77 for incidentangle modifier tests. For the MSFC Solar SimulatorFacility, only method 1 (tilting the collector) isapplicable. The collector was adjusted so that theincident radiation angles were 23°, 45 0 and 60 0 to thenormal of the collector surface.

According to 93-77, the incident angle modifier is de-fined as

K d It = !!. ( 1)FR (

where ;^ = efficiency at tilted angle

FR (d ,r)n = Intercept of efficiency curve atnormal incident angle

For equation (1) to be applicable, the inlet liquidtemperature must be controlled to within f 2°F of theambient air temperature.

The results of this computation are shown in Section6.4.3 and are plotted against incident angle in Figure5.

18

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4

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A LIQUID

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