Gender Privacy Kritik

7/23/2019 Gender Privacy Kritik

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Gender Privacy K



Frontline



1NC (Short)Privacy is a malecentered concept that is used to justify the

oppression of the non-male outside of pulic vie!

Fineman et al" #$(Martha Fineman, is an American jurist and legal theorist,

known for her work in feminist legal theory and family law. Roxanne Mykitiuk is anAssociate Professor at Osgoode all !aw "chool where she teaches in the areas of#isa$ility !aw, ealth !aw and %ioethics, !aw and Family !aw. &''. )*he Pu$lic+ature of Priate -iolence Psychology Press /g. 01203 44M-5

*he notion of the family as a s/here of /riacy, immune from state interference , iscentral to 6riswold. %ut 6riswold inoled a state law that /rohi$ited contrace/tionand is /remised on an ideali7ed ision of marriage as 8enduring and intimate,)/romoting )harmony in liing. For women in the 9nited "tates, intimacy with men,

in and out of mar2 riage, too often results in iolence. *he conce/t of freedom from state intrusion into

the marital $edroom takes on a di:erent meaning when it is iolence that goes on in that s/ace. *he conce/tof marital /riacy, esta$lished as a constitutional /rinci/le in 6riswold, historically has $een the key

ideological rationale for state refusal to interene to /rotect $attered women withinongoing intimate relationshi/s. *his cha/ter ex/lores the ways in which conce/ts of /riacy/ermit, encourage, and reinforce iolence against women, focusing on the ;om2 /lex

interrelationshi/ $etween notions of 8/u$lic8 and 8/riate8 in our social understandings of woman a$use<

istorically, male $attering oi women was untouched $y law, /rotected as /art ofthe /riate s/here of family life . Oer the last twenty years, howeer, as the $attered women=s

moement in this country has made issues of $attering isi$le, $attering is no longer /erceied as a/urely 8/riate8 /ro$lem, and has taken on dimensions of a )/u$lic issue. *here has

$een an ex/losion of legal retort and social serice e:orts> the deelo/ment of $attered women?s shelters and

hotlines, many state and federal goernmental re/orts, and much state legislation. +ew legal remedies for$attered women hae $een deelo/ed which hae $een /remised on the idea of$attering as a 8/u$lic8 harm. oweer , at the same time, there is wides/readresistance to acknowledgment of $attering as a 8/u$lic8 issue. *he ideological tenacity of

conce/tions of $attering as 8/riate8 is reealed in the 9nited "tates "u/reme;ourt=s decision in #e"ha2nay &&. @inne$ago ;ounty #e/ort2 m7nt of "ocial "erices (&''5, in theinadeBuacy of legal reform e:orts to date, and in tensions that exist within the$attered women=s moement. *he conce/t of /riacy /oses a dilemma and a challengeto theoretical and /ractical work on woman a$use . *he notion of marital /riacy has$een a source of o//ression of $attered women and has hel/ed to maintainwomen=s su$ordination within the family. oweer, a more aCirma2 tie conce/t of /riacy, one that

encom/asses li$erty, eBuality, freedom of $odily integrity. autonomy, and self2determination is im/ortant to women

who hae $een $attered. *he challenge is not sim/ly to reject /riacy for $attered womenand o/t for state interention, $ut to deelo/ $oth a more nuanced theory of where

to draw the $oundaries $etween /u$lic and /riate, and a theory of /riacy that isem/owering.



%he alternative is to vote ne&ative and endorse a 'politic

of testifyin& that replaces pulic representation !ith the

private !orld--- thus rin&in& the oppression of !omen

into li&ht

Patriarchal ilitarism !ill cause e*tinction+reco&nition of the

non-male in a reversal of the pulic and private is ,ey to

prevent it

eardon #. (%etty, 9+ consultant, &''0, @omen and PeaceDFeminist -isions of

6lo$al "ecurity /. E&2E 44M-5

@omen=s traditional roles of engaging in multi/le actiities, as generalists, hae gien them this $road, integrated

iew of /eace and secunty that /roides a ho/eful alternatie to the more narrow and fragmented iews that most

inGuence /resent /rocesses of national and international security /olicy formation. Perha/s nothing can $emore /roocatie of new ways of thinking a$out security than turning the /resent

notions u/side down. *he shortest. strongest. and /erha/s mostmeaningful way of descri$ing this iew is

reersing the common relationshi/ $etween means and ends. @omen, as is eident from the foregoing /assages

Buoted from *he +airo$i Forward !ooking "trategies, see /eace as the route to security rather than the other wayaround. 6andhi=s assertion, 8*here is no way to /eace. Peace is the way,8 is an excellent summary of a feminine

iew of security, a iew largely formed $y women=s ex/erience of nurturing, caregiing, and household

maintenance. Peace, as will $e noted in the discussion of /ositie /eace in cha/ter 0, /roides the conditions andresources most conductie to caregiing and nurturing. @ar and /re/aration for war reduce and destroy resources

and limit and com/licate the conditions for care and nurture. @omen who $ring forth human life, and carry the

res/onsi$ility for maintaining it and /roiding it with the most humane Buality /ossi$le see security in terms of the/ossi$ilities for life, its maintenance, and the im/roement of its Buality. "ecurity lies in things ho/ed for and

/lanned for, /erha/s more than in things as they are. "ecunty is in large /art futures perception. "ecurity, we

argue, is as much a matter of /erce/tion as 8reality8H as is well attested $y the realinsecurity /roduced $y the /resent security system which (in s/ite of the warming ofthe ;old

@ar5 still relies heail on armed force and the threat system, a reliance which erodes

all other dimensions of security. Authentic human security, we $eliee, deries mainly from thereasona$le ex/ectation of well $eing. In that women=s lies hae $een largely deoted to fulClling ex/ectations ofwell2$eing, feminists who see the releance and alues of women=s ex/erience discern it in a new multi2dimensional

a//roach to securityJ *he holistic feminist a//roach contrasts starkly with conentional security, iews and

/olicies which reduce irtually all the issues to the Buestions of 8national security8 and 8military /re/aredness.8 *hedysfunctionality of this reductionist iew of security is readily eident to all who are concerned with the Buality of

the life to $e made secure. Feminists see in its deleterious e:ects on women how the inordinate /riority gien to

the military erodes authentic security, glo$al, national, and local. ("cott and Reardon &''&5 @hat women

householders and caregiers ex/erience as authentic security is the ex/ectation of well2$eing for those for whomthey are /roiding care> their families, their communities, and the ulnera$le and im/oerished whose need for

care and nurturance many women feel as they feel the needs of 8their own.8 It is the /ursuit of these/ositie ex/ectations that women $ring to the endeaor, $oth in the /riate s/hereand in the /u$lic s/here, where they cam/aign for security at all social leels fromneigh$orhood or illage to the international system. *heir cam/aigns reeal theirnotions of what constitutes security. @omen=s iews of glo$al security might $e summari7ed as a

world in which all the Karth=s /eo/les could lie with four fundamental ex/ectations. And women=s actions for /eace

are ins/ired $y the seere threats to the reali7ation of those ex/ectations /osed $y the /resent world order. First,

that our planet will continue to be able to sustain life . Let scientists hae warned that the o7one layer has $een soseriously damaged that it may $e irre/ara$le. *he damage is causing seere harm to the human immune system

and $ringing a$out a drastic increase in skin cancer. #eforestation, es/ecially in the Ama7on %asin, has signiCcantly

reduced the Karth=s su//ly of oxygen. @ithout sucient oxygen, life cannot $e sustained. @aters /olluted $y/oerty and industrial misuse, and atmos/here damaged $y wea/ons testing, are destroying natural systems. Let

research and deelo/ment of chemical and $iological wea/ons continue. *he ery wea/ons we haedeelo/ed to defend our security are themseles a threat to our security in the



/otential conseBuences of their use in com$at and in the actual /rocesses of theirdeelo/ment and testing. +ext, that the basic needs of life will be met . Let. as more /eo/le of the world

fall into /oerty, millions are without clean, /ota$le water, housing, adeBuate food, fundamental education, and

health care of any kind. Most of these are women. InGation is ram/ant, unem/loyment is increasingH uncared for

children roam the streets of the world=s great cities. *hird, that human dignity and integrity will be respected, and

personal well-being and possibilities for individual and social development will not be impeded by traditional

customs, social structures, or political policies at local, national, or glo$al leels. Let a reiew of the #eclaration of

the ;onention on All Forms of #iscrimination against @omen /roides a list of a $road and tragic range ofim/ediments to women=s /ersonal well2$eing that still /reail throughout the world. A/artheid and racism in arious

forms im/ede the social deelo/ment of many indigenous /eo/les. *he arms /roduced for nationaldefense hae $een used to maintain racist, re/ressie systems that deny the/ersonal well $eing and human rights of ethnic grou/s and /olitical dissenters. Fourth,

that we can be protected from preventable harm and cared for in times of disaster without enduring greater harm,that the life and well-being of the Earth’s peoples will not be harmed as a consequence of imbalanced security

policies, preparation for war, and armed conict . Let, in a highly militari7ed world. local conGictsrage that daily im/ose death and su:ering on noncom$atants as well as armedforces. *he &''& war in the Persian 6ulf and the &''E war in a disintegrating Lugoslaia took uncounted num$ers

of ciilian lies, /roduced hundreds of thousands of refugees. and reduced liing conditions to circumstances that of

themseles were lethal. A Gourishing trade in conentional arms fuels the Games of these

conGicts and consumes resources in a truly incendiary manner, leaing in ashes/eo/le=s ho/es for een a minimal standard of life. *he technological arms race,with its adancing wea/ons deelo/ment, has also further dierted resources fromsocial and human /ur/oses as it escalates to the /oint of the /ossi$ility of totaldestruction. Arms deelo/ment cannot $e relied u/on to /reent aggression and warfare. A case can $e made

that, on the contrary, arms /roduction and tracking encourage armed conGict, eroding rather than assuring our

ex/ectation of /rotection or 8defense.8 Kach of these ex/ectations has $een the focus of major 9nited +ations

re/orts and declarations on deelo/ment, human rights, the enironment, and disarmament and security. %ut little/u$lic heed has $een /aid. oweer, women=s moements and initiaties are insisting that we must turn our

attention to meeting these four fundamental ex/ectations that constitute authentic security. *hey hel/ to /oint out

that we must attend to the o$stacles to these ex/ectations in an integrated, com/rehensie fashion $ased on anunderstanding of the interrelationshi/s among them. 9ntil we understand the connections among these four

ex/ectations and the other glo$al /ro$lems deriing from their frustration, neither the world nor any of its /eo/le

will $e secure. Alternatie a//roaches are an urgent necessity. @omen=s ex/eriencesand feminine alues are sources of such alternaties. Feminine ;haracteristics as A//roaches to

Peace and "ecurity *he discussions in this $ook and elsewhere of the need for women=s /artici/ation in /u$lic

a:airs are essentially a call to alori7e those feminine characteristics that are conducie to /eace and

com/rehensie a//roaches to security. "ome feminists argue that these characteristics hold thegreatest /ossi$ilities to moe us from the /resent condition of continuous armedconGict , /otential nuclear annihilation, and ecological colla/se toward theachieement of a truly just world /eace and authentic glo$al security.



1NC (/on&)Privacy is a malecentered concept that is used to justify the

oppression of the non-male outside of pulic vie!

Fineman et al" #$(Martha Fineman, is an American jurist and legal theorist,

known for her work in feminist legal theory and family law. Roxanne Mykitiuk is anAssociate Professor at Osgoode all !aw "chool where she teaches in the areas of#isa$ility !aw, ealth !aw and %ioethics, !aw and Family !aw. &''. )*he Pu$lic+ature of Priate -iolence Psychology Press /g. 01203 44M-5

*he notion of the family as a s/here of /riacy, immune from state interference , iscentral to 6riswold. %ut 6riswold inoled a state law that /rohi$ited contrace/tionand is /remised on an ideali7ed ision of marriage as 8enduring and intimate,)/romoting )harmony in liing. For women in the 9nited "tates, intimacy with men,

in and out of mar2 riage, too often results in iolence. *he conce/t of freedom from state intrusion into

the marital $edroom takes on a di:erent meaning when it is iolence that goes on in that s/ace. *he conce/tof marital /riacy, esta$lished as a constitutional /rinci/le in 6riswold, historically has $een the key

ideological rationale for state refusal to interene to /rotect $attered women withinongoing intimate relationshi/s. *his cha/ter ex/lores the ways in which conce/ts of /riacy/ermit, encourage, and reinforce iolence against women, focusing on the ;om2 /lex

interrelationshi/ $etween notions of 8/u$lic8 and 8/riate8 in our social understandings of woman a$use<

istorically, male $attering oi women was untouched $y law, /rotected as /art ofthe /riate s/here of family life . Oer the last twenty years, howeer, as the $attered women=s

moement in this country has made issues of $attering isi$le, $attering is no longer /erceied as a/urely 8/riate8 /ro$lem, and has taken on dimensions of a )/u$lic issue. *here has

$een an ex/losion of legal retort and social serice e:orts> the deelo/ment of $attered women?s shelters and

hotlines, many state and federal goernmental re/orts, and much state legislation. +ew legal remedies for$attered women hae $een deelo/ed which hae $een /remised on the idea of$attering as a 8/u$lic8 harm. oweer , at the same time, there is wides/readresistance to acknowledgment of $attering as a 8/u$lic8 issue. *he ideological tenacity of

conce/tions of $attering as 8/riate8 is reealed in the 9nited "tates "u/reme;ourt=s decision in #e"ha2nay &&. @inne$ago ;ounty #e/ort2 m7nt of "ocial "erices (&''5, in theinadeBuacy of legal reform e:orts to date, and in tensions that exist within the$attered women=s moement. *he conce/t of /riacy /oses a dilemma and a challengeto theoretical and /ractical work on woman a$use . *he notion of marital /riacy has$een a source of o//ression of $attered women and has hel/ed to maintainwomen=s su$ordination within the family. oweer, a more aCirma2 tie conce/t of /riacy, one that

encom/asses li$erty, eBuality, freedom of $odily integrity. autonomy, and self2determination is im/ortant to women

who hae $een $attered. *he challenge is not sim/ly to reject /riacy for $attered womenand o/t for state interention, $ut to deelo/ $oth a more nuanced theory of where

to draw the $oundaries $etween /u$lic and /riate, and a theory of /riacy that isem/owering.



Patriarchy causes e*tinction--- malecentered thin,in&

recreates the prolems it attempts to solve

0arren and Cady #$ (Naren @arren and #uane ;ady, Professors of Philoso/hy

at Macalester ;ollege and amline 9niersity. )Feminism and Peace> "eeking;onnections. y/atia. -ol. ' Issue> E, Pg. E 44M-5

*he notion of /atriarchy as a socially dysfunctional system ena$les feminist/hiloso/hers to show why conce/tual connections are so im/ortant and howconce/tual connections are linked to the ariety of other sorts of woman2nature2/eace connections. In addition, the claim that /atriarchy is a dysfunctional social systemlocates what eco feminists see as arious 8dysfunctionalities8 of /atriarchy2theem/irical inisi$ility of what women do, sexist2warist2naturist language, iolencetoward women, other cultures, and nature2in a historical, socioeconomic, cultural,and /olitical context.(&5 *o say that /atriarchy is a dysfunctional system is to saythat the fundamental $eliefs, alues, attitudes and assum/tions (conce/tualframework5 of /atriarchy gie rise to im/aired thinking, $ehaiors, and institutionswhich are unhealthy for humans , es/ecially women, and the /lanet . *he following diagram

re/resents the features of /atriarchy as a dysfunctional socialsystem> Patriarchy, as an 9/2#own system of /ower2oer relationshi/sof domination of women $y men, is conce/tually grounded in a faulty /atriarchal $elief and alue system, (a5, according to which(some5 men are rational and women are not rational, or at least not rational in the more highly alued way (some5 men are rationalH

reason and mind are more im/ortant than emotion and $odyH that humans are justiCed in using female nature sim/ly to satisfyhuman consum/tie needs. *he discussion a$oe of /atriarchal conce/tual frameworks descri$es the characteristics of this faulty

$elief system. Patriarchal conce/tual frameworks sanction , maintain, and /er/etuateim/aired thinking, ($5> For exam/le, that men can control women=s inner lies , that it ismen=s role to determine women=s choices, that human su/eriority oer nature

justiCes human ex/loitation of nature, that women are closer to nature than men$ecause they are less rational, more emotional, and res/ond in more instinctualways than (dominant5 men. *he discussions a$oe at (5 and (5,are exam/les of the linguistic and /sychological forms

such im/aired thinking can take. O/erationali7ed, the eidence of /atriarchy as a dysfunctional system is found in the $ehaiors to

which it gies rise, (c5, and the unmanagea$ility, (d5, which results. For exam/le, in the 9 nited " tates,

current estimates are that one out of eery three or four women will $e ra/ed $ysomeone she knows H glo$ally, ra/e, sexual harassment, s/ouse2$eating, and sado2masochistic /ornogra/hy are exam/les of $ehaiors /racticed, sanctioned, ortolerated within /atriarchy. In the realm of enironmentally destructie $ehaiors, stri/2mining, factory farming, and

/ollution of the air, water, and soil are instances of $ehaiors maintained and sanctioned within /atriarchy. *hey , too, reston the faulty $eliefs that it is okay to 8ra/e the earth,8 that it is 8man=s 6od2gienright8 to hae dominion (that is, domination5 oer the earth, that nature has onlyinstrumental alue, that enironmental destruction is the acce/ta$le /rice we /ayfor 8/rogress.8 And the /resum/tion of warism, that war is a natural, righteous, andordinary way to im/ose dominion on a /eo/le or nation, goes hand in hand with/atriarchy and leads to dysfunctional $ehaiors of nations and ultimately to

international unmanagea$ility. Much of the current 8unmanagea$ility8 of contem/orary lifein /atriarchal societies, (d5, is then iewed as a conseBuence of a /atriarchal/reoccu/ation with actiities, eents, and ex/eriences that reGect historically male2gender identiCed $eliefs, alues, attitudes, and assum/tions. Included among thesereal2 life conseBuences are /recisely those concerns with nuclear /roliferation, war,enironmental destruction, and iolence toward women , which many feminists seeas the logical outgrowth of /atriarchal thinking. In fact, it isoften only through o$sering these

dysfunctional $ehaiors22the sym/toms of dysfunctionality22that one cantruly see that and how /atriarchy seres to maintain and/er/etuate them. @hen /atriarchy is understood as a dysfunctional system, this 8unmanagea$ility8 can $e seen for what it is22as a



/redicta$le and thus logical conseBuence of /atriarchy.(&&5 *he theme that glo$al enironmental crises, war, and iolencegenerallyare /redicta$le and logical conseBuences of sexism and /atriarchal culture is /erasie in ecofeminist literature (see Russell &'',

E5. Kcofeminist ;harlene "/retnak, for instance, argues that 8a militarism and warfare are continualfeatures of a /atriarchal society $ecause they reGect and instill /atriarchal aluesand fulCll needs of such a system . Acknowledging the context of /atriarchal conce/tuali7ations that feed

militarism is a Crst ste/ toward reducing their im/act and /resering lifeon Karth8 ("/retnak &'', 5. "tated in terms of

the foregoing model of /atriarchy as a dysfunctional social system, the claims $y "/retnak and

other feminists take on a clearer meaning> Patriarchal conce/tual frameworks legitimate im/aired

thinking (a$out women, national and regional conGict, theenironment5 whi ch is manifested in

behaviors which, if continued, will make life on earth dicult, if not

impossible . It is a stark message, $ut it is /lausi$le. Its /lausi$ility lies in understanding the conce/tualroots of arious

woman2nature2/eace connections in regional, national, and glo$al contexts.

%he alternative is to vote ne&ative to endorse a 'politic of

testifyin& that replaces pulic representation !ith the

private !orld--- thus rin&in& the oppression of !omeninto li&htGoodman 1(Ro$in *ruth 6oodman is associate /rofessor of Knglish at Florida

"tate 9niersity. )ean "aid Makdisi=s %eirut Fragments as a *hought Kx/eriment inPu$lic "/here #isintegration. "/ring E&. ;ontem/orary !iterature. -ol. &. +o.& 44M-5

Priate s/aces and /riate understandings a//ear, then, as the only remaining traceof social cohesion , and therefore as the defensie u/holder of gender conentions,/articularly in ascri$ing work. Also, howeer, the now2distorted communicatie functionsthat hae $een truncated in their institutional forms are handed oer to /riate

a//ro/riation.

@ith the state made ino/eratie and its structures fallen to ru$$le,

Makdisi?s %eirut Fragments enisions the only remaining form of /u$lic discourse in a /oliticsof testifying that re/laces /u$lic re/resentation with the eeryday /ractices ofsu$jectie utterance, /riate life, and women?s work. 9nlike in a$ermas?s li$eralism, /riatelife does not delier the immanence of communication in modern life, moing fromits archaic origins to an emanci/atory alternatie to modern systems a//ro/riation,$ut rather is defensie, drawn $ack u/on itself, una$le to associate $eyond itsimmediate context $ecause of the iolence on the outside. Makdisi?s de/ictions of war2torn %eirut

/roide a /arallel case study for the social relations that neoli$eral ideologies also enision, where the /u$lic sector can no longer

function. @hat is more, as in these neoli$eral scenarios, the !e$anese /u$lic sector is re/laced withwomen?s work as a synecdoche for the /riati7ation of /u$lic life . )Q*he war, she ex/lains,

)im/osed more and more res/onsi$ilities on me and other women. *he crises of the war were often ones which fell into thetraditional realm of women. @e had to /roide domestic su//lies, deal with wrecked homes, create alternatie shelters, co/e with

death (E&5. In the aftermath of a $om$ attack, Makdisi time and again )QdecideQs to clean the house. . . . "tartQs dusting (EE5 in

a futile attem/t to restore order and normali7ation> )I also remem$er eery now and then going into afren7y of housecleaning, $ut this had less to do with E S ;O+*KMPORARL !I*KRA*9RK normal housewifely moties

than with a kind of manic desire to clean u/ the whole world, the whole cruel world,the world of killing and of $a$ies dying from drinking salty water and of hori7onssooty with Cre and /ain (&35. "he runs home, worries a$out her children, attends dinner /arties.



/in,s



Generic 2 Surveillance

3ecreasin& surveillance is just an increase in privacy--- !e

must 4uestion the principles of surveillance curtailment

Patton, ason @., 5, , 8Protecting Priacy In Pu$lic< "ureillance *echnologies And *he -alue Of Pu$lic

Places,8 Kthics And Information *echnology -olume> E Issue> 0 Page> &&2&3 44M-

%ecause the alue of /u$lic /laces is not reduci$le to /riacy, the im/ortance ofsociality /roides another aenue for Buestioning sureillance technologies. *hisanalysis on the framing of sureillance as a /riacy issue shows that more is atstake than the rights of the indiidual. In contrast to /riacy as an indiidual right,sociality suggests a relational alue $etween /eo/le or a contextual alue of /u$lic/laces. Formulations from feminist ethics and enironmental ethics /roide starting/oints for deelo/ing such an a//roach. ;arol 6illigan?s ethics of care contrasts thedi:erentiated indiidual of enlightenment thinking who /ossesses rights with theindiidual who?s identity is constituted $y social relationshi/s.E1 @hile the formerem/hasi7es the rights of the indiidual $ased on conce/tions of fairness. 6illigan?sformulation rests on the res/onsi$ility of /eo/le to others in caring for relationshi/s.In the context of /u$lic /laces, sociality em/hasi7es the informal relations $etween/eo/le that form a $ackground for social and ciic lies . *he alue exists $etween/eo/le in terms of a res/onsi$ility for others, een for ur$an strangers who share asense of community, identity, and the social contract. In addition to the indiidual?s/riacy and the grou/?s sociality, the conce/t of a contextual alue /oints to the/u$lic /lace as a s/ace that su//orts these relations.



Privacy%he Private sphere as a safe space is fundamentally 6a!ed 2

normali7es patriarchal e*ploitation

8t7ioni 19 Amitai, )*he +ew +ormal T Finding a %alance $etween Indiidual

Rights and the ;ommon 6ood, *ransaction Pu$lishers T +ew %runswick, +, "eniorAdisor to the ;arter @hite ouseH taught at ;olum$ia, arard %usiness, ;o/yrightE&, I"%+ '32&2&E2332&5

*o suggest that the time has come to leae $ehind the reasona$le ex/ectation of /riacy standard is not to say that

the courts should reert to /re2Nat7 Fourth Amendment analysis, which gae considera$leweight to the home as the locus of /riacy. In Nat7 the majority ruled that 8the Fourth Amendment

/rotects /eo/le, not /laces>= rejecting the 8tres/ass8 doctrine enunciated in Olmstead. oweer, een afterthis, the home remained largely iniola$le in *he eyes of the courts.ItseemsNat7didnotdetachFourthAmendmentsafe2 guards from the home $ut rather extended the s/here of/riacy

$eyond it to other /rotected s/aces. Information collected a$out eents in one=s home is still

often considered a /riori a iolation of /riacy, while much more license is granted to the state in collecting

information a$out conduct in /u$lic and commercial s/aces. As ustice "calia /ut it, 8at the ery core= of theFourth Amendment =stands the right ofa man to retreat into his own home and there $e free from

unreasona$le goernmental intrusion> @ith few exce/tions, the Buestion whether a warrantless search of a home is

reasona$le and hence constitutional must $e answered no>=& *his is an idea that has dee/ roots inAmerican and Knglish common law> 8Uealous and freBuent re/etition of the adage that 8a man=s house

is his castleH= made it a$undantly clear that $oth in Kngland and the colonies, 8the freedom of one=shouse8 was one of the most ital elements of Knglish li$erty>=&' In #ow ;hemical ;om/any .

9nited "tates, the ;ourt esta$lished that the ex/ectation of /riacy was lower in an industrial /lant than a home

$ecause the latter 8is fundamentally a sanctuary, where /ersonal conce/ts of self and family are forged, where

relationshi/s are nurtured and where /eo/le normally feel free to ex/ress themseles in intimate ways.8E

Feminist scholars correctly and roundly critici7ed the iniola$ility of the home andthe /riate4/u$lic distinction in /riacy law. ;atharine MacNinnon writes the /ro$lem with granting

the home extra /rotection is that 8while the /riate has $een a refuge for some, it has $een a

hellhole for others, often at the same time>=E& !inda Mc;lain /oints out that freedom from

state interference in the home "renders men unaccountable for what is

done in private-rape, battery, and other exploitation' .=EE



8conomy3iscourse of the economic only reinstitutes the male-

dominated society--- the non-male falls to the periphery

Fraser :;(+ancy Fraser, is an American critical theorist, currently the enry A.

and !ouise !oe$ Professor of Political and "ocial "cience and /rofessor of /hiloso/hyat *he +ew "chool in +ew Lork ;ity, @inter &'3, )@omen, @elfare and the Politicsof +eed Inter/retation, y/atia, -ol. E, +o. & /g. &E2&EE 44M-5

;onsider that the ideological (as o//osed to economic5 e:ects of the A*=s mode of needinter/retation o/erate within a s/eciCc and relatiely new societal arena. I call this arena

8the social8 in order to mark its noncoincidence with the familiar institutionali7ed s/aces of family and ocial2

economy. As I conceie it, the social is not exactly eBuialent to the traditional /u$lics/here of /olitical discourse deCned $y iirgen a$ermas (&'3,&'&5H nor is it coextensiewith the state . Rather, the social is a site of discourse a$out /eo/le=s needs,s/eciCcally a$out those needs which hae $roken out of the domestic and4orocial2economic s/heres that earlier contained them as 8/riate matters.8 *hus,

the social is a site of discourse a$out /ro$lematical needs, needs which hae cometo exceed the a//arently ($ut not really 5 selfregulating domestic and economicinstitutions of male2dominated, ca/italist society.8 As the site of this excess, thesocial is $y deCnition a terrain of contestation . It is a s/ace in which conGicts amongrial inter/retations of /eo/le=s needs are /layed out. 8In8 the social, then, one would ex/ect to

Cnd a /lurality of com/eting needs discourses. And in fact what we do Cnd here are at least three major

kinds> &5 8 ex/ert8 needs discourses of, for exam/le, social workers and thera/ists, on

the one hand, and welfare administrators, /lanners and /olicy makers, on the otherH E5 o//ositionalmoement needs discourses of, for exam/le, feminists, les$ians and gays, /eo/le of color, workers and welfare clientsH and 05 8re/riati7ation8 discourses of constituenciesseeking to re/atriate newly /ro$lemati7ed needs to their former domestic or ocial2

economic enclaes. "uch discourses, and others, com/ete with one another in addressing the fracturedsocial identities of /otential adherents.



'National Security3iscourse of National Security is dominated y masculine hi&h

politics--- and ostraci7es female voices

<lanchard . (Kric M. %lanchard, is currently Adjunct Assistant Professor in the

Political "cience de/artment at ;olum$ia 9niersity in +ew Lork ;ity. "ummer E0.)"igns> ournal of @omen in ;ulture and "ociety. "igns, -ol. E, +o. ("ummerE05, //. &E'2&0&E 44M-5

+ational security discourses are ty/ically /art of the elite world of masculine high/olitics . "tatesmen, di/lomats, and the military conduct the $usiness of states, andtoo often war, im$uing the relations and /rocesses of the society of nation2stateswith an atmos/here seemingly deoid of women and an interest in issues ofconcern to women. *he academic disci/line charged with theori7ing this world, internationalrelations (IR5, has only recently made a /lace for feminist analysis, and then onlygrudgingly . Academic feminism and IR are contem/oraries, each deelo/ingthrough the war2torn twentieth century and motiated $y some of the same

international eents, although work in IR often oerlooks women?s contri$utions, such

as the &'&' International ;ongress of @omen, which ran /arallel to -ersailles (6rant &''E, 15. @hile in some

res/ects estranged from the mainstream of IR, feminist and gender scholars hae launched anim/ortant critiBue of the core issues of the disci/line> war, /eace, and the Buest tosecure the $oundaries of the nation2state. In a ra/idly changing , /ost2'4&& world ,feminist oices must $e heard if the international system is to achiee a morecom/rehensie security in the face of terror networks, technowar, and mountingciilian casualties.



3emocracyepresentations of democracy e*clude the non-male--- the

pulic=private split inhiits participation

omany #. (;elina Romany, A Professor of !aw, Practicing Attorney, Mediator

and Ar$itrato, &''0, )@omen as Aliens> A Feminist ;ritiBue of the Pu$lic4Priate#istinction in International uman Rights !aw. Pg. &2&&. 44M-5

%oth the family and the state are units of goernment within which actors /layCduciary roles, while the market is deemed /re2/olitical. %oth the family and thestate lack the relatie freedom from rules which the market enjoys since family andstate decisions are informed $y 8oerarching ideals . =3& %oth the family and the state share

similar discourses where$y /olitical /hiloso/hy refers to family ideals while family theorists allude to /olitical ideals,

sharing an arsenal of linguistic imagery of the market as a cornerstone of consent.3E *he dichotomi7ationof the /u$lic and /riate s/heres cri//les women=s citi7enshi/. It inhi$its theauthoritatie s/eech and dialogue that derie from self2determination and thusim/airs the successful /artici/ation of women in democratic life .30 ii. 8Priate8 *error in the

Patriarchal Family *he family , through canoni7ation, $ecomes the refuge for the Gour2ishing of those s/heres of /riacy and freedom which lie at the core of the non2/olitical foundations of the li$eral state . At the root of the enshrinement of family inconentional human rights law lies a con2 ergence of narraties which legitimatesa hierarchical ordering of intimate relationsH this conergence is hidden $ehind thenotion that the family as a social unit is $eyond the /uriew of the state . !oe and

intimacy $ecome guards on the $orders that /lace the family unit 8$eyond justice.8



0arNormative analyses of !ar are rooted in masculinity--- the

levels-of-analysis mirror the pulic-private split



A//lying gender as a category of analysis to show the /ossi$ility of a morecom/rehensie notion of security , *ickner traces the linkage $etween the system ofinternational relations (and its theori7ation5 and multileeled, gendered insecurities.

Against realism?s assum/tion of autonomous states and its /rescri/tion of self2hel/ in a hostile anarchical

enironment, *ickner argues that the threats of the nuclear age, cross2$order enironmental degradation, and

eidence of increasing international coo/eration demand that interde/endence $e taken seriously (&''E5. For

*ickner, the assum/tion that there is order within and anarchy $eyond the $ounds ofthe community e:ects a diide $etween international and domestic /olitics thatmirrors the /u$lic2/riate s/lit that feminist theorists argue /er/etuates domesticiolence. *ickner reject s the analytic se/aration of ex/lanations for war into distinctleels and the identiCcation of security with state $orders, arguing that iolence atthe international, national, and family leels is interrelated , ironically taking /lace indomestic and international s/aces $eyond the reaches of law (&''E, , &'05. Feminists in IR

Cnd the l eels2of2analysis a//roach /articularly ina//ro/riate to their concerns$ecause the /ro$lem of the system of /atriarchy cannot $e addressed solely $yreference to /articular actors, whether they are men or states (%rown &', 305.

Constructions of !ar and relations mirror the pulic=private

split that pushes !omen to the periphery of politics



@alt7 turns to the canons of /olitical /hiloso/hy for an ex/lanation of the causes ofwar $y asking whether wars are caused $y human nature , $y the internal structureof states, or $y the international system . An im/ortant com/onent of the study of IR is a self2

/ositioning in the tradition of @estern /olitical theoryDtracing an intellectual lineage to Machiaelli and o$$esD

/articularly as it concerns the state. Feminist analysis of this /edigree shows that thefeminine has long sered as a sym$olic threat to militari7ed @esternconce/tuali7ations of /olitical community , from the ancient 6reeks to the twentiethcenturyH Aeschylus?s Furies and Machiaelli?s Fortuna are $ut two exam/les (arstock &'05. Re$ecca 6rant

(&''&5 argues that a gender $ias in IR , transmitted un/ro$lematically from @estern/olitical thought to the study of IR, results in the Buestion of gender $eing taken asirreleant. For 6rant, IR?s inter/retation of o$$es allows )no room for the Buestion of how gender relations

a:ect the transition out of the $rutish state of nature and into society, while ean2acBues Rousseau?s famous staghunt, often inoked as a /ara$le of the /ro$lems of security, ignores the familial relations that control the hunter?s

defection from the hunting circle (&T&5. *aking men as the sole /olitical actors and citi7ens,the /olitical theory $orrowed $y IR /ostulates a domestic4international diide

premised on the private/public distinction that relegates women to a



space outside politics ('5. ean %ethke Klshtain?s rich $lend of /olitical theory, /ersonal narratie, and

history, @omen and @ar (Q&'3 &''5, seres as a rejoinder to the disci/line?s /hiloso/hical conceit and issues a

key challenge to the domestic4international diide that 6rant identiCes. In a swee/ing surey of the discourse of

war from the 6reeks onward, Klshtain details women?s com/lex relationshi/s to the $ody /olitic ,and thus to war, as they emerge from the narraties (war stories5 that are constitutie of war. Klshtain focuses on the ways in which war?s )/roductie destructieness inscri$es and

reinscri$es men?s and women?s identities and thus the $oundaries of community >)@ar creates the /eo/le. @ar /roduces /ower, indiidual and collectie (&11T135.

Reacting to what she sees as the onset of scientism and hy/errationality in academic IR, Klshtain critiBues theretreat into a$straction that the Buest for scientiCc certainty /roduced in )/rofessionali7ed war discourse and

attem/ts to reie the $ond $etween /olitics and morality $roken $y Machiaelli. %y reifying state $ehaior,

Klshtain argues, the realist narratie ignores human agency and identity> )+o children are eer $orn, andno$ody eer dies, in this constructed world. *here are states, and they are what is

('&5



>mpact



ilitarismilitarism !ill cause e*tinction+reco&nition of the feminine in

a reversal of the pulic and private is ,ey to prevent it

eardon #. (%etty, 9+ consultant, &''0, @omen and PeaceDFeminist -isions of

6lo$al "ecurity /. E&2E 44M-5@omen=s traditional roles of engaging in multi/le actiities, as generalists, hae gien them this $road, integrated

iew of /eace and secunty that /roides a ho/eful alternatie to the more narrow and fragmented iews that most

inGuence /resent /rocesses of national and international security /olicy formation. Perha/s nothing can $emore /roocatie of new ways of thinking a$out security than turning the /resentnotions u/side down. *he shortest. strongest. and /erha/s mostmeaningful way of descri$ing this iew is

reersing the common relationshi/ $etween means and ends. @omen, as is eident from the foregoing /assages

Buoted from *he +airo$i Forward !ooking "trategies, see /eace as the route to security rather than the other wayaround. 6andhi=s assertion, 8*here is no way to /eace. Peace is the way,8 is an excellent summary of a feminine

iew of security, a iew largely formed $y women=s ex/erience of nurturing, caregiing, and household

maintenance. Peace, as will $e noted in the discussion of /ositie /eace in cha/ter 0, /roides the conditions and

resources most conductie to caregiing and nurturing. @ar and /re/aration for war reduce and destroy resourcesand limit and com/licate the conditions for care and nurture. @omen who $ring forth human life, and carry the

res/onsi$ility for maintaining it and /roiding it with the most humane Buality /ossi$le see security in terms of the/ossi$ilities for life, its maintenance, and the im/roement of its Buality. "ecurity lies in things ho/ed for and

/lanned for, /erha/s more than in things as they are. "ecunty is in large /art futures perception. "ecurity, we

argue, is as much a matter of /erce/tion as 8reality8H as is well attested $y the realinsecurity /roduced $y the /resent security system which (in s/ite of the warming ofthe ;old

@ar5 still relies heail on armed force and the threat system, a reliance which erodesall other dimensions of security. Authentic human security, we $eliee, deries mainly from the

reasona$le ex/ectation of well $eing. In that women=s lies hae $een largely deoted to fulClling ex/ectations ofwell2$eing, feminists who see the releance and alues of women=s ex/erience discern it in a new multi2dimensional

a//roach to securityJ *he holistic feminist a//roach contrasts starkly with conentional security, iews and

/olicies which reduce irtually all the issues to the Buestions of 8national security8 and 8military /re/aredness.8 *hedysfunctionality of this reductionist iew of security is readily eident to all who are concerned with the Buality of

the life to $e made secure. Feminists see in its deleterious e:ects on women how the inordinate /riority gien to

the military erodes authentic security, glo$al, national, and local. ("cott and Reardon &''&5 @hat women

householders and caregiers ex/erience as authentic security is the ex/ectation of well2$eing for those for whomthey are /roiding care> their families, their communities, and the ulnera$le and im/oerished whose need for

care and nurturance many women feel as they feel the needs of 8their own.8 It is the /ursuit of these/ositie ex/ectations that women $ring to the endeaor, $oth in the /riate s/hereand in the /u$lic s/here, where they cam/aign for security at all social leels fromneigh$orhood or illage to the international system. *heir cam/aigns reeal theirnotions of what constitutes security. @omen=s iews of glo$al security might $e summari7ed as a

world in which all the Karth=s /eo/les could lie with four fundamental ex/ectations. And women=s actions for /eace

are ins/ired $y the seere threats to the reali7ation of those ex/ectations /osed $y the /resent world order. First,

that our planet will continue to be able to sustain life . Let scientists hae warned that the o7one layer has $een so

seriously damaged that it may $e irre/ara$le. *he damage is causing seere harm to the human immune systemand $ringing a$out a drastic increase in skin cancer. #eforestation, es/ecially in the Ama7on %asin, has signiCcantly

reduced the Karth=s su//ly of oxygen. @ithout sucient oxygen, life cannot $e sustained. @aters /olluted $y

/oerty and industrial misuse, and atmos/here damaged $y wea/ons testing, are destroying natural systems. Letresearch and deelo/ment of chemical and $iological wea/ons continue. *he ery wea/ons we haedeelo/ed to defend our security are themseles a threat to our security in the/otential conseBuences of their use in com$at and in the actual /rocesses of theirdeelo/ment and testing. +ext, that the basic needs of life will be met . Let. as more /eo/le of the world

fall into /oerty, millions are without clean, /ota$le water, housing, adeBuate food, fundamental education, andhealth care of any kind. Most of these are women. InGation is ram/ant, unem/loyment is increasingH uncared for

children roam the streets of the world=s great cities. *hird, that human dignity and integrity will be respected, and

personal well-being and possibilities for individual and social development will not be impeded by traditional

customs, social structures, or political policies at local, national, or glo$al leels. Let a reiew of the #eclaration of



the ;onention on All Forms of #iscrimination against @omen /roides a list of a $road and tragic range ofim/ediments to women=s /ersonal well2$eing that still /reail throughout the world. A/artheid and racism in arious

forms im/ede the social deelo/ment of many indigenous /eo/les. *he arms /roduced for nationaldefense hae $een used to maintain racist, re/ressie systems that deny the/ersonal well $eing and human rights of ethnic grou/s and /olitical dissenters. Fourth,

that we can be protected from preventable harm and cared for in times of disaster without enduring greater harm,

that the life and well-being of the Earth’s peoples will not be harmed as a consequence of imbalanced security

policies, preparation for war, and armed conict . Let, in a highly militari7ed world. local conGictsrage that daily im/ose death and su:ering on noncom$atants as well as armedforces. *he &''& war in the Persian 6ulf and the &''E war in a disintegrating Lugoslaia took uncounted num$ers

of ciilian lies, /roduced hundreds of thousands of refugees. and reduced liing conditions to circumstances that of

themseles were lethal. A Gourishing trade in conentional arms fuels the Games of theseconGicts and consumes resources in a truly incendiary manner, leaing in ashes/eo/le=s ho/es for een a minimal standard of life. *he technological arms race,with its adancing wea/ons deelo/ment, has also further dierted resources fromsocial and human /ur/oses as it escalates to the /oint of the /ossi$ility of totaldestruction. Arms deelo/ment cannot $e relied u/on to /reent aggression and warfare. A case can $e made

that, on the contrary, arms /roduction and tracking encourage armed conGict, eroding rather than assuring our

ex/ectation of /rotection or 8defense.8 Kach of these ex/ectations has $een the focus of major 9nited +ations

re/orts and declarations on deelo/ment, human rights, the enironment, and disarmament and security. %ut little/u$lic heed has $een /aid. oweer, women=s moements and initiaties are insisting that we must turn our

attention to meeting these four fundamental ex/ectations that constitute authentic security. *hey hel/ to /oint out

that we must attend to the o$stacles to these ex/ectations in an integrated, com/rehensie fashion $ased on anunderstanding of the interrelationshi/s among them. 9ntil we understand the connections among these four

ex/ectations and the other glo$al /ro$lems deriing from their frustration, neither the world nor any of its /eo/le

will $e secure. Alternatie a//roaches are an urgent necessity. @omen=s ex/eriencesand feminine alues are sources of such alternaties. Feminine ;haracteristics as A//roaches to

Peace and "ecurity *he discussions in this $ook and elsewhere of the need for women=s /artici/ation in /u$lic

a:airs are essentially a call to alori7e those feminine characteristics that are conducie to /eace and

com/rehensie a//roaches to security. "ome feminists argue that these characteristics hold thegreatest /ossi$ilities to moe us from the /resent condition of continuous armedconGict, /otential nuclear annihilation, and ecological colla/se toward the

achieement of a truly just world /eace and authentic glo$al security.



8nvironmental 3estruction%his manifests in environmental destruction and oppression of

!omen throu&h the pulic=private frame!or,

Gaard 1 (6reta 6aard currently seres on the Kxecutie ;ouncil for the

Association for the "tudy of !iterature and the Knironment. "he works in the areasof ecocriticism, Bueer studies, animal studies, and enironmental literature. FallE&. )Re/roductie *echnology, or Re/roductie ustice< Kthics V the Knironment-olume &, +um$er E 44M-5

"trategically, the em/hasis on choice and /riacy sered to s/lit social conseraties,$ut ultimately $ackCred against larger feminist goals. As ;atharine MacNinnon (&'35 ex/lains,

)/riacy doctrine rearms and reinforces what the feminist critiBue of sexualitycritici7es> the /u$lic4/riate s/lit ('05. Rosalind Petchesky (&''5 concurs> )@hat is lost in thelanguage of li$eral /riacy is the conce/t of social rightsJthat the society has ares/onsi$ility to ameliorate the conditions that make either a$ortion or child$earinga hard, /ainful choice for some womenH and that the $earers of this right are not so

much isolated indiiduals as they are mem$ers of social grou/s with distinct needs

(xx5. In sum, there are seeral shortcomings to the framework of /riacy and choice, as Marilyn Fried (E5 o$seres> Crst,

/riacy rights undercut demands for /u$lic funding of a$ortionH second, the rhetoricof )choice a//eals only to those who hae o/tions, $ut is meaningless to thosewho do not, and thus it /olitically diides women $y race and economic class, sincethese factors circumscri$e women?s choices. +o wonder that middle2class whitewomen hae tended to $e the cham/ions of a$ortion rights, while low income women and women

of color hae faced numerous restrictions on their fertility under the rhetoric of /o/ulation4/oerty control. As radical feminists

(;orea &'5 and ecofeminists (#iamond &''5 hae o$sered, choice rhetoric and the /riacy frameworktogether Ct into a larger constellation of malecentered li$eral /ers/ecties that relyon se/aration rather than interconnectedness for deCnitions of selfhood, science

(Merchant &'5, and social relations. *hese iews treat nature as a )resource for human

needs rather than a liing ecosystem where humans Gourish throughinterde/endenceH QKnd Page &3 they diide /ersonhood into arious $odily /arts (i.e.,the uterus, oaries, $reasts5 which can then $e commodiCed $y )choice andmani/ulated in concert with @estern culture?s control of )nature as a /ath tohuman li$eration. *ogether, these shortcomings made the framework ofre/roductie choice $oth marginally e:ectie and ulnera$le to a//ro/riation.



Structural ?iolencealecentered policy only creates spaces in !hich non-male

odies e*perience endless violence

Sheperd 1. (!aura , an Associate Professor of International Relations at the

"chool of "ocial "ciences, Faculty of Arts and "ocial "ciences, 9+"@, E&0 )6ender,-iolence and Po/ular ;ulture> *elling "tories, /g 123 44M-5

%oth conce/ts, moreoer, are in /art rendered intelligi$le through their /osition2ing in relation to other conce/ts,/articularly meta/hysical concerns a$out order and $eing and Buestions of moral /hiloso/hy regarding legitimacy,

justice and truth. %utler argues that we cannot understand what it means to $e human inthis world without reference to gender, that Wthe matric of gender relations is /riorto the emergence of the human? (&''0> 35 and that /erformances of gender thattranscend the $inary, dimor/hic schema that determines @estern imaginings ofgender are /erceies as illegitimate, if not untrue. "imilarly, certain iolences arewidely held to $e just (cf. Wust @ar? theory in toto5 and to $ring forth order from chaos> oneonly has to inestigate the arguments /ut forward in defence of Whumanitarian

interention? and the emergence of de$ate around a Wres/onsi$ility to /rotect? theciti7ens of states whose goerning regimes are /er/etrating iolence against themto understand that iolence can $e conceied of as defensi$le in certaincircumstances (see, for exam/le, the classes discussion in @heeler E and, more recently, %arnett and

@eiss EH %elammy E, E, E1, E, E&&5. A more /rosaic exam/le of the wides/read acce/tance ofiolence as legitimate under certain conditions is the existence of the death /enalty as /unishment for

transgressions of the law in certain /laces. *he ana2lytical /riority gien to these two conce/ts,then, is a result of their /roductie /ower in the social imaginary of @estern /oliticalthought. %oth gender and iolence are core thematic concerns of so many of the stories we tell and are toldH

relatedly, a core thematic concern of this olume as a whole is the function /erformed $y gender andiolence, in that they are (re5/roductie of culturally intelligi$le su$jects anda//ro/riate modes of $ehaiour. *his owes a clear intellectual de$t to a

/oststructural conce/tuali7ation of /ower, to which I now turn in the context of ela$orating thetheoretical insights drawn u/on, and methodological strategies em/loyed, in this $ook.



3evaluation (@)3evaluatin& the feminine results in the ojectiAcationB

violationB assaultB discriminationB aductionB trac,in& and

murder of oth females and Dinsuciently masculineD men

Peterson 1. (Professor "/ike Peterson Ph.#., is a Professor 9niersity of Ari7onain the "chool of 6oernment and Pu$lic Policy (we$site5 with courtesy a//ointmentsin the #e/artment of 6ender and @omen?s "tudies (we$site5, Institute for !6%*"tudies, ;enter for !atin American "tudies (we$site5, and International "tudies(we$site5. "he is also an Associate Fellow, 6ender Institute, !ondon "chool ofKconomics (E2E&&5, Kdited $y Aili *ri//,htt/>44muse.jhu.edu4$ooks4'3&33&0' 6ender -iolence and uman "ecurity./g 1 44M-5

#ealuation of the feminine translates here into silencing, o$jecti2 fying, iolating,assaulting, and een killing women and (femini7ed, Othered5 ciiliansHdiscriminating against and often /unishing )insuf2 Cciently masculine menH usingwomen as sexual decoys (Kisenstein E35H a$ducting women and girls for ransomHtracking in women and childrenH and /rioriti7ing masculini7ed identities, /ractices,and o$jecties in the name of military needs. @hether or not com$atants hae a stake in ending

conGict de/ends critically on their estimated /ro$a$ility of ictory, or at least their share of /ostconGict resources

and /ower. In new wars, the interaction of identity /olitics and milita2 ri7ed masculinities a//ears to dee/en

com$atants? resistance to nego2 tiations that /romise less than com/lete ictory. Insofar as this is thecase, it o$iously exacer$ates the already signiCcant diculty of achie2 ing asustaina$le /eace.



apePatriarchy ma,es society a space in !hich the !orst

atrocities---such as rape---are justiAed

Sheperd 1. (!aura , an Associate Professor of International Relations at the

"chool of "ocial "ciences, Faculty of Arts and "ocial "ciences, 9+"@, E&0 )6ender,-iolence and Po/ular ;ulture> *elling "tories, /g 123 44M-5

ust as Foucault argues that /risons and other disci/linary institutions are located inX

some sense in an extra2social s/ace in domestic society a s/ace in which =normal=Xrules and regulations cannot a//ly, so too can these arguments $e extended to theX

s/aces of war2Cghting. @ith the sus/ension during war of =the right and the law= inX

the immediate inter/ersonal interactions of human su$jects, war 7ones are also/lacesX of =/hysical and sexual iolence=.X Further, Foucault suggests that the ery existence of

/risons indicates the thoroughX im$rication of li$eral ideals in @estern imaginations (Q&'33&''&> E0E5 for it is onlyX

when we acce/t the right to li$erty as a foundational as/ect of humanity that incar2X ceration is a meaningful

/unishment. More signiCcantly for this analysis, howeer, isX Foucault=s notion that =the self2eidence of the /rison

is also $ased on its role, su/2X /osed or demanded, as an a//aratus for transforming indiiduals= (i$id.> E005. In O7,X

this transformation is made immediately a//arent with the introduction of eachX character according to his /risonI# num$er and the crime for which he has $eenX im/risoned. In this way, the identity of social $eing is stri//ed

away and the su$ject isX transformed into a /risoner, identiCed $y a num$er and a crimeH through such disci/linarytechniBues and juridical /ractices of /ower, indiiduals are su$jected to andX in the regimes of the /rison and are

re/roduced as =docile $odies= (Foucault Q&'33X &''&> &0235. Further, through the existence of /risonsin our juridical architecture, we can constitute the su$ject of the =im/risoned,= the=criminal=, and measure ourseles against this su$ject as it re/resents that which weare not. *his insightX also translates to the macro2international leel, as indiidualsare tried for war crimesX in international criminal courts and /er/etrators of iolenceare $rought to justiceX using these mechanisms.X ;ontrary to "igler=s claim that =the ery idea of

state2sanctioned ra/e is so anathemaX that we would almost certainly reject it as unacce/ta$ly $ar$aric= (E41>5, aX Foucauldian analysis of the /rison system asks a$out the /roductie /ower of illegalityX and iolence and

the management of the same in the serice of su$jectiity T literally,X making $odies into su$jects 2 and O7 allows

the critically engaged iewer greatX insight into the relationshi/ $etween gender and iolence in this /articularsocialX system. Ra/e, on this iew, is $oth a form of goernmentality and a techniBue of X$io/ower. It is the former as it delineates 8the conduct of conduct8 at a ariety of Xsites and through rationalities not limited to those formally countenanced as/oliticalX (%rown E1> 5H it is not within the /ower of the soereign (in the case of theX /rison, under the direct

and formal authority of the warden5 $ut it nonetheless =hasX the /o/ulation as its targetJ and a//aratuses ofsecurity as its essential technicalX instrument= (Foucault Ql'3E3> &5 if we understand =a//aratuses of security=

toX include iolent correction of /erceied transgression. It is the latter as it is not within the /ermts of law $ut is

still a regulatory mechanism that /roduces human su$jects.X =*he law always refers to the sword. %uta /ower whose task is to take charge of lifeX needs continuous regulatory andcorrectie mechanisms= (Foucault Q&'31&''> &5.



Elt1" %he alternative is a dissolution of the pulic sphere--- a role

reversal in !hich !omens !or, ta,es the place of the pulic

sphere

5" E 'politic of testifyin& creates spaces in !hich the

dichotomy of the pulic and private and dichotomy of &ender

is dissolved y preventin& the feminine from ein& forced into

the concept of the private"

." 3isinti&ration of the pulic sphere !ould rin& !omens

!or, into vie!--- collapsin& patriarchy

Goodman 1(Ro$in *ruth 6oodman is associate /rofessor of Knglish at Florida

"tate 9niersity. )ean "aid Makdisi=s %eirut Fragments as a *hought Kx/eriment inPu$lic "/here #isintegration. "/ring E&. ;ontem/orary !iterature. -ol. &. +o.

& 44M-5

*he link that Makdisi=s memoir forges $etween the disintegration of the /u$lics/here and women=s work can $e read as a critiBue of the work that gender issu//osed to do in li$eralism=s /olitical narraties. *he critiBue shows that li$eralism=s

uniersali7ing o$jecties and self2/rojection of total inclusion come u/on its fundamental contradiction in the

re/riati7ation of women=s la$or now orchestrated glo$ally. As a uniersali7ing /hiloso/hy thatwould constantly $e forced to confront its negatie reGection in those it excludes,li$eralism was to adance $y extending rights. As "eyla %enha$i$ has argued, 8 *he gender$lindness of much modern and contem/orary uniersalist theory, in my o/inion,does not com/romise moral uniersalism as such, it only shows the need to judgeuniersalism against its own ideals and force it to make clear its own unjustiCed

assum/tions8 (&5. @omen=s work /oses a /articular /ro$lem for li$eralism>re/resenting the /riate s/here that would /rotect some cultural /ractices andrelationshi/s from /olitical control or state interentions, /riate women=s workwould need to $e maintained as the foundation against which li$eralism=suniersalisms could $e measured.& At the same time, gender would need QKnd Page 0 todisa//ear as an organi7ational /rinci/le that creates di:erential alues in rights andla$or as women get a$sor$ed into a $roadened conce/tion of a$stract eBual rightsand /artici/ation. && Makdisi shows that li$eralism=s narratie is $eing challenged $y the/riati7ation of women in the neoli$eral age. @hen the $om$s come, Makdisi gathers her family

together, retriees her children from the yard, and descends to the shelter in the garage, where she hunkers down

under the crashing de$ris of modern $uildings in the heart of a modern city. *he ex/loding technologiestra/ them inside, as the outside lots, streets, and neigh$oring residences crum$leand fall. @omen=s work that once indicated an outside to the institutionali7ation ofthe /u$lic here ex/oses the demolition of its institutions. *he situation that Makdisi descri$es

as the !e$anese ciil war underscores a dee/ alienation that occurs in war as a result of a decline in /olitics that

war inGicts. I am reading this /articular situation, howeer, as a $roader meta/hor of alienation, and /articularly for

the ty/e of alienation made /realent under neoli$eralism, where the regulatory /u$lic sector isweakened in its e:orts to $ring /roductiity into line with /u$lic needs andcollectie good, so that those needs fall onto indiidual res/onsi$ility and /riateinitiaties.



Frame!or,



5NC F0Counter interpretation %he role of the allot is to interro&ate

,no!led&e produced in the round" eans you evaluate the

epistemic implications of the aH as a prior 4uestion"

1" %hats est for fairness- >ts the only interp that &rantse4ual alance to the Aatted eneAts of the aH ar&uments and

&rants the ne& &ood responses" Precludin& feminist peda&o&y

from the discussion closes oH the allot from discussion of

proper treatment of female odies that are oppressed under

the plan"

5" Ground 2 Gives the aH &round for Aat if they !in the interpB

and lets the ne& &et e4ual &round"

." Ks are a fundamental part of deate"

$" %hey should at least e prepared to defend their actor andtheir actionsB thats all our K does" Ello!in& patriarchy to

persist in e*chan&e for solvin& for mundane impacts li,e

I>NS8% %J8> >PEC%S J88 is li,e votin& for the KKK ased

on their economic model"

9" <est for critical education 2 0here else can !e learn aout

this@ 3eate space is the only place !e can tal, aout the

state and reformulate ideas"

L" %eaches the most important s,ills for deate"

%his turns all their education impact claims- e hi&hly s,epticalof their evidence ecause patriarchy infects their authors

8valuate the K as a prere4uisite to the EH" >t challen&es the

system and helps us to rea, it do!n" %he alternative is

another means of solvin& for the impacts of the 1acB just as

the aH !ould have to defend a&ainst a CP=3EB they should e

prepared to defend themselves a&ainst the , as !ell"



Fiat is >llusoryFiat is illusory !e arent MSFG policyma,ersB !e are

intellectuals discussin& ideas" %he K solves asolutely the

same level as the plan" Et the end of the roundB !e are faced

!ith the 4uestion of !hat !e ta,e a!ay from the round" 0hat!e really learn and ta,e a!ay from the round !ill e our

,no!led&e and understandin& of deate and our ideas aout

the !orld" eject the assumptions of standardi7ed deateB the

utilitarian framin& of impacts and empirical ody count are just

imperialist justiAcations for the system"



E% Patriarchy >nevitale1" %he alt is vital to rea,in& do!n patriarchy--- it is only

entrenched in the status 4uo their evidence doesnt assume

the alternative"

5" Patriarchy not inevitale- primatesB cultural selectionB and

improved female status prove

Judson et al # (-alerie, Mary ;a/rioli, %onnie %allif2"/anill, Rose Mc#ermott,

;had F. Kmmett, Professor and 6eorge .@. %ush ;hair in the %ush "chool of6oernment and Pu$lic "erice at *exas AVM 9niersity, Ph# and MA from the9niersity of ;onnecticut, )*he eart of the Matter> *he "ecurity of @omen and the"ecurity of "tates, International "ecurity, -olume 00, +um$er 0, E4E',Accessed from Project Muse, /g &32&5

Patriarchy and its attendant iolence among human collecties are not ineita$le,

howeerH and this is not sim/ly a /olitically correct iewDit is the iew of eolutionary theorists. As @rangham and

Peterson note, )Patriarchy is not ineita$le. . . . Patriarchy emerged not as a direct ma//ing of genes onto $ehaior,$ut out of the /articular strategies that men Qand women inent for achieing their emotional goals. And the

strategies are highly oexi$le, as eery di:erent culture shows.0& @e o:er three reasons why maledominance is not ineita$le in human society. First, other /rimate grou/s, such as$ono$os, aoided it $y deelo/ing strong female alliancesDmale dominance is not order2wide

among /rimates. "econd, cultural selection models natural selection throughengineering of social structures and moral sanctions. Kxam/les include how sociallyim/osed monogamy, /osited as leading to the de/ersonali7ation of /ower throughdemocracy and ca/italism, hel/ed to o/en the way for im/roed status forwomen.0E *hird, cultural selection for im/roed female status in many humansocieties also changes females in $oth emotional and endocrinological ways, andthese changes hae a good chance of $eing /assed to their female o:s/ring,making them less likely to su$mit and yield to male coercie iolence.00 *his in turnmay sere to make female alliances against males more likely within such societies,

/roiding an e:ectie counterailing force to iolent /atriarchy. For exam/le, ;larice Auluck2@ilson re/orts how one

female illage organi7ation in India, the Mahila Mandal, was a$le to reduce domestic iolence$y haing all the women run as one to the home of any woman who was $eing$eaten $y her hus$and and /rotecting her from further a$use.0 *he Mahila Mandal was

also a$le to force domestic a$users to tem/orarily leae the home for a cooling2o: /eriod, rather than the ictim

haing to leae her home. %y such collectie action, leels of domestic iolence againstwomen decreased.

." %he Arst step to rea,in& political hierarchies is y

disruptin& ,ey elements of male dominanceJudson et al # (-alerie, Mary ;a/rioli, %onnie %allif2"/anill, Rose Mc#ermott,

;had F. Kmmett, Professor and 6eorge .@. %ush ;hair in the %ush "chool of6oernment and Pu$lic "erice at *exas AVM 9niersity, Ph# and MA from the9niersity of ;onnecticut, )*he eart of the Matter> *he "ecurity of @omen and the"ecurity of "tates, International "ecurity, -olume 00, +um$er 0, E4E',Accessed from Project Muse, /g &2E5



*heories of /olitical sociology underscore the iew of eolutionary theorists that the legacy of iolent /atriarchy

comes to /ermeate all leels of social intercourse. *he /rimal character of iolent /atriarchyensures that it $ecomes a tem/late for $road classes of social $ehaiorDs/eciCcally, those that concern social di:erence. %ecause human males, generally s/eaking,

code the /rimal di:erence $etween male and female as a hierarchy in which the naturally selected goal is control

and domination of the su$ordinate female, all those coded as )di:erent will $e treated in

accordance with that tem/late of control and domination> out2grou/ males, out2grou/ females, and een in certain circumstances in2grou/ males. *hus, the ultimate

causes /osited $y eolutionary theory are su//lemented $y more /roximate causal mechanisms in the di:usion of

these tem/lates of domination and control. *heories of social di:usion are not alien to securitystudies. "cholars in the Celd hae inestigated the relationshi/ $etween the s/readof new forms of social relations, such as democracy, and resulting o$sera$ledi:erences in state security and $ehaior.0 Interestingly, seeral theorists $eliee that the rise of

democracy is rooted in the amelioration of iolent /atriarchy. For exam/le, some hae /osited that the socialim/osition of monogamy and later marriage for women (leading to a lessening of gender ineBuality5 were

necessary, though not sufacient, conditions for the rise of democracy and ca/italism in the @est.3 !reaking

key elements of male dominance hierarchiesD/olygamy, /atrilocality, early to

mid2teen marriage for femalesD may have been the rst, critical steps to

eentually $reaking the /olitical /ower of such hierarchies. Although in the initialstages the rise of democracy did not facilitate women?s /olitical /ower, without anadjustment in the fundamental character of male female relations, these scholarsassert that democracy may neer hae $een a historical /ossi$ility for humans. And

as norms of democracy arose, the stage was set for women to achiee /olitical /ower. If these theorists are correct,

then leels of iolence against women should $e more /redictie of state securityand /eacefulness than leels of /rocedural democracy. In other words, in states where

democracy arose from within through the amelioration of gender ineBuality, we should and greater state securityH

$ut where democracy was im/osed or eneered oer systems where male2femalerelations did not undergo fundamental transformation, we should not see assigniCcant di:erences in state security and /eacefulness. ust as a /rocliity toward

international /eace in democratic societies is $ased, in /art, )on tolerance and a res/ect for the rights of

o//onents,03 so scholars might also contem/late that norms of gender2$ased iolencehae an informatory im/act on domestic and international $ehaior. For exam/le, studies

hae shown that if domestic iolence is normal in family conoict resolution in a society, then that society is more

likely to rely on iolent conoict resolution and to $e inoled in militarism and war than are societies with lower

leels of family iolence.0 A icious circle may result, where such state iolence may in turn lead to higher leels

of gender iolence.0' Indeed, lower leels of gender ineBuality hinder the a$ility ofsocieties to mo$ili7e for aggression through demorali7ing women. ohan 6altung, a

/olitical scientist s/eciali7ing in /olitical sociology, o:ers two conce/ts that hel/ ex/lain how a generali7edideological justiacation for iolence is formed and di:uses throughout society> structural iolence and cultural

iolence.& 6altung?s conce/tuali7ation of structural iolence /aints a /icture of /erasie and systematic

ex/loitation that makes o/en iolence in the /u$lic s/here unnecessaryD) *he amateur who wants todominate uses guns, the /rofessional uses social structure.



E% State Good1" %his is not aout state &ood or state ad" %his is a deate

aout the representations of the 1EC--- and the pulic=private

frame!or, upheld y the 1EC"

5" M"S" approaches to se*ual violence is ,ey to reform as it acts

as a model aroadB and reforms must e done void of state

action--- this alsoappliesto the perm

<umiller 1. (Professor Nristen %umiller, is a Professor of Political "cience at

Amherst ;ollege, Kdited $y Aili *ri//, htt/>44muse.jhu.edu4$ooks4'3&33&0'6ender -iolence and uman "ecurity. /g &'E2&'0 44M-5

An ealuation of the American ex/erience is all the more /ressing as its distinctiea//roach to addressing sexual iolence is increasingly $eing ex/orted a$road and

used instrumentally as /art of security and human rights /olicy. The complex development of strategies

to com- bat violence against women in the United States provides an example of the hazards of too much reliance upon the state to address human security issues. Ahistorical analysis of /olicy res/onses to sexual io2 lence reeals how state2$asedaction has $ecome more remoed from and inconsistent with the initial goals of thefeminist moement. While the movement was largely successful in putting into place social, medi- cal, and criminal justice inte rventions,

professionals and bureaucrats unfamiliar with the aspirations of the movement often carry out these interventions. As a result, other /rioritiesguiding state action usually /reail. *hese unantici/ated outcomes in the 9nited"tates signal the critical im/ortance of designing human security /olicies in othercon2 texts that account for the dynamic and interlinking e:ects of /owerful states. Inthis chapter I briefly describe how the relationship between feminist activists and the American state evolved, the consequences of this alliance for criminal justice and

social policies, and the implications for future efforts to respond to violence against women nationally and internationally.



E% Cede the Political1" <roadenin& the scope of politics is ,ey to eHective

en&a&ement

Grondin $ Q#aid, master of /ol sci and P# of /olitical studies Y 9 of Ottowa )(Re5@riting the )+ational

"ecurity "tate> ow and @hy Realists (Re5%uilt the(ir5 ;old @ar,

htt/>44www.er.uBam.ca4no$el4ieim4IM64/df4rewritingZnationalZsecurityZstate./df

A /oststructuralist approach to international relations reassesses the nature of the political. Indeed, it calls for

the repoliticization of practices of world politics that hae $een treated as if they were not /olitical. For instance,

limiting the ontological elements in one’s inquiry to states or great powers is a political choice. As enny Kdkins /uts

it, we need to “bring the political back in” (Kdkins, &''> xii5. For most analysts of International Relations, the

conception of the “political” is narrowly restricted to politics as practiced by politicians. oweer, from a

/oststructuralist iew/oint, the )/olitical acBuires a $roader meaning, es/ecially since /ractice is not what most

theorists are describing as practice. Poststructuralism sees theoretical discourse not only as discourse, $ut also as

/olitical /ractice. heory therefore becomes practice . he political space of poststructuralism is not that of

e!clusion" it is the political space of postmodernity, a dichotomous one, where one thing always signifies at least one

thing and another (Finlayson and -alentine, EE> &5. #oststructuralism thus gi$es primacy to the political, since it

acts on us, while we act in its name, and leads us to identify and differentiate oursel$es from others. *his /olitical act

is neer com/lete and cele$rates undecida$ility, whereas decisions, when taken, ex/ress the /olitical moment. It is

a critical attitude which encourages dissidence from traditional approaches (Ashley and @alker, &''a and &''$5.

It does not represent one single philosophical approach or perspecti$e, nor is it an alternati$e paradigm (*athail,

&''1> &3E5. It is a nonplace, a border line falling between international and domestic politics (Ashley, &''5. he

poststructuralist analyst questions the borderlines and dichotomies of modernist discourses, such as inside%outside,

the constitution of the &elf%'ther, and so on. In the act of definition, difference ( thereby the discourse of otherness (

is highlighted, since one always deCnes an o$ject with regard to what it is not (Nnafo, E5. As "imon #al$y

asserts, )It in$ol$es the social construction of some other person, group, culture, race, nationality or political system

as different from )our’ person, group, etc. &pecifying difference is a linguistic, epistemological and, most

importantly, a political act" it constructs a space for the other distanced and inferior from the $antage point of the

person specifying the difference” (#al$y, cited in *athail, &''1> &3'5. Indeed, /oststructuralism o:ers no deCnitie

answers, $ut leads to new Buestions and new unex/lored grounds. *his makes the commitment to the incom/letenature of the /olitical and of /olitical analysis so central to /oststructuralism (Finlayson and -alentine, EE> &5. As

im 6eorge writes, )It is /ostmodern resistance in the sense that while it is directly (and sometimes iolently5

engaged with modernity, it seeks to go beyond the repressi$e, closed aspects of modernist global e!istence. It is,

therefore, not a resistance of traditional grand*scale emancipation or con$entional radicalism imbued with authority

of one or another so$ereign presence. Rather, in o//osing the large2scale $rutality and ineBuity in human society, it

is a resistance actie also at the eeryday, com2 munity, neigh$ourhood, and inter/ersonal leels, where it

confronts those processes that systematically e!clude people from making decisions about who they are and what

they can be” (6eorge, &''> E&, em/hasis in original5. In this light, poststructural practices are used critically to

in$estigate how the sub+ect of international relations is constituted in and through the discourses and te!ts of global

politics. reating theory as discourse opens up the possibility of historicizing it. It is a myth that theory can be

abstracted from its socio*historical conte!t, from reality, so to speak, as neorealists and neoclassical realists belie$e.

It is a political practice which needs to $e contextuali7ed and stri//ed of its /ur/ortedly neutral status. It must be

understood with respect to its role in preser$ing and reproducing the structures and power relations present in alllanguage forms. #ominant theories are, in this iew, dominant discourses that sha/e our iew of the world (the

)su$ject5 and our ways of understanding it.

5" >f you choose to interpret the allot throu&h the EHs impact

calculusB you are votin& for an ethically !ron& ideolo&y that

chooses to see massive death counts over daily injustice and

oppression that !omen face !hen desi&nated as the 'ther"

http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/ieim/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf

http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/ieim/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf



E% Perm1" 8very lin, is a 3E to the perm 2 cross-apply all of our lin,

!or, here" Eny allo!ances of patriarchy accepted throu&h the

plan mean that patriarchy remains entrenched !ithin our

current system and the impacts remainB any ris, that they lin,

means they &et voted do!n"

5" %he alt has to e separated from the masculine institution of

the state to ensure that the oppression of the state does not

co-opt the feminist a&enda" %he states 4uest to soverei&nty is

particularly prolematic to the feminist advocacy ecause it

!as perpetuated on the destruction and con4uest of the ther"

Eny po!er &iven to the state !hen adaptin& the feminist

a&enda means that feminism !ill not e &iven the attention it

needs to end daily ause"." %he perm !ill never function

a) %he alt rea,s do!n the male institution that drives current

oppression--- includin& the masculine pulic sphere means

that !e can never solve

) %he perm destroys any education comin& from the round

ecause then this discussion ecomes centered on ho!

patriarchy can sometimes e &ood 2 the fact that they lin,

should e reason to vote them do!n already"

c) %he permutation devolves into self-servin& rationali7ations+ethical compromises are unacceptale"

/upisella O /o&sdon #; (Mark, masters degree in /hiloso/hy of science at

uniersity of Maryland and researcher working at the 6oddard "/ace Flight ;enter,and ohn, #irector, "/ace Policy Institute *he 6eorge @ashington 9niersity,@ashington, )#O @K +KK# A ;O"MO;K+*RI; K*I;<htt/>44citeseerx.ist./su.edu4iewdoc4summary<doi[&.&.&.E.3E5

"tee 6illett has suggested a hy$rid iew com$ining homocentrism as a//lied to terrestrialactiity com$ined with $iocentrism towards worlds with indigenous life.0E Inoking such

a /atchwork of theories to hel/ deal with di:erent domains and circumstances could $e considered acce/ta$le and/erha/s een desira$le es/ecially when dealing with something as aried and com/lex as ethics. Indeed, it has a

certain common sense a//eal. oweer, instead of digging dee/ly into what is certainly alegitimate e/istemological issue , let us consider the words of . %aird ;allicott> )%ut there is $otha rational /hiloso/hical demand and a human /sychological need for a self2consistent and all2em$racing moral theory. @e are neither good /hiloso/hers norwhole /ersons if for one /ur/ose we ado/t utilitarianism, another deontology, athird animal li$eration, a fourth the land ethic, and so on. "uch ethical eclecticism is

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.25.7502

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.25.7502



not only rationally intolera$le, it is morally sus/ect as it inites the sus/icion of adhoc rationali7ations for merely ex/edient or self2sering actions.00



ore 8v%he masculinity has already een deAned in the 1EC--- they

cannot simply 'add feminist perspectives

Peterson 9 (- "/ike, #e/artment of Political "cience, 9niersity of Ari7ona,

*ucsonH )ow (*he Meaning of5 6ender Matters in Political Kconomy, +ew PoliticalKconomy &. #ec 44M-5

Making women em/irically isi$le is thus an indis/ensa$le /roject. It inserts actual (em$odied5 women in our /icture of economic

reality, ex/oses how women and men are di:erently engaged with and a:ected $y /olitical economy, and reeals women as agents

and actiists, as well as ictims of iolence and the /oorest of the /oor. %ut adding women to existing/aradigms also raises dee/er Buestions $y ex/osing how the conce/tual structuresthemseles /resu//ose masculine ex/erience and /ers/ectie. For exam/le,women4femininity cannot sim/ly $e Wadded? to constructions that are constituted asmasculine> reason, economic man, $readwinner, the /u$lic s/here. Kither women as feminine cannot $eadded (that is, women must $ecome like men5 or the constructions themseles aretransformed (namely, adding women as feminine alters their masculine /remise and

changes their meaning5. In this sense, the exclusions are not accidental or coincidental $ut reBuired for the analytical

consistency of reigning /aradigms.&

%his prevents alt solvency--- it overloo,s ho! social systems

shape &ender

Jonda&neu-Sotelo . (Pierrette, Professor and #irector of 6raduate "tudies

in the #e/artment of "ociology at the 9niersity of "outhern ;alifornia, 6ender and9.". immigration> contem/orary trends, 9 ;al Press> %erkeley and !os Angeles 44M-5

KBually /ro$lematic, as ;ynthia ;ranford and I hae /ointed out elsewhere \&'''5, $oth 8add and stir8 and8women only8 e:orts were often mired in some ari2 ant of sex2role theory. In this iew,

women=s migration is ex/lained with res/ect to 8sex2role constraint,8 generallyunderstood to $e a set of sta$le, freestanding insti2 tutional /ractices and aluesrather than a Guid and muta$le system that intersects with other social institutions.

In the sex2role /aradigm, separate spheres of public and private reign and men's and

women's activities are seen as complementary and functional, while the

manner in which these are relational, contested and negoti- ated, and

imbued with power, privilege, and subordination is glossed over . In retros/ect, we

can see that the immigrant 8women only8 and 8add and stir8 a//roaches limit ourunderstanding of how gender as a social system sha/es im2 migration /rocesses forall immigrants, men and women. Only women, not migrant men, are marked as 8gendered,8 and institutions with which they

interactD family, education, and em/loyment, etc4Dare /resumed to $e gender neutral. *he /reoccu/ation withwriting women into migration research and theory stiGed the2 ori7ing a$out the ways inwhich constructions of femininities and masculinities organi7e migration andmigration outcomes.



isc



Feminism is a prior 4uestion%he 'ri&ht to privacy cannot e otained !ithout a feminist

4uestion 2 status 4uo privacy rhetoric !ill al!ays cause

oppression of !omen"

/ind&ren 1 (Lonne F. !indgren, .".#. ;andidate E&E, 9niersity of ;alifornia,%erkeley "chool of !aw (%oalt all5. AR*I;!K> PKR"O+A! A9*O+OML> *O@AR#" A+K@ *A]O+OML FOR PRI-A;L !A@. !exis. 44M-5

Feminists hae long critici7ed 8/riacy8 as a conce/t stee/ed in the o//ression ofwomen $ecause it reinforces the status Buo and fails to situate a$ortion in thecontext of women=s su$ordination. nE0 *he term 8/riacy8 relies on a /u$lic4/riates/here dichotomy in which the world is diided into two s/heres> the 8/riates/here8 of home and family, which should $e free from state interention, and the8/u$lic s/here8 of $usiness and commerce, in which the state is inoled. nE01 *hese/arate2s/heres ideology has historically $een used to legitimi7e excluding womenfrom the /u$lic s/here $ecause women were thought to $e more intimately $oundto 8/riate8 s/here res/onsi$ilities, like giing $irth and raising children. nE03 *heli$eral notion of a /riate s/here of home, family, intimacy, and childrearing free fromgoernmental intrusion relies on a /remise that the actors hae full rights toexercise autonomy in the /riate s/here, and there$y fails to recogni7e women=so//ression. nE0 *he /riacy /aradigm is fundamentally Gawed $ecause it assumesthat indiiduals, regardless of gender, may exercise rights and autonomy within the/riate s/here freely and eBually. *his li$eral ideal of /riacy fails to acknowledgethe fact that women do not hae the guarantees of 8indiidual $odily integrity,/ersonal Q^E exercise of moral intelligence, and the freedom of intimacy8 u/onwhich a right of /riacy is founded.



Privacy is fa,e silly%he 'ri&ht to privacy is a myth it is impossile to discern the

personal from the political

/ever 9 (Anna$ell !eer is an onorary "enior Fellow in the Philoso/hy

#e/artment of 9niersity ;ollege !ondon, and is working on a $ook on /riacy forRoutledge. E. )Feminism, #emocracy, and Priacy. An Internet ournal ofPhiloso/hy. -ol. '. 44M-5

%ut the slogan that the /ersonal is /olitical was, as well, a way of enca/sulating women?sinsights into the ways that these /ractices had $een justiCed in the /ast, and into theo$stacles to oercoming them in the /resent. For it neatly and accurately summarised the idea notonly that women are ictims of injustice, $ut that these injustices hae /oliticalcauses, conseBuences and remedies, and should $e treated as such. *hey hae/olitical causes, $ecause sexual ineBuality is not sim/ly a /ersonal misfortune thatfalls from the sky, or the /roduct of the /ersonal deCciencies of /articular womenand men, $ut the /redicta$le, and sometimes intentional, result of the ways in

which societies distri$ute and justify /ower oer others. %ut, once one grants the claim that the

/ersonal is /olitical, it is hard to see what the /u$lic4/riate distinction could $e referringto, or what could /ossi$ly $y the /oint and justiCcation of /riacy rights. If the /ersonal identities, as/irations and relations of indiiduals are fundamentally sha/ed $y /oliticalfactors, and hae im/ortant /olitical conseBuences, then normatiely and em/irically it will $e hardto determine what, if anything, is /ersonal rather than /olitical. *hese /ro$lems arewell illustrated $y the limitations of contem/orary justiCcations of /riacy rights.

*hese limitations reGect the seemingly endless, and a//arently irresola$le,controersies amongst lawyers and legal theorists oer %randeis? claim that common law /rotection for /riacy is not

reduci$le to torts against defamation, theft, misa//ro/riation and misre/resentation.0 It dominates discussion of the extent to whichthe 9" constitution su//orts a distinctie right to /riacy that is not sim/ly a right to marry, /rocreate and $e free from certain waysin which goernment can intimidate, threaten and demoralise its o//onents. In each case, what is at issue is this> the coherence of

thinking that indiiduals hae a distinctie set of interests that can count as /riacy interests, and the justiCcation for $elieing that,so descri$ed, these interests merit legal /rotection $y right. "imilarly, /hiloso/hers Cnd it hard to ex/lainwhy indiiduals hae a moral right to /riacy T let alone one that deseresrecognition and enforcement $y law. At /resent, therefore, there is an unresoledde$ate amongst moral /hiloso/hers a$out the $est way to understand the contentand justiCcation of /riacy rights, and how far, if at all, these arious solutions sereto meet sce/tical com/laints that talk of /riacy rights D though, not necessarily, of other rights D is

what %entham so memora$ly referred to as Wnonsense u/on stilts?.

Documents

Gender Privacy Kritik