Galileo and GlonassGalileo and Glonass

European and Russian European and Russian

satellite positioning systemssatellite positioning systems

What is Galileo?What is Galileo?

Galileo will be Europe’s own global navigation satellite system Galileo will be Europe’s own global navigation satellite system

AdvantagesAdvantages+ under civilian control + under civilian control + + interinter--operable with GPS and GLONASSoperable with GPS and GLONASS+ + The fully deployed Galileo system consists of 30 satellites (27 operational + 3 active spares)The fully deployed Galileo system consists of 30 satellites (27 operational + 3 active spares)

DisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantages-- Not deployed yetNot deployed yet-- Advanced services are not free(GPS used by everybody but paid by US taxpayers)Advanced services are not free(GPS used by everybody but paid by US taxpayers)-- No possibility for satellite repositioningNo possibility for satellite repositioning

A user is able to take a position with the same receiver from any of the satellites in any A user is able to take a position with the same receiver from any of the satellites in any combinationcombinationdual frequencies as standarddual frequencies as standardrealreal--time positioning accuracy down to the meter rangetime positioning accuracy down to the meter range

A ailabilit of the ser ice nder all b t the most e treme circ mstancesA ailabilit of the ser ice nder all b t the most e treme circ mstancesAvailability of the service under all but the most extreme circumstancesAvailability of the service under all but the most extreme circumstancesinform users within seconds of a failure of any satelliteinform users within seconds of a failure of any satellitesuitable for applications where safety is crucial, such as running trains, guiding cars and landing suitable for applications where safety is crucial, such as running trains, guiding cars and landing aircraft. aircraft.

Good coverage even at latitudes up to 75 degrees north (North Cape), and beyond.Good coverage even at latitudes up to 75 degrees north (North Cape), and beyond.g p g ( p ), yg p g ( p ), yThe large number of satellites together The large number of satellites together optimization of the constellationoptimization of the constellationavailability of three active spare satellites, will ensure that the loss of one satellite has no availability of three active spare satellites, will ensure that the loss of one satellite has no discernible effect on the user. discernible effect on the user.

HistoryHistoryHistoryHistory

GIOVEGIOVE--AAThe first experimental satellite,The first experimental satellite,p ,p ,Launched on 28 December 2005Launched on 28 December 2005Mission Mission

•• Claiming the frequencies allocated to Galileo by the ITU. Claiming the frequencies allocated to Galileo by the ITU. •• Test the design of two onTest the design of two on--board rubidium atomic clocks and the orbital characteristics of the board rubidium atomic clocks and the orbital characteristics of the

intermediate circular orbit for future satellites. intermediate circular orbit for future satellites.

GIOVEGIOVE--BBlaunched on 27 April 2008launched on 27 April 2008The launch was delayed due to various technical problems, The launch was delayed due to various technical problems, GioveGiove--B reached its projected orbit after 02:00 UTB reached its projected orbit after 02:00 UTGIOVEGIOVE--B started transmitting navigation signals on May 7, 2008. The reception of the signals by B started transmitting navigation signals on May 7, 2008. The reception of the signals by GIOVEGIOVE B started transmitting navigation signals on May 7, 2008. The reception of the signals by B started transmitting navigation signals on May 7, 2008. The reception of the signals by GETR receivers and other means has been confirmed at a few ESA facilities GETR receivers and other means has been confirmed at a few ESA facilities

GIOVEGIOVE--A2,A2,originally planned to be ready for launch in the second half of 2008. originally planned to be ready for launch in the second half of 2008. The actual launch date of this satellite will be decided later, taking into account the situation of The actual launch date of this satellite will be decided later, taking into account the situation of GIOVEGIOVE--A and GIOVEA and GIOVE--B B GIOVEGIOVE--A and GIOVEA and GIOVE--B. B.

Thereafter, four operational satellites Thereafter, four operational satellites -- the basic minimum for satellite navigation in principle the basic minimum for satellite navigation in principle -- will be will be launched to validate the Galileo concept with both segments: space and related ground launched to validate the Galileo concept with both segments: space and related ground infrastructure . Once this Ininfrastructure . Once this In--Orbit Validation (IOV) phase has been completed, the remaining Orbit Validation (IOV) phase has been completed, the remaining satellites will be installed to reach the Full Operational Capability (FOC).satellites will be installed to reach the Full Operational Capability (FOC).p p y ( )p p y ( )

Ground ControlGround ControlGround ControlGround Control

Two Galileo Control Centers (GCCs) will be implemented on European groundTwo Galileo Control Centers (GCCs) will be implemented on European ground

They provide for the control of the satellites and perform the navigation mission management. They provide for the control of the satellites and perform the navigation mission management. The data provided by a global network of twenty Galileo Sensor Stations (GSSs) will be sent to the The data provided by a global network of twenty Galileo Sensor Stations (GSSs) will be sent to the Galileo Control Centers through a redundant communications network. Galileo Control Centers through a redundant communications network. The GCC’s will use the data from the Sensor Stations to compute the integrity information and to The GCC’s will use the data from the Sensor Stations to compute the integrity information and to

h i th ti i l f ll t llit ith th d t ti l k h i th ti i l f ll t llit ith th d t ti l k synchronize the time signal of all satellites with the ground station clocks. synchronize the time signal of all satellites with the ground station clocks. The exchange of the data between the Control Centers and the satellites will be performed through The exchange of the data between the Control Centers and the satellites will be performed through upup--link stations. link stations. Five SFive S--band upband up--link stations and 10 Clink stations and 10 C--band upband up--link stations will be installed around the globe for link stations will be installed around the globe for this purpose. this purpose.

FutureFutureFutureFuture

As a further feature, Galileo will provide a global Search and Rescue (SAR) function, As a further feature, Galileo will provide a global Search and Rescue (SAR) function, based on the operational COSPASbased on the operational COSPAS--SARSAT system.SARSAT system.

•• Each satellite equipped with a transponder able to transfer the distress signals from the user Each satellite equipped with a transponder able to transfer the distress signals from the user transmitters to the Rescue Cotransmitters to the Rescue Co--ordination Centreordination Centre

•• At the same time, the system will provide a signal to the user, informing him that his situation At the same time, the system will provide a signal to the user, informing him that his situation has been detected and that help is under way. has been detected and that help is under way.

•• This latter feature is new and is considered a major upgradeThis latter feature is new and is considered a major upgrade

What is Glonass?What is Glonass?What is Glonass?What is Glonass?

GLONASS is a russian Satellite Positioning system that was developed to provide realGLONASS is a russian Satellite Positioning system that was developed to provide real--time time position and velocity determinationposition and velocity determination

AdvantagesAdvantages+ Compliments GPS and Galileo making coverage better+ Compliments GPS and Galileo making coverage better+ + Provides accurate positioning in Russia areaProvides accurate positioning in Russia area

DisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantages-- Not serviced in number of yearsNot serviced in number of years-- Low amount of operational satellites doesn’t give a good positioning accuracy by itselfLow amount of operational satellites doesn’t give a good positioning accuracy by itself

Initially for the use of the Soviet military for navigation and ballistic missile targeting. Initially for the use of the Soviet military for navigation and ballistic missile targeting. Initially for the use of the Soviet military for navigation and ballistic missile targeting. Initially for the use of the Soviet military for navigation and ballistic missile targeting. Soviet Union's second generation satellite navigation system, improving on the Tsiklon system Soviet Union's second generation satellite navigation system, improving on the Tsiklon system which required one to two hours of signal processing to calculate a location with high accuracy. which required one to two hours of signal processing to calculate a location with high accuracy. By contrast, once a GLONASS receiver is tracking the satellite signals, a position fix is available By contrast, once a GLONASS receiver is tracking the satellite signals, a position fix is available instantly. instantly. Peak efficiency the system's standard positioning and timing service provide horizontal positioning Peak efficiency the system's standard positioning and timing service provide horizontal positioning accuracy within 57accuracy within 57––70 meters, vertical positioning within 70 meters, velocity vector measuring 70 meters, vertical positioning within 70 meters, velocity vector measuring accuracy within 57accuracy within 57 70 meters, vertical positioning within 70 meters, velocity vector measuring 70 meters, vertical positioning within 70 meters, velocity vector measuring within 15within 15 cm/s, and time transfer within 1 µs (all within 99.7% probability) cm/s, and time transfer within 1 µs (all within 99.7% probability)

HistoryHistoryHistoryHistory

First generationFirst generationweight 1,250weight 1,250 kg kg g ,g , ggmodest propulsion system to permit relocation within the constellation. modest propulsion system to permit relocation within the constellation. Upgraded over time to Block IIa, IIb, and IIv vehicles, containing evolutionary improvements.Upgraded over time to Block IIa, IIb, and IIv vehicles, containing evolutionary improvements.Block IIa satellites Block IIa satellites

•• launched in 1985launched in 1985––1986 1986 •• improved time and frequency standards over the prototypes, and increased frequency improved time and frequency standards over the prototypes, and increased frequency

stability stability stability. stability. •• 1616--month average operational lifetime. month average operational lifetime.

Block IIb spacecraft Block IIb spacecraft •• appeared in 1987, appeared in 1987, •• total of 12 launched (half were lost in launch vehicle accidents)total of 12 launched (half were lost in launch vehicle accidents)•• The six spacecraft that made it to orbit worked wellThe six spacecraft that made it to orbit worked wellThe six spacecraft that made it to orbit worked wellThe six spacecraft that made it to orbit worked well•• operating for an average of nearly 22 months.operating for an average of nearly 22 months.

Block IIv Block IIv •• Used exclusively from 1988 to 2000, and continued to be included in launches through 2005Used exclusively from 1988 to 2000, and continued to be included in launches through 2005•• total of 25 launched. total of 25 launched. •• The design life was three years, however numerous spacecraft exceeded this, with one late The design life was three years, however numerous spacecraft exceeded this, with one late

model lasting 68 months model lasting 68 months model lasting 68 months model lasting 68 months Second generation (known as UraganSecond generation (known as Uragan--M (also called GlonassM (also called Glonass--M))M))

Developed beginning in 1990 and first launched in 2001.Developed beginning in 1990 and first launched in 2001.Substantially increased lifetime of seven years Substantially increased lifetime of seven years weight slightly more at 1,480weight slightly more at 1,480 kg. kg. A total of fourteen second generation satellites were launched through the end of 2007. A total of fourteen second generation satellites were launched through the end of 2007. A total of fourteen second generation satellites were launched through the end of 2007. A total of fourteen second generation satellites were launched through the end of 2007.

Ground ControlGround ControlGround ControlGround Control

The ground control segment of GLONASS is entirely located within former The ground control segment of GLONASS is entirely located within former Soviet Union territorySoviet Union territorySoviet Union territorySoviet Union territory

The Ground Control Center and Time Standards is located in Moscow and the The Ground Control Center and Time Standards is located in Moscow and the telemetry and tracking stations are in Saint Petersburg, Ternopol, Eniseisk, telemetry and tracking stations are in Saint Petersburg, Ternopol, Eniseisk, KomsomolskKomsomolsk--nana--Amure Amure KomsomolskKomsomolsk nana Amure Amure

FutureFutureFutureFuture

Third generation(known as UraganThird generation(known as Uragan--K (also called GlonassK (also called Glonass--K) )K) )d i d ith lif ti f 10 t 12 d i d ith lif ti f 10 t 12 •• designed with a lifetime of 10 to 12 years, designed with a lifetime of 10 to 12 years,

•• weight of only 750weight of only 750 kg, kg, •• They will enter service in 2010.They will enter service in 2010.•• Due to their weight reduction, UraganDue to their weight reduction, Uragan--K spacecraft can be launched in pairsK spacecraft can be launched in pairs

Pictures speak morePictures speak morePictures speak more…Pictures speak more…

Galileo Constellation principleGalileo Constellation principleGalileo Constellation principleGalileo Constellation principle

Positioned in Positioned in three circular three circular three circular three circular Medium Earth Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Orbit (MEO) planes at 23 222 planes at 23 222 km altitude km altitude above the Earth, above the Earth, and at an and at an inclination of the inclination of the inclination of the inclination of the orbital planes of orbital planes of 56 degrees with 56 degrees with reference to the reference to the

t i l lt i l lequatorial plane.equatorial plane.

Glonass constellation principleGlonass constellation principleGlonass constellation principleGlonass constellation principle

A fully operational GLONASS GLONASS constellation consists of 24 satellites. The three orbital three orbital planes' ascending nodes are separated by 120°p ywith each plane containing eight equally spaced satellites The satellites. The orbits are roughly circular, with an inclination of about 64.8°

Glonass ConstellationGlonass ConstellationGlonass ConstellationGlonass Constellation

Galileo coverageGalileo coverageGalileo coverageGalileo coverage

ReceiversReceiversReceiversReceivers

Questions?Questions?Questions?Questions?

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