DocumentGA

In this chapter, you will learn concepts w.r.t.:

Ancient India

Medieval India

Modern India

Chapter 1

History of India

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GENERAL AWARENESS - BRM

ANCIENT INDIAHistory is a record of time. Ages have come and brought with them their foundations and ruins. Thestudy of Ancient India begins with the study of the Stone Age.

1. Stone AgeThe Stone Age or the stages of early man can be classified into

Paleolithic Age – This period was essentially the stage of hunters and food gatherers. Theyused crude tools made of flakes. They had no knowledge of cultivation and house building.Goat, sheep & other cattle were used. They lived on roots & fruits. By the end of the PaleolithicAge, the flint industry came up. The important development of this age was the emergence ofHomo-Sapiens.

Mesolithic Age – This age was the transition between the Paleolithic & the Neolithic Ages.Mesolithic people lived on hunting, fishing & food gathering. At a later stage, they domesticatedanimals. They used microlith - a small raw-stone tool.

Neolithic Age - These people used tools & implements of polished stone. They particularly used stoneaxes. Parashurama became an important axe-wielding hero. Dwelling pits, ceramics, a variety of stone& bone tools & a complete absence of microliths marked this age. Cattle, sheep & goat weredomesticated.

2. Indus Valley CivilizationThe most important event of ancient Indian history was the development of Indus Valley Civilization.This Civilization prospered on the Banks of river Indus. It extended from Jammu in the North toAhmednagar in the South, and covered various regions of Gujarat. The main sites which havebeen found in the excavation are:• Kalibangan in Rajasthan• Lothal in Gujarat• Banwali in Haryana and• Ropar in Punjab.

The Indus Valley Civilization existed between 2350 BC and 1750 BC. The main cities associatedwith the civilization were Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and Lothal. The main feature of thiscivilization was Town Planning. They had great buildings, well-planned roads, cities and drainagesystems. Trade and agriculture were the main sources of livelihood for the people. People of theIndus Valley were the first to produce cotton. Mother Goddess was the most important deity ofworship.

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3. Vedic PeriodThis period is marked by the entry of the Aryans, who were originally inhabitants of Central Asiaaround the Caspian Sea and probably came through the Hindukush Mountains. The period inwhich they existed was between 1500-600 BC.

The Main Features of the Aryans were:i) They were admirers of nature and worshipped the Sun, Fire and Water.ii) Indra was an important deity for the Aryans.iii) Metal iron was used for the first time during this period in 1000 BC.

The following religious books were written during this period

i) Vedas: These were their most sacred books.(These are also the oldest known books of Indus Valley Civilization). They were four innumber, viz. :a) Rig Veda – The oldest, and it contained prayers of God, Vayu, Varun, Indra and Agni.b) Sam Veda – It dealt with music.c) Yajur Veda – It dealt with formulae, sacrifices and rituals.d) Atharva Veda – It dealt with medicines.

ii) The Upanishads: They are the foundation stones of Indian Philosophy and are 108 in number.

4. Rise of ReligionsThe two major religions that came into prominence after the vedic period:

i) Buddhism - Initiated by a Kshatriya prince of the Shakya clan, Siddhartha, (who later came tobe known as Buddha) around 6th century BC. Siddhartha was born in 567 BC at Lumbini inKapilavastu (present day Nepal). He was the son of king Shuddhodhana. He went in search oftruth and attained enlightenment under a pipal tree at Bodh Gaya, and delivered his first sermonsat Sarnath in U.P. He died at Kushinagar in U.P.

The main Buddhist teachings of the eight–fold path of right faith, thought, action, livelihood, efforts,speech, remembrance and concentration, belief in nirvana (freedom from the cycle of birth and death),ahimsa and law of karma were recorded in Triptikas, the religious book of Buddhists.

ii) Jainism - Initiated by Rishabha (a Kshatriya prince), Jainism attained peak under VardhamanaMahavira (the 24th Tirthankara). Mahavira was born at Kundagrama in 540 BC at Bihar, andattained perfect knowledge ‘Kaivalya’ after he became an ascetic at the age of 30. He became a‘Jina’ (one who has conquered happiness and misery) and died at Pavapuri (present day Bihar).

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The major teachings of Jainism were based on the Tri-ratna concept and the Tri-ratna conceptwas based ona) Right knowledge,b) Right faith andc) Right conduct.

5. Magadh Empire (6th Century BC - 4th Century BC)Major dynasties of the Magadh Empire were:

i) Haryanka Dynasty - Bimbisara and Ajata Shatru laid the foundation of this dynasty in 684 BC.

ii) Shishunaga Dynasty - This dynasty was founded by Shishunag in 413 BC after defeating thelast king of the Haryanka dynasty.

iii) Nanda Dynasty – This dynasty was founded in 382 BC by Mahapadma Nanda.

6. Alexander’s Invasion of India• Alexander, after establishing his Kingdom in present day Pakistan, crossed the river Indus and

invaded India.• He defeated Porus, the then ruler of Punjab in the Battle of Hydaspes in 326 BC and extended

his kingdom till India.• He founded the city of Alexandria in present day Afghanistan.

7. The Age of Mauryas (321-198 BC)• Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of Maurya Empire.• Kautilya was in the court of Chandragupta Maurya and he had written the book titled

Arthashastra.• Megasthenese was a Greek ambassador who came in the court of Chandragupta Maurya and

wrote the book titled ‘INDICA’.• Ashoka (273-232 B.C.) was the important king of this dynasty.• He fought the Kalinga war (261 BC) and after that war he adopted Buddhism.• He was the first Indian king to talk directly to the people throughout his empire.• The last king of Maurya empire Brihadratha was killed by his commander in chief

Pushyamitrasingha

8. Kushan EmpireThe Kushan empire was started by the Kushan tribe of the Yuezi Confederation around 1st centuryBC.

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• The Kushan Empire introduced the largest number of gold coins in India.• Kanishka was most the important king of the empire. He started the Saka Era in 78 AD.• His capital was at Pursushpura ( now Peshawar).• He was responsible for organizing the 4th Buddhist council in Kashmir.• Both Gandhar and Mathura art forms developed during Kanishka’s reign.

9. Gupta EmpireIt was founded by Chandragupta I (320-325 AD). He started the Gupta Era in 320 AD. Otherimportant kings of the Gupta empire were

i) Samudra Gupta (335-380 AD) He was known as the Napoleon of India. He was a greatexponent of Veena.

ii) Chandragupta II (380-412 AD) also known as Vikramaditya• Chinese Pilgrim, Fa-hien came in his court.• Aryabhatta and Kalidas were in the court of Chandragupta II. He was responsible for the start

of the Vikram Era.

iii) Kumaragupta I of this dynasty had constructed the Nalanda University (in presentday Bihar).

iv)Harshvardhana was the last important king of North India.• His capital was at Kannauj.• Hiuen-Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim came to his court.• Harshcharita, a book on the life of Harshvardhana was written by Banabhata, who had also

written Kadambari.• He was defeated by Pulshekin II of the Chalukya dynasty.

10. South Indian Dynasties

10.1 The Sathavanas• This dynasty was founded by Simuka. (65 BC)• Satakarni was an important king.• They constructed many buddhist worshipping sites- the important ones being at Amaravati and

Nagarjuna Konda.• They issued the maximum number of lead coins.

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• Sangam Literature relates primarily to Pandyan kingdom but also contains information aboutCholas and Cheras.

• Tolkkapiyam is the oldest book of Tamil grammar.

Three Major Southern Kingdoms

Kingdom Capital Emblem FamousPort

ImportantKing

Cholas

Cheras

Pandyas

Uraiyar

Vanji’ Karur

Madurai

Tiger

Bow

Carp

Puhar

Tondi, Bandar

Korkai

Karikala

Udiyanjeral

Nedunjdiyan

10.2 The Chalukyas (6th - 7th Century AD)• Pulkeshin I bounded the Chalukya dynasty and established its capital at Vatapi.• Pulkeshin II (609 AD - 642 AD) was the most important king.• According to the Aihole inscriptions, he defeated Harshvardhana on the banks of river Narmada

in 619 AD.• Narasimharaman I defeated and killed Pulkeshin II and captured Vadani.• Most of the Buddhist cover at Ajanta and Ellora was structured during the reign of the

Chalukyas.• Aihole was the temple town of this period.

10.3 The Pallavas (560 AD – 903 AD)• The Pallava dynasty was founded by Simhavishnu in 560 AD.• Their Capital was at Kanch.• Mahendranarman I was defeated by Pulkeshin II.• Narasimhavarma I was the greatest king, and because he defeated Pulkeshin II and captured

Badan, he was known as Vatapi-Konda.• Narshimhavarma II constructed the shore temple of Mahabalipuram and the Kailashnath Temple

of Kanchi.• He was also a worshipper of Vishnu. He built the Vaikunthaperumal Temple at Kanchi.• Aparajita Pallav was the last ruler and was defeated by Aditya Chola.

Administrative Units of the Pallavas Names of the ChiefsMandal (Province) RastrikNadu (District) DeshatricVillage (Kottam - Group of Villages) Gram Bhojak

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10.4 The RashtrakutasFounded by Dantedurga in Deccan, their capital was located at Manyakhet or Malkhed. Greatestkings of the Rashtrakuta dynasty were:i) Govind III (796 AD - 814 AD)ii) Amoghavarha I (814 AD - 978 AD) - He had written the first Kannada book - ‘Kabirajamarga.’

and Ratnamalika in Kannada.iii) Kailash I built the Kailash Temple at Ellora (in 9th century).

Administrative Units of the RashtrakutasRashtras - the provincesVisaya - the districtsBhukti - the villages

10.5 The Cholas (850 -1200 AD)• The Chola dynasty was founded by Vijayalaya in 850 AD.• Early capital was situated at Uraiyar.• Later the capital was shifted to Tanjore.• Raja Raja I (985 AD - 1014 AD) was an important king.

- He constructed the Siva Temple at Tanjore which is also famous as Raja Rajeshvar Temple.• Rajendra I (1014 AD- 1044AD) was called the Napolean of South India.• The Cholas were famous for naxal power and for their village administration.

Administrative Units of the Cholas• Mandlam the provinces• Valanadusnadus the districts• Taniyur the large villages• The Village Assembly was constituted of

Urs- the assembly of common people.Abha - the assembly of brahmins.Nagaram - the assembly of merchants.

MEDIEVAL INDIAIt is marked by the beginning of the Sultanate of Delhi, which was established after the conquest ofMuhammad Ghori. The period of the Sultanate of Delhi ranges from AD 1206-1526. It is also consideredas the beginning of Muslim rule in India.

Important Dynasties1. The Slave Dynasty period ranges from AD 1206-1290. It was founded by Qutab–ud-din Aibak

whose capital was at Lahore. He started the Persian festival of ‘NAVROZ’ in India. The Qutub

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Minar at Delhi was also built by Qutab–ud-din Aibak. Later Iltutmish got three more storiesadded to the Minar. Razia Sultana, the only woman ruler of India, and Balban were the importantrulers of the Slave Dynasty.

2. The K hi l j i Dynasty was founded by Jala l -ud-din K hi l j i a nd i t s pe r iod r angesfrom AD 1290-1320. Ala-ud-din Khilji was one of the most prominent rulers of this dynasty.He started branding of horses and constructed Siri Fort at Delhi and Alai Darwaja nearQutub Minar.

3. The Tughlak dynasty was founded by Ghiasuddin Tughlak and the per iod rangesfrom AD 1320-1414. Ibn Batuta was an important African traveller who visited India in 1333.Feroz Shah Tughlak was another important king and he constructed many tombs.Mohammed-Bin-Tughlak introduced coins of brass and copper.

4. The Lodhi dynasty was founded by Bahlol Lodhi and the period of this dynasty rangesfrom AD 1451–1526. Sikander and Ibrahim Lodhi were the other two prominent rulersbelonging to this dynasty. Sikander established Agra City and transferred his capital fromAgra to Delhi.

5. Mughal Dynasty (AD 1526-1857)

5.1 Babar - He is credited with the foundation of the Mughal empire by defeating Ibrahim Lodhiin the First Battle of Panipat on April 20, 1526. His tomb is built at Kabul, and his autobiographyBaburnama is written in Turkish.

5.2 Humayun - He was the next emperor of the Mughal empire after Babur. His tomb is in Delhi,his biography Humayunama was written by Guladan Begum.

5.3 Akbar - He was the most successful Mughal emperor. An excellent leader, who separatedreligion and politics, started a new religion called Din-e-Ilahi. He established Fatehpur Sikri andBuland Darwaja near Agra. He abolished the Jazia Tax. Bairam Khan, Akbar’s General, fought theSecond Battle of Panipat in 1556 & defeated Hemu. Two important books Akbarnama andAin-e-Akbari were written during Akbar’s tenure by Abul Fazal. His tomb is built at Sikandaranear Agra.

5.4 Jehangir - The son of Akbar, who ascended the throne after Akbar’s death, known for hisadministration and strict sense of justice. He was the husband of Noor Jahan Begum and hadbuilt Shalimar and Nishant Bagh. His autobiography is Tuzk-e-Jahangiri and his tomb isbuilt at Lahore.

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5.5 Shahjahan - Famous ruler and son of Jehangir, who built the Taj Mahal at Agra, in thememory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Jama Masjid and Red Fort are the other two famousmonuments that were built by him. He had transferred his capital from Agra to Delhi.

5.6 Aurangzeb - A very cruel ruler and son of Shahjahan, who demolished several religiousstructures of Hindus, and ruled for about 50 years. He constructed the ‘Moti Masjid’ in the RedFort at Delhi and ‘Bibi ka Makbara’ at Aurangabad.

5.7 Sher Shah Suri (1540-1555) - He was a brilliant administrator who issued the Rupiah andPaisa coins and built the famous Grand Trunk Road from Peshawar to Calcutta. He constructedthe Old Fort of Delhi.

The Mughal empire started declining with the attack of Nadir Shah who took with him the famousKohinoor Diamond to Afghanistan. Then came the Marathas who became powerful under theleadership of Shivaji.

MODERN INDIA

Coming of the Europeans• Vasco-da-Gama discovered the sea route to India in 1498 and he belonged to Portugal. So

Portugal was the first European country to start trade with India.• The East India Company (EIC) of England came to India in 1602.• The first officer of the EIC, Captain Hawkins came to India in 1608 in the court of Jahangir,

the then ruler of India.• The EIC established its first factory at Surat in 1613.• The first English Ambassador, Sir Thomas Roe, came to India in 1615 in the court

of Jahangir.

Important Battles of Modern India

i) Battle of Plassey (1757)Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal was defeated by the East India Co., under the leadershipof Lord Clive, the first governor of Bengal. It is also known as the Black Hole Episode of theIndian history.

ii) Battle of Wandiwash (1760)It was the decisive battle fought between the English and the French. The French rule in Indiacame to an end.

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iii) Battle of Buxar (1764)The joint army of Mir Quasim, former Nawab of Bengal Suja-ud-Daulah, Nawab ofAwadh and Shah Alam II was defeated by the English a rmy under the leadership ofCaptain Hector Munro.

The Regulating Act (1773)In1773, the British Parliament initiated a series of administrative and economic reforms inIndia. The post of Governor General for Bengal was created. Warren Hastings became thefirst Governor General of Bengal. The Governor General and his council had all the legislativepowers. Supreme Court was established at Calcutta and Sir Elijah Impey became the ChiefJustice of India.

Governor Generals of India (1774 - 1858)

1. Warren Hastings (1774 - 1785)Warren Hastings was the first Governor General of India. The foundation of the British empirewas laid down by Lord Clive (first Governor of Bengal) and Warren Hastings consolidated it.

2. Lord Cornwallis (1786 - 1793)Lord Cornwallis is known as the father of Indian Civil Services. He introduced the system of thePermanent Settlement, also called the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, in 1703. It was an agreementbetween East India Company and the Bengali landlords (zamindars) for effective agriculturalmethods and productivity in the empire.

3. Lord Wellesely (1797 - 1805)Lord Wellesely adopted the policy of Subsidiary Alliance. He established the Fort William Collegeat Calcutta.

4. Lord William Bentinck (1828 - 1835)Lord William Bentinck was a famous social reformer. He abolished the Sati system in 1829. Heintroduced engineering education in India.

5. Lord Dalhousie (1845 - 1856)Lord Dalhousie laid the foundation of railways in India. The first railway line was laidbetween Bombay and Thane and began operating in 1853. He also started the first telegramline in India between Agra and Calcutta. He introduced the Widow Remarriage Act, openedpost offices throughout India, established the Public Works Department, and introducedThe Doctrine of Lapse.

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Viceroys of India

1. Lord Cunning (1858 - 1862)Lord Cunning was the first Viceroy of India. He abolished The Doctrine of Lapse and also establishedthree major Indian universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

2. Lord Litton (1876 - 1880)Lord Litton introduced The Vernacular Press Act, to curb the freedom of Indian Press.

3. Lord Rippon (1880 - 1884)Lord Rippon was known as the father of Local Self Government. He started census for thefirst time in India in 1881.He abolished The Vernacular Press Act and introduced Illbert Bill.

4. Lord Curzon (1899 - 1904)Lord Curzon was responsible for the partition of Bengal and Bengal was divided into East andWest Bengal in 1905. He passed Indian University Act in 1904 and also passed The IndianMonuments Act.

5. Lord Minto (1905 -1910)During his tenure there was great unrest in India because of the the Indian Council Act or theMinto Morley reforms passed in 1909.

6. Lord Hardinge (1910 - 1916)During his tenure a Durbar was held at Delhi in 1911 to greet the King of England, George V.Bengal was unified and Delhi was made the capital in place of Calcutta in 1911.

7. Lord Chelmsford (1916 - 1921)Under Lord Chelmsford, The Government of India Act of 1919, popularly know as Montague-Chelmsford reform was passed. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13th April 1919.Rowlatt Act, also called the Black Bill, was passed in 1919. The Non - Cooperation movementstarted in the year 1919.

8. Lord Reading (1921 - 1925)The visit of the Duke of Connaught and the Prince of Wales to India was boycotted under Lord Reading.

9. Lord Irwin (1926 - 1931)During Lord Irwin’s reign, the Simon commission visited India in 1928. Civil Disobediencemovement was started in India by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi - Irwin pact was signed in 1931. TheFirst Round Table Conference was held at London.

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10. Lord Willingdon (1931 - 1936)Under Lord Willingdon, the second and third round table conferences were held at London. ThePoona pact was signed between Dr. B R Ambedker and Mahatma Gandhi.

11. Lord Linlithgow (1936 - 1943)Under him elections were held for the first time in 11 Indian states. Congress ministries wereformed in eight out of 11 provisions but subsequently resigned because India was being draggedinto the Second World War.

12. Lord Wavell (1943 - 1947)Under him the Cabinet Mission came to India from London. The first meeting of the ConstituentAssembly was held on 9th December, 1946.

13. Lord Mountbatten (March 13, 1947 to 14 August 1947)Under him an act for Indian independence was passed by British Parliament. He was the lastBritish Governor General of independent India.

Presidents of Indian National Congress (Important Sessions)

Session No. Year Place President 1 1885 Bombay W C Bannerjee 3 1887 Madras BadurddinTyabji 4 1888 Allahabad George Yule 9 1893 Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji 21 1905 Banaras G K Gokhale 22 1906 Kolkata Dadabhai Naoroji 23 1907 Surat Dr Rash Behari Ghosh 33 1917 Kolkata Mrs.Annie Besant 35 1918 Delhi (Annual Session) M M Malyviya 36 1919 Amritsar Lala Lajpat Rai 57 1939 Tripura S C Bose

Important Milestones of Modern India

Event Year Related Facts

First War of Independence 1857 Mangal Pandey was a prominent figure. He killedtwo British sepoys at Barrackpore.

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Government of India Act 1858 Direct governance of British Crown over India.

Formation of Indian National 1885 A. O. Hume was the founder. W.C. Banerjee wasCongress the first president of Indian National Congress.

Partition of Bengal 1905 Bengal was divided on the basis of religion.

Swadeshi Movement 1905 Indian National Congress adopted a resolution on7th August 1905 to boycott all foreign goods.

Formation of Muslim League 1906 Founded by Aga Khan and Salimuddin at Dhaka.

Morley–Minto Reforms 1909 Under these reforms, a separate electorate wasmade for Muslims during the leadership of LordMinto.

Home Rule Movement 1915-16 Annie Besant started the movement in September1916.

Lucknow Pact 1916 Congress and Muslim League held their sessionsat Lucknow, which strengthened the Hindu–Muslim unity.

Rowlatt Act 1919 It gave unstoppable powers to the government toarrest and imprison suspects, without even havinga trial.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919 Because of firing, under the orders of GeneralO’ Dyer, many people were kil led, whileattending a public meeting at Jallianwala Baghin Amritsar.

Khilafat Movement 1920 This was an anti–British movement started by twobrothers Shaukat and Muhammad Ali.

Non-Cooperation Movement 1920 Gandhiji pioneered the movement which includedthe boycott of foreign goods and refusinggovernment work.

Simon Commission 1927 For a ss ess ing the ex t en t of fo rming arepresentative government in India, Britisherssent Simon Commission which was furiouslyboycotted by Indians and Lala Lajpat Rai ( aProminent Indian leader) who died due to lathi

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cha rge i n a pr oce ss i on a ga i ns t thecommission.

Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) 1930 Gandhiji marched from his Sabarmati Ashram,which was basically a form of protest againstthe tax on sa l t impose d by t he Br i t i shGovernment.

Government of India Act 1935 Passed on the basis of the Simon Commissionreport, i t envisaged the structure of thegovernment under the direct governance of the‘British Crown’.

Quit India Movement 1942 Mahatma Gandhi led this movement and asked theBritishers to leave India.

Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 This envisaged forming an interim government inIndia

Formation of the Constituent 1946 Without the Muslim league’s participation underAssembly the Assembly predisency of Dr. Rajendra Prasad,

the Constituent Assembly was formed.

Partition of India 1947 Indian Independence Act of 1947 was responsiblefor the partition of India.

Constitution Enforcement 1950 The Constitution came into force on 26th Jan, 1950.

End of Chapter

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World Wars

Major Revolutions

The Great Depression

Chapter 2

History of The World

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THE WORLD WARS

World War I (Aug 14, 1914 to Nov 11, 1919)

Major Participants

1. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey formed a group known as the Central powers.

2 . England, France, Belgium and Serbia later joined by Russia and Italy, were known as the

Allied powers.

Causes of War

The First World War was a consequence of

1. Archduke of Austria, Francis Ferdinand was assassinated,

2. Austria initiated a war against Serbia, and

3. Russia mobilized its forces against Austria-Hungary.

Outcome

The Allied forces won the war, Treaty of Versailles was signed, which curbed the power of the

German Empire and led to the creation of many new countries in Eastern Europe.

World War II (1939 to 1945)

Major Participants

1. Allied Powers - Britain, Russia, USA, and France.

2. Axis Powers (central powers) - Germany, Italy and Japan.

Causes of War

The Second World War was a consequence of

1. Rise of the Nazi party in Germany.

2. Treaty of Versailles which was against Germany.

3. The expansion policy of Japan.

Outcome

The Allied forces won the war and Germany was divided into two parts. Russia and the US

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became the biggest powers in the World. The end of war led to the Cold War amongst the

industrialised countries.

The Cold War (1947-1991)The Cold War refers to the period of geopolitical and economic struggle that emerged after the

World War II between the US and its allies and Russia and its allies. The phase lasted from

1947 till the division of erstwhile Soviet Union in 1991. This stage was referred to as the Cold

War because members of both the blocs were faced with a fear of hostile attack from its

enemies. The era of cold war led to a large scale development of weapons including nuclear

weapons. It also led to economic warfare and trade embargoes between nations. Japan had

full support of the US and Russia supported all the erstwhile Soviet Union members. The war

finally came to an end in 1991 with the dissolution of Warsaw Pact which led to the division of

the Soviet Union.

MAJOR REVOLUTIONS

I. The Russian Revolution (1917)The main cause of the Russian Revolution was the autocratic rule of the Czars. This revolution led

to the establishment of the rule of Lenin in Russia. In this way Russia became the first communist

state of the World.

II.French Revolution (1789 - 1793)The autocratic rule of the king of France led the country to financial bankruptcy. The philosophers

and intellectuals inspired the people of France to change the face of the society. “Liberty, Equality

and Fraternity” became the slogan of the revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as a great

military general of France.

THE GREAT DEPRESSION

The worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted till the late 1930’s. It was the most

severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized economies of the West, which brought about

drastic changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policies, and economic theory. The depression

started in the United States, but caused drastic decline in output, severe unemployment, and acute

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deflation in almost every country of the world. The social and cultural effects of the downturn were no

less staggering, especially in the United States, where the harshest effects of the depression were felt

after the Civil War.

The worst hit were the United States and Europe while milder impacts of the depression were felt in

Asia, especially Japan and the South Americas.

The worst depression faced by the World economy was a consequence of decline in consumer demand,

financial panic, and misguided government policies that caused economic output to fall in the United

States. The gold standard, which was used to fix currency exchange rates between the countries,

played a key role in transmitting the economic downturn to countries other than the United States. The

recovery from the Great Depression was spurred largely by the abandonment of the gold standard and

the ensuing monetary expansion. The economic impact of the Great Depression was enormous, including

both extreme human suffering and profound changes in economic policy .

End of Chapter

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The Structure of the Earth

The Shape and Composition of the Earth

The Internal Structure of the Earth

Important Geographical Terms

Chapter 3

Structure of the Earth

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THE EARTHEarth is the third planet in the solar system in terms of distance from the Sun, and the fifth largest insize. It is also the largest amongst its planetary system’s terrestrial planets, making it the largest solidbody in the solar system, and it is the only planet in the universe known to support life. The Earth wasformed around 4.57 billion years ago and its largest natural satellite, the Moon, was orbiting it shortlythereafter, around 4.533 billion years ago.

Since it’s formation, the Earth has changed through geological and biological processes that havehidden traces of the original conditions. The outer space is divided into several tectonic plates thatgradually migrate across the surface over geologic time spans. The interior of the planet remainsactive, with a thick layer of convecting yet solid Earth mantle and an iron core that generates a magneticfield. The atmospheric conditions have been significantly altered by the presence of life forms, whichcreate an ecological balance that modifies the surface conditions. About 71% of the surface is coveredin water in the form of oceans, seas, and other water bodies and the remainder majorly consists of landmasses in the form of continents and islands.

There is significant interaction between the Earth and its space environment. The relativelylarge moon leads to ocean tides and has gradually modified the length of the planet’s rotationperiod. A cometary bombardment during the early history of the planet is believed to haveplayed a role in the formation of the oceans. Later, asteriod impacts are understood to havecaused significant changes to the surface environment. The changes in the orbit of the planetare also attributed to the ice age, in which significant portions of the surface were covered inglacial sheets.

THE SHAPE OF THE EARTHThe Earth’s shape is that of an oblate spheroid, with an average diameter of approximately 12,742 km(~ 40,000 km / ). The rotation of the Earth causes the equator to bulge out slightly so that the equatorialdiameter is 43 km larger than the pole to pole diameter.

THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTHThe mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98 ×1024 kg. Most of it forms iron (35.1%), oxygen(28.2%), silicon (17.2%), magnesium (15.9%), nickel (1.6%), calcium (1.6%) andaluminum (1.5%).

THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTHThe interior of the Earth, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is chemically divided into layers. TheEarth has an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less

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viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. The geologic component layers of the Earth are at thefollowing depths below the surface :

Depth ( Kilometers) Layer

0–35 Crust (locally varies between and 70 km)

35–60 Uppermost part of the Mantle

35–2890 Mantle

2890–5100 Outer Core

5100–6378 Inner Core

1. Earth’s HydrosphereThe abundance of water on Earth is a unique feature that distinguishes ‘The Blue Planet’ from theother planets in the Solar System. Approximately, 71% of the Earth is covered by water and only29% is solid land.

The Earth’s hydrosphere mainly consists of oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces inthe world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters. The average depth of theoceans is 3,794 m (12,447 ft), more than five times the average height of the continents.

2. Earth’s AtmosphereThe Earth’s atmosphere has no definite boundary, and is slowly becoming thinner and fading intoouter space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere’s mass is contained within the first 11 kms of theplanet’s surface. This lowest layer is called the Troposphere. Further up, the atmosphere is usuallydivided into the Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere. An important part of the atmospherefor life on Earth is the Ozone layer.

The atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Earth averages at 101.325 KPa (Kilo Pascal), witha scale height of about 6 kms. Its composition is 78.09 % nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argonand 0.03% minor gases and vapors. The atmosphere protects the Earth’s life forms by absorbingultraviolet solar radiation, moderating temperature, transporting water vapor, and providing usefulgases. The atmosphere is one of the principal components determining weather and climate.

The Atmospheric Layers

1. Troposphere - The Troposphere is the lowermost portion of the Earth’s atmosphere extendingup to a height of 15 kms (at tropics) and 8 kms (at poles). It is the densest layer of the

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atmosphere and contains approximately 75% of the mass of the atmosphere and almost all thewater vapor and particulate matter. The Troposphere is the most turbulent part of the atmosphereand is that part of the atmosphere in which most weather phenomena are seen. The Troposphereextends from the Earth’s surface up to the tropopause where the Stratosphere begins.

2. Stratosphere - The Stratosphere is situated between about 10 kms and 50 kms abovesurface at tropics, while at the poles it starts at a height of about 8 kms. The Stratosphere sitsdirectly above the Troposphere and directly below the Mesosphere.The Stratosphere is layeredin temperature because it is heated from above by absorption of ultraviolet radiation from theSun. Within this layer, the temperature increases as the altitude increases; the top of theStratosphere has a temperature of about 270 Kelvin; about the same as the ground leveltemperature. This top is called the Stratopause, above which temperature again decreaseswith height.

3. Mesosphere - The Mesosphere is directly above the Stratosphere and directly below theIonosphere. The Mesosphere is located about 50-80 kms above the Earth’s surface. Within thislayer, the temperature decreases with increasing altitude. Since it lies between the maximum altitudefor most aircrafts and the minimum altitude for most spacecrafts, this region of the atmosphere isonly directly accessible through the use of sounding rockets. As a result, this region is one of themost poorly understood in the atmosphere.

4. Ionosphere – This layer lies between the Mesosphere and the outermost layer of the atmosphere,the Exosphere. It extends from 80-500 kms above the earths surface. The middle layer of theregion is called Thermosphere where the temperature is above 100 degress celcius. Within thislayer, the ultraviolet radiation causes ionization.

5. Exosphere - The Exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere. On Earth, itslower boundary (exobase), at the edge of the thermosphere is estimated to be 500-1000kms above the Earth’s surface, and its upper boundary at about 10,000 kms. It is only fromthe Exosphere that the atmospheric gases, atoms, and molecules can, to any appreciableextent, escape into outer space. The main gases within the Exosphere are the lightest gases,mainly hydrogen and helium, with some oxygen near the exobase. The atmosphere in thislayer is sufficiently rarefied for satellites to orbit the Earth, although they still receive someatmospheric drag.

KINDS OF ROCKSRocks are naturally occuring aggregate of minerals. The Earth’s crust and mantle are formed ofrocks. The study of rocks is called Petrology. Rocks are classified by their mineral and chemical

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composition, texture of the constituent particles and the process by which they are formed.The transformation of one rock type to another through geographical process is ca lled theRock Cycle.

Types of Rocks

i. Igneous Rocks – Igneous rocks are formed when the molten magma or lava slowly cools andcrystallises within the Earth’s crust. Examples of the Igneous rock are granite,basalt, etc.

ii. Sedimentary Rocks – Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition of organic and non-organic matter over a period of time. The process of deposition is called sedimentation. Commonlyknown sedimentary rocks are coal, limestone, sandstone etc.

iii.Metamorphic Rocks – Pressure and change in temprature under the Earth’s surface causeIgneous and Sedimentary rocks to undergo change. This change leads to the formation ofMetamorphic Rocks.

IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS

i. Latitude and Longitude - In order to locate a point on the face of the earth, we look at thelatitude and the longitude of the point. The latitude of a place is its angular distance, north or southof the Equator as measured from the centre of the Earth. Latitudes are, therefore, lines drawnparallel to the Equator which represents 0 degree latitude. They are marked up to 90 degrees to theNorth and to the South of the Equator.

The longitudes show the angular distance of a point East or West of the Prime Meridian, which isat 0 degrees passing through Greenwich near London. The meridians or longitudes are drawn,joining the two poles through 360 divisions of the Equator. They are 180 degrees to the East and180 degrees to the West of Greenwich.

Longitude is represented by imaginary lines extending from pole to pole and crossing all parallelsat right angles. These lines are called Meridians. They are farthest apart at the Equator, becomingincreasingly close together northward and southward and finally converging completely at thepoles. Among the latitudes, only the Equator is a great circle.

An imaginary line drawn through the centre of the Earth from the North Pole to South Pole iscalled the Earth’s axis. The axis of the Earth is always tilted at an angle of 66½ to the plane of the

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ecliptic. The actual plane of the Earth’s movement around the Sun in space is called the plane ofecliptic. The seasons occur because the earth is tilted with respect to the plane of the ecliptic. Animaginary plane that passes through the Earth half-way between the poles and is perpendicular tothe axis of rotation is the plane of the Equator.

Some lines of latitude have significance. For example, the latitude of 0 degree is called the Equator,while those of 23 1/2 degrees North and South of the Equator, are known as the Tropics ofCancer and Capricorn, respectively . Similarly are the Arctic and the Antarctic circles, with latitudesof 66 1/2 degrees North and South of the Equator respectively.

Earth’s axis is an imaginary line, which passes through the centre of the Earth. It spins round itsaxis, which is always inclined at an angle of 66½ degrees to the plane of Earth’s orbit.

ii. International Date Line – It is the line that passes through 180 degrees East or Westmeridian of longitude which falls on the opposite side of the Greenwich meridian. One day isadded when this line is crossed East to West and a day is deducted when the line passes Westto East.

iii.Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) – GMT refers to the 0 degree longitude that passes throughGreenwich near London.

iv. Indian Standard Time (IST) - IST refers to the 82 1/2 degree longitude that passes throughAllahabad and is 5 1/2 hours ahead of the GMT.

v. Solstice - It is the date on which the Sun shines vertically over a tropic when the days &nights are the longest & the shortest. On the 22nd of June the sun shines vertically over theTropic of Cancer & this date is termed as Summer Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere & WinterSolstice for the Southern Hemisphere. Similarly, on December 22nd, the Sun shines verticallyover the Tropic of Capricorn. Hence it is Summer Solstice for Southern Hemisphere & WinterSolstice for the Northern Hemisphere.

vi. Equinox - It means two days during the year when the day & night are almost equal throughoutthe World because the Sun shines vertically over the Equator. March 21st is called the VernalEquinox & September 23rd is called the Autumnal Equinox.

vii. Equator - The Equator represents the imaginary line passing around the Earth midway betweenthe North & South poles. It divides the Earth into two equal parts.

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viii. Meridians - They represent the imaginary lines drawn out on the global map from pole topole & perpendicular to the Equator. Prime Meridian is the 0 degree meridian, which passesthrough Greenwich, a place near London.

ix. Aphelion - Aphelion refers to that position of the Earth in its orbit, when it is at the greatestdistance from the Sun (about 152 million kms). The Earth reaches this position during the northernsummer. This term also refers to the position of any other planet or a comet, when it is at itsgreatest distance from the Sun.

x. Perihelion - Perihelion refers to the nearest point of a heavenly body in its orbit around theSun. The Earth at perihelion is at a distance of about 147 million kms from the Sun.

xi. Apogee - Apogee refers to the position of the orbit of the moon when it is at its greatestdistance from Earth. This is approximately 406,000 kms for the Earth.

xii. Perigee - Perigee refers to the point of the moon when it is at its minimum distance from theEarth. This distance is approximately 364,000 kms.

xiii. Cyclone - Any area of low pressure around which the air turns in the same direction as theEarth is a cyclone. In the Indian Ocean, a tropical storm with masses of air turning rapidly rounda low pressure area is called a tropical cyclone.

xiv. Typhoon - It is the name given to a tropical cyclone in the Far East.

xv. Hurricane - It is a tropical storm in the Caribbean or West Pacific Ocean, with extremelystrong winds. The wind force reaches 12 on the Beaufort scale.

xvi. Tornado - It is a type of whirlwind which is formed by rising air currents associated withlarge cumulonimbus clouds. It rotates in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphereand in a clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere.

xvii. Estuary - It is the tidal mouth of a river where the salt water of the tide meets the freshwater of the river current.

xviii. Isobars - Lines on the map denoting places experiencing equal pressure.

xix. Isobaths - Lines denoting equal depths in the Sea.

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xx. Isobronts - Lines joining places experiencing a thunderstorm at the same time.

xxi. Isochrones - Lines joining places located at equal travel time from a common centre.

xxii. Isogonics - Lines joining places with the same magnetic declination.

xxiii. Isorymes - Lines denoting places experiencing equal frost.

xxiv. Isoseismics - Lines denoting places experiencing equal seismic activity.

End of Chapter

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India at a glance

Indian Agriculture

Major Rivers of India

India’s Mineral Wealth

Major Industries and Industrial Regions

Important Monuments and Historical Sites

States/Union Territories and Capital

Chapter 4

Geography of India

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INDIA AT A GLANCEIndia, the seventh largest country of the world, accounts for about 2.4% of the total world area. It is boundedby the great Himalayas and other snowy mountains in the north. The country stretches southwards and at theTropic of Cancer, narrows down and ends into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the East andthe Arabian Sea on the West.

LocationIndia lies on the Northern Hemisphere between parallels of latitude 37o6’ and 8o4’ North and between theMeridians of longitude 68o7’ E and 97o25’ East.

DimensionsThe land area covered by Indian mainland is 32, 87,780 Sq Kms. It measures about 3214 Kms from North toSouth and 2933 Kms from East to West. The length of the Indian coastline is 7615 Kms. It is bounded byArabian Sea in the West, the Indian Ocean in the South and the Bay of Bengal in the East. The coastline ofIndia is not indented and the sea on the coast is not very deep. The Western coast is rocky while the Easterncoast is shallow. Therefore, India does not have many good harbours. Only Mumbai and Goa are naturalharbours while all the other are artificial.

PopulationIndia is the second largest country in the World in terms of population. According to the 2001 census, thepopulation of India was about 10270 crore (16.87% of the World population). The number of males in 2001was 53.13 crore while the number of females was 49.57 crore. The density of population in India is about 324persons per square km. The life expectancy is 64 years and the present literacy rate in 2005 was 65.38 percent.

NeighboursTo the North of the country lie China, Nepal, Bhutan and Afghanistan, in the East the country is surroundedby Myanmar and Bangladesh. Towards the West of India lies Pakistan and in the South, the Indian mainlandis surrounded by Sri Lanka.

INDIAN AGRICULTUREIndia primarily has an agrarian economy. About 2/3rd of the population is engaged in agricuture and it provideslivelihood to about 54 percent of the population. About 47 percent of the total land area in India is underagricultural cultivation. It is also the largest contributor to the national income, and contributes 26 percent tothe national income.

Major Soil TypesThe major types of soil found in India are

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i. Alluvial Soil – Alluvial soil is formed due the deposition of particles such as silt, gravel and sand bythe rivers in the plains. It is the most fertile soil form found in India and is generally found in regions ofUP, Punjab, Bihar, Haryana and parts of West Bengal. This soil type facilitates the cultivation of cereals,pulses, sugarcane and wheat.

ii. Black Soil - Also known as the cotton soil, this soil type is rich in iron, lime and alluminium. Itcovers 30 percent of the total area of the country. Black soil is generally found in Madhya Pradesh,Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu and facilitates the cultivation of cotton, wheat,oil seeds and tobacco.

iii. Red Soil – This soil is red in colour because of the presence of Iron oxides. It is mainly found inTamil Nadu, Karnataka, Orissa and Chattisgarh and facilitates the cultivation of wheat, millets,potato and chillies.

iv. Laterite Soil – Laterite soil is highly leached and the least fertile soil type found in India. It is mainlyfound in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and facilitates the cultivation of tea, coffee, and cashewnut.

RIVERS OF INDIAThere are four major river routes found in India. These are

1) Himalayan Rivers – The Himalayan Rivers are snow fed and have water throughout the year.During monsoon heavy rainfall in the Himalayan region causes frequent floods in these rivers. Themajor Himalayan rivers are• The Indus and its tributaries- Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.• The Ganges and its tributaries- Yamuna, Chambal, Betwa, Sone, Ghagra, Gandak, Gomti etc.• Brahmaputra and its tributaries.

2) Peninsular Rivers - The Peninsular rivers are only rain fed and fluctuate in volume and a largenumber of streams dry up after monsoon. The major peninsular rivers are• Mahanadi• Krishna• Kaveri• Godavri• Narmada• Tapi (also known as Tapti)

3) Coastal Rivers - The coastal rivers, especially on the West Coast, are short and have limited catchmentareas. Most of these are non-perennial as well. River Periyar, Mithi River and River Mandovi are majorcoastal rivers of India.

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4) Rivers of the inland drainage basin - The rivers on the inland drainage basin consists of those inWestern Rajasthan which are very few and short lived, like the Sambhar, which is lost in the desertsands, and the Loni that drains into the Rann of Kutch.

Major River Projects

Name of the Project River

Bhakra Nangal Project Satluj

Damodar Valley Project Damodar

Farakka Barrage Project Ganga

Hirakund Dam Project Mahanadi

Nagarjunasagar Project Krishna

Tehri Dam Project Bhilangana, Bhagirathi

INDIA’S MINERAL WEALTHIndia as a country is not one of the richest in the world but it does have certain basic and useful minerals suchas iron and coal. India is very rich in iron, coal, aluminium, limestone, manganese, titanium, thorium and micabut does not have large reserves of mineral oil, sulphur, lead and tin.

India is the largest producer of mica blocks and mica splittings, ranks third in the productionof coal, fourth in iron ore, sixth in bauxite & manganese ore, tenth in aluminium and eleventh incrude steel.

1. IronRanked fourth in the world in iron ore production, India has almost one-fourth of the world’s iron orereserves. Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa are major ironbearing areas. Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Keonjhar, Bonai and Mayurbhanj (all Orissa) are areas withrichest iron deposits in the world. The major iron ore mines are at Chanda, Bastar and Durg districtsin Chhattisgarh.

2. ManganeseRanked sixth in the world for production of manganese, India is a major exporter of manganese andpossesses one-third of the world’s reserves. It is an important mineral used for the production of steel.A major portion of the deposits is found in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh andJammu & Kashmir.

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3. MicaIndia’s is the world’s largest producer of Mica. The majority of this product (almost 60%) comesfrom Jharkhand. Apart from Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh are the major producers ofMica in the country. Since the domestic consumption is not very large most of the Mica produceis exported.

4. CoalRanked third in the production of coal, 80 per cent of the coal is extracted from the mines in WestBengal and Jharkhand. Huge coal reserves exist in Rani Ganj (West Bengal) and Jharia (Jharkhand).Other coal bearing areas are in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

5. BauxiteBauxite is an aluminium ore which is mainly found in Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, AndhraPradesh and Gujarat. These are also the largest aluminium producing areas of the country.

Major Indian Industries and Industrial Regions• Aircraft - Bangalore and Kanpur.• Cement - Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and

Tamil Nadu.• Cotton Textile - Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,

Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.• Glass - Firozabad, Jabalpur, Amritsar, Ambala, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu.• Jute - West Bengal• Leather - Kanpur, Batanagar, Dighaghat, Deonar, Chembur, Chennai, Agra, Coimbatore and Bangalore.• Paper - Nepanagar, Pune, Saharanpur, Orissa, and Mumbai.• Rail Engine and Coaches - Chittaranjan Locomotives Works at Chittaranjan, Diesel

Locomotives at Varanasi, Rail Coaches at Integral Coach Factory at Perambur and Rail CoachFactory at Kapurthala.

• Silk - Karnataka, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir.• Sugar - Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Tamil Nadu.

IMPORTANT MONUMENTS/HISTORICAL SITES

Historical Site / Monument Location

Ajanta Caves Aurangabad

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Anand Bhawan Allahabad

Buland Darwaza Fatehpur Sikri near Agra

Char Minar Hyderabad

Dilwara Temples Mount Abu

Elephanta Caves Mumbai

Ellora Temples Aurangabad

Gol Gumbaz Bijapur

Golden temple Amritsar

Jama Masjid Delhi

Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu

Khajuraho Bhopal

Meenakshi Temple Madurai

Sabarmati Ahmedabad

Sanchi Stupa Madhya Pradesh

Shantiniketan Kolkata

Sarnath Varanasi

Victoria Memorial Kolkata

INDIAN STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES

States/Union Territories Capital Since Former Capital

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair 1956 —

Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar 1972 —

Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad 1956 —

Assam Guwahati 1972 Shillong (1874-1972)

Bihar Patna 1936 —

Chhattisgarh Raipur 2000 —

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Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 —

Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa 1961 —

Daman and Diu Daman 1987 —

Delhi (NCT) Delhi 1956 —

Goa Panaji 1961 —

Gujarat Gandhinagar 1970 Ahmedabad (1960-1970)

Haryana Chandigarh 1966 —

Himachal Pradesh Shimla 1948 —

Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (Summer) 1948 —

Jammu (Winter)

Jharkhand Ranchi 2000 —

Karnataka Bengaluru 1956 —

Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 1956 Kochi (1949-1956)

Lakshadweep Kavaratti 1956 —

Madhya Pradesh Bhopal 1956 —

Maharashtra Mumbai 1960 —

Manipur Imphal 1947 —

Meghalaya Shillong 1970 —

Mizoram Aizawl 1972 —

Nagaland Kohima 1963 —

Orissa Bhubaneshwar 1948 Cuttack (1936-1948)

Puducherry Puducherry 1954 —

Punjab Chandigarh 1966 Lahore (1936-1947)

Shimla (1947-1966)

Rajasthan Jaipur 1948 —

Sikkim Gangtok 1975 —

Tamil Nadu Chennai 1956 —

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Tripura Agartala 1956 —

Uttaranchal Dehradun 2000 —

Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 1937 —

West Bengal Kolkata 1905 —

End of Chapter

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Chapter 5

Geography of the World

Continents of the WorldThe Largest and the Smallestcountries of the WorldSeas and OceansPeaks of the WorldLeast and Most populous countries ofthe WorldCountries, Capitals and Currenncies

Countries and ParliamentsNational Emblems of CountriesNew Names of Countries, State andCitiesSobriquetsFamous International BoundariesInternational Days

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CONTINENTS OF THE WORLD

ContinentsSize

(Mn. Sqkm)

Population(millions)

Number ofCountries

TallestMountain Major River

LargestCountry (Area

Mn. Sq km)

Africa 30 877.5 53 Mt. KilimanjaroNile,

6825 kmSudan, 2.37

Antarctica 13.2 — — Vinson Massif — —

Asia 44.5 3879 44 Mt. EverestChang Jiang(Yangtze),6380 km

China, 9.32

Australia /Oceania

7.7 32 14 Puncak JayaMurray,3370 km

Australia, 7.6

Europe 9.9 727 46 Mt. El’brusVolga,

3690 kmRussia, 17.07

NorthAmerica

24.2 501.5 23 Mt. McKinleyMississippi,

5971 kmCanada, 9.33

SouthAmerica

17.8 379.5 12 Mt. AconcaguaAmazon,6437 km

Brazil, 8.45

THE LARGEST AND SMALLEST COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

The 10 Largest Countries

Country Area (Mn. Sq km) ContinentRussia 17.09 EuropeCanada 9.97 North AmericaChina 9.64 AsiaUSA 9.62 North AmericaBrazil 8.51 South AmericaAustralia 7.74 Australia/OceaniaIndia 3.16 AsiaArgentina 2.78 South AmericaKazakhstan 2.72 AsiaSudan 2.50 Africa

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The 10 Smallest Countries

Country Area (Sq km) ContinentVatican City 0.44 EuropeMonaco 1.95 EuropeNauru 21.2 OceaniaTuvalu 26 OceaniaSan Marino 61 Europe

Liechtenstein 160 Europe

Marshall Islands 181 Oceania

St. Kitts and Nevis 261 North America

Maldives 298 Asia

Malta 316 Europe

THE SEAS OF THE WORLD

The 10 largest seas of the World and the area covered by them

Sea Area (Mn. Sq km)South China Sea 2.97

Caribbean Sea 2.515

Mediterranean Sea 2.512

Bering Sea 2.26

Gulf of Mexico 1.5

Sea of Okhotsk 1.39

Sea of Japan 1.01

Hudson Bay 0.73

East China Sea 0.66

Andaman Sea 0.56

The world’s largest salt water lake, which can be called an Inland sea, is Russia’s Caspian Sea. Ithas an area of 372,000 Sq. Km.The largest fresh water lake is Lake Superior, Canada, with an area of 82,100 Sq Km.

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THE OCEANS OF THE WORLD

The 5 largest oceans of the World are

Oceans Size (Mn.Sq km)Pacific Ocean 155Atlantic Ocean 76.7Indian Ocean 68.55

Southern Ocean 20.32Arctic Ocean 14.05

THE PEAKS OF THE WORLDThe Tibetan name for Mt. Everest is Chomolungma, which means “Goddess mother of the world”.The 10 highest peaks of the World, all of which are in the Himalayas, are as follows

Peaks Height (in meters)Everest 8848

K2 (Godwin Austen) 8611Kanchenjunga 8598

Lhotse 8511Yalung Kang 8502

Makalu 8481Dhaulagiri 8172Mansalu 8156Cho Oyu 8153

Nanga Parbat 8126

THE LEAST AND MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES OFTHE WORLD

Most Populous Countries

Country Population (in millions)China 1306.3India 1080.2USA 295.7

Indonesia 241.9Brazil 186.1

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Pakistan 162.4Bangladesh 144.3

Russia 143.4Nigeria 128.7Japan 127.4

Smallest CountriesCountry Population (Numbers)

Vatican City 920Tuvalu 11640Nauru 13050Palau 20300

San Marino 28880Monaco 32410

Liechtenstein 33720St. Kitts 38960

Marshall Islands 59070Antigua & Barbuda 68720

COUNTRIES, CAPITALS AND CURRENCIES

Country Capital CurrencyAfganishtan Kabul Afghani

Albania Tirana LekAlgeria Algiers Dinar

Principality of An Dorra Andorra La Vieille FrancAngola Luanda Kwanza

Argentina Buenos Aires PesoAustralia Canberra Australian DollarAustria Vienna SchillingBahrain Manama Bahraini Dinar

Bangladesh Dhaka TakaBarbados Bridgetown Barbados DollarBelgium Brussels EuroBelize Belmopan Belize DollarBenin Porto Novo Franc

Bhutan ThimphuNgultrum (fixed at par

with Indian rupee)

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Bolivia La paz The BolivianoBotswana Gaborone Pula

Brazil Brasilia RealBulgaria Sofia LevBurundi Bujumbura Burundi Franc

Cambodia Phnom-Penh RielCameroon Yaounde CFA Franc

Canada Ottawa DollarCentral AfricanRepublic (CAR)

Bangui CFA Franc

Chad N’Djamena CFA FrancChile Santiago Peso

China Beijing Renmimbi (Yuan)

Colombia Bogota Colombian PesoCongo Kinshasa Congolese Franc

Costa Rica San Jose Costan Rican ColonCuba Havana Peso

Cyprus Nicosia Cyprun PoundCzech Republic Prague The Koruna

Denmark Copenhagen Danish KroneDjibouti Djibouti Djibouti Franc

Dominican Republic Santo Domingo PesoEcuador Quito US Dollar and SucreEgypt Cairo Egyptian Pound

El Salvador San Salvador ColonEquatorial Guinea Malabo CFA Franc

Ethiopia Addis Ababa BirrFiji Suva Dollar

Finland Helsinki EuroFrance Paris EuroGabon Liberville CFA Franc

The Gambia Banjul DalasiGermany Berlin Euro

Ghana Accra CediGreece Athens Euro

Grenada St. George’s East Carribean DollarGuatemala Guatemala City Quetzal

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Guyana Georgetown Guyana DollarHonduras Tegucigalpa Lempira

Hong Kong Victoria HK DollarHungary Budapest ForintIceland Reykjavik KronaIndia New Delhi Rupee

Indonesia Jakarta RupiahIran Teheran RialIraq Baghdad Iraqi Dinar

Ireland Dublin EuroIsrael Jerusalem New ShekelItaly Rome Euro

Jamaica Kingston DollarJapan Tokyo YenJordan Amman DinarKenya Nairobi Shilling

Korea (North) Pyongyang WonKorea (South) Seoul Won

Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti DinarLaos Vientiane Kip

Lebanon Beirut PoundLibya Tripoli Libyan Dinar

Malaysia Kuala Lumpur RinggitMalawi Lilongwe Kwacha

Maldives Male RufiyaMauritius Port Louis Maurituan RupeeMongolia Ulan Bartor Tugrik

Myanmar (Burma) Yangon KyatNamibia Windhoek Dollar

Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese RupeeNetherlands Amsterdam Euro

New Zealand Wellington NZ DollarNigeria Abuja NairaNorway Oslo KroneOman Muscat Rial

Pakistan Islamabad RupeesPeru Lima New Sol

Philippines Manila Peso

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Poland Warsaw ZlotyPortugal Lisbon Euro

Puerto Rico San Juan US DollarQatar Doha Riyal (QAR)

Romania Bucharest LeuRussia Moscow Rouble

Rwanda Kigali Franc

Saudi ArabiaRiyadh (Royal),

Jeddah (Administrative)Rial

Seychelles Victoria RupeeSingapore Singapore City Singapore Dollar

South AfricaPretoria

(Administrative),Cape Town (Legislative)

Rand

Spain Madrid EuroSri Lanka Colombo Rupee

Sudan Khartoum DinarSweden Stockholm Krona

Switzerland Berne FrancSyria Damascus Syrian Pound

Taiwan Taipei New Taiwan DollarTanzania Dodoma ShillingThailand Bangkok BahtTunisia Tunis DinarTurkey Ankara Turkish LiraUganda Kampala Uganda Shilling

United Arab Emirates(UAE)

Abu Dhabi Dirham

United Kingdom (UK) London Pound SterlingUnited States of

AmericaWashington D.C. Dollar

Uruguay Montevideo PesoVenezuela Caracas Bolivar

Yemen Sana’a RialZambia Lusaka Kwacha

Zimbabwe Harare Dollar

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COUNTRIES AND THEIR PARLIAMENTS

Country Name of ParliamentAfghanistan ShoraBangladesh Jatiya Sangsad

Bhutan TsongduBulgaria Narodna Subranie

Myanmar (Burma) Pyithu HluttawDenmark FolketingEthiopia ShergoFinland Eduskusta

Germany Bundestag (Lower House)Bundestag (Upper House)

Greenland LandstraadIceland AlthingIndia Lok Sabha (Lower House)

Rajya Sabha (Upper House)Indonesia Majlis

Iran MajlisIsrael KnessetJapan Diet

Malaysia Dewan Rakyat and Dewan NegaraMaldives MajlisMongolia Great People’s Khural

Nepal National PanchayatThe Netherlands The Staten General

Norway StortingPoland SejmRussia DumaSpain Cortes

Surinam StatenSwaziland Liblandla

Sweden RiksdaqSwitzerland Federal Assembly

NATIONAL EMBLEMS OF COUNTIRES

Country EmblemAustralia KangarooCanada Maple Tree

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Denmark BeachFrance Lily

Germany Corn FlowerIndia Lion CapitalIran Rose

Ireland ShamrockItaly White Lily

Japan ChrysanthemumPakistan Crescent

Spain EagleUnited Kingdom Rose

USA Golden Rod

NEW NAMES OF COUNTRIES AND STATES

Old Name New Name

Abyssinia Ethiopia

Angora Ankara

Batavia Jakarta

Burma Myanmar

Cape Canaveral Cape Kennedy

Ceylon Sri Lanka

Christina Oslo

Congo Zaire

Constantinople Istanbul

Dacca Dhaka

Dutch East Indies Indonesia

East Pakistan Bangladesh

Egypt United Arab Republic of Egypt

Ellice Island Tuvalu

Formosa Taiwan

French West Africa Mali

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SOBRIQUETS

Gold Coast Ghana

Holland The Netherlands

Kampuchea Cambodia

Leopoldville Kinshasa

Malaya Malaysia

Mesopotamia Iraq

Nippon Japan

Northern Rhodesia Zambia

Peking Beijing

Petrograd Leningrad

Persia Iran

Rangoon Yangon

Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe

Saigon Ho Chi Minh City

Salisbury Harare

Sandwich Island Hawaiian Islands

Siam Thailand

South West Africa Namibia

Stalingrad Volgograd

Tanganyika and Zanzibar Tanzania

Trucial Oman United Arab Emirates

Distinctive Name Country/Town/Port/River

Britain of the South New Zealand

The Battlefield of Europe Belgium

City of the Golden Gate San Francisco

City of Magnificent Distances Washington D.C.

City of Popes Rome

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City of Seven Hills Rome

City of Skyscrapers New York

Cockpit of Europe Belgium

Dark Continent Africa

Dairy of Northern Europe Denmark

Emerald Island Ireland

Empire City New York

Eternal City Rome, Italy

Forbidden City Lhasa (Tibet)

Garden of England Kent

Granite City Aberdeen (Scotland)

Gift of Nile Egypt

Herring Pond Atlantic Ocean

Hermit Kingdom Korea

Holy land Palestine

Island of Cloves Madagascar

Island of Pearls Bahrain

The Isle of Spring Jamaica

Key to the Mediterranean Gibraltar

Land of the Golden Pagoda Myanmar (Burma)

Land of Kangaroos Australia

Land of Lilies Canada

Land of the Midnight Sun Norway

Land of Morning Calm Korea

Land of the Rising Sun Japan

Land of a Thousand Lakes Finland

Land of Thunderbolt Bhutan

Land of White Elephants Thailand

Little Venice Venezuela

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IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

Durand Line : Boundary between India & Afghanistan.

Hindenburg Line : Boundary between Germany & Poland.

McMohan Line : Boundary between China & India.

Maginot Line : Boundary between France & Germany.

Radcliffe Line : Boundary between India & Pakistan.

17th parallel : Defined the boundary between North Vietnam & South Vietnambefore the two were united.

38th parallel : Boundary line between North Korea & South Korea.

49th parallel : Boundary line between USA & Canada.

Siegfried Line : The line between Germany and France

Playground of Europe Switzerland

Queen of the Adriatic Venice

Rich Port Puerto Rico

Roof of the World Pamir (Tibet)

Sorrow of China River Hwang Ho

The Saw Mill of Europe Sweden

Sick Man of Europe Turkey

Sugar Bowl of the World Cuba

The Down Under Australia

Venice of the North Stockholm

Venice of the East Bangkok

Yellow River Hawang Ho (China)

White City Belgrade

Windy City Chicago

City of the Arabian Nights Baghdad

The Imperial City Rome

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International Days

International Customs Days January 26World Leprosy Day January 30International Women’s Day March 8World Disabled day March 15World Health Day April 7Earth day April 22International Labor Day May 1Mother’s Day May (2nd Sunday)World Red Cross Day May 8World Telecommunication Day May 17Commonwealth Day May 24Anti Tobacco Day May 31World Environment Day June 5World Diabetes Day June 27World Population Day July 11World Peace Day (Hiroshima day) August 6Nagasaki Day August 9International Literacy Day September 8World Tourism Day September 27World Postal Day October 9World Food Day October 16U.N. Day October 24World AIDS day December 1Human Rights Day December 10

End of Chapter

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The India Constitution

Indian Legislature

Indian Judiciary

Indian Defence

Chapter 6

Civics

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THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Salient Features1. The Constituent Assembly was formed by the order of The Cabinet Mission in 1946.2. Sachida Prasad Sinha was the temporary President of the Constituent Assembly.3. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the permanent President of the Constituent Assembly.4. Dr. B.R. Ambedker was the chairman of the Drafting Committee.5. B.N. Rao was the legal advisor of the Constituent Assembly.6. The Constituent Assembly took 2 years 11 months and 18 days to prepare the largest writtenconstitution in the World.7. Rs. 64 lakhs were spent on the making of the Constitution.8. The original Constitution consisted of 22 parts, 395 articles but at present it has 22 parts, 444articles and 12 schedules.9. It was adopted by the Government of India on the 26th of November, 1949.10. It was enforced by the Government of India on the 26th of January, 1950.

Fundamental Rights1. Part III (Articles 12 - 35) of the Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights.2. Originally, seven Fundamental Rights were listed, but after the 44 th Amendment, only sixFundamental Rights are existent. These are

a) Right to Equality (14 - 18)b) Right to freedom of speech (19)c) Right against Exploitation (23-24)d) Right to freedom of Religion (25-28)e) Culture and Educational Right (29-30)f) Right to Constitutional Remedies (32-33)

3. Right to Property used to be a Fundamental Right but after the 44 th Amendment it became alegal right.

Fundamental DutiesArticle (51-A) included in the Constitution in the 42nd Amendment, lays down 10 Fundamental Dutiesthat citizens have towards the state. These are:

a) To abide by the Constitution, show respect to the National Flag and the National Anthem.b) To follow the noble ideas of the freedom struggle.c) To protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.d) To defend one’s country.e) To promote common brotherhood and establish dignity of women.f) To preserve our heritage and culture.

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g) To protect the natural environment.h) To develop a scientific temper.i) To safeguard public property.j) To strive for excellence in all spheres of activity.

Kinds of Billsi. Ordinary Bill - An ordinary bill can be introduced in either of the Houses and can be passed bya simple majority in both the Houses. In case of a deadlock a joint sitting of both the houses ispossible.ii. Money Bill (Article 110) – A money bill is concerned with taxation and government spending.It can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha after prior recommendation of the President. Speakerof the Lok Sabha is the deciding authority whether the introduced bill is a Money bill or not.iii. Financial Bill - A bill which is related with revenue and expenditure of the government but isnot a money bill is a financial bill.iv. Constitutional Amendment Bill (Article 368) - This bill can be introduced in either of theHouses of the Parliament. It can be passed only by a special majority.(Constitutional Amendments and Articles in the Annexure)

INDIAN LEGISLATUREIndia is the second largest democracy in the world. The Indian legislature is bicameral i.e. the IndianParliament is made up of the Lower House – Lok Sabha, and the Upper House – Rajya Sabha.

FeaturesLok Sabha

(Lower House)Rajya Sabha

(Upper House)Term Five years It is continual in nature

Term of Members Five Years Six YearsNo. of Members 545 (maximum 552) 250

Nomination by President2 members

(Anglo-Indian)12

Election of Members Directly elected by people Not elected by people

INDIAN JUDICIARY

Salient Features1. The Constitution contains provisions related to the Union Judiciary in Articles 124–127.

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2. Supreme Court is the apex court of India. Supreme Court has 26 judges including the ChiefJustice. The salary of the Chief Justice is Rs.33000 per month and each judge gets Rs. 30000 permonth. The retirement age of the judges of the Supreme Court is 65 years.

3. High Courts are at the top of hiearchy in the State Judicial System. Presently there are 21 HighCourts in the country. The retirement age of the judges of a High Court is 62 years.

INDIAN DEFENCEThe President of India is the Supreme Commander of the armed forces. It is on his behalf that theDefence Minister looks after all the matters concerning the Defence Services. The Defence Minister isresponsible before the Parliament for all matters concerning the Defence. However, the responsibilityof national defence rests with the Cabinet of Ministers. The three services of Defence i.e. Army, Navyand Air Force, function under their respective Chiefs of Staff.

ArmyIndian Army is responsible for the defence and security of India’s territorial area. The Army is organisedinto five operational commmands – Northern, Eastern, Western, Central and Southern and one TrainingCommand – each headed by a Commander-in-Chief of the rank of Lieutenant General. The Army, withits headquarters at New Delhi, consists of a number of services such as armoured corps, regiment ofartillery, engineer corps, infantry, army services corps, army medical corps, intelligence corps, etc.The Chief of the Army is of the designation Major General and is answerable to the Defence Minister.

NavyThe Indian Navy is responsible for the defence and security of the Indian waters. The Navy is organisedinto three operational commands – Western, Eastern, and Southern – headquartered at Mumbai,Vishakhapatnam, and Cochin respectively. The Western and the Eastern commands have under themoperational fleets like warships, submarines, aircrafts and other support ships. The Southern NavalCommand is responsible for all the training activities of the Navy. The Chief of the Navy is of thedesignation Admiral and is answerable to the Defence Minister.

Air ForceThe Indian Air Force is responsible for the defence and security of the Indian airspace. The fourth largestAir Force in the World, it is organised into five operational commands – Western Command, South-Western Command, Central Air Command, Eastern Air Command, and Southern Air Command and twofunctional commands - a Maintainance and a Training command. It is headquartered at New Delhi. TheChief of the Air Force is of the designation Air Chief Marshall and is answerable to the Defence Minister.

End of Chapter

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Who’s Who of the Union Government, the Judiciary and theArmed Forces

The Governors and Chief Ministers of States and Union Territories

The Heads of Important Government Offices

The Election Commission of India

Chapter 7

Indian Polity

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THE LATEST WHO’S WHO OF POLITICS

The Union GovernmentDr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam : PresidentMr. Bhairon Singh Shekhawat : Vice-President

The Council of Cabinet Ministers

Dr. Manmohan Singh: Prime Minister; in charge of the Ministry of Personnel,Public Grievances & Pensions; Planning; Atomic Energy;Space and other Ministries/Departments that are notspecifically allocated to the charge of any Minister.

Mr. A.K. Antony DefenceMr. Pranab Mukherjee External AffairsMr. Arjun Singh Human Resource DevelopmentMr. Sharad Pawar Agriculture; Food & Public Distribution;

Consumer AffairsMr. Lalu Prasad Yadav RailwaysMr. Shivraj V. Patil Home AffairsMr. Ram Vilas Paswan Chemicals & Fertilisers; SteelMr. S. Jaipal Reddy Urban DevelopmentMr. Sis Ram Ola MinesMr. P. Chaidambaram FinanceMr. Mahavir Prasad Small Scale Industries, Agro & Rural IndustriesMr. P. R. Kyndiah Tribal AffairsMr. T. R. Baalu Road Transport & Highways; ShippingMr. Shankarsinh Vaghela TextileMr. Kamal Nath Commerce & IndustryMr. H. R. Bhardwaj Law & JusticeMr. Raghuvansh Prasad Singh Rural DevelopmentMr. Priyaranjan Dasmunshi Information & Broadcasting; Parliamentary AffairsMr. Mani Shanker Aiyar Youth Affairs and Sports; Panchayati Raj; Development of

the North-Eastern RegionMs. Meira Kumar Social Justice & EmpowermentMr. A. Raja Environment & ForestsMr. Dayanidhi Maran Communications & Information TechnologyDr. Anbhumani Ramdoss Health & Family WelfareMr. Murli Deora Petroleum and Natural Gas

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Mr. Sushil Kumar Shinde PowerMr. A. R. Antulay Minority AffairsMr. Vayalar Ravi Overseas Indian AffairsMs. Ambika Soni Tourism & CultureMr. Saifuddin Soz Water ResourcesMr. Santosh Mohan Dev Heavy Industries & Public EnterprisesMr. Prem Chand Gupta Company AffairsMr. Kapil Sibal Science & Technology and Ocean Development

The Armed ForcesSupreme Commander of Forces President Dr. A. P. J. Abdul KalamChief of the Army Staff General J.J. SinghChief of the Naval Staff Admiral Suresh MehtaChief of the Air Staff Air Chief Marshal S.P. TyagiCommander-in-Chief ofStrategic Forces Command Air Marshal Avinash Devdutt JoshiChief of Integrated Defence Staff Vice Admiral Raman Puri

The JudiciaryMr. K.G. Balakrishnan Chief Justice of India.Mr. Milon Kumar Banerjee Attorney General of India.Mr. Justice Ashok Agarwal Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT).Mr. Goolam E. Vahanvati Solicitor-General of India.Mr. B. Dutta Additional Solicitor- General of India.Mr. Gopal Subramaniam Additional Solicitor-General.

Governors and Chief Ministers

States Governors Chief MinistersAndhra Pradesh Mr. Rameshwar Thakur Mr. Y.S. Rajasekher ReddyArunachal Pradesh Mr. S.K. Singh Mr. Gegong ApangAssam Lt. Gen. Retd. Ajai Singh Mr. Tarun GogoiBihar Mr. R.S. Gavai Mr. Nitish KumarChhattisgarh Lt. Gen. Retd. K.M. Seth Dr. Raman SinghGoa Mr. S.C. Jameer Mr. Pratap Singh RaneGujarat Mr. Navalkishore Sharma Mr. Narendra ModiHaryana Dr. A. R. Kidwai Mr. Bhupinder Singh HoodaHimachal Pradesh Justice Retd. V.S. Kokje Mr. Virbhadra Singh

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Jammu and Kashmir Lt. Gen. Retd. S.K. Sinha Mr. Gulam Nabi AzadJharkhand Mr. Syed Sibtey Razi Mr. Madhu KodaKarnataka Mr. T.N. Chaturvedi Mr. H.D. KumaraswamyKerala Mr. R.L. Bhatia Mr. V.S. AchuthanandanMadhya Pradesh Mr. Balram Jhaker Mr. Shivraj Singh ChauhanMaharashtra Mr. S.M. Krishna Mr. Vilasrao DeshmukManipur Mr. Shivinder Singh Sidhu Mr. Okram Ibobi SinghMeghalaya Mr. M.M. Jacob Mr. J.D. RymbaiMizoram Lt. Gen. Retd. M.M. Lakhera Mr. ZoramthangaNagaland Mr. Shyamal Dutta Mr. Neiphiu RioOrissa Mr. Rameshwar Thakur Mr. Naveen PatnaikPunjab Gen. Retd. S.F. Rodrigues Mr. Prakash Singh BadalRajasthan Ms. Pratibha Patil Ms. Vasundhara RajeSikkim Mr. V. Rama Rao Mr. Pawan ChamlingTamil Nadu Mr. S.S.Barnala Mr. M. KarunanidhiTripura Mr. Dinesh Nandan Sahaya Mr. Manik SarkarUttaranchal Mr. Sudharshan Aggarwal Mr. B.C. KhanduriUttar Pradesh Mr. T.V. Rajeshwar Rao Mr. Mulayam Singh YadavWest Bengal Mr. Gopal Krishna Gandhi Mr. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee

National Capital Territory

National Capital Territory Lt. Governor Chief MinisterDelhi Mr. B.L.Joshi Ms. Sheila Dikshit

Union Territories

Union Territories Lt. Governor/Administrators Chief MinisterAndaman & Nicobar Islands Lt. Gen. Retd. M.M. Lakhera —-Chandigarh Gen. Retd. S.F. Rodrigues —-Dadra and Nagar Haveli Mr. Rajni Kant Verma —-Daman and Diu Mr. Rajni Kant Verma —-Lakshadweep Mr. Parimal Rai —-Pondicherry Mr. Mukut Mithi Mr. N. Rangaswamy

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Heads of Important Government OfficesMr. B.S. Shekhawat Chairman, Rajya SabhaMr. K. Rahman Khan Deputy Chairman, Rajya SabhaMr. Somnath Chatterjee Speaker, Lok SabhaMr. Charanjit Singh Atwal Deputy SpeakerDr. Manmohan Singh Chairman, Planning CommissionDr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia Deputy Chairman, Planning CommissionMr. A.B. Vajpayee Chairman, BJP Parliamentary PartyMr. L.K. Advani Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha)Mr. Jaswant Singh Leader of Opposition (Rajya Sabha)Mr. N. Gopalaswamy Chief Election CommissionerMr. M.K. Narayanan National Security Adviser and Special Adviser of PM

(Internal Security)Mr. Vijay Nambiar Deputy National Security AdviserMr. Yogendra Narain Secretary-General, Lok SabhaMr. P.D.T. Achary Secretary-General, Lok SabhaMr. Vijay Shankar Director, CBIMr. P.K.H. Tharakan Director, Research and Analysis WingMr. J.K.Sinha Director-General, CRPFMr. Ashish Kumar Mitra Director-General, Border Security Force (BSF)Mr. V.K.Joshi Director-General, ITBPDr. R. Chidambaram Principal Scientific Adviser to the GovernmentMr. G. Madhavan Nair Chairman, Space Commission and ISROMr. Justice Retd. A.S. Anand Chairman, National Human Rights CommissionDr. Amrita Patel Chairperson, National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)Lt. Gen. Ranjit Singh Director-General, Border Roads OrganisationDr. Nirmal Kumar Ganguly Director-General, Indian Council of Medical ResearchMr. Justice M. Jagannadha Rao Chariman, Law CommissionMr. Ravindra Kumar Chairman, United News of IndiaMr. Hormusji Nusserwanji Cama President, Indian Newspaper SocietyMr. R. Lakshmipathy Chairman, PTIMs. M.H. Kherawala Chairperson, Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT)Mr. Nirupam Sen Indian’s Permanent Representative to UNDr. Mangla Rai Director-General, Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchMs. Girija Vyas Chairperson, National Commission for WomenProf. Suresh D. Tendulkar Chairman, National Statistical CommissionMr. Sharmila Tagore Chairperson, Central Board of Film CertificationMs. Nafisa Ali Chairperson, Children’s Film Society of IndiaMr. C. Babu Rajeev Director-General, Archeological Survey of India

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Mr. Pratyush Sinha Central Vigilance CommissionerMr. Wajahat Habibullah Chief Information CommissionMr. Suresh Kalmadi President, Indian Olympic AssociationMr. Kumarmangalam Birla Chairman, Board of Trade

THE ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIAThe Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional body created to conduct free andfair elections for the representative bodies in India. It was established on January 25, 1950.

The Constitution of India has vested in the Election Commission of India the superintendence, directionand control of the entire process for the conduct of elections for the Parliament and the Legislature ofevery State and for the offices of the President and the Vice-President of India.The law which governsall the elections in India as mentioned above is the Representation of People Act, 1950.

The commission presently consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.Originally, however, the commission had just one Chief Commissioner. Two Commissioners wereappointed for the first time on 16 October 1989 but their tenure lasted only till 1 January 1990.On 1 October 1993, two additional Election Commissioners were appointed. The commission hasfollowed the multi-member structure since then, with decisions taken a by majority vote.

The Election Commission has a Secretariat at New Delhi consisting of about 300 officials.

End of Chapter

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The Planning Commission

The Monetary Policy

The Fiscal Policy

The Major Public Sector Financial Institutions

Economic Liberalisation

Chapter 8

Economics

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THE PLANNING COMMISSIONThe Planning Commission is the supreme organ of planning for social and economic development inIndia. It was established on March 15, 1950. The Prime Minister of India is the ex-officio Chairman ofPlanning Commission. The committee members also appoint a Deputy Chairman, who is the de-factoexecutive head of the Commission and enjoys the rank of a Cabinet Minister.

The Cabinet Ministers with certain important portfolios act as part-time members of the Commission,while the full-time members are experts from various fields like Economics, Industry, Science andGeneral Administration.

The commission works through the following divisions• General Planning Divisions• Special Planning Divisions• Programme Administration Divisions

The majority of experts in the commission are economists, making the commission the biggest employerof the Indian Economic Services.

Five Year PlansThe Indian Economy is based on the concept of planning. This is carried through the five-year plans,developed, executed and monitored by the Planning Commission. The First Five Year plan wasimplemented in 1951. The Tenth plan is currently underway.

• First Five Year Plan (1951-56) – The first plan aimed at correcting the distortions caused tothe economy after the World War II.

• Second Five Year Plan (1956-61) – The second plan aimed at a pattern of development leadingto a ‘socialist society’ framework for the economy.

• Third Five Year Plan (1961-66) – The third plan aimed at achieving the goals enlisted in thefirst two plans and also aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in foodgrains, increase employmentoppurtunities and expand basic and heavy industries.

• Three Annual Plans (1966-69)

• Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) – The objectives of the fourth plan were to achieve self-reliance, and give priority to agriculture, promote industrial production and exports.

• Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79) – The fifth five year plan aimed at removal of poverty, attainingeconomic self reliance and increasing employment oppurtunities in the country.

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• Sixth Year Plan (1980-85) – The sixth plan aimed at achieving a annual growth rate of 5.2 percent and raising the per capita income by 3.3 per cent.

• Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) – The plan focussed on policies and programmes toincrease domestic industr ia l productivity, employment oppurtunities, and agricultureproductivity by increasing the basic framework and by adopting modern technologies.

• Annual Plans 1990-92

• Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97) – The plan aimed at achieving a higher outlay of publicsector enterprises to meet the demands of various central and state sectors.

• Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-02) – The plan aimed to achieve an anual growth rate of 6.5 percent. The total public sector outlay was Rs. 859000 crore.

• Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) – This plan has adopted an aggressive approach. This planaims at achieving 8 per cent GDP growth, reduce the poverty ratio to 20 per cent, increase theliteracy rate to 72 per cent, reduce the infant mortality rate to 45 per 1000 births andclean all major polluted rivers till the end of the plan in 2007.

THE MONETARY POLICYThe Monetary Policy, as the name suggests, is the policy used as a tool to regulate the supply of moneyin the economy. The basic task of a monetary policy in a developing economy is to meet the creditneeds of the growth sectors on the one hand and to curb the supply of money meant to be used in non- productive activities like speculative dealings, heading etc. In India, the monetary policy is regulatedby the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The policy in India is designed on the principles mentioned aboveand exercises various quantitative controls to make the policy effective. The policy is therefore alsoreferred to as the policy of ‘Controlled Monetary Expansion’ which implies

i. Expansion in the supply of money.ii. Restraint on secondary expansion of credit.

The Monetary Policy thus helps the government to exercise control over the money supply inthe economy.

THE FISCAL POLICYThe fiscal policy helps the government exercise a control over the fiscal deficit i.e. the differencebetween the total revenue earned and the total expenditure incurred by the government. A rise in the

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fiscal deficit implies a higher borrowing for the government from the RBI. The economic impact ofsuch borrowing is that the money supply in the economy decreases.

The pressure on the money supply leads to an increase of prices i.e. an inflationary situation. So thegovernment, through a proper fiscal policy tries to maximize revenue sources (taxes) and reduceexpenditure, thereby reducing fiscal deficits.

THE MAJOR PUBLIC SECTOR FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

1. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI)The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was set up in April 1935, with its central office at Calcutta (Kolkata)under the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934, as a private shareholder’s bank with some subscriptionfrom the government to enable those nominated by the government to be directors. The bank was laternationalised in 1949. Presently, RBI is the central bank of India. It issues notes, buys and sells governmentsecurities, regulates the volume, direction and cost of credit, manages foreign exchange, supportsother financial institutions and comes out with the Monetary Policy. The RBI is presently headquarteredat Mumbai and the present RBI governor is Mr. Y.V. Reddy.

2. The Small Industrial Development Bank of India (SIDBI)SIDBI was established on April 2, 1990. The Charter establishing it; The Small Industries DevelopmentBank of India Act, 1989 envisaged SIDBI to be “the principal financial institution for the promotion,financing and development of industry in the small scale sector and to co-ordinate the functions of theinstitutions engaged in the promotion and financing or developing industry in the small scale sector andfor matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

The business domain of SIDBI consists of small scale industrial units, which contribute significantly tothe national economy in terms of production, employment and exports. Small scale industries are theindustrial units in which the investment in plant and machinery does not exceed Rs.10 million. About3.1 million such units, employing 17.2 million persons account for a share of 36 per cent of India’sexports and 40 per cent of industrial manufacture. In addition, SIDBI’s assistance flows to the transport,health care and tourism sectors and also to the professional and self-employed persons setting upsmall-sized professional ventures. Mr. N Balasubramanium is the present chairman and managing directorof the SIDBI.

3. The Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)IDBI was established on July 1, 1964, by an act of the Parliament as a wholly owned subsidiary of theReserve Bank of India, to catalyze the development of a diversified and efficient industrial structure inthe country, in tune with national priorities. In 1976, the ownership was transferred from the RBI to

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the Government of India. The current Government holding in IDBI is about 53%. IDBI is currently thetenth largest development bank in the world. It financed some well-known institutes in India like, theNational Stock Exchange of India (NSE), the National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL),and the Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL).

To meet the emerging challenges and to keep up with reforms in the financial sector, IDBI convertedinto a banking company in 2004, to undertake an entire gamut of banking activities. Mr. V.P. Shetty isthe present Chairman and Managing Director of the IDBI bank.

4. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)NABARD was established on 12th July 1982 to implement the National Bank for Agriculture and RuralDevelopment Act 1981. It replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD) and the Rural Planningand Credit Cell (RPCC) of the Reserve Bank of India, and the Agricultural Refinance and DevelopmentCorporation (ARDC).

The following functions are performed by NABARDi. Serves as an apex financing agency for the institutions providing investment and productioncredit for promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas.

ii. Takes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the creditdelivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring ofcredit institutions, training of personnel, etc.

iii. Co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all institutions engaged in developmental workat the field level and maintains liaison with the Government of India, State Governments, theReserve Bank of India (RBI) and other national level institutions concerned with policyformulation.

iv. Undertakes monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it.

Dr. Y.S.P. Thorat is the present chairman of NABARD.

ECONOMIC LIBERALISATION (1991)The economic liberalisation of 1991 was initiated by the then Indian Prime Minister, Mr. P. V. NarasimhaRao and his Finance Minister, Mr. Manmohan Singh in response to a balance-of-payments crisis beingfaced by the country. The new economic framework adopted by the government did away with theLicence Raj (investment, industrial and import licensing) system and ended many public monopolies.

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The policy aimed at allowing foreign direct investment (FDI) in many sectors of the economy. Eventhough the foreign direct investment ceiling was removed by the government in 1991, it was only in1996 that foreign investors started showing confidence in the Indian economy and large sectors sawthe inflow of foreign capital.

Since then, the overall direction of liberalisation has remained the same, irrespective of the ruling party,although no party has yet tried to take on powerful lobbies such as the trade unions and farmers, orcontentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies.

End of Chapter

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The United Nations Organisation (UNO)

Important International Agencies and their Headquaters

Chapter 9

The UNO and International Agencies

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THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION (UNO)The United Nation Organisation came into existence on 24th October 1945.The name was devised bythe then US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

At present, there are 192 members in the UNO. Taiwan & Vatican City are not the members. VaticanCity is the permanent observer for the UN.

Headquarter- First Avenue at 46th Street, UN Plaza, New York City-10017.Official Languages- English, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, French, and Chinese (Mandarin)

The Principal Organs of the UNO

The principal organs of the UNO are

1 . General Assembly - The General Assembly consists of representatives of the membernations. Each state has one vote, but may send 5 representatives. The assembly meets at leastonce in a year. Special sessions may be summoned by the Secretary General, on a request bythe Security Council.2. Security Council - It consists of 15 members, each of which has one vote.There are 5permanent & 10 non permanent members. The 5 permanent members are USA, Russia, UK,France & China. The 10 non permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for aperiod of 2 years. The permanent members have the power to veto any decision.3. The Secretariat - It is composed of the Secretary General, the Cheif Administrative Officer ofthe organisation and an international staff appointed by him under the regulatios of the GeneralAssembly. However the Secratary General, the High commissioner of Refugees and the ManagingDirector of funds is appointed by the General Assembly.4. Trusteeship Council - The Charter of the UN provides for an international trusteeship systemto safeguard the interests of the inhabitants of territories which are not yet fully self-governingand which may have been placed thereunder by individual trusteeship agreements.5. International Court - The International Court of Justice was created by an internationaltreaty, the statute of the Court, which forms an integral part of the UN charter, and all the membersare ipso facto parties to the statute of the court. There are 15 judges, appointed for a 9 year term.The court has has its seat at the Hague but may sit elsewhere, whenever it considers this desirable.The expenses of the Court are borne by the UN.6. Economic and Social Council - It is responsible under the General Assembly for carrying outthe functions of the UN with regard to international, social, cultural, educational, health and relatedmatters. The Economic and Social council consists of 54 member States elected by a two-thirdsmajority of the General Assembly.

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UN Secretary Generals1. Trygve Lie (Norway) 1946-532. Dag Hammarskjold (Sweden) 1953-613. U Thant (Burma) 1961-714. Kurt Waldheim (Austria) 1972-815. Javier Perez De Gueller (Peru) 1982-916. Boutros Boutros Ghali (Egypt) 1992-967. Kofi Annan (Ghana) 1997-20078. Ban Ki Moon (South Korea) 2007- till date

Specific UN Agencies and their Headquarters

1. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) - UNDP is the UN‘s global developmentnetwork advocating change and connecting countries to share knowledge and resources whichhelp build a better life in countries across the globe. Presently it has offices in 166 membercountries. UNDP is headquartered at New York, US.2. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) – UNICEF was initially set up in 1946 as anemergency fund to provide post-war relief to children in different countries. Today, as a children’sfund, UNICEF concentrates its activities on providing assistance to children and mothers indeveloping countries, aiming at improving their quality of life. UNICEF is headquartered at NewYork, US.3. The United Nations Educational & Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) – UNESCO wasfounded on 16 November 1945 to assist developing countries in their educational projects, to helpthe countries in scientific development and to build cultural understanding between the nations.UNESCO is headquartered at Paris, France.4. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) – IMF is an international organisation having 184member countries. It was established in 1945 to promote international monetary co-operation andexchange stability between nations which in turn would promote economic growth and increaseemployment opportunities. IMF also provides temporary financial assistance to its member contriesto ease their balance of payment. IMF is headquartered at Washington DC., US.5. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, commonly knownas the World Bank) – The ‘World Bank’ was formed after the Bretton Woods conference in1944, but begun operations in 1946. It aims at providing financial and technical assistance todeveloping countries around the World. Presently World Bank has 184 member countries and isheadquartered at Washinton DC, US.6. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) – WTO was formed as an international trade body toreplace General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) in 1995. WTO is the only internationalbody dealing with rules of trade between the countries to help producers of goods and services,exporters and importers conduct their business. It is headquartered at Geneva, Switzerland.

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7. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) – IAEA was set up in 1957. It is presentlyheadquartered at Vienna, Austria.

8. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) – FAO was set up in 1945. It is presentlyheadquartered at Rome, Italy.

9. The World Health Organisation (WHO) – W.H.O was set up in 1946. It is presently headquarteredat Geneva, Switzerland.

10. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) – IFC is an affiliate of the World Bank, and wasset up in 1956. It is headquartered at Washinton DC, US.

11. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) – ITU was set up in 1932. It is headquarteredat Geneva, Switzerland.

12. The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) – ICAO was set up in 1944. It isheadquartered at Montreal, Canada.

13. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) – UPU was set up in 1875. It is headquartered at Berne,Switzerland.

14. The International Labor Organisation (ILO) – ILO was set uo in 1919. It is headquartered atGeneva, Switzerland.

15. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) – IMO was set up in 1948. It is headquarteredat London, UK.

INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES AND THEIR HEADQUARTERS

1. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) – It is headquartered at Manila, Phillipines.2. The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) – It is headquartered at Jakarta, Indonesia.3. The European Union (EU) – It is headquartered at Brussels, Belgium.4. The INTERPOL – It is headquartered at Lyons, France5. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) – It is headquartered at Brussels, Belgium.6. The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – It is headquartered at Vienna,

Austria.7. The Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) – It is headquartered at

Kuwait.8. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) – It is headquartered at

Kathmandu, Nepal.9. The Red Cross – It is headquartered at Geneva, Switzerland.

End of Chapter

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The Highest, Longest, Largest, Biggest etc. in the World

Chapter 10

The Superlatives

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THE SUPERLATIVES

THE HIGHEST, BIGGEST, LARGEST, LONGEST ETC. IN THE WORLD

Airport LargestKing Khaled International Airport,

Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)Animal Tallest Giraffe (Average height 6.09m)

Largest & Heaviest Blue Whale (190 tonnes)Fastest Cheetah (Approximately 100 km/hr)

Bay With max. shore line Hudson BayWith max. area Bay of Bengal

Bridge HighestOver the Royal Gorge of the Arakansas river,

Colorado, USALongest Gandhi Setu across the Ganges, Patna

Rail BridgeTsing Ma bridge linking HongKong to Lantau

islandBuilding Highest Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Canal Big Ship Suez CanalBusiest Kiel Canal

Canyon Deepest Vicos Gorge (Greece)Largest Grand Canyon (Colarado River)

Church Largest Basilica of St. Peter (Vatican City)Cinema House Largest Radio City Music Hall (New York)

City Largest Population TokyoLargest Area Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia

Continent Largest Asia (44.5 million sq km)Smallest Australia (7.7 million sq km)

Coral Formation Largest The Great Barrier Reef (Australia)Country Largest in Population China

Largest in Area RussiaWith largest electorate India

Smallest in Area Vatican CityWith most Land Frontiers China

Dam Largest Grand Coulee Dam, Columbia River (USA)Highest Rogunskaya dam across river Vakash, Tajakistan

Delta Largest Sundarban’s delta (river Bramhaputra)

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Desert Largest Sahara desert, AfricaDiamond Largest The Cullinan

Dome Largest Louisiana Superdome, USAEpic Largest MahabharataFish Largest fresh water Plabeuk

Most abundant Bristle mouthMost venomous Stone fish

Most electric Electric EelFilm Longest Die Zweite Heimat (Germany)

Most Oscars Ben Hur and Titanic (11 oscars each)Fountain Tallest Fountain at Fountain Hills ( Arizona, US)

Fruit Most nutritive Avocado (Vitamin A,C,E and Proteins) Least nutritive Cucumber

Gulf Largest Gulf of Mexico

HotelWith the most

number of roomsHotel Rossiya (Moscow)

Island Biggest GreenlandLake Largest Caspian Sea

Deepest Baikal LakeLargest fresh water Lake Superior

Library Biggest US Library of Congress (Washinton DC)Biggest non statutory New York Public Library

Mountain Highest Peak Mt. Everest (8848 mts)Highest Range Himalayas, Asia

Museum LargestAmerican museum of Natural History, New

YorkOcean Largest and Deepest Pacific Ocean

Peninsula Largest ArabiaPark Largest National Park of Greenland

Places Coldest AntarticaDriest Calama, ChileHottest Dallol, EthiopiaRainiest Mawsynram near Cherrapunji in Meghalaya

Planet Biggest JupiterBrightest, hottest, and

nearest to the EarthVenus

Farthest from Sun NeptuneNearest to Sun MercuryMost Satellites Uranus

Plateau Highest Tibetan Plateau

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End of Chapter

Platform (rail) Longest Kharagpur, West BengalPort Largest Port of New York and New Jersey

Busiest Rotterdam, NetherlandsRailway Line Longest Trans-Siberian Railway

Railway Station Largest Grand Central Terminal, New YorkHighest Condor, Bolivia

Religion Oldest HinduismLargest Christianity

Rivers Longest Amazon (6750 km)Road Highest Kang-ti-Suu

LongestPan American Highway (from Alaska to

Brasilia)Sea Largest South China Sea

Largest (inland) MediterraneanStar Brightest Sirius A ( dog star)

Swimming course Longest recognized English ChannelTelescope Largest (radio) at US National Science Foundation

Largest (solar) at Kitt Peak National ObservatoryLargest refractor at Yerkes Observatory

Temple Largest Angkor Wat, CambodiaTower Tallest C N Tower, CanadaTunnel Longest (Railway) Seikan Rail Tunnel (Japan)

Largest (Road) St. Gotthard Road Tunnel, SwitzerlandWall Longest The Great Wall of China

Waterfall Highest Salto-Angel in VenezuelaWidest Khone Falls in Loas

Zoo Largest Etoha Reserve, Namibia

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Names of Books and Authors

Chapter 11

Books and Authors

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BOOKS AND AUTHORS

Name of the book Authors

AutobiographiesB

Babur–Nama BaburM

Made in Japan Akio MoritaMein Kamph Adolf HitlerMoon Walk Michael Jackson

SSunny Days Sunil Gavaskar

WWings of Fire APJ Abdul Kalam

BiographiesA

Ain-I-Akbari Abul FazalAkbarnama Abul Fazal

I

Idols Sunil GavaskarS

Shahnama Firdausi

ClassicA

All’s Well that Ends well William ShakespeareA Tale of Two Cities Charles DickensAnna Karenina Leo Tolstoy

Antony and Cleopatra William ShakespeareAs You like it William ShakespeareAbhijnanshakuntalam Kalidas

B

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Babbit Sinclair LewisC

Ceaser and Cleopatra George Bernand ShawThe Comedy of Errors Shakespeare

DDavid Copperfield Charles Dickens

Devdas Sharat Chandra ChatterjeeDoctor Zhivago Boris PasternakDon Quixote Miguel de Cervantes

FFountain Head Ayn Rand

GGone with the Wind Margaret Mitchell

Gulliver’s Travels Jonathan SwiftH

Hamlet William Shakespeare

IIliad HomerIndica Magasthenese

The Importance of Being Earnest Oscar WildeInvisible Man H. G. Wells

JJulius Caesar William Shakespeare

KKadambari Bana BhattKamasutra Vatsyayan

Kamayani Jai Shankar PrasadKing Lear William Shakespeare

MMacbeth William Shakespeare

Mahabharata Ved VyasMeghdoot KalidasMerchant of Venice William Shakespeare

Much Ado About Nothing William Shakespeare

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Mudra Rakshas VishakaduttaN

Natya Shastra Bharat MuniNine Days Wonder John Masefield

OOdyssey Homer

Oliver Charles DickensOthello William Shakespeare

P

Paradise Lost John MiltonPather Panchali Bibhuti Bhushan

BandhopadhayayaPride and Prejudice Jane Austen

RRaghuvamsa KalidasRam Charita Manas Tulsidas

Ramayana ValmikiRatnavali‘ Harsha VardhanRendezvous with Rama Arthur C Clarke

Ritu Samhara KalidasRobinson Crusoe Daniel DefoeRomeo and Juliet William Shakespeare

S

Savitri Sir Aurobindo GhoshSense and Sensibility Jane AustenSohrab and Rustum Mathew Arnold

TThe Tempest William ShakespeareThe Count of Monte Cristo Alexander DumasThe story of My My

Experiments with Truth Mahatma GandhiThree Musketeers Alexander DumasTime machine H.G. Wells

Treasure Island R L Stevenson

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Twelfth Night Willam ShakespeareTwenty Years After Alexander Dumas

UUlysses James JoyceUnto This Last John RuskinUttar Ramcharita Bhavbhuti

VVanity Fair William ThackerayVinay Patrika Tulsidas

The Virginians William ThackerayY

YamaMahadevi Verma

DescriptiveA

Area of Darkness V. S. NaipaulF

Freedom from Fear Aung San Su KyiL

Long Walk to Freedom Nelson MandelaM

Maneaters of Kumaon Jim Corbett

My Experiments with Truth Mahatma GandhiO

Origin of Species Charles DarwinS

Sadar-I-Riyasat Karan SinghStarry Nights Shobha De

EconomicsN

New Dimensions of

India’s Foreign Policy A B VajpayeeW

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Wealth of Nations Adam Smith

FantasyA

Adventures of Tom Sawyer Mark Twain

CClass, The Eric Segal

DDr. JekyII and Mr. Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson

OOne Hundred Years of Solitude Gabrial Garcla MarquezOther Side of Midnight, The Sidney Sheldon

SSwami and Friends R.K. Narayan

T

The Alchemist Paulo CoelhoThe God of Small Things Arundhati Roy

FictionA

Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Sir Arthur Conan DoyleAdventure of Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe

Adventures of Tom Sawyer Mark TwainAlice in Wonderland Lewis CarrolA Bend In the River V S Naipaul

A Suitable Boy Vikram SethAn Equal Music Vikram SethArabian Nights Richard Burton

BBeing Digital Nicholas Negroponte

CCatcher in the Rye J D Sallinger

Canterbury Tales Geoffrey ChaucerChitra Rabindranath Tagore

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City of Joy Domonique LapiereCoolie Mulk Raj Anand

EEast West Salman Rushdie

FFury Salman Rushdie

Future Shock Alvin TofflerG

Godfather Mario Puzo

Godan Munshi Prem ChandThe Guide R.K. NarayanGulliver’s Travels Jonathan Swift

H

Half a Life V S NaipaulHarsha Charita Bena Bhatt

I

Inscrutable Americans Anurag MathurInterpreter of Maladies Jhumpa LahiriIron in the soul Jean Paul Sartre

Ivanhoe Walter ScottJ

The Judgement Kuldip NayarJungle Book Rudyard Kipling

KKim Rudyard Kipling

L

Life Divine Aurobindo GhoshLajja Tasleema NasreenLolita V. NabakovLove Story Eric Segal

MMalgudi Days R K NarayanMidnight’s children Salman Rushdie

Moor’s Last Sigh Salman Rushdie

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Mother Moxim GorkyN

Nice Guys Finish Second B K NehruP

Panchatantra Vishnu SharmaPost Office Rabindranath Tagore

SThe Satanic Verses Salman RushdieShape of Things to Come H. G. Wells

Shame Salman RushdieT

The Last Don Mario PuzoThe Tin Drum Guenter Grass

Treasure Island R L StevensonTwo Leaves and a Bud Mulk Raj Anand

U

Unofficial Guide to EthicalHacking Ankit Fadia

V

Vish Vriksha Bankim Chandra ChatterjeeW

War and Peace Leo Tolstoy

History BooksA

Arthashastra Kautilya

August 1914 (H) Alexander SolzhenitsynB

Ben Hur Lewis Wallace

CCommunist Manifesto Karl Marx

D

Discovery of India Jawahar Lal NehruH

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Hindu View of Life D. S. RadhakrishnanI

India-A Wounded Civilisation V S NaipaulIndia Divided Rajendra PrasadIndia Wins Freedom Maulana Abul Kalam AzadIndian Home Rule M. K. Gandhi

Indian Philosophy D. S. RadhakrishnanM

Man and Superman George Bernard Shaw

PA Passage to India E. M. Forster

WWake up India Annie Besant

The Wonder that Was India A.L. Basham

Management BooksT

The Changing World of the Executive Peter Drucker

PoetryB

Bharat Bharati Maithili Sharan Gupt

GGeet Govinda Jaya DevGitanjali Rabindranath Tagore

RRubaiyat Omar Khayyam

PhilosophyA

Atlas Shrugged Ayn Rand

BBharat Bharati Maithili Sharan Gupt

G

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Geet govinda Jaya DevGitanjali Rabindranath Tagore

VVoice of Conscience V. V. Giri

PsychologyC

Crime and Punishment Fyodor DostoevskyG

Games People Play Eric BerneM

Man of Destiny George Bernard Shaw

SSatyartha Prakash Swami Dayanand

SociologyD

Das Kapital Karl Marx

Diplomacy Henry KissingerG

Gita Rahasya Bal Gangadhar TilakGrammer of Politics Harold Laski

PPolitics Aristotle

R

Republic PlatoS

Sub Regionalism in Asia Abul Kalam Azad

Surviving Men Khushwant SinghT

The Degeneration of India T N SeshanU

Untouchable Mulk Raj AnandUtopia Thomas Moore

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Spiritual AccountB

Beyond Belief V S Naipaul

MiscellaneousA

Area of Darkness V. S. NaipaulB

Between the lines Kuldip NayarBrave New world Aldous HuxleyBroken wing Sarojini Naidu

Beyond Peace Richard NixonBlood, Brain & Beer David Ogilvy

CConfessions of a Lover Mulk Raj Anand

DDistrict Diary Jaswant SinghDragon Fire Humphry Hawensky

Dilemma of our time Harold Joseph LaskiDoctor’s Dilemma George Bernard ShawDon Juan Lord Byron

E

Ends and Means Aldous HuxleyF

Fifth Column Ernest Hemingway

Farewell to Arms, A Ernest HemingwayFirst Among Equals Jeffrey ArcherFor Whom the Bell Tolls Ernest Hemingway

GGathering Storm Winston ChurchillGlimpses of World History Jawaharlal NehruGolden Threshold Sarojini Naidu

Golden Gate, The Virkram SethGodan Rabindranath Tagore

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HHeat and Dust Ruth P. Jhabwala

IIndia Unbound Gurcharan DasIs Paris Burning Larry Collins & Dominique LapiereIf I am Assassinated Z. A. Bhutto

KKumar Sambhava Kalidas

M

Mother India Katherine MayoMy Music, My life Ravi ShankarMy Truth Indira Gandhi

P

A Passage to England Nirad C. ChoudharyT

To live or Not to Live Nirad C. Choudhary

Triumph John Kenneth GalbraithV

Valley of Dolls Jacqueline Susan

WWorshipping False Gods Arun Shourie

End of Chapter

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Common Terminologies

Important Cups and Trophies

Major Sporting Events

Chapter 12

Sports

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COMMONLY USED SPORTS TERMINOLOGIES

Sport Terms associated with sports disciplines

Badminton Deuce, double fault, drop, let, love all, smash

Basketball Basket, blocking, dribbling, free throw, held ball, holding, jump ball, pivot

Billiards Bauik line, bolting, cannon, cue hazard, long jenny, scratch, screwback, shortjenny, spot stroke

Boxing Babit punch, break, cut, defence, hook, jab lying on, knock, slam, upper cut,weight in, knockout

Bridge Chicane, dealer, dummy, finesse, grand slam, little slam, no trump, revoke,rubber, suit, tricks, vulnerable

Chess Bishop, castle, checkmate, gambit, king, knight, pawn, queen, rook, stalemate

Cricket Ashes, boundary, bowling, caught, chinaman, cover drive, crease, duck, followon, googly, gully, hat trick, hit wicket, LBW, leg break, leg bye, maiden over,no ball, off break, on drive, over pitch, popping crease, rubber, run out, sixer,silly point, square leg, straight drive, stumped, wicket

Football Corner kick, dribble, free kick, goal kick, hat-trick, off side, penalty kick,throw in, tripping

Golf Best ball, bogey, bunker, caddie, dormy, fairway, fourball, greed holes, links,niblic, par, put, rough, stymied, tee

Hockey Bully, corner, dribble, hat-trick, offside, roll-in, scoop, short corner, stick,striking circle, tie break

Table Tennis Deuce, drop, let, spin, smashTennis Backhand stroke, crosscourt, deuce, double fault, fault, forehand, ground stroke,

half volley, let, smash, slice, volley

Volleyball Blocking, doubling, heave, love point, service, volley

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IMPORTANT CUPS AND TROPHIES

i. Badminton – Thomas Cup, Uber Cup, and World Cup.

ii. Cricket – Ashes, Champions Trophy, C.K.Nayudu Trophy, County Championships, DuleepTrophy, Gavaskar-Border Trophy, ICC World Cup, Irani Trophy, Ranji Trophy, and SheffieldShield Cup.

iii. Football – African Nations Cup, Asia Cup, Confederations Cup, Durand Cup, English PremierLeague, Federation Cup, FIFA World Cup, German Bundeslga, Italian Serie A, Merdeka Cup, NFLCup, Santosh Trophy, Spanish LA Liga, and UEFA Cup.

iv. Golf – British Open, Ryder Cup, US Open, and Walker Cup.

v. Hockey – Agha Khan Cup, Champions Trophy, Dhyan Chand Trophy, Sultan Azlan ShahTrophy, and World Cup.

vi. Tennis – ATP Masters, Australian Open Championships, Champions Cup, Davis Cup, FederationCup, French Open Championships, US Open Championships, and Wimbeldon Championships.

MAJOR SPORTING EVENTS

1. The Olympics – The oldest and the largest sporting event in the World, Olympics werefirst started in 776 BC in Greece. The games were first played in the ancient Greek kingdomof Elis to honour Zeus, the Greek god of Sky and Thunder. But after the initial games in 776BC, they became an irregular feature and were restricted only to Greece. It was only after1500 years, in 1892 that revival of games was undertaken by Baron Pierre de Coubretin. InJune, 1894 Baron and his associates decided to make the games a regular sporting event andcreated the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Presently, the IOC is headqutered atLaussane, Switzerland.

Olympic Symbol (five rings) – The Olympic Symbol comprises of five rings linked together torepresent sporting friendship amongst countries. The rings represent the five continents – Europe,Africa, America, Asia and Australia.

Olympic Games are held every four years. The table below gives the details of Olympic Gamesheld till date. No games were held in 1916, 1940 and 1944.

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Year Place

1896 Athens

1900 Paris

1904 St. Louis

1908 London

1912 Stockholm

1920 Antwerp

1924 Paris

1928 Amsterdam

1932 Los Angeles

1936 Berlin

1948 London

1952 Helsinki

1956 Melbourne

1960 Rome

1964 Tokyo

1968 Mexico City

1972 Munich

1976 Montreal

1980 Moscow

1984 Los Angeles

1988 Seoul

1992 Barcelona

1996 Atlanta

2000 Sydney

2004 Athens

2008 Beijing (scheduled)

2012 London (scheduled)

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2. Commonwealth Games – The Commonwealth Games are the second largest sporting eventin the World after Olympics. These games are held every four years between the years of theOlympic Games. The games involve atheletes from Commonwealth Nations (majority erstwhilecolonies of the British). Started in 1930, the games were originally called the British EmpireGames. It was in 1978 that the present name of the Commonwelth Games was adopted. Thetable below gives the details of the Commonwealth Games till date. The games were not heldfrom 1939 till 1949.

Year Venue

1930 Hamilton

1934 London

1938 Sydney

1950 Auckland

1954 Vancouver

1958 Cardiff

1962 Perth

1966 Jamaica

1970 Edinburgh

1974 Christchurch

1978 Edmonton

1982 Brisbane

1986 Edinburgh

1990 Auckland

1994 Victoria

1998 Kuala Lumpur

2002 Manchester

2006 Melbourne

2010 Delhi (scheduled)

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3. Asian Games – The Asian Games, also called the Asiad, is a sporting event on the lines of theOlympic Games held every four years among atheletes from all over Asia. India played a leadingrole in starting an event for the Asian nations. The motto of the Asian Games is ‘Ever Onward’.The table below gives the details of Asian Games till date.

Year Venue

1951 New Delhi

1954 Manila

1958 Tokyo

1962 Jakarta

1966 Bangkok

1970 Bangkok (originally had to be hosted by Seoul)

1974 Tehran

1978 Bangkok (originally had to be hosted by Karachi)

1982 New Delhi

1986 Seoul

1990 Beijing

1994 Hiroshima

1998 Bangkok

2002 Busan

2006 Doha

2010 Guangzhou (scheduled)

4. Cricket World Cup – The Cricket World Cup is a premier international championship for oneday cricket in the world. The event is organised once every four years by the sport’s governingbody, The International Cricket Council (ICC) and is contested by all Test playing nations (presently10) plus the qualifying teams. The table below gives the details of the World Cups held till date.

Year Venue Winner Runner-up

1975 England West Indies Australia

1979 England West Indies England

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1983 England India West Indies

1987 Indian Subcontinent Australia England

1992 Australia &New Zealand Pakistan England

1996 Indian Subcontinent Sri Lanka Australia

1999 England Australia Pakistan

2003 South Africa,Zimbabwe & Kenya Australia India

2007 West Indies

2011 Indian Subcontinent

2015 Australia &New Zealand

Scheduled

5. Hockey World Cup – The Hockey World Cup is a premier international field hockey competitionorganised by the International Hockey Federation (FIH) once every four years. The tournamentwas started in 1971. The table below gives the details of each World Cup held till date.


1971 Barcelona, Spain Pakistan Spain

1973Amstelveen,

The NetherlandsNetherlands India

1975 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia India Pakistan

1978 Buenos Aires, Argentina Pakistan Netherlands

1982 Mumbai, India Pakistan West Germany

1986 London, England Australia England

1990 Lahore, Pakistan Netherlands Pakistan

1994 Sydney, Australia Pakistan Netherlands

1998 Utrecht, The Netherlands Netherlands Spain

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6. Football World Cup - The Football/Soccer World Cup is an international football competitioncontested by the national teams of the member nations of Federation Internationale de FootballAssociation (FIFA). The tournament started in 1930 and is held every four years, but could notbe held in 1942 and 1946 due to World War II. The table below gives details of the last tenWorld Cups.

2002 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Germany Australia

2006Monchengladbach,

GermanyGermany Australia


1974 West GermanyWest

GermanyNetherlands

1978 Argentina Argentina Netherlands

1982 Spain Italy West Germany

1986 Mexico Argentina West Germany

1990 ItalyWest

GermanyArgentina

1994 USA Brazil Italy

1998 France France Brazil

2002 South Korea & Japan Brazil Germany

2006 Germany Italy France

2010 South Africa

2014 South AmericaScheduled

7. Tennis Grand SlamsThe tables below give the last five year championship winners for four major Tennis Grand Slamsviz Australian Open (held at Melbourne), French Open (held at Paris, also called RolandGarros), Wimbledon (held at Wimbledon, near London) and U.S. Open (held at FlushingMeadows, New York).

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Australian Open

French Open

Men’s Title Women’s TitleYear

Winner Runner-up Winner Runner-up

2006 Roger Federer(Switzerland)

MarcosBaghdatis(Cyprus)

AmelieMauresmo(France)

Justine Henin-Hardene

(Belgium)

2005 Marat Safin(Russia)

Lleyton Hewitt(Australia)

SerenaWilliams (USA)

LindsayDavenport (USA)


Marat Safin (Russia)

Justine Henin-Hardene

(Belgium)

Kim Clijsters(Belgium)

2003 Andre Agassi(USA)

RainerSchuettler(Germany)


Venus Williams(USA)

2002Thomas

Johansson (Sweden)

Marat Safin(Russia)

JenniferCapriati (USA)

Martina Hingis(Switzerland)



2006 Rafael Nadal(Spain)

Roger Federer(Switzerland)

Justine Henin-Hardene(Belgium)

Svetlana Kuznetsova(Russia)

2005 Rafael Nadal(Spain)

Mariano Puerta(Argentina)

Justine Henin-Hardene(Belgium) Mary Pierce (France)

2004 Gaston Gaudio(Argentina)

Guillermo Coria (Argentina)

Anastasia Myskina(Russia)

Elena Dementieva(Russia)

2003 Juan CarlosFerrero (Spain)

Martin Verkerk (Holland)

Justine Henin-Hardene(Belgium)


2002 Albert Costa(Spain)

Juan CarlosFerrero (Spain)


Venus Williams(USA)

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Wimbledon

End of Chapter

U.S.Open



2006 Roger Federer (Switzerland)

Andy Roddick(USA)

Amelie Mauresmo(France)

JustineHenin-Hardene

(Belgium)


Andy Roddick(USA)

Venus Williams(USA)

Lindsay Davenport(USA)

2004 Roger Federer (Switzerland)

Andy Roddick(USA)

Maria Sharapova (Russia)

Serena Williams(USA)


Mark Philipoussis(Australia)


Venus Williams(USA)

2002 Lleyton Hewitt(Australia)

DavidNalbandian(Argentina)


Venus Williams(USA)



2006Roger Federer(Switzerland)

Andy Roddick(USA)

MariaSharapova (Russia)


(Belgium)


Andre Agassi(USA)


Mary Pierce(France)


Lleyton Hewitt(Australia)

Svetlona Kuznetsova (Russia)

Elena Dementieva(Russia)

2003Andy Roddick

(USA)Juan Carlos

Ferrero (Spain)


(Belgium)


2002Pete Sampras

(USA)Andre Agassi

(USA)Serena Williams

(USA)Venus Williams

(USA)

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International Awards

Indian Awards

Chapter 13

Popular Awards

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INTERNATIONAL AWARDS

1. Nobel PrizesThe Nobel Prizes are prizes awarded annually to people (and, in the case of the Peace Prize,sometimes to organisations) who have completed outstanding research, invented ground-breakingtechniques or equipment, or made an outstanding contribution to society in physics, chemistry,literature, peace, medicine or physiology and economics. They are widely regarded as the su-preme commendation in their respective subject areas. Those honoured with a Prize are known asNobel Laureates.

The Prizes were instituted by the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel through his will. They were firstawarded in 1901, five years after Nobel’s death. The prize in economics, instituted by the Bank ofSweden, has been awarded since 1969.

As of October 2006, a total of 781 Nobel Prizes have been awarded, 763 to individuals (33 ofthese to women) and 18 to organizations.

Prize Categories

Categories Awarding Body

Nobel Prize in Physics Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Nobel Prize in Chemistry Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Nobel Prize in Medicine Karolinska Institutet

Nobel Prize in Literature Swedish Academy

Nobel Prize in Peace Norwegian Nobel Committee

Nobel Prize in Economics Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Nobel Prize Winners for 2006

Prize Category Winner

Peace Prof. Muhammad Yunus (Bangladesh)and Grameen Bank

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Physics Dr. John C. Mather (USA)Dr. Gorge F. Smoot (USA)

Medicine Dr. Andrew Z. Fire (USA)Dr. Craig C. Mello (USA)

Chemistry Dr. Roger D. Kornberg (USA)

Literature Mr. Orhan Pamuk (Turkey)

Economics Dr. Edmund S. Phelps (USA)

2. Man Booker Prize

The Man Booker Prize for Fiction, also known as the Booker Prize, is one of the world’smost prestigious literary prizes, awarded each year for the best original full-length novelwritten by a citizen of the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland in the English lan-guage. The Booker prize was started by Booker McConnel, a multinational conglomeratecompany in 1969. This award is administered by Book Trust in the United Kingdom. For theyear 2006, the prize has been awarded to Indian novelist Kiran Desai for ‘The Inheritanceof Loss’.

3. Ramon Magsaysay Award

Ramon Magsaysay Award or the Magsaysay Award is the Asian equivalent of the Nobel Prize. TheRamon Magsaysay Award was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Broth-ers Fund (RBF) based in New York City. With the concurrence of the Philippine government, theprize was created to commemorate Ramon Magsaysay, the late President of the Philippines, andto perpetuate his example of integrity in government, courageous service to the people, and prag-matic idealism within a democratic society.

Every year the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation gives away prizes to Asian individualsand organizations for achieving excellence in their respective fields. The awards are given insix categories:

• Government Service• Public Service• Community Leadership• Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication arts• Peace and International Understanding• Emergent Leadership

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Ramon Magsaysay Award Winners for 2006

1. Ek Sonn Chan (Cambodia)

2. Park Won Soon (South Korea)

3. Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation (Phillipines)

4. Antonio Meloto (Phillipines)

5. Eugenia Duran Apostol (Phillipines)

6. Sanduk Ruit (Nepal)

7. Arvind Kejriwal (India)

INDIAN AWARDS

1. Civilian Awards

i. Bharat Ratna – The title ‘Bharat Ratna’ translates literally to ‘the Gem of India’. It is thehighest civilian award in India given for exceptional contribution to the field of Art, Literature,Science and Public Service. The award was instituted by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first presidentof India in 1954. The award initially carried a gold medal 35mm in diameter having ‘Sun’ on oneside and state ‘National Emblem’ on the other. The design of the medal was altered a year later in1955. The first Bharat Ratna was awarded to Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan in 1954. The lastawardees were Lata Mangeshkar and late Ustad Bismillah Khan in 2001.

ii. Padma Vibhushan – Padma Vibhushan is the second highest civilian award in India, awardedfor exceptional and distiunguished service to the nation in any field including governmentservice.

Name Field Native State

Adoor Gopalakrishnan Arts Kerala

C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao Civil Service Tamil Nadu

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2. Other Important Awards

i. Param Vir Chakra – The Param Vir Chakra is the highest gallantry award for officers fromall branches of the armed forces for the highest degree of valour in the presence of an enemy.The award was instituted in 1950 by the then President Dr. Rajendra Prasad, with retrospectiveeffect from 1947. The first Chakra was awarded posthomously to Major Somnath Sharma.The Param Vir Chakra was last awarded posthmously to Capt. Vikram Batra, Lt. ManojKumar Pandey, Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav and Rifleman Sanjay Kumar who foughtthe 1999 Kargil War.

ii. Jnanpith Award - The Jnanpith Award instituted in 1961 is the highest literary honourconferred in India. It is presented by the Jnanpith Trust, which is largely owned by the TheTimes group. The award includes a cheque for Rs. 500,000, a citation plaque and a bronzereplica of Vagdevi (Devi Saraswati, the godess of learning). Any Indian citizen who writes inany of the official languages of India is eligible for the honour.

Before 1982, the awards were given for a single work by a writer. From 1982, the award hasbeen given for a lifetime contribution to Indian literature. The first recipient of the award wasMalayalam writer G Sankara Kurup in 1965. In 2006, the award was presented to Marathi writerVrinda Karandikar for the year 2003.

iii. Dada Saheb Phalke Award – The Dada Saheb Phalke Award is the highest honour pre-sented by the Indian government to an artist who has, over the years made a significant

Charles Correa Science Maharashtra

Mahashweta Devi Literature & Education West Bengal

Nirmala Deshpande Social Work Delhi

Norman E. Borlaug Science Mexico

Obaid Siddiqui Science Karnataka

Prakash Narain Tandon Medicine Delhi

Justice V.N. Khare Public Affairs Uttar Pradesh

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contribution to the field of cinema. The award was instituted in 1969, the birth centenaryyear of Dada Saheb Phalke, the father of Indian cinema. The first winner of the award wasactress Devika Rani. Malayalam film director, Adoor Gopalakrishnan was the recipientof the award for 2005.

End of Chapter

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Commonly used abbreviations

Chapter 14

Abbreviations

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ABBREVIATIONS

AAA : Asian Atheletics AssociationAAFI : Amateur Atheletics Federation of IndiaABC : Atomic Biological and Chemical (warfare)ABLE : Association of Biotechnology led EnterprisesAC : Ante ChristumAD : Anno DominiADB : Asian Development BankADBS : Advanced Data Broadcast SystemAFI : Atheletics Federation of IndiaAFMS : Armed Forces Medical CollegeAFP : Agence France PresseAG : Accountant GeneralAI : Artificial IntelligenceAIDS : Acquired Immuno Deficiency SyndromeAIG : American International GroupAINEC : All India Newspaper Editors’ ConferenceALGOL : Algebraic Oriented LanguageAMIE : Associate Member of the Institute of EngineersANC : African National CongressANERT : Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural TechnologyANN : Artificial Neural NetworkAOC : Air Officer CommandingAPCTT : Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of TechnologyAQA : Assessment and Qualification AllianceAPEC : Asia Pacific Economic CooperationAPM : Administered Price MechanismARPANET : Advanced Research Project Agency NetworkART : Assisted Reproductive TechnologiesASCII : American Standard Code for Information InterchangeASEAN : Association of South East Asian NationsASEM : Asia-Europe MeetingASLV : Augmented Satellite Launch VehicleASPO : Asoociation for the Study of Peak Oil and GasASP : Application Service ProviderATC : Air Traffic ControlATM : Automated Teller Machine

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ATP : Adenosine Tri-PhosphateATS : Anti-Tetanus SerumAU : Astronomical UnitsAVRC : Audio Video Research centreAVATAR : Aerobic Vehicle for Hypersonic Aerospace TransportationAWACS : Airborne Warning and Control SystemBBC : British Broadcasting CorporationBBS : Bulletin Board ServiceBC : Before ChristBCG : Bacillus Calrnette-Guerin (anti TB)BHP : Brake HorsepowerBIOS : Basic Input Output SystemBIS : Bank of International SettlementBIT : Binary DigitBOT : Build, Operate and TransferBPO : Business Process OutsourcingBPR : Business Process Re-engineeringBPS : Bytes per SecondBRO : Border Roads OrganisationCABE : Central Advisory Board of EducationCAD : Computer Aided DesignCADA : Command Area Development AuthorityCAFTA : Central American Free Trade AgreementCAG : Comptroller and Auditor General of IndiaCAN : Calcium Ammonium NitrateCAPA : Centre for Asia-Pacific AviationCAS : Conditional Access SystemCAT : Computerized Axial Tomography (CT)CBDT : Central Board of Direct TaxesCBFC : Central Board of Film CertificationCBM : Confidence Building MeasuresCBU : Completely built upCADC : Center for the Development of Advanced ComputingCDMA : Code Division Multiple AccessCECA : Comprehensive Economic Co-operation AgreementCERT : Computer Emergency Response TeamCFC : Chloro Fluoro CarbonsCFSL : Central Forensic Science LaboratoryCGI : Common Gateway Interface

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CGS : Chief of General StaffCIBIL : Credit Information Bureau of IndiaCIF : Cost, Insurance and FreightCIS : Commonwealth of Independent StatesCISC : Complex Instruction Set ComputingCITU : Centre of Indian Trade UnionCMIE : Centre for Monitoring the Indian EconomyCOFEPOSA : Conservative of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling ActCOPRA : Consumer Protection ActCPWD : Central Public Works DepartmentCRM : Customer Relation ManagementCSC : Customer Service CentreCSO : Central Statistical OrganisationCTBT : Comprehensive Test Ban TreatyCVC : Chief Vigilance CommissionCWC : Chemical Weapons ConventionDDT : Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethaneDHSD : Duplex-High Speed Data ServiceDMA : Direct Memory AccessDNA : Deoxyribo-nucleic AcidDPT : Diphtheria, pertussisand tetanus (vaccine)DSL : Digital Subscriber LineDTP : Desktop PublishingDVD : Digital Versatile DiscDVI : Digital Video InteractiveEAM : Emergency Action MessageECA : Essential Commodities ActECG : Electro CardiogramEDI : Electronic Data InterchangeEFTA : European Free Trade AssociationEIS : Executive Information SystemEMI : Equated Monthly InstallmentsEOU : Export Oriented UnitEPCI : Enhanced Proliferation Control InitiativeEPROM : Erasable, Programmable Read Only MemoryEPZ : Export Processing ZoneER&DC : Electronic Research and Development CenterERNET : Educational and Research NetworkESA : European Space Agency

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ESCAP : Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificESMA : Essential Services Maintenance ActESR : Electron Spin ResonanceETT : Embryo Transfer TechnologyEVA : Economic Value AddedEVE : Economic Valuation of the EnvironmentFAO : Food and Agriculture OrganisationFBI : Federal Bureau of investigationFBT : Fringe Benefit TaxFBTR : Fast Breeder Test ReactorFCI : Food Corporation of IndiaFCRA : Foreign Contribution Regulation ActFEMA : Foreign Exchange Management ActFIFA : Federation Internationale de Football AssociationFIR : First Information ReportFIRE : Fully integrated robotised engineFLAG : Fibre optic Link Around the GlobeFOSDIC : Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to ComputersFPD : Flat panel displayFTII : Films and Television Institute of IndiaGAAP : Generally Accepted Accounting PracticesGAIN : Global Alliance for Improved NutritionGATS : General Agreement on Trade and ServicesGDP : Gross Domestic ProductGDR : Global Depository ReceiptGLS : Geographical Information SystemGMO : Genetically Modified OrganismsGPS : Global Positioning SystemGSI : Geological Survey of IndiaGSLV : Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch VehicleGSM : Global System for Mobile CommunicationsHAL : Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.HFD : High FrequencyHIV : Human Immunodeficiency VirusHTML : Hyper Text Markup LanguageHTR : High Temperature ReactorHttp : Hypertext Transfer ProtocolHUDCO : Housing and Urban Development Corp.IA : Indian Airlines

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IAAI : International Atomic Authority of IndiaIAEA : International Atomic Energy AgencyIARI : Indian Agricultural Research InstituteIAS : Indian Administrative ServiceIATA : International Air Transport AssociationIBRD : International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICAR : Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchICCR : Indian Council for Cultural RelationsICJ : International Court of JusticeICMR : Indian Council of Medical ResearchICRA : Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of IndiaICU : Intensive Care UnitICWAI : Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of IndiaIDBI : Industrial Development Bank of IndiaIEEE : Institute of Electronics and Electrical EngineersIFC : Industrial Finance Corporation; International Finance CorporationIIPA : Indian Institute of Public AdministrationIISS : International Institute of Strategic StudiesILO : International Labour OrganisationIMF : International Monetary FundINA : Indian National ArmyINS : Indian Newspaper SocietyINSAT : Indian National SatelliteIP : Internet ProtocolIPC : Indian Penal CodeIPCL : Indian Petro-Chemicals Corporation LTDIPS : Indian Police Service: Inter Press ServiceIRBM : Intermediate Range Ballistic MissileIRDP : Integrated Rural Development ProgrammeISBN : International Standard Book NumberISDN : Integrated Services Digital NetworkISI : Indian Statistical InstituteISKCON : International Society for Krishna ConsciousnessISRO : Indian Space Research OrganisationISSN : International Standard Serial NumberITBP : Indo-Tibetan Border PoliceITI : Indian Telephone Industries; Industrial Training InstituteITU : International Telecommunication UnionIVF : In-Vitro Fertilisation

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IVM : In-Vitro maturationJPEG : Joint Photographic Expert GroupLASER : Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of RadiationLASIK : Laser in situ KeratomileusisLCD : Liquid Crystal DisplayMIBBS : Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of SurgeryMICR : Magnetic ink character recognitionMIPS : Million Instructions per SecondMLA : Member of Legislative AssemblyMMTC : Minerals and Metals Trading CorporationMODEM : Modulator demodulatorMODVAT : Modified Value Added TaxMOU : Memorandum of UnderstandingMPEG : Motion Picture Experts GroupMRTPC : Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices CommissionNABARD : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentNAFED : National Agricultural Co-Operative Marketing FederationNAFTA : North American Free Trade AgreementNASA : National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNATO : North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationNAV : Net Asset ValueNBOT : National Board of TradeNCAER : National Council of Applied Economic ResearchNCC : National Cadet CorpsNCERT : National Council of Educational Research and TrainingNDA : National Defence AcademyNGO : Non-Government OrganisationNHPC : National Hydroelectric Power CorporationNMDC : National Mineral Development CorporationNOC : No Objection CertificateNPC : National Productivity CouncilNRS : National Readership SurveyNSUI : National Students Union of IndiaNTPC : National Thermal Power CorporationNTSE : National Talent Search ExaminationOAS : Organisation of American StatesOAU : Organisation of African UnityOCR : Optical Character RecognitionOECD : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

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OIC : Organisation of Islamic ConferenceOPEC : Organisation of Petroleum Exporting CountriesORT : Oral Rehyderation TherapyPAC : Public Accounts committeePAN : Permanent Account NumberPCM : Pulse code modulationPETA : People for Ethical Treatment of AnimalsPIB : Press Information BureauPIL : Public Interest LitigationPin : Postal Index NumberPM : Post Meridiem; Prime MinisterPMG : Post Master GeneralPOTA : Prevention of Terrorism ActPOW : Prisoner of warPSLV : Polar Satellite Launch VehiclePVC : Poly vinyl ChloridePWD : Public Works DepartmentR&D : Research and DevelopmentRADAR : Ratio Detecting and RangingRAM : Random Access MemoryRDX : Research Department Explosive (Cyclotrimethylin Trinitratetrate)RITES : Rail Indian Technical & Economic ServicesRNA : Ribonucleic acidROM : Read Only MemoryRPM : Revolutions per MinuteRSS : Rashtriya Swayam Sewak SanghR.S.V.P : Repondez S’il Vous Plait (Reply if you please)SAM : Surface to Air MissileSAPTA : South Asian Preferential Trade AgreementSARS : Severe Actual Respiratory SyndromeSCI : Shipping Corporation of IndiaSDR : Special Drawing RightsSGPC : Siromani Gurudwara Prabandak CommitteeSIM : Subscriber Information ModuleSITA : Suppression of Immoral Traffic ActSLR : Statutory Liquidity RatioSMTP : Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolSTC : State Trading CorporationSTD : Subscriber Trunk Dialing; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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SUV : Sports Utility VehicleSWOT : Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and ThreatsTADA : Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention Act)TAFTA : Trans-Atlantic Free Trade AgreementTCP : Transfer Call ProtocolTDMA : Time Division Multiple AccessTELCO : Tata Engineering and Locomotive CompanyTIFR : Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchTISCO : Tata Iron and Steel CompanyTMO : Telegraphic Money OrderTQM : Total Quality ManagementTRIPS : Trade Related Intellectual Property RightsUAV : Unmanned Aerial VehicleUGC : University Grants CommissionUNCED : UN Conference on Environment & DevelopmentUNCIP : United Nations Commission for India & PakistanUNCLOS : United Nation Convention on the Law of the SeaUNCSTD : United Nations Conference on Science and

Technology for DevelopmentUNCTAD : United Nations Conference on Trade and

DevelopmentUNEP : United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganisationUNI : United Nations Population FundUNICEF : United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

(Now ‘United Nations Children’s Fund’)UNIDO : United Nations Industrial Development Fund for WomenUPA : United Progressive AllianceUPS : Uninterrupted Power SupplyUPSC : Union Public Service CommissionURL : Uniform Resource LocatorVCR : Video Cassette RecorderVHS : Video Home SystemVIP : Very Important PersonVPI : Virtual Private InternetWAN : World Association of Newspapers; Wide Area NetworkWEF : World Economic ForumWFTU : World Federation of Trade UnionsWHO : World Health Organisation

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WMD : Weapons of Mass DestructionWMO : World Meteorological OrganisationWPI : Wholesale Price IndexWTO : World Trade OrganisationWWF : World Wildlife Fund, now renamed Worldwide Fund for NatureWWW : World Wide WebYMCA : Young Men’s Christian AssociationYWCA : Young Women’s Christian AssociationZIP : Zone Improvement Plan

End of Chapter

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The Human Body

Food and Nutrition

Human Diseases

Branches of Science

Scientific Inventions and Discoveries

Scientific Instruments

Chapter 15

Science

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THE HUMAN BODYThe Human Body is a complicated system consisting of millions of cells organised uniquely and functioningdynamically together. The complexities are better understood when they’re highlighted. Anatomists find ituseful to divide the human body into eight systems, as listed below

The System of the Human Body1. The Skeletal SystemThe framework of the human body is made up of bones. First are the bones of the skull.These consistofi) 8 bones of the cranium (brain case),ii) 14 bones of the face - the facial bones include the bones of the nose, throat and the upper and lowerjaws.Second are the bones of the trunk. These include breast bones, ribs, the back bone, collar bones,shoulder blades and hip bones. Third are the bones of the upper limbs. Fourth are the bones of the lowerlimbs. Lastly there are various types of joints that help in linking the bones.

The functions of the skeletal system area) It helps us to stand up straight.b) It supports the weight of the bodyc) It protects the delicate parts of the body like the brain, the heart and the lungs.

2. The MuscularThe framework of the human body is covered with skin. Under the skin there are pieces of fleshfixed either on the bones or on the walls of the organs. These are called muscles. There are oversix hundred muscles in the human body. Muscles can be classified into two main types.a) Voluntary muscles which are controlled by our willb) Involuntary muscles which are not controlled by our will and are found on the walls of the innerorgans.

The muscles of the heart are called Cardiac muscles and are involuntary.

3. The Nervous SystemIt comprises of the Brain (cerebrum), Spinal Cord and Nerves. The Brain controls thinking, will andmemory. Reflex actions are controlled by the Spinal Cord. Nerves act as links between the Brain andvoluntary muscles. They help in transportation of the message to the Brain.

4. The Digestive SystemWhether awake or asleep some parts of the human body are always wearing out. It is the food that is

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needed to repair this wear and tear. The food supplies the body not only with energy but also heat aswell. Before it can supply the building material, food must be eaten and digested. The organs which helpin digestion are;a) Mouthb) Gulletc) Stomachd) Duodenume) Small intestinesf) Large intestinesg) Pancreash) LiverAll the above mentioned organs together constitute the Digestive System of the human body.

5. The Respiratory SystemIt is the mechanism of the human body which helps us to breathe air into our lungs to get oxygen.Oxygen comes in contact with haemoglobin which in turn comes in contact with food to give heatand energy.We breathe 16 to 18 times a minute. When we breathe, air passes through the larynx and down into thetrachea. The trachea divides itself into two branches–one goes to the right lung and other to theleft lung.

6. The Circulatory SystemDigestive system helps in making blood, respiratory system purifies it and circulatory system circulatesit in order to give energy and heat to the different parts of the human body. The heart is the pumpingstation, hollow, muscular and mango shaped. Impure blood from all parts of the body comes to theheart. It pumps it into the lungs for purification. The purified blood is then circulated to all parts of thebody by the heart.Cardiac muscles help the heart to contract and expand. This action causes the beating of the heart. Inthe case of a normal adult heart beats at the rate of 72 times/minute. The vessels that take the pure bloodfrom the heart to different parts of the body are called Arteries. The vessels that bring back the impureblood to the heart to be pumped to the lungs are called Veins.

7. The Urinary SystemEveryday the food and drinks we take in provide us with essential vitamins, minerals, fats,proteins, carbohydrates etc. These essential materials are absorbed by the alimentary canaland the waste left behind is thrown out of the body with the help of the Urinary System.

a) The Kidneys - These are two bean shaped organs, one on either side of the spinal column. While theblood is flowing through the kidneys, they strain out the poisonous waste matters which together with

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the water (that the kidneys take of the blood) form the urine. Urine passes from the kidneys through atube that leads from each kidney to the urinary bladder.

b) The Lungs - The Lungs are an essential part of the body whose principal function is to excretecarbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere.

c) The Skin - Another organ that plays a significant part in the removal of the waste from the body isthe skin. It is composed of outer and inner layers. There are a large number of sweat glands in the innerlayer of the skin. Each one of these has a little tube that leads out to the surface of the skin. The sweatcontains salt and waste matters similar to those in the urine. Its functions are

i) To throw out the waste matterii) To protect the inner organsiii) To give sensation of touchiv) To give shape to the body

8. The Reproductive System - Through the reproductive system, adult human beings procreate.Reproduction begins when sperm cell from a man fertilises an egg cell from a woman.

Components of a Body1. BloodBlood is a highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluidmedium known as plasma. The cellular constituents of blood are

• Red Blood Cells (RBC) - which carry respiratory gases and give it red colour• White Blood Cells (leukocytes) - which fight disease and• Platelets - cell fragments which play an important part in the clotting of the blood.

Anatomically, blood is considered a connective tissue from both its origin in the bones and its function.

Functions of blood :i. It helps in supply of oxygen to tissues.ii. It supplies nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids to all parts of the body.iii. It helps in removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea and lactic acid.iv. It helps body in its self-repair mechanism.v. It helps in regulation of body temperature.

2. BonesBone is a hard connective tissue that constitutes the sketal system of the body. It supports the body,helps the body move and protects the body. It also produces RBC and WBC and stores minerals. Ababy is born with about 300 bones which join together as they grow. An adult has 206 bones.

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‘Femur’ or the thigh bone is the largest bone in the body while ‘The stapes’ or the stirrup bone is thesmallest bone in the body.

3. The Human BrainHuman brain is the anteriormost part of the nervous system in the body. The brain controls the involutaryfunctions of the human body like heartbeat, respiration, digestion, sensory actions, and movement. Thebrain consists of three partsi. Cerebrum – It is the largest part of the brain consisting of two spheres which help in controllingvoluntary actions of the body.ii. Cerebullum – A large mass having ridges and furrows, attached to the cerebrum, it regulatesmuscular movements of the body.iii. Medula Oblongata – It is the lowermost part of the brain which extends as the spinal cord in thevertebral coloumns.

4. NervesHuman body is made up of 72.418 km of nerves that constitute the nervous system. Nerves help intransportation of messages to the brain in the form of impulses. The impulses travel at a speed of360km/hr.

5. The HeartThe Heart is the pumping station of the body, hollow, muscular and mango shaped. Impure blood fromall parts of the body comes to the heart and it pumps it into the lungs for purification. The purified bloodis then circulated to all parts of the body by the heart. In a day 27949.3 litres of blood is pumped through99776.6 km of blood vessels in a day.

FOOD AND NUTRITIONEvery action of human beings, mental or physical, needs energy to repair the wear and tear of the tissuesof the human body.The food supplies the body with the essential energy and heat. It also helps in thegrowth of the body.Some constituents of food produce heat and energy while others help in the growthand repair of the worn out tissues. So the food stuffs are divided into various classes according to theirfunctions namely

1. Proteins - These are complex compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorousand a large quantity of nitrogen. They are present in the white of an egg as albumen; in meat as myosin;in flour as glutens and in dals as legumin. Their uses are toi) Build up the tissues of the bodyii) Produce energyiii) Repair the worn out tissues.

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2. Fats - These are the compounds of glycerine and fatty acids which contain carbon, oxygen andhydrogen. Butter, ghee and various vegetable oils provide necessary fats to the body.

The uses of fats arei. To produce heat and energyii. To help in burning carbohydratesiii. To prevent the loss of heat from the body because fats are bad conductors of heat.iv. To serve as reserve food.

3. Carbohydrates - These are compounds of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Of the three elements,the last two are present in the same ratio in water. They include sugar and various starches found inwheat, rice, maize and potatoes.The uses of the carbohydrates are to supply heat and energy.

4. Mineral Salts - These are the salts of calcium, iron and sodium. The salts of calcium strengthen thebones, salts of iron enrich the blood and the common salts are the source of hydrochloric acid in thegastric juice. We get salts of calcium from milk and eggs and salts of iron from green vegetables, meatand eggs.

5. Water - It is the compound of oxygen and hydrogen.Its uses for the human body arei. It acts as a solvent of foodii. It flushes out the kidneys and helps in digestioniii. It helps in bowel movements in the body.

6. Vitamins - These are natural substances present in various food items. Their uses arei. They help in the growth and repair of the tissues of the human bodyii. They purify the bloodiii. They help in digestioniv. They eliminate harmful products from the body.

Vitamins are water as well as fat soluble. They can be classified as:i. Vitamin A - It is found in milk, butter, ghee, eggs, carrots, tomatoes green vegetables and cod-liveroil. It promotes digestion, growth, the functioning of eyes & ears and checks anaemia. A deficiency ofVitamin A causes rickets and night blindness.

ii. Vitamin B - It is soluble in water and is found in seeds of plants, egg yolk, many fruits, vegetablesand grains. It is removed when rice is polished or wheat is made into maida. It helps in growth, andenhances functioning of the nervous system. A deficiency of Vitamin B leads to beri beri, intestinalstasis, and enlargement of liver.

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iii. Vitamin C - It is soluble in water and is found in green vegetables, juicy fruits (lemons, oranges)tomatoes, cabbage, turnip and onions. It helps in development of bones, reducing diseases of liver anddisorders of stomach. Its deficiency causes scurvy and defective teeth and bones.

iv. Vitamin D - It is found in milk, butter, ghee, eggs, cod liver oil and sun rays. It helps in boneformation. Its deficiency causes rickets, osteoporosis and osteomalacia.

v. Vitamin E - It is found in wheat oil, green vegetables, peas, oats and corns. It helps in keeping awaysterility. Its deficiency leads to sterility.

vi. Vitamin K - It is found in fish and wheat. It helps in coagulation of blood.

HUMAN DISEASESA disease is a condition that impairs the proper functioning of a part of the body or the body as a whole(multiple organ failure). Hundreds of different diseases exist. Diseases can be classified as

1. Deficiency Diseases - These are diseases caused by a deficiency of nutrients in a human’s diet.Some important deficiency diseases are given below

2. Infectious Diseases – Infectious diseases are those that can be passed from one person to anotherby means of environment. It is caused by small agents such as bacteria, virus, fungi and protozoa.Some of the commonly known infectious diseases known to humans are

i. Bacterial Diseases – Common bacterial disease are thyphoid, tetanus, cholera, pneumonia, leprosy,plague, whooping cough, meningitis, diptheria etc.

Disease Caused due to Deficiency of

Kwashiorkar and Marasmus Protein

Anaemia Iron (Mineral)

Goitre Iodine (Mineral)

Night Blindness

DermatosisVitamin A

Beri-Beri Vitamin B1

Riboflavinosis Vitamin B2

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ii. Viral Disease – Common viral diseases are chickenpox, measles, rabies, mumps, influenza, hepatitis,encephalitis, AIDS etc.

iii. Fungal Diseases – Common fungal diseases are ringworm, athelete’s foot, dhobi’s itch etc.

iv. Protozoan Diseases – Common protozoan diseases are malaria, sleeping sickness, kalaazar, diarrhoeaetc.

3. Diseases of Eye - A disease in the eye generally causes the defect in vision. This defect in vision iscalled astigmatism. Some of the common diseases that affect the eye are cataract, glaucoma, hyper-metropia, and trachoma.

BRANCHES OF SCIENCES

Acoustics : The study of sound and sound wavesAerodynamics : The study of forces acting upon bodies in motion in the air (e.g., aircraft,

missiles, etc.)Aeronautics : The study of all activities pertaining to aerial locomotion (art of flying)Anatomy : The science of the structure of the animal/human body learnt by dissection.Anaesthesiology : A branch of medicine concerned with administration of anaesthetics and the

condition of the patient while under anaesthesia.Anthropology : The study of the origin and physical and cultural development of mankind.Archaeology : A scientific study of the material remains of the past as evidence of man’s life,

culture and history.Astronautics : A science dealing with space travel and space vehiclesAstrophysics : A branch of astronomy dealing with the physical nature of heavenly bodies.Astronomy : The science of heavenly bodies (planets)Bacteriology : A branch of microbiology dealing with bacteriaBiology : The science of living organisms; subdivided into Botany and ZoologyBiophysics : The physics of the vital processes of living organismsBotany : The science of the plant kingdomCardiology : A branch of medicine dealing with the heartCeramics : The art of making objects from clayChemistry : The study of elements, their behaviour and laws of their combination, etc.Cosmetology : The study of cosmetics and their useCosmology : The study of the universe—its origin, nature, structure and evolutionCytopathology : The study of diseased cellsDermatology : A branch of medicine dealing with skin

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Dietetics : The science of diet and nutritionEcology : The study of relationship between organisms and their environmentEntomology : Deals with study of insectsEndocrinology : The study of glandsEtymology : A study of the origin and history of wordsGenetics : A branch of biology dealing with heredity and the laws that govern itGeology : A study of the chemical composition of the earth’s crustGerontology : A branch medicine studying the ageing process, problems and diseasesGynaecology : A branch of medicine dealing with female diseases of the reproduction systemHaematology : A branch of medicine studying blood and its disordersHepatology : A branch of medicine dealing with liverHorticulture : A branch of agricultural science dealing with flowers, fruits, vegetables, etc.Hydrology : The science of water with reference to its occurrence and properties in the

hydrosphere and atmosphereHygiene : A branch of medicine dealing with health and its presevationImmunology : A branch of medicine dealing with the immune system of the bodyLithology : The study of the characteristics of rocksNeuropathology : A branch of medicine dealing with changes produced by diseases in the nervous

systemObstetrics : A branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy, labour and child birthOncology : A branch of medicine dealing with tumoursOphthalmology : A branch of medicine dealing with eyes and related problemsOrology : The study of mountainsOrnithology : The science of birdsOrthopaedics : A branch of medicine dealing with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the

skeletal system (bones)Paediatrics : A branch of medicine dealing with child diseases (infants)Palaeontology : The study of fossils and ancient life-formsPathology : A branch of medicine that deals with etiologies, mechanisms and manifestation

of diseasesPhysiology : A study of the life processes of various organs of living organismsPsychiatry : The study and treatment of mental and emotional disordersRadiology : A branch of medical science dealing with the use of x-rays for diagnosis and

treatmentTheology : The study of religionsZoology : A branch of biology that deals with animal life

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x Inventor(s) Country Year

Adding Machine (Pascaline)

Blaise Pascal France 1642

Aeroplane Wright brothers US 1903

Ballpoint Pen Laszlo Biro Hungary 1938

Barometer E. Torricelli Italy 1644

Bicycle Kirkpatrick Scotland 1839

Bicycle Tyre J.B. Dunlop Scotland 1888

Centigrade Scale A. Celsius France 1742

Computer Charles Babbage Britain 1820

CinemaA.L. and

J.L. LumiereFrance 1895

Clock (mechanical) Hsing and Ling-Tsan China 1725

Clock (pendulum) C. Hugyens The Netherlands 1656

Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel Germany 1892

Dynamite Alfred Nobel Sweden 1866

Dynamo Michael Faraday England 1831

Electric Lam Thomas Alva Edison US 1879

Electromagnet W. Sturgeon England 1825

Elevator E G Otis US 1852

Fountain Pen L.E. Waterman US 1884

Gas Lighting William Murdoch Scotland 1794

Gramophone Thomas Alva Edison US 1877

Jet Engine Sir Frank Whittle England 1937

SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS

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Locomotive Richard Trevithic England 1804

Machine Gun Richard Gatling US 1861

Match (safety) J.E. Lundstrom Sweden 1844

MicrophoneAlexander Graham

BellUS 1876

Microscope Z. Janssen The Netherlands 1590

Motor Car (Petrol) Karl Benz Germany 1885

Motorcycle Daimler Germany 1885

Parachute JPF Blanchard France 1785

Photography (film) John Carbott US 1888

Printing Press J. Gutenberg Germany 1455

Razor (safety) K.C. Gillette US 1895

RefrigeratorJ. Harrison and A.

CatlinBritain 1850

Safety Pin Walter Hunt US 1849

Sewing Machine B. Thimmonnier France 1829

Ship (steam) J.C. Perier France 1775

Ship (turbine) Sir Charles Parsons Britain 1894

Steam Engine(piston)

Thomas Newcombe Britain 1712

Steam Engine James Watt Scotland 1765

Stainless Steel Harry Brearley England 1913

Submarine D. Bushnell US 1776

Telegraph Sir Ernest Swington France 1787

Telegraph Code Samuel F.B. Morse US 1837

TelephoneAlexander Graham

BellUS 1876

Telescope Hans Lippershey The Netherlands 1608

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End of Chapter

Instrument Name Uses

Ammeter Instrument used for measuring electric current

Barometer Instrument used for measuring atmospheric pressure

Calorimeter Instrument used for measuring heat quantity

Cardiograph (ECG) Instrument used for recording movements of the heart

Electrometer Instrument used for measuring small electric current

Endoscope Instrument used to examine internal body organs

Galvanometer Instrument used for measuring electric current

Hydrometer Instrument used to relative density of liquids

Hygrometer Instrument used to measure atmospheric humidity

Lactometer Instrument used to measure relative density of milk

Manometer Instrument used to measure pressure of gases

Micrometer Instrument used to measure distances

Microscope Instrument used to very minute objects

Periscope Instrument used in submarines to views objects abovesea level

Polygraph Instrument used to record changes in the physiologicalprocess in the body

Salinometer Instrument to measure salinity in liquids

Sphygmomanometer Instrument used to measure blood pressure

Stethoscope Instrument used to hear sounds produced in the bodyby the lungs and the heart

Telescope Instrument used to view distant objects

Transponder Instrument used to receive and send signals

Voltmeter Instrument used to measure the potential electricdifference between two points

Wattmeter Instrument used to measure the power of an electriccircuit

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

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BRM Tests

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BRM Test - 1

Questions: 50 Time : 25 Mins.

1. The Earth completes one rotation on its axis in………….a) 23 h 300 min b) 23 h 56 min 4.09 secc) 24 h d) 23 h 10 min 2 s

2. The polar diameter of the Earth is shorter than its equatorial diameter by…………….a) 25 km b) 80 km c) 43 km d) 30 km

3. The layer of atmosphere closest to the Earth’s surface is calleda) Exosphere b) Ionosphere c) Stratosphere d) Troposphere

4. The most abundant element in the Earth’s atmosphere isa) Argon b) Nitrogen c) Oxygen d) Krypton

5. The distance between consecutive longitudes at the poles isa) Zero b) 18 km c) 25 km d) 10 km

6. Equinox meansa) The days are longer than the nightsb) The nights are longer than the daysc) The days and the nights are equald) The shortest day and the shortest night of the year

7. The heaviest mass revolving round the Sun isa) Moon b) Jupiter c) Neptune d) Saturn

8. Which is the hottest planet in our solar system?a) Venus b) Neptune c) Mars d) Jupiter

9. The planet nearest to the Earth isa) Mercury b) Jupiter c) Venus d) Pluto

10. Which of the following planets, orbits around the Sun in a backward direction from East toWest?a) Earth b) Mercury c) Jupiter d) Saturn

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11. The imaginary line on the Earth’s surface which closely follows 180° meridian, is calleda) The International Date Line b) The Tropic of Cancerc) The Equator d) The Prime Meridian

12. The McMahon Line is the border betweena) India and China b) Indian and Nepalc) India and Pakistan d) India and Burma

13. The Great Barrier Reef is aa) Hill range b) Coral formationc) Hot water sea d) Tidal bore

14. The tides in the ocean are caused by thea) Attraction of the Moon b) Spherical surface of the Earthc) Gravitation of the Earth d) Gravitational attraction of the Sun and the Moon

15. The Indian Standard Time (IST) is ahead of Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT) bya) 2 hours b) 5.5 hours c) 7.5 hours d) 6 hours

16. Kampala is the capital ofa) Uganda b) Zambia c) Kenya d) None of these

17. The modern capital of Brazil isa) Rio de Janeiro b) Sao Paulo c) El Salvador d) Brasilia

18. The largest river in Asia isa) Yangtze b) Brahmaputra c) Indus d) Mekong

19. Area wise, which is the largest ocean in the World?a) The Atlantic b) The Indian c) The Pacific d) The Arctic

20. Southern Rhodesia is the new name ofa) Zaire b) Zimbabwe c) Tanzania d) Swaziland

21. ‘The Land of the Morning Calm’ refers toa) Japan b) Korea c) Taiwan d) Netherlands

22. Which of the following countries is known as ‘The Land of the Thunder Bolt’?a) Taiwan b) Tibet c) Bhutan d) Japan

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23. ‘The Sick Man of Europe’ is the nick name fora) Rome b) Turkey c) Italy d) Oxford

24. Which of the following countries has the largest area in the World?a) Canada b) China c) USA d) Russia

25. Which of the following rivers crosses the Equator twice?a) The Amazon b) The Nile c) The Congo d) The Orinoco

26. Mount Everest is located in which country?a) India b) China c) Nepal d) Bhutan

27. Which is the world’s largest mountain range?a) The Alps b) The Himalaya c) The Andes d) The Atlas

28. The largest Island in the world isa) Australia b) Greenland c) New Guinea d) None of these

29. Bauxite is an important ore ofa) Aluminium b) Zinc c) Copper d) Mica

30. Which of the following countries leads in the production of gold?a) India b) Bhutan c) Tibet d) South Africa

31. Which of the following countries leads in the production of tea?a) India b) Myanmar c) Sri Lanka d) Japan

32. Which country is the largest producer of silk?a) India b) Japan c) China d) Brazil

33. Which country is the largest producer of rubber in the world?a) Sri Lanka b) Malaysia c) India d) Brazil

34. Which country produces the maximum sugar in the world?a) USA b) India c) Cuba d) Brazil

35. Which of the following planets has the maximum number of satellites?a) Jupiter b) Saturnc) Earth d) Mars

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36. Who discovered the sea route to India?a) Vasco Da Gama in 1498 b) Columbus in 1402c) Magellan in 1506 d) Sir Hopkins in 1698

37. Which of the following atmospheric layer helps in radio communication?a) Exosphere b) Ionosphere c) Troposphere d) Stratosphere

38. Riyal is the currency of which country?a) Romania b) Saudi Arabia c) Japan d) Libya

39. The term ‘Third World’ refers to thea) Developed countries b) Underdeveloped and developing countriesc) Oil rich countries d) Asian countries

40. Which of the following soils is best suited for wheat cultivation?a) Black soil b) Red soil c) Laterite soil d) Deep rich soil

41. Who was the first to classify the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World?a) Aristotle b) Plato c) Antipater d) Socrates

42. Which among the following is the world’s longest road?a) The Grant Trunk Road b) The Broadway Streetc) The Pan-American Highway d) The Monumental Axis

43. Who was the painter of the Mona Lisa?a) Leonardo da Vinci b) F.A. Bartholdic) Henry Smith d) None of these

44. The New York version of the Statue of Liberty was engineered bya) A.G. Eiffel b) Henry Smithc) Sir Edwin Lutyens d) None of these

45. The Kangaroo is the national emblem ofa) Canada b) Australiac) Italy d) Ireland

46. The Water Lily is the national emblem ofa) Denmark b) Bangladeshc) Italy d) Luxembourg

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47. The ‘Shora’ is the Parliament of which country?a) Algeria b) Iranc) Afghanistan d) Austria

48. The Parliament of Japan is calleda) Dail b) Sejimc) Cortes d) Diet

49. Reuters is the news agency ofa) United Kingdom b) United Statesc) Former USSR d) Germany

50. Who is the first woman and Asian to head the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)?a) Tanya Mitra b) Chitra Natrajanc) Chitra Bharucha d) Payal Ranganathan

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1. The French Revolution began in the yeara) 1770 b) 1788 c) 1789 d) 1750

2. The ‘Renaissance’ took place in Europe ina) 12th century b) 14th century c) 15th century d) 18th century

3. Who emerged as a great leader in France as result of the ‘French Revolution’ ?a) Voltaire b) Napoleon Bonapartec) Karl Marx d) None of these

4. The Russian Revolution took place in the yeara) 1917 b) 1914 c) 1910 d) 1920

5. The ‘Bolsheviks’ are associated witha) France b) Germany c) Russia d) England

6. Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?a) Lenin b) Karl Marx c) Stalin d) None of these

7. Which was Napoleon’s last battle in which he was captured and exiled to St. Helena?a) The Battle of Trafalgar b) The Battle of Austerlitzc) The Battle of Waterloo d) The Battle of Leipzig

8. Karl Marx belonged to which country?a) Italy b) Yugoslavia c) Russia d) Germany

9. World War I started in which year?a) 1912 b) 1914 c) 1910 d) 1916

10. World War II started in which year?a) 1938 b) 1935 c) 1939 d) 1940

11. The Treaty of Versailles was signed ina) 1914 b) 1920 c) 1928 d) 1919

12. The UNO came into existence ina) 1946 b) 1945 c) 1947 d) 1950

BRM Test - 2


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13. The headquarter of the UNO are located ata) New York b) Paris c) Washington DC d) Geneva

14. The UN Security Council has how many permanent members?a) 5 b) 7 c) 8 d) 15

15. The UN day is officially celebrated ona) 25th Dec b) 24th Oct c) 24th Sept d) 25th Nov

16. Which of the following is not a principal body of UNO?a) Security Council b) International Court of Justicec) Trusteeship Council d) UNICEF

17. How many official working languages are recognized by the UNO?a) 8 b) 7 c) 6 d) 5

18. The headquarters of the International Labour Organisation is located ata) Geneva b) The Hague c) New York d) Rome

19. Kofi Annan was appointed as the Secretary General of the UNO in which year?a) 2000 b) 1999 c) 1998 d) 1997

20. The World Health Organisation (WHO) was established in the yeara) 1945 b) 1948 c) 1957 d) 1950

21. Which of the following UN organizations is concerned with the welfare of children through-out the world?a) UNESCO b) UNICEF c) WHO d) FAO

22. In which years did India become a member of the UNO?a) 1948 b) 1947 c) 1946 d) 1945

23. The headquarters of the International Court of Justice is located ata) New York b) The Hague c) Geneva d) Washinton D C

24. Who was the first Chairman of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation(SAARC)?a) Gen. Zia ur Rehmanb) Lt Gen. H.M. Ershadc) King Birendrad) Mrs Indira Gandhi

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25. The Red Cross was founded bya) J. H. Durant b) Baden Powell c) Trygve Lie d) Frederick Passey

26. Match the followingA) Rig Veda 1. Musical hymnsB) Yajur Veda 2. Sacrifices and ritualsC) Sama Veda 3. MedicineD) Atharva Veda 4. Sacred Prayers

A B C Da) 2 3 4 1b) 3 4 2 1c) 4 2 3 1d) 4 2 1 3

27. ‘Das Kapital’ was written bya) Lenin b) Mao-Tse-tungc) Karl Marx d) None of these

28. Match the following:Author Work

A) Kautilya 1. Broken WingB) Panini 2. ArthashastraC) Maharishi Ved Vyas 3. AshtadhyayiD) Sarojini Naidu 4. Bhagawad Gita

A B C Da) 1 4 2 3b) 4 1 3 2c) 3 2 4 1d) 2 3 4 1

29. Who is the author of the book ‘A Passage to India’?a) E.M. Forster b) Jawaharlal Nehruc) Minoo Masani d) None of these

30. ‘Swami and Friends’ was written bya) R.K. Laxman b) R.K. Narayan c) Mulk Raj Anand d) None of these

31. ‘Dak Ghar’ was written bya) R.K. Narayan b) Mulk Raj Anand c) R.K. Laxman d) Rabindranath Tagore

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32. Who is the author of ‘Anandamath’ ?a) Iqbal b) Bankim Chandra Chatterjeec) Tara Shankar Bandyopadhyay d) None of these

33. ‘Panchatantra’ was written bya) Bhasa b) Jaya Deva c) Vishnu Sharma d) Banabhatta

34. The author of Malavikagnimitram wasa) Harisena b) Kalidasa c) Vatsabhatti d) Bhavabhuti

35. The number of the Upanishads area) 300 b) 108 c) 412 d) 512

36. ‘India Wins Freedom’ is a semi-biographical work ofa) Jawaharlal Nehru b) Mahatama Gandhic) Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad d) None of these

37. ‘Meghadootam’ was written bya) Bhavabhuti b) Kalidasac) Maharishi Ved Vyas d) Maharishi Valmiki

38. Which is the controversial book, some pages of which were kept sealed in the CalcuttaMuseum to be released after 40 years of independence in 1988?a) Freedom at Midnight b) India Wins Freedomc) India Divided d) None of these

39. Who is the author of ‘A Suitable Boy’?a) R.K. Narayanan b) Nirad C. Chaudhuryc) Amitava Ghosh d) Vikram Seth

40. Who among the following is the inventor of a system of writing and printing for the blind?a) Robert Wilhelm Bunsen b) Louis Braillec) Sir Humphrey Davy d) Christian Huygents

41. Sigmund Freud is associated witha) Detective work b) Physiology and medicinec) Psychology d) Leprosy control

42. Who was the first human to go into space?a) Edwin Aldrin (USA) b) Frank Boreman (USA)c) Yuri Gagarin (Russia) d) Ghrman S. Titov (Russia)

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43. Rearrange the following in a chronologically descending order :1. Aristotle 2. Socrates 3. Confucius 4. Platoa) 1, 4, 2, 3 b) 3, 4, 2, 1 c) 2, 4, 1, 3 d) 3, 2, 4, 1

44. Who is said to be the father of Modern Olympics?a) Robert Dover b) Pierre de Coubertinc) Theodosius I d) Ernest Curtis

45. In which year did the first Modern Olympic Games take place?a) 1908 b) 1904 c) 1896 d) 1895

46. In which year was the International Olympic Committee (IOC) formed?a) 1893 b) 1894 c) 1895 d) 1896

47. Where were the first Modern Olympic Games held?a) Olympia b) Athens c) Seoul d) Los Angeles

48. ‘In the Line of Fire: A Memoir’ is the autobiography ofa) Jaswant Singh b) Muhammad Zia ul Haqc) Pervez Musharraf d) George Fernandes

49. Which country has joined the European Union in January 2007?a) Romania b) Switzerlandc) Turkey d) Latvia

50. ‘Out of My Comfort Zone’ is the autobiography ofa) Mark Waugh b) Steve Waughc) Nasser Hussain d) Alec Stewart

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134

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BRM Test - 3


1. ‘Bishop’ is the term associated with which sports?a) Cricket b) Polo c) Chess d) Golf

2. The Nobel Prize for Economics was introduced in which year?a) 1968 b) 1969 c) 1970 d) 1971

3. In which year was the Nobel Prize first awarded?a) 1895 b) 1901 c) 1876 d) 1900

4. Which country awards the Nobel Prize?a) America b) Englandc) Sweden d) Ireland

5. Individually the only person to have outrightly won the Nobel Prize twice isa) William Lawrence b) Dr Linus Carl Paulingc) Marie Curie d) Antoni Henri Becquerel

6. Who was the first Indian to have won the Nobel Prize?a) Dr. C.V. Raman b) Rabindra Nath Tagorec) Mother Teresa d) H.G. Khorana

7. Which of the following works brought the first Nobel Prize to India?a) Theory of Relativity b) Manu’s Arthashastrac) Gitanjali d) Social Work

8. Who was the first scientist to have received the Nobel Prize in India and in which year ?a) HG Khorana in 1968 b) CV Raman in 1930c) CV Raman in 1934 d) HG Khorana in 1940

9. The first woman to win the Nobel Prize wasa) Mother Teresa b) Mrs. Aung San Suu Kyic) Madame Marie Curie d) None of these

10. ‘LASER’ is an acronym for Light Amplification bya) Stimulated Emission of Radio Waves b) Stimulated Emission of Radiationc) Spontaneous Emission of Radio Waves d) Spontaneous Emission of Radiation

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11. AISSF stands fora) All India Special Services Federation b) All India Shiv Sena Folkc) All India Sikh Service Fund d) All India Sikh Students Federation

12. What was the name of India’s first base in Antarctica, set up in 1982?a) Gangotri b) Maitric) Dakshin Gangotri d) Dakshin Maitri

13. The currency of Indonesia isa) Dollar b) Rupiah c) Lira d) Rupee

14. The deepest lake in the world is thea) Red Sea b) Dal Lake c) Caspian Sea d) Baikal Lake

15. The Fourth Estate meansa) The Press b) The Police c) The Judiciary d) The Ministry

16. The Asian Development Bank has its headquarters ata) Manila b) Beijing c) Delhi d) Tokyo

17. The Simla Pact was betweena) Russia-India b) India-Pakistan c) India-China d) India-Bangladesh

18. The Indian Army has been divided intoa) Four commands b) Eight commandsc) Six commands d) Five commands

19. Where is the ‘Holy Land’ of the World?a) Amritsar b) The Vatican Cityc) Palestine d) Egypt

20. Which country is called the ‘Land of the Rising Sun’?a) Japan b) Norway c) Ireland d) Thailand

21. Venice is commonly known as thea) Queen of the Adriatic b) Queen of the Northc) Queen of Europe d) Beauty city

22. Which is the ‘City of Seven Hills’?a) Paris b) Romec) Venice d) None of these

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23. Australia is known as thea) Land of Golden Fleece b) Dependent continentc) South Europe d) Richest Island

24. The sobriquet used for Norway is thea) Land of the Midnight Sun b) Land of the Rising Sunc) Land of the Morning Clam d) Land of the Maple Leaf

25. ‘The Land of the Maple Leaf’ is the sobriquet ofa) New York b) Canada c) Malta d) Ireland

26. ‘The Sick Man of Europe’ is a sobriquet ofa) Turkey b) France c) South-hall d) Berlin

27. Which of the following is known as the ‘City of the Golden Gate’?a) Amritsar in India b) London in Englandc) San Francisco in USA d) Sydney in Australia

28. Numismatics is the study ofa) Coins b) Numbers c) Stamps d) Space

29. Eugenics is the study ofa) Altering human beings by changing their genetic componentsb) The people of European originc) The different races of mankindd) The genetics of plants

30. Ornithology is thea) Study of bones b) Study of birds c) Study of smells d) None of these

31. Entomology deals witha) Plants b) Animals c) Insects d) Chemicals

32. Density of milk is measured by aa) Lactometer b) Hydrometer c) Barometer d) Hygrometer

33. The instrument used to measure electric current isa) Ammeter b) Electrometer c) Galvanometer d) Spectrometer

34. ‘Fathometer’ is used to measurea) Earthquakes b) Rainfall c) Ocean depth d) Sound intensity

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35. Who among the following invented the Steam Engine?a) Marconi b) James Watt c) Thomas Savery d) Wright Brothers

36. Who invented the Typewriter ?a) Shockley b) Remington c) Scholes d) Waterman

37. The credit of inventing the television goes toa) Faraday b) Baird c) Edison d) Marconi

38. Choose the correct combinationa) Typewriter : Remington b) Dynamite : Dunlopc) Evolution : Darwin d) Aeroplane : Harvey

39. Who invented the ball-point pen ?a) Waterman b) Oscarc) Wilson d) Biro brothers

40. Who among the following evolved the concept of relationship between mass and energy?a) Einstein b) Planckc) Dalton d) Rutherford

41. Match the following columns :Column I Column II

A) Marconi 1. RadioB) Darwin 2. Natural selection theoryC) Laennec 3. Orthogenesis theoryD) Baird 4. Stethoscope

5. Television

A B C Da) 1 3 4 5b) 5 4 3 2c) 1 2 4 5d) 3 5 2 4

42. Who among the following is associated with the invention of Computers?a) Edison b) Babbagec) MacMillan d) Rangabhashyam

43. Which country has won the 11th Hockey World Cup 2006?a) New Zealand b) Australia c) Argentina d) Germany

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44. What is the full form of NASA?a) National Aeronautical Science Associationb) New Aeronautical and Science Agencyc) National Aeronautics and Space Administrationd) None of these

45. The Indian Constitution is divided into how many parts?a) 22 b) 21 c) 20 d) 18

46. Which city is set to become the first Wi-Max city of India and only the second in the World?a) Chennai b) Bangalore c) Kolkata d) Mumbai

47. Which country is the latest member (192nd) of the UN?a) Taiwan b) Switzerland c) Malawi d) Montenegro

48. Which PSU has won the SCOPE award for the year 2004-05?a) SAIL b) ONGC c) IOC d) GAIL

49. Who is the autor of the book “A Call to Honor-In Service of Emergent India’?a) Bimal Jalan b) Arvind Kejriwalc) Jaswant Singh d) Yashwant Sinha

50. Who has won the Tour de France for the year 2006?a) Lance Armstrong b) Floyd Landisc) Tim Henman d) Carl Johnson

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139

Temple of Learning


BRM Test - 4


1. Who wrote the book ‘The Art of War’?a) The Duke of Welllington b) Norman Schwarzkopfc) Sun Tzu d) Napolean Bonaparte

2. The smallest unit of data a computer can process is a:a) Bit b) Bot c) Byte d) Bode

3. What does GSLV stand for?a) Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicleb) Geo-Synchronous Launch Vehiclec) Global Satellite Launch Vehicled) Global Synchronous Launch Vehicle

4. What does PSLV stand for?a) Payload Servicing Launch Vehicleb) Perfect Satellite Launch Vehiclec) Polar Satellite Launch Vehicled) Prithvi Solar Launch Vehicle

5. ISRO stands for ____________a) International Satellite Research Organizationb) Indian Satellite Research Organizationc) International Space Research Organizationd) Indian Space Research Organization

6. Which former President has got two consecutive terms in office?a) Dr Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed b) Dr. Zakir Hussainc) Giani Zail Singh d) Dr Rajendra Prasad

7. What does the DMK (political party) stand for?a) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam b) Dravida Moksha Kazhagamc) Davidra Muntrar Kazhagam d) Dravidrar Muktikul Kazhagam

8. Who is the founder of the DMK?a) M. Karunanidhi b) Jayalalithac) C.N. Annadurai d) M.G. Ramachandran

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9. Orygen Trinley Dorje is the real name ofa) 16th Kagyu Karmapa b) 17th Kagyu Karmapac) Rimpoche d) Dalai Lama

10. Who was India’s first Deputy Prime Minister?a) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel b) Sardar Baldev Singhc) B.R. Ambedkar d) Maulana Azad

11. Rabindranath Nath Tagore composed the national anthem of which country?a) Bangladesh b) Indiac) India, Bangladesh and Nepal d) India and Bangladesh

12. The first Joint Stock company to trade with India was started bya) Dutch b) British c) French d) Portuguese

13. Who was the first Indian woman to win a medal at the Olympics?a) Karnam Malleswari b) Bachendri Palc) Kunjarani Devi d) P.T. Usha

14. India’s first satellite was launched in:a) 1950 b) 1965 c) 1975 d) 1985

15. What was the name of the first satellite launched by India?a) Aryabhatta b) Bhaskara I c) Bhaskara II d) Rohini

16. Who was the first Indian to go into space?a) Kalpana Chawla b) Tenzing Norgay c) Rakesh Sharma d) Sanjay Thapar

17. Who wrote ‘The War of the Worlds’?a) Colin Wilson b) H.G. Wells c) Isaac Asimov d) Dan Brown

18. Where are the headquarters of the International Monetary Fund located?a) Washington D C b) Geneva c) Berlin d) London

19. Which gas makes up the single largest component of the Earth’s atmosphere?a) Carbon Monoxide b) Carbon Dioxidec) Oxygen d) Nitrogen

20. Who was the founder of the Indian National Congress?a) Annie Besant b) A.O Humec) M. K. Gandhi d) None of the above

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21. Who is the Iron Man of Germany?a) Boris Becker b) Bismarck c) Hitler d) Napoleon

22. Which of the following element has the lowest melting point?a) Mercury b) Carbon c) Astatine d) Rhodium

23. Which planet’s name means ‘The God of the Heavens’?a) Venus b) Neptune c) Jupiter d) Uranus

24. Who founded the Arya Samaj in AD 1875?a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagarc) M. G. Ranade d) Dayanand Saraswathi

25. The first Telegraph line, introduced by Lord Dalhousie in 1853, ran betweena) Mumbai and Calcutta b) Calcutta and Agrac) Mumbai and Thane d) Mumbai and Chennai

26. Common salt is obtained from sea water by the process ofa) Evaporation b) Crystallizationc) Filtration d) Sublimation

27. Who, amongst the following, was the first Englishman to become President of the IndianNational Congress?a) A.O. Hume b) George Yulec) William Wedderburn d) Ramsay McDonald

28. Which of the following is not an ‘ear’ bone?a) Stapes b) Incusc) Sacral d) Malleus

29. Who amongst the following invented ‘Wireless Telegraphy’?a) Gugileime Marconi b) Max Planckc) Heinrich Hertz c) Michael Faraday

30. Duncan Pass is located betweena) South and Little Andaman b) North and South Andamanc) South and Middle Andaman d) North and Little Andaman

31. Which bird’s scientific name is ‘Pavo Cristatus’?a) Peacock c) Kiwic) Ostrich d) Emu

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32. Which among the following is the largest Union Territory by area?a) Pondicherry b) Daman & Diuc) Dadra & Nagar Haveli d) The Andaman & Nicobar Islands

33. What is the currency of Portugal?a) Euro b) Escudoc) Mark d) Schilling

34. Which two countries lie on either side of the Durand Line?a) India and Afghanistan b) India and Nepalc) Pakistan and Afghanistan d) Pakistan and Iran

35. Whose autobiography is ‘A Captain’s Diary’?a) Imran Khan b) Alec Stewartc) Allan Border d) Wasim Akram

36. What does a Phillumenist collect?a) Old coins b) Flags of various nationsc) Match box labels d) Stamps

37. Who has written ‘A Village by the Sea’?a) Arundhuti Roy b) Pranc) Anita Desai d) Khalil Gibran

38. The Panumunjom border post divides which of the following two countries?a) Japan and China b) North and South Koreac) South Korea and Japan d) North Korea and China

39. Established in the year 1931, the Commonwealth of Nations today has a membership________ states.a) 87 Nation b) 54 Nation c) 69 Nation d) 92 Nation

40. India is a member of1. NATO 2. WTO 3. IAEA 4. NAFTAa) 2 and 3 b) 1 and 4 c) 1, 2 & 3 d) All the above

41. Constantinople is the old name for which city?a) Harare b) Istanbul c) Oslo d) Cardiff

42. When is World Tourism Day celebrated?a) 27th September b) 27th October c) 27th November d) 27th December

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43. The river Sone is a tributary of which river?a) Indus b) Yamuna c) Sutlej d) Ganga

44. Where was the 14th NAM Summit held in September 2006?a) Durban b) Moscow c) Havana d) Kuala Lumpur

45. Where was the 32nd G-8 summit held in July 2006?a) Gleneagles b) St. Petersburg c) Moscow d) London

46. Which country from the given options is not a member of G-8?a) Canada b) France c) Germany d) Australia

47. Which country is not a member of NAM?a) USA b) UAE c) Egypt d) Ecuador

48. Who has written the book ‘Mein Kampf’?a) Rudyard Kipling b) Karl Marx c) Adolf Hitler d) Charles Dickens

49. Who won the Ramon Magsaysay Award for the year 2006?a) Arvind Kejriwal b) Laxmi Narayan Ramdasc) Shantha Sinha d) V Shanta

50. Who is the Chief Election Commissioner of India?a) J M Lyngdoh b) B B Tandonc) S Y Qureshi d) N Gopalaswami

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144

Temple of Learning


BRM Test - 5


1. Which of the following countries is not a member of the SAARC?a) China b) Maldives c) Sri Lanka d) Bhutan

2. Which of the following countries is not a member of ASEAN?a) Brunei b) India c) Vietnam d) Laos

3. Net factor income from abroad added to GDP givesa) NDP b) GNP c) NNP d) Per capita income

4. The rear view mirror used in a car isa) Convex b) Concave c) Plane d) Parabolic

5. The first census in India was completed in the yeara) 1873 b) 1852 c) 1872 d) 1842

6. ‘Love Story’ was written bya) Khuswant Singh b) Anita Desaic) William Golding d) Erich Segal

7. Cooking gas is a mixture of:a) Butane & Propane b) Oxygen and Butanec) Oxygen & Nitrogen d) Methane and Carbon Dioxide

8. Lead pencils containa) White lead b) Graphite c) Red lead d) Coke

9. The Secretariat of WTO is based ina) Paris b) London c) Rome d) Geneva

10. ‘Truth, Love and a Little Malice’ is authored bya) Indira Goswami b) Khushwant Singhc) Amitabh Ghosh d) Anita Desai

11. The term “puck” is associated witha) Table Tennis b) Lawn Tennis c) Ice Hockey d) Water polo

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12. The largest gland in the body is thea) Liver b) Pituitaryc) Thyroid d) Thymus

13. ECG is related to thea) Heart b) Brainc) Stomach d) Gall Bladder

14. Hepatitis is a disease related to thea) Kidney b) Musclesc) Liver d) Brain

15. Who was the designer of the Victoria Memorial?a) G.Witet b) William Emersonc) Geronimo Veroneo d) Edward Lutyens

16. When was the first Five Year Plan started?a) 1950-51 b) 1951-52c) 1947-48 d) 1948-49

17. The battle of Waterloo was fought betweena) Germany and Britain b) Poland and Britainc) Germany and France d) Britain and France

18. Duma is the Lower House of the parliament of which country?a) Denmark b) Norwayc) Russia d) Canada

19. The amendment of which of the following Articles of the Indian constitution would enablethe government to impose Value Added Tax (VAT) regime in India?a) Article 369 b) Article 271c) Article 269 d) Article 279

20. Who is the current Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?a) Rodrigo Rato b) Hoest Koehllerc) Montek Singh Ahluwalia d) James Wolfenson

21. Who is the Chief of the Indian Army?a) Deepan Singh b) Bibek Debroy c) Joginder Sharma d) None of these

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22. Who is the Chief of the Indian Navy?a) Devesh Malik b) Arun Prakashc) T.P. Thapa d) Sureesh Mehta

23. Who is the Comptroller and Auditor General of India?a) V N Kaul b) Vineet Panditc) Shashank Kumar d) Subhendra Pandit

24. The deputy speaker of Lok Sabha isa) Manohar Joshi b) K Rahman Khanc) Charan Jeet Singh Atwal d) Najma Heptullah

25. The deputy speaker of the Rajya Sabha isa) K. Rahman Khan b) S.P. Shuklac) Om Prakash Chautala d) Amar Singh

26. Who is the President of the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)?a) L.K. Advani b) Raj Nath Singhc) Arun Jaitley d) Venkaiah Naidu

27. Who is the Chief Minister of Puducherry?a) M.M. Lakhera b) Dilip Phadnisc) N. Rangaswamy d) Arun Mathur

28. Who is the Chief Minsiter of Mizoram?a) Pu Zoramthanga b) P.A. Sangmac) P.K. Chamling d) Okram Ibobi Singh

29. Who is the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)?a) Yasser Arafat b) Mahmoud Abbas c) Ariel Sharon d) Ehud Barak

30. Who was the first India woman to swim across the seven seas?a) Shikha Tandon b) Bula Choudhary c) Amanda Beard d) Aarti Saha

31. Who is the President of the International Cricket Council (ICC)?a) Malcolm Speed b) Ehsan Mani c) Percy Sonn d) Tayaab Khan

32. Which Indian city is nicknamed ‘The City of Joy’?a) Chennai b) Mumbai c) Bangalore d) Kolkata

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33. In which Asian city was the Mughal Emperor Babur buried?a) Lahore b) Kabul c) Quetta d) Samarkand

34. Lima is the capital of which country?a) Peru b) Chile c) Lebanon d) None of these

35. The first ever stamp issued in India in 1854 had the picture of which person?a) Lord Clive b) Queen Victoria c) Queen Elizabeth I d) King George V

36. Dirham is currency of which country?a) Egypt b) Saudi Arabia c) U.A.E d) Israel

37. In which body part are the Islets of Langerhans present?a) Liver b) Brain c) Pancreas d) Small intestine

38. What is the maximum strength (number of members) of Lok Sabha?a) 540 b) 545 c) 550 d) 555

39. What is the currency of Poland?a) Rouble b) Euro c) Dollar d) Zloty

40. Aswan Dam is located in which country?a) Sudan b) Uganda c) Egypt d) India

41. Lack of Vitamin A leads toa) Scurvy b) Night Blindness c) Beriberi d) Rickets

42. Kuchipudi is a classical dance form of which state?a) Kerala b) Andhra Pradesh c) Tamil Nadu d) Orissa

43. Who was the first woman to go into space?a) Svetlana Savitskaya b) Valentina Tereshkovac) Sally Ride d) Adriyana Nikolayev

44. Which of the following is not a commercial crop?a) Jowar b) Rice c) Wheat d) Cotton

45. World Environment Day is observed ona) 5th January b) 31st January c) 5th June d) 31st June

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46. ‘Madhubani’ painting is the art form of which state?a) Rajasthan b) Uttar Pradesh c) Jammu & Kashmird) Bihar

47. The Gandhara and Mathura art forms developed during the period of………a) Harshvardana b) Samudragupta c) Kanishka d) Huvishka

48. Which was India’s first nuclear power plant?a) Kalpakkam b) Korba c) Tarapore d) Trombay

49. In which state is the Dudhwa national park located?a) Madhya Pradesh b) Uttar Pradesh c) Uttaranchal d) Rajasthan

50. The term of Rajya Sabha isa) 4 years b) 5 years c) 6 years d) 7 years

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149

Temple of Learning


BRM Test - 6


1. In which city is the secretariat of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation(SAARC) located?a) New Delhi b) Kathmandu c) Islamabad d) Colombo

2. The deficiency of which vitamin causes Beriberi?a) Vitamin-B-12 b) Vitamin C c) Vitamin B-1 d) Vitamin B-2

3. How many ounces are there in a pound?a) 11 b) 16 c) 10 d) 15

4. Who is the only Governor-General of India to be appointed twice on the post?a) Lord Canning b) Lord Cornwallis c) Lord Dalhousie d) Lord Mountbatten

5. What is the name of the Canadian author who wrote ‘Life of Pi’, which won The Bookerprize in 2003?a) Jack Welsch b) Yann Martel c) Arundhati Roy d) Daniel’O Brien

6. The J.S. Verma committee formed by the government dealt witha) Restructuring UTIb) Determining the role of exchanges and corporate with regards to price sensitive

information.c) Probing into the Ketan Parekh Scamd) None of these

7. The first Indian film with sound in it wasa) Raja Harishchandra b) Alamarac) Pundalik d) None of the above

8. Which was the first TV serial on Doordarshan network?a) Buniyaad b) Humlog c) Mahabharat d) None

9. Which is the highest civilian award given by the President of India?a) Bharat Ratna b) Dadasaheb Phalke Awardc) Oscar Award d) Jnanpith Award

10. Which city is called the ‘City of Magnificent Distances’?a) Washington D.C b) Paris c) London d) Tokyo

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11. December 10th is observed as thea) UN Day b) World Health Dayc) World Red cross Day d) Human Rights Day

12. Who was the first ever woman Prime Minister of any country in the World?a) Mrs. Indira Gandhi of India b) Mrs. Sirimavo Bhandaranaike of Sri Lankac) Mrs. Golda Meir of Israil d) None of these

13. The Booker prize is awarded in which field?a) Science b) Literaturec) Medicine d) Social Service

14. ‘Invisible Man’ has been authored bya) James Jeams b) Victor Hungo c) G.B. Shaw d) H.G. Wells

15. Which country is known as ‘The Forbidden Country’?a) Lhasa b) Norway c) Malaysia d) Cuba

16. What is the emblem of the United Nations Organisation (UNO)?a) Stars & Moon b) Olive Branch c) A Dove d) A Mountain Peak

17. Batavia is an old name for which country?a) Angora b) Jakarta c) Beijing d) Cambodia

18. What is the ‘Maginot Line’?a) Boundary between Iraq-Iranb) Boundary between North & South Koreac) Boundary between North & South Vietnamd) Boundary between France & Germany

19. Where does one find the World’s tallest fountain?a) Venice b) Jamaica c) Arizona d) Los Angeles

20. Name the first man/men who climbed Mt. Everest?a) Edmund Hillary b) Tenzing Norgay c) Both d) None of these

21. The Asian Games 2006 were held at………a) Hong-Kong b) Kuala Lumpur c) Doha d) New Delhi

22. When was the first Lok Sabha constituted?a) 1950 b) 1947 c) 1951 d) 1952

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23. Which three countries were the chief founders of the Non-Aligned movement?a) India, Burma, Nepal b) India, China Russiac) India, Yugoslavia, Egypt d) Egypt, Yugoslavia, Sri Lanka

24. Which British General in India was involved in the Battle of Plassey?a) Lord Duplex b) Lord Hastingc) Lord Cornwallis d) Lord Clive

25. Which is the highest Gallantry Award of the Indian Republic?a) Paramvir Chakra b) Mahavir Chakrac) Ashok Chakra d) Kirti Chakra

26. Chandigarh & Bhubaneswar were designed bya) Edward Lutyens b) Frank Manc) Le Corbusier d) None of these

27. India’s highest literacy award isa) Sathitya Akademi b) Padma Shreec) Jnanpith d) Saraswati Samman

28. Who was the first Chairman of Rajya Sabha?a) G.L. Nanda b) Hukum Singhc) S. Radhakrishnan d) G.B Pant

29. Who was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India?a) K.V. Sundaram b) Subashish Sen Vermac) Sukumar Sen d) T. N. Seshan

30. The first speaker of Lok Sabha wasa) M.A. Ayyangar b) G.V. Mavalankar c) Hukum Singh d) Shivraj Patil

31. The Controller and Auditor General of India is appointed by thea) Finance Minister b) Prime Minister c) Law Minister d) President

32. The Finance Commission is constituted by thea) Finance Minister b) President of Indiac) Prime Minister of India d) Home Minister

33. Which region in India is known as the ‘Rice Bowl of India’?a) The North-East Region b) Kerala and Tamil Naduc) The Indo-Gangetic Plane d) The Krishna-Godavari Delta Region

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34. K-2, the world’s second highest peak is located in which mountain range?a) The Pir Panjal b) The Himalayasc) The Karakoram d) None of these

35. M.S. Subbulakshmi was a famous exponent in which field?a) Hindustani Music b) Actingc) Carnatic Music d) Painting

36. Who of the following was the first to receive the prestigious Jnanpith Award?a) Amrita Pritam b) Girish Karnadc) G. Sankara Kurup d) Nirmal Verma

37. From what event do the Mohammedans date their era?a) Hejira or the flight of Mohammad from Mecca to Medinab) The Birth of Mohammadc) The Death of Mohammadd) None of these

38. The Bourbon dynasty ruled in which of the following countries?a) France b) China c) England d) Germany

39. Which city is popularly known as the ‘City of Seven Hills’?a) Berne b) Rome c) Mexico d) Kathmandu

40. Which city is known as the ‘Manchester of the Orient’?a) Hong-Kong b) Osaka c) Tokyo d) Shanghai

41. Which country is the largest producer of cotton in the World?a) USA b) Russia c) Saudi Arabia d) Brazil

42. Which country is the largest producer of coal in the World?a) Canada b) U.S.A c) Germany d) Russia

43. Which country is known as the ‘Playground of Europe’?a) England b) France c) Switzerland d) Holland

44. Trygve Lie, the first Secretary General of the UN was from which country?a) Norway b) Sweden c) Denmark d) Finland

45. The number of non-permanent members in the Security Council of the UN isa) 20 b) 5 c) 15 d) 10

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46. Match the following options correctly1. Nagaland A. Aizwal2. Meghlaya B. Imphal3. Arunachal Pradesh C. Shillong4. Manipur D. Kohima

E. Itanagar

a) 1-D, 2-C, 3-E, 4-B b) 1-C, 2-D, 3-E, 4-Bc) 1-D, 2-C, 3-E, 4-A d) 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-E

47. Which country won the FIFA Soccer World Cup 2006?a) Germany b) Brazilc) Italy d) France

48. Who won the ‘Golden Shoe’ award at the FIFA Soccer World Cup 2006?a) Miroslav Klose b) Zinedine Zidanec) Ronaldo d) Ronaldinho

49. Which player won the ‘Golden Ball’ award at the FIFA Soccer World Cup 2006?a) Lukas Podolski b) Gianluigi Buffonc) Zinedine Zidane d) Hernan Crespo

50. Which player won the ‘Emerging Player of the Tournament’ award at FIFA Soccer WorldCup 2006?a) Hernan Crespo b) Lukas Podoloskic) Carlos Tavez d) Lionel Messi

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BRM Test - 7


1. Kremlin is the name of the Presidential Palace of which country?a) Russia b) France c) Germany d) Italy

2. Which among the following is currently the newest nation of the World?a) Kourou Island b) Palau Island c) East Timor d) Sierra Leone

3. Which country is not yet the member of the World Trade Organization ?a) Pakistan b) Russia c) China d) Taiwan

4. Which among the following states houses the Bellary Thermal Power Project?a) Andhra Pradesh b) Kerala c) Tamil Nadu d) Karnataka

5. Who among the following was the first editor of ‘Panchajanya’?a) Bala Saheb Deoras b) H.R. Hedgawarc) Atal Bihari Vajpayee d) L.K. Advani

6. Al-Quadissiya is the national newspaper ofa) Iran b) Iraq c) UAE d) Saudi Arabia

7. ‘Renminbi’ is the currency of which country?a) Malysia b) China c) Taiwan d) Philippinnes

8. Which of the following is the world’s most expensive city as per the latest Worldwide Costof Living Survey?a) Zurich b) London c) Moscow d) Tokyo

9. Who among the following has been appointed as the Director of the Central Bureau ofInvestigation (CBI)?a) Vijay Shankar b) B.B. Mishra c) J.K. Dutt d) Umashankar Mishra

10. Who among the following has conceptualised ‘Vigyan Rail’?a) M.V. Kamath b) Nitish Bhardwajc) M.S. Swaminathan d) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

11. ‘Dwikhandita’ (Split in Two) is the autobiography of which of the following authors?a) Taslima Nasreen b) Leila Seth c) Jhumpa Lahiri d) Meera Syal

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12. Which of the following countries has set its currency to the dollar($) at a fixed rate since1995?a) China b) Japan c) Singapore d) The UK

13. Who among the following was the first Indian to win the World Amateur Billiards Champion-ship?a) Geet Sethi b) Michael Ferreira c) Ashok Shandilya d) None of the above

14. On which river is the Tehri hydel dam project built?a) Ganga b) Yamuna c) Bhagirathi d) Bhilaganga

15. Which of the following species of mosquitoes spreads the Dengue virus?(A) Ades Aegypti (B) Cluex (C) Anophelesa) Only A b) Only B c) Only C d) Both A & C

16. Who among the following has been appointed as the Chairman of the Indian Space ResearchOrganisation (ISRO)?a) G. Madhavan Nair b) K. Kasturiranganc) B.N. Suresh d) R.V. Perumal

17. Under which of the following Articles of the Constitution of India has Jammu and Kashmirbeen accorded a separate special status?a) 310 b) 330 c) 350 d) 370

18. Who among the following has authored the book, ‘Soul Curry for You and Me’?a) Javed Akhtar b) Gulzar c) Dilip Kumar d) Amitabh Bachchan

19. How many countries are members of SAARC?a) 5 b) 7 c) 8 d) 9

20. Who is the author of the book ‘Truth, Love and A little Malice’?a) Arundhati Roy b) Khushwant Singhc) Subramaniam Swami d) R.K. Narayan

21. Which European city hosts the ‘World Economic Forum’?a) Geneva b) Viennac) Davos d) Lausanne

22. Who among the following is the present National Security Adviser of India?a) K. Subramanyam b) Brajesh Mishrac) Brahma Chellani d) Jyotindra Nath Dixit

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23. Hafiz Mohammad Saeed is the founder-leader ofa) Jaish-e- Mohammad b) Lashkar-e-Taibac) Al Qaeda d) Abu Sayaf

24. ‘World Telecom Day’ is celebrated on the.....a) 17th May b) 19th Mayc) 21st May d) 23rd May

25. ‘My Side’ is the autobiography of ......................a) Javed Miandad b) Pelec) Steve Waugh d) David Beckham

26. Which of the following is the most populous state in India?a) Maharashtra b) Madhya Pradesh c) Uttar Pradesh d) Bihar

27. Which among the following states has launched a scheme titled ‘Rajiv Gyanodaya Scheme’to open libraries in every village of the state?a) Madhya Pradesh b) Chattisgarh c) Rajasthan d) Assam

28. Which of the following sports is the J.R.D Tata Cup associated with?a) Hockey b) Basketball c) Football d) Snooker

29. Which of the following airports was the first to be privatized in India?a) Bangalore b) Mumbai c) Delhi d) Cochin

30. Who among the following has authored the novel ‘Pinjar’?a) Amrita Pritam b) Javed Adhtarc) Kaifi Azmi d) Harivanshrai Bachchan

31. Which of the following cities is the permanent venue for the International Children’s FilmFestival?a) Mumbai b) Hyderabad c) Bangalore d) New Delhi

32. Who among the following has authored the novel ‘Ko’ (Speak up)?a) Javed Akhtar b) Jhumpa Lahiri c) Taslima Nasreen b) Khushwant Singh

33. Presently how many nations are members of the European Union (EU)?a) 25 b) 26 c) 27 d) 28

34. The Indus Valley civilization had its main centers at Mohenjodaro anda) Lothal b) Chanhudaro c) Harappa d) Amri

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35. To which age does the Harappan civilization belongs?a) Bronze b) Paleolithic c) Iron d) Neolithic

36. The Upanishads are a series of books devoted toa) Yoga b) Social Law c) Religious rituals d) Philosophy

37. The Shahnama had been written bya) Alberuni b) Amir Khusro c) Firdausi d) Abul Fazal

38. Who was the first Indian Civil servant?a) Motilal Nehru b) S. N. Banerjee c) C. R. Das d) Bhagat Singh

39. Vasco Da Gama’s ship had docked at Calicut in the yeara) 1498 b) 1485 c) 1472 d) 1467

40. With which of the following was Annie Besant associated?a) The Ramakrishna Missionb) The Arya Samajc) ISKCON (International Society for Krishna Consciousness)d) The Theosophical Society

41. The Dutch first established their hold in India in the year 1605 ata) Masulipatnam b) Surat c) Bombay d) Goa

42. The temple of Angkor Vat is ata) Laos b) Cambodia c) Vietnam d) Myanmar

43. The Delhi Sultan who died as a consequence of having fallen from his horse while playingChaugan or Polo wasa) Iltutmish b) Ghias ud-din Balbanc) Mohammad of Ghazni d) Qutub-ud-din Aibak

44. In which year was Burma separated from India?a) 1863 b) 1902 c) 1937 d) 1947

45. In which country is Waterloo located, where the famous battle between the British and theFrench was fought?a) Belgium b) France c) U.K. d) Germany

46. Panchayati Raj was introduced in India ina) 1957 b) 1952 c) 1951 d) 1959

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47. Which Government body approves the Five year plans?a) The Planning Commission b) The National Development Councilc) The Prime Minister’s Office d) The Parliament

48. Who was the first India woman to win Miss World title?a) Aishwarya Rai b) Diana Haydenc) Rita Faria d) Priyanka Chopra

49. Tatra Kucharova, the 2006 Miss World title holder is from which country?a) Austria b) Swedenc) Denmark d) Czech Republic

50. Zuleyka Rivera Mendoza, the 2006 Miss Universe title holder is from which country?a) Mexico b) Puerto Ricoc) Argentina d) Chile

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BRM Test - 8


1. Article 370 of the Constitution deals witha) The presidential powers of pardonb) The protection of interests of the minoritiesc) Temporary provisions with regards to Jammu & Kashmird) The formation of new states

2. For how many years is the Finance Commission appointed?a) 6 years b) 5 years c) 4 years d) 2 years

3. Which of the following is presided over by a non member?a) Lok Sabha b) Vidhan Sabha c) Rajya Sabha d) Vidhan Parishad

4. Which is the brightest planet in our solar system?a) Earth b) Mars c) Venus d) Mercury

5. The Ozone Layer is in the..........a) Stratosphere b) Troposphere c) Mesosphere d) Thermosphere

6. The highest plateau in the world is the............a) The Colorado Plateau b) The Deccan plateauc) The Mexican plateau d) The Tibetan plateau

7. The speed at which light travels in vacuum isa) 3 × 107 m/s b) 5 × 108 m/sc) 3 × 104 km/s d) 3 × 108 m/s

8. The highest Mountain peak in the Americas is......................a) Mt. McKinley b) Mt. Aconcaguac) Mt. Antofalla d) Mt. Lullaillaco

9. Match the names of the International boundaries in the left column with the countries theyseparate, given in the column at rightA) Durand Line 1. India and PakistanB) Radcliffe line 2. India and ChinaC) McMahon Line 3. France and GermanyD) Maginot line 4. Pakistan & Afghanistan

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Choose the correct answer from the codes given below.A B C D

(a) 1 2 3 4(b) 2 3 4 1(c) 3 4 1 2(d) 4 1 2 3

10. The boundary between the United States of America and Canada is represented by.....a) The 49o N Latitude b) The 38o N Latitudec) The Rio Grande river d) The Oder-Niesse line

11. Silvassa is the capital ofa) Lakshadweep b) Tripurac) Dadra and Nagar Haveli d) Mizoram

12. The Constitution of India provides that the three constituents of the Indian Parliament arethe Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha and thea) Prime Minister b) Vice-President c) President d) Council of Ministers

13. Which one of the following is used as fuel to propel rockets?a) Petrol b) Kerosene c) Hydrazine d) Alcohol

14. The maximum membership of the Rajya Sabha is limited toa) 240 b) 245 c) 250 d) 260

15. In Indian economy primary sector refer toa) Manufacturing industries b) Transportc) Commerce d) Agriculture

16. Mixed economy is a compromise betweena) Private and public sector b) Capitalism and communismc) Capitalism and socialism d) Commercial and individual business

17. Enzymes are produced bya) Endocrine glandsb) Exocrine glands c) Liver d) Spleen

18. The enzyme that acts on fats isa) Amylase b) Pepsin c) Ptyalin d) Lipase

19. The saliva contains an enzyme calleda) Ptyalin b) Pepsin c) Trypsin d) Erepsin

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20. The acid that is secreted in the stomach isa) HCI b) H

2SO4 c) H

2CO3 d) HNO3

21. Insulin is concerned with the metabolism ofa) Sugar b) Fats c) Proteins d) Vitamins

22. ‘Kwashiorkor’ is caused by deficiency ofa) Carbohydrates b) Proteins c) Fats d) Vitamins

23. An astronomical unit of distance isa) Kilometerb) Light yearc) The average distance from the earth to the sund) None of the above

24. The sun continuously produces an enormous amount of energy. This is due toa) Nuclear fission b) Nuclear fusionc) Chemical combustion d) Boiling

25. One horse power is equal toa) 625 watts b) 816 watts c) 746 watts d) 520 watts

26. Match the followingA) Kalpakkam 1. Atomic Research CentreB) Pokhran 2. Rocket Launching StationsC) Thumba 3. Atomic blast siteD) Mumbai 4. Nuclear Power Station

A B C Da) 1 3 4 2b) 4 2 3 1c) 3 1 2 4d) 4 3 2 1

27. ‘Nucleus’ was discovered by..........a) Rutherford b) Moseley c) Niel Bohr d) J. J. Thomson

28. Which among the following is a metalloid?a) Arsenic b) Silver c) Iodine d) Copper

29. A non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity isa) Graphite b) Phosphorus c) Sulphur d) Iodine

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30. Chromosomes are concerned witha) Respiration b) Assimilationc) Growth of the body d) Transmission of hereditary characters

31. Which of the following organelles is known as the ‘Power House of the cell’?a) Golgi bodies b) Ribosomec) Mitochondria d) Centrosome

32. Plant cells can usually be distinguished from animal cells, because, only plant cells possess.a) Cell and mitochondria b) Cell wall and central vacuolesc) Golgi bodies and central vacuoles d) Chromosomes and mitochondria

33. The most abundant noble gas present in air isa) Neon b) Krypton c) Helium d) Argon

34. World Tourism Day is observed on?a) 27th September b) 17th September c) 27th October d) 17th October

35. The Unit of heat energy isa) Watt b) Degree c) Joule d) Kelvin

36. Water has maximum density ata) 0o C b) –15o C c) 4o C d) 15o C

37. Solid carbon dioxide is useda) As a drying agent b) as a refrigerantc) As an antiseptic d) As a bleaching agent

38. Blood clotting requires vitamina) A b) B c) C d) K

39. The universal donor belongs to blood groupa) A b) B c) AB d) O

40. ‘Death of Vishnu’ has been written by.................a) Manil Suri b) R. K. Laxmanc) Anita Desai d) Khushwant Singh

41. A mirage is caused because of thea) Scattering of light b) Dispersion of lightc) Reflection of light d) Refraction of light

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42. Which of the following is an agent of bleaching?a) Hydrogen Peroxide b) Sulphur Dioxidec) Ozone d) All of the above

43. Which measure can check ‘inflation’?a) Surplus Budgeting b) Increase in Direct Taxationc) Curtailment in Public Expenditure d) All of the above

44. If a member of the Lok Sabha absents himself for a period of....... from the meeting of thehouse, without the permission of the house, he will be disqualified.a) 30 days b) 45 days c) 60 days d) 90 days

45. World Earth Day is observed ona) April 10 b) April 22 c) May 22 d) May 15

46. What is mascot of 150 years of Indian Railways?a) Fairy Queen b) Queen Mary c) Bholu Guard d) Pappu Driver

47. Who is the author of the book ‘The Shade of Swords’, ‘Jihad’ and ‘The Conflict betweenIslam and Christianity’?a) Rafiq Zakaria b) Salman Rushdie c) Fareed Zakaria d) M.J. Akbar

48. In which year were the Oscars started?a) 1927 b) 1928 c) 1929 d) 1930

49. Who has won the maximum number of Oscars?a) William Wyler b) Steven Spielbergc) Walt Disney d) Frank Capra

50. Where is the World’s highest terrestrial telescope located?a) Hanley, Ladakh b) Lhasa, Tibetc) Hawaii, US d) Mount Fiji, Japan

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BRM Test - 9


1. The headquarters of the European Central Bank, established in 1998, is at............a) London b) Berlin c) Frankfurt d) None of these

2. ‘Disha’, a voluntary organization active in Uttar Pradesh, is engaged in.............a) Eradication of child labourb) Eradication of illiteracyc) Water harvesting and preservation of drinking waterd) None of the above

3. Which of the following countries has become the member of the WTO recently?a) Vietnam b) Cuba c) India d) China

4. The quorum to constitute a sitting of Lok Sabha is ............ of the total membership of theHouse.a) one-fourth b) one-half c) one- tenth d) one-fifth

5. Which two countries are linked by the Khyber Pass?a) India and Pakistan b) India and Afghanistanc) Afghanistan and Pakistan d) Afghanistan and Tajikistan

6. Authors from which of the following countries are not eligible to be considered for theBooker Prize?a) Britain b) United Kingdomc) Republic of Ireland d) United States of America

7. Fermentation of milk to form curd happens due toa) Mycobacterium b) Staphylococcus c) Lactobacillus d) Yeasts

8. The ‘Kirti Stambha’ (Tower of Victory) at Chittor was built bya) Rana Pratap b) Rana Kumbha c) Rana Sanga d) Bappa Raval

9. Who was the first Ramon Magsaysay Award winner from India?a) C.D. Deshmukh b) Jayaprakash Narayanc) Dr Verghese Kurien d) Acharya Vinoba Bhave

10. Which is the universal recipient blood group?a) A b) B c) AB d) O

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11. The filament of an electric bulb is made ofa) Tungsten b) Ironc) Gypsum d) Graphite

12. Which is the hardest substance available on earth?a) Coal b) Platinumc) Diamond d) Gold

13. Short-sightedness occurs due toa) Elongation b) Weaker Eye Musclesc) Weakening of the Retina d) Shifting of the Iris

14. What is the state language of Nagaland?a) English b) Khasec) Garo d) Nagamese

15. The Justice Liberhan Commission is related to which event?a) 1984 anti-Sikh riot b) Tehelka-tape revelationc) Babri Masjid demolition d) None of these

16. Who among the following acts as the Chairman of the National Integration Council?a) Prime Minister b) Vice Presidentc) Union Home Minister d) None of these

17. The number of members nominated by the President to the Rajya Sabha is constitutionallylimited to……….a) 12 b) 15c) 10 d) 20

18. The Rajya Sabha can be dissolveda) During an Emergency b) Every five yearsc) Under no circumstances d) At the direction of the President

19. How many countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations?a) 45 b) 53 c) 43 d) 25

20. The protector of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed under the Constitution is thea) Parliament b) Prime Minister c) President d) Supreme Court

21. How many countries are the members of OPEC?a) 14 b) 13 c) 12 d) 11

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22. The Union Territories get representationa) In the Lok Sabha but not in the Rajya Sabhab) In the Rajya Sabha but not in the Lok Sabhac) Neither in the Lok Sabha nor in the Rajya Sabhad) In both the Houses

23. Before 1991, Indian rupee was devalued ina) 1951 b) 1966c) 1976 d) 1986

24. Which among the following is described as the Fourth Estate?a) Judiciary b) Pressc) Legislature d) Executive

25. Who among the following dignitaries, cannot be impeached?a) President b) Vice-Presidentc) Judges of the Supreme Court d) Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

26. Which, of the following, does not fall within the jurisdiction of the Indian Parliament?a) Foreign pilgrimage b) Consideration of Money billsc) Consideration of Ordinary bills d) Fundamental Rights and Duties

27. On which among the following dates, International Women’s Day is celebrated?a) 7th March b) 9th Marchc) 2nd March d) 8th March

28. On which among the following dates the Tenth Plan had taken off?a) April 1, 2002 b) July 1, 2002c) October 1, 2002 d) April 1, 2003

29. What are drugs used for relieving pain called?a) Tranquilizers b) Antipyretics c) Analgesics d) Anesthetics

30. Who is the Chairperson of the National Commission for Women?.a) Poonam Advani b) Amrita Patel c) Girija Vyas d) Brinda Karat

31. Which of the following countries is the largest producer of silver in the world?a) Mexico b) Peru c) Cyprus d) Spain

32. The least populous state in the Union of India is………..a) Sikkim b) Goa c) Himachal Pradeshd) Arunachal Pradesh

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33. Habeas Corpus isa) A law degree conferred by the Leningrad Universityb) The ancient name of a Greek cityc) The site of the first Olympiadd) A writ which facilitates a prisoner to appear in a court for speedy trial or release on bail

34. The fiscal policy of India is formulated by thea) Planning Commission b) Ministry of Financec) R.B.I. d) None of these

35. ‘Nippon’ is the name given to Japan which meansa) Land of the rising Sun b) Land of Pagodasc) Land of northern lights d) Land of Volcanoes and Earthquakes.

36. On which river the Bhakra Nangal Project built?a) Beas b) Sutlej c) Jhelum d) Ravi

37. Which state in India is the highest producer of Sugarcane?.a) U.P. b) Maharashtra c) M.P. d) West Bengal

38. While ‘Sugar Bowl’ is Cuba, which country is leading in the production of sugarcane?a) India b) Pakistanc) Indonesia d) Mauritius

39. Who wrote ‘The Hindu View of Life’?a) S. Radhakrishnan b) Sri Aurobindoc) Rabindra Nath Tagore d) Swami Vivekanand

40. The Legislative Council has tenure ofa) 6 years b) 5 Yearc) 4 years d) a permanent nature

41. Article............. of the constitution deals with the procedure for amendment of the IndianConstitutiona) 360 b) 363 c) 368 d) 369

42. The World’s largest constituency in terms of population isa) South Calcutta b) Outer Delhi c) Navi Mumbai d) London

43. The part of the Constitution that deals with the Directive Principles of state policy is...........a) II b) III c) IV d) V

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44. The Directive Principles in the Indian Constitution have been framed, drawing inspirationfrom the Constitution of which country?a) American b) Irish c) French d) Canadian

45. Asian Development Bank is headquartered at..............a) Manila b) Tokyo c) Kuala Lumpur d) Singapore

46. The maximum number of Anglo- Indians who can be nominated to the Lok Sabha is....a) 2 b) 4 c) 5 d) 13

47. The Parliament of Israel is known as....................a) Diet b) Knesset c) Congress d) National Assembly

48. What was the code name of the project that led to the development of first Atomic Bomb?a) Project Hiroshima b) Project Washingtonc) Project Nagasaki d) Project Manhattan

49. For which book has Kiran Desai won the Man Booker Prize for the year 2006?a) The Sea b) The Inheritance of Lossc) The Long Loss d) The Snow

50. Khajuraho temples’ builders, The Chandelas, were from which religious sect?a) Vaishnavite b) Saivitec) Jains Sect d) None of these

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BRM Test - 10


1. Name the country where the National Parliament is known as ‘Jatiya Sangsad’a) Turkey b) Afghanistanc) Malaysia d) Bangladesh

2. ‘Chipko’ movement is associated witha) Environmental Conservation b) Human Rightsc) Women’s Welfare d) Child Welfare

3. Which of the following is not correctly matched?a) Aeroplane - Wright Brothers b) Printing Press - John Guttenbergc) Steam Engine - James Watt d) Telescope - Alber H. Taylor

4. Which among the following countries has the oldest written Constitution?a) Japan b) India c) The USA d) The UK

5. The world’s largest archipelago isa) New Zealand b) Indonesia c) Sri Lanka d) Malaysia

6. What name does Ganga acquire as it flows in Bangladesh?a) Hooghly b) Bangla Ganga c) Meghna d) Padma

7. In which of the following states are the Zaskar and Pir Panjal ranges situated?a) Assam b) Jammu & Kashmirc) Andhra Pradesh d) Himachal Pradesh

8. The Cabinet System of government originated ina) Britain b) The USA c) France d) Sweden

9. Ombudsman is a............... institutiona) Swiss b) Swedish c) Norwegian d) Danish

10. Which, among the following, is not an official language of the United Nations?a) English b) French c) German d) Russian

11. The line dividing North Korea and South Korea is thea) 17th parallel b) 23rd parallel c) 38th parallel d) Oder-Neisse Line

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12. ‘A Thousand Suns’ has been written bya) Dominique Lapierre b) John Grishamc) Frederick Forsith d) Tom Clancy

13. Which one of the following is known as the first line of defense for the human body?a) Antibodies b) Skinc) Nails d) White Blood Corpuscles

14. ‘No Full Stops in India’ has been authored bya) Mark Tully b) V. S. Naipaul c) Kingsley Martin d) G. K. Chesterton

15. ‘Gita Govinda’ was written in the 12th Century bya) Bana b) Bhartruhari c) Jayadeva d) Rama nuja

16. Dry Ice isa) Solid carbon dioxide b) Liquid oxygenc) Liquid hydrogen d) Liquid chlorine

17. The United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) is headquar-tered at……..a) New York b) Washington c) Paris d) Amsterdam

18. ‘Beyond the Last Blue Mountain’ is the biography ofa) G.D. Birla b) R.N. Goenka c) J.R.D. Tata d) G.D. Naidu

19. The youngest mountain range in the world is thea) Alps b) Andes c) Rockies d) Himalayas

20. Which Greek ambassador visited India during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya?a) Megasthenes b) Seleucos c) Menander d) Demetrias

21. The famous Iron Pillar at Mehrauli in Delhi had been built by thea) Mauryas b) Guptas c) Nandas d) Khiljis

22. Who had become the first Governor-General of India after independence?a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad b) C R Rajgopalacharic) Lord Pethick Lawrence d) Lord Mountbatten

23. In India, the manufacture of diesel locomotives takes place ata) Rourkela b) Cochinc) Chittaranjan d) Varanasi

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24. In India, electric locomotives are built ata) Jhansi b) Kapurthala c) Chittaranjan d) Imphal

25. Operation Flood was associated witha) Construction of Dams b) Fisheries Developmentc) Dairy Products d) Canal Management

26. Who is the author of the famous book ‘Mudra Rakshasa’?a) Kalidas b) Jayadev c) Mirabai d) Vishakha Dutt

27. The first scholar, among the following names, to visit India wasa) Marco Polo b) Fahien c) Ibn-Batutah d) Hiuen Tsang

28. The ruler of medieval India credited with the construction of the Grand Trunk Road isa) Krishnadeva Raya b) Babur c) Sher Shah Suri d) Jehangir

29. Which among the following years is generally considered to be the final year of Great De-pression that started in 1929?a) 1939 b) 1937 c) 1941 d) 1943

30. Sarkaria Commission was formed to look intoa) Relation between State and Centre b) Animal Husbandry scamc) Tehelka.com exposure d) Enron’s Dabhol power project

31. Who has written the book ‘Das Kapital’?a) Karl Marx b) Adam Smithc) Johan Keynes d) John Milton

32. Which state has the highest percentage of literacy?a) Maharashtra b) West Bengalc) Madhya Pradesh d) Kerala

33. What is the average per capita income in India (in terms of Purchasing Power Parity)?a) Rs. 17,600 per year b) Rs. 12,530 per yearc) Rs. 10,560 per year d) Rs. 9,996 per year

34. Planetary winds are those whicha) Changer their direction with the change of seasonb) Change their direction with day and nightc) Never change their directiond) Blow up mountain slopes

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35. The non-permanent members in the UN Security Council are elected for a term of howmany years?a) 2 years b) 3 years c) 5 years d) 4 years

36. Which of the following Acts enabled the Government of India to put a ban on ‘The SatanicVerses’ by Salman Rushdie?a) National Security Act b) Customs Actc) Immoral Trafficking Act d) None of these

37. How many Union Territories does India have at present?a) Five b) Six c) Seven d) Eight

38. The Ramon Magsaysay Award is named after the former president of which Asian country?a) Thailand b) Singapore c) Laos d) Philippines

39. NCAER stands fora) National Calamity Action and Eccentric Reactionsb) National Council for Agro-Economic Researchc) National Cultural, Art and Economic Researchd) National Council of Applied Economic Research

40. Which fat-soluble vitamin is needed for blood-clotting?a) A b) B-2c) D d) K

41. Abdul Karim Telgi was associated with which scam?a) Tehelka b) Stamp paper scamc) Fake currency Scam d) All of the above

42. Mughal-e-Azam, which became the first Indian film to be converted in colour form, wasoriginally directed by which among the following persons?a) Bimal Roy b) K Asifc) Mustaq Hussain d) Kamal Amrohi

43. Naresh Chandra Committee was formed to suggest reforms ina) Highway construction b) Sagarmala projectc) Civil Aviation d) Telecom policy

44. Who has won the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna for the year 2006?a) Pankaj Advani b) Rahuk Dravidc) Samresh Jung d) Anju Bobby George

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45. Where were the 18th Commonwealth Games held in 2006?a) Doha b) Manchester c) Beijing d) Melbourne

46. Who was the Chief Guest at the 2007 Republic Day parade ?a) Hugo Chavez b) Mahmud Amadinejadc) Vladamir Putin d) Fidel Castro

47. The book ‘Indian Summers’ has been written by…….a) John Wright b) Steven Waugh c) Mike Gatting d) Ian Chappell

48. Who has been chosen as the MTV Youth Icon of the Year for 2006?a) Shahrukh Khan b) Anil Ambani c) M S Dhoni d) Sachin Tendukar

49. How many languages have been identified in the eighth schedule of Indian Constitution?a) 21 b) 22 c) 23 d) 24

50. Which country holds the record for scoring the maximum number of runs in a single inningsof a ODI match?a) South Africa b) Australia c) India d) Sri Lanka

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BRM Test - 11


1. In terms of value, which Indian spice export holds the top position?a) Pepper b) Chillies c) Turmeric d) Cardamom

2. Which Asian nation was the first to get a World Bank Loan?a) Vietnam b) Pakistan c) China d) India

3. The movie ‘Gladiator’ was directed by...............a) Quentin Tarantino b) Steven Spielbergc) James Cameron d) Ridley Scott

4. The Kauvery water dispute does not involve.......................... .a) Andhra Pradesh b) Karnataka c) Kerala d) Tamil Nadu

5. Which of the following countries has opened the first floating runway (Mega Float)?a) Japan b) France c) Britain d) America

6. Pascal Lamy, the director-general of the WTO, belongs to which country?a) France b) Italy c) Philippines d) Australia

7. Which of the following is NOT a member of the United Nations?a) Switzerland b) Taiwanc) East Timor d) Ukraine

8. Who was appointed the new President of Iraq after the intense political impasse followingJan 30, 2005?a) Jalal Talabani b) Ibrahim al-Jaafaric) Mahmoud Abbas d) None of these

9. Which Indian state is nicknamed “Land of the Gods” (Dev Bhoomi) because of its manyholy places?a) Kerala b) Biharc) Uttaranchal d) Haryana

10. What is the popular name of Mohammed Abdul-Raouf al-Oudma al-Hussein?a) Saddam Hussein b) Yasser Arafatc) Osama bin Laden d) Mohammed Ali Jinnah

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11. Which among the following is the headquarters of the Palestine Liberation Organisation(PLO)?a) Ramallah b) Jericho c) Hebron d) Gaza City

12. Which of the following Indian States/UT’s has the lowest population as per Census 2001?a) Daman and Diu b) Lakshadweepc) Sikkim d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands

13. Who won the Dada Saheb Phalke Award for the year 2004, in 2006?a) Yash Chopra b) Viru Devganc) Adoor Gopalakrishnan d) Mrinal Sen

14. Which of the following books is not written by Vikram Seth?a) From Heaven Lake b) An Equal Musicc) The Golden Gate d) Half Life

15. The density of population per square kilometers in India has increased from 267 in 1991 to............. in 2001.a) 300 b) 316 c) 324 d) 333

16. Which of the following is not a West Asian country?a) Algeria b) Jordanc) Qatar d) Yemen

17. In which field are Chameli Devi Jain awards given?a) Literature b) Journalismc) Social Service d) Family Planning

18. Who is the Union Minister of Civil Aviation?a) Sharad Pawar b) Arjun Singhc) Ram Vilas Paswan d) Prafulla Patel

19. What is the only oviparous mammal existing on earth?a) The blue whale b) White sharkc) Duckbilled platypus d) The giant turtle

20. ‘Four Dragons’ is a group of four small Asian countries that have experienced unusuallyrapid economic development. Two of these countries are Singapore and Hong Kong. Theother two area) North Korea and Indonesia b) Indonesia and Japanc) Malaysia and Taiwan d) South Korea and Taiwan

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21. Where is the Mishra Dhatu Nigam, Limited, a specialist defence unit located?a) Hyderabad b) Ghaziabad c) Nasik d) Lucknow

22. Which of the following diseases is transmitted through the bites of female aedes mosqui-toes?a) Leprosy b) Dengue Fever c) Influenza d) Diphtheria

23. At which of the following places, does ISRO not have a centre?a) Thiruvananthapuram b) Bangalorec) Mumbai d) Nasik

24. Mohammad El-Baradei is the Director-General of thea) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)b) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)c) World Health Organization (WHO)d) International Labour Organisation (ILO)

25. Which of the following sectors does not come under tertiary sector?a) Trade b) Transport c) Electricity d) Business services

26. Which of the following places has a Special Economic Zone (SEZ)?a) New Delhi b) Jabalpur c) Kandla d) Palampur

27. Abdullah Ahmad Badawi is the Prime Minister ofa) Malaysia b) Ethiopia c) Mauritius d) Sudan

28. The bank commonly known as ‘World Bank’ isa) IBRD b) IMF c) IDA d) IFC

29. The much dreaded KGB is/was the secret police organisation ofa) U.K b) U.S.Ac) The erstwhile USSR d) Poland

30. Who is the new Secretary General of UNO?a) Ban Ki Moon b) Kofi Annan c) Paul Wolfgowitz d) Pascal Lamy

31. Who gave the title music for the movie ‘Mughal-e-Azam’?a) Khayyam b) O.P.Nayyar c) Naushad d) S.D.Burman

32. The first Indian feature film to be insured in India was………….a) Bandit Queen b) Fire c) Taal d) Roja

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33. Who among the following is the Chairman of the 12th Finance Commission?a) Jaswant Singh b) Bimal Jalan c) C.Rangarajan d) Y.V. Reddy

34. The Buddhist Sect Mahayana formally came into existence during the reign ofa) Kanishka b) Ajata Shatru c) Ashoka d) Dharma Pala

35. The last in the succession of Jain Tirthankaras wasa) Mani Subrata b) Mahavira c) Rishabha d) Parsvanatha

36. ‘Business @ the Speed of Thought’ is a book written bya) Bill Gates b) M.S. Oberoi c) Alyque Padamsee d) Gita Piramal

37. Which industry accounts for a fifth of India’s industrial production and a third of the exportearnings?a) Steel b) Textiles c) InfoTech d) Pharmaceuticals

38. The World’s largest desert is thea) Arabian desert b) Australian desert c) Gobi desert d) Sahara desert

39. Co-relate the following tournaments with their sportsA Irani Trophy I. FootballB Federation Cup II. CricketC Bardoloi Trophy III. TennisD Obaidullah Cup IV. Hockey

a) A IV B III C II D Ib) A III B II C IV D Ic) A II B IV C I D IIId) A II B III C I D IV

40. Malaria affects thea) Liver b) Spleen c) Intestine d) Lungs

41. The Election Commission functions under thea) Ministry of Home Affairs b) Ministry of Lawc) Prime Minister’s Secretariat d) None of these

42. What is the correct chronological order in which the following rulers ruled in India?I. Sher Shah Suri II. Akbar III. Allauddin Khilji IV. Iltutmisha) IV, I, III, II b) IV, III, I, IIc) I, II, III, IV d) III, IV, I, II

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43. Article 352 of the Indian Constitution needs to be revoked in casea) The President’s Rule is to be imposedb) Emergency is declaredc) The services of a govt. servant are to be terminated without any enquiryd) A politcal party of national level is to be banned

44. Who is the President of Sri Lanka?a) Chandrika Kumaratunga b) Laxman Karmadigarc) Ratnasiri Wikramanayeke d) Mahinda Rajapakse

45. Who has been crowned as Miss Universe 2006?a) Natalie Glebova b) Zuleyka Rivera Mendozac) Kurara Chibana d) Elle McLaughlin

46. Who has been crowned as Miss World 2006?a) Tatana Kucharova b) Unnur Birna Vihjalmsdottirc) Maria Julia Mantilla d) Rossana Davison

47. Who has been elected as the president of Brazil?a) Luis Inacio Lula da Silva b) Jose Serrac) Ciro Gomes d) Jose Maria de Almeida

48. The 2012 Olympic games will be held at………a) Beijing b) Athens c) London d) Montreal

49. The 2008 Olympic games will be held at………a) Tokyo b) Beijing c) Amsterdam d) Sydney

50. The 2010 FIFA Soccer World cup will be held at…………a) England b) USA c) South Africa d) Portugal

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BRM Test - 12


1. Which of the planets is known as the Earth’s twin?a) Neptune b) Venus c) Mars d) Saturn

2. ISO-14001 is granted to a company for quality ofa) HRD b) Servicec) Production d) Protection of environment

3. What is the correct sequence in which the following three movements were led by MahatmaGandhi?I. Champaran Movement II. Non-Cooperation MovementIII. Dandi Marcha) III, II, I b) II, I, III c) I, III, II d) I, II, III

4. Sindhu Rakshak is a/ana) Aircraft carrier b) Submarinec) Multiple-purpose fighter d) Anti-aircraft gun

5. Which of the following group of States is written in the descending order with respect to thedensity of population?a) West Bengal-Uttar Pradesh-Kerala-Biharb) Bihar-Uttar Pradesh-West Bengal-Madhya Pradeshc) Kerala-Bihar-Uttar Pradesh-Tamil Nadud) Madhya Pradesh-Bihar-Kerala-West Bengal

6. Radio-activity was first discovered bya) Becquerel b) Madam Curie c) Rutherford d) Jenner

7. The Nathpa-Jhakri Hydro-electric Power Project is located in which of the following Statesand how much power is it likely to generate?a) Jammu and Kashmir- 1000 MW b) Punjab-2000 MWc) Himachal Pradesh-1500 MW d) Tripura-2000 MW.

8. The Dada Saheb Phalke Award is associated with which field?a) Best film directorb) Best musicianc) Best documentaryd) Best work relating to promotion of the Indian film Industry

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9. The speed of sound is maximum in which medium?a) Air b) Water c) Steel d) Vacuum

10. Enzymes area) Hormones b) Proteins c) Carbohydrates d) Organic catalysts

11. Who is the author of the book ‘Yama’?a) Surya Kant Tripathi (Nirala) b) Sumitra Nandan Pantc) Mahadevi Verma d) Vatsyayan (Agyeya)

12. Buxar Fort is situated on the banks of which rivera) Jamuna b) Ganga c) Gomti d) Brahmaputra

13. Almatti Dam dispute is mainly betweena) Karnataka and Tamil Nadu b) Tamil Nadu and Keralac) Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh d) Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh

14. Who developed the branch of mathematics known as Calculus?a) Aryabhatta b) Newtonc) Enstein d) Archimedes

15. The Union Council of Ministers is responsible toa) President b) Rajya Sabhac) Lok Sabha d) Both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha

16. The Aswan Dam is located ina) Egypt b) Libya c) Sudan d) Iran

17. In which state is the Kanha National Park situated?a) MP b) UP c) Assam d) West Bengal

18. Which country is known as ‘The Springboks’ of rugby?a) New Zealand b) Australia c) South Africa d) Zimbabwe

19. Which acid is used in lead storage battery?a) Sulphuric acid b) Hydrochloric acidc) Nitric acid d) Acetic acid

20. Which of the following cities has winter, when there is summer in India?a) Damascus b) Shanghai c) Melbourne d) Osaka

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21. The Kailash Temple at Ellora is a specimen ofa) Gupta architecture b) Rashtrakuta architecturec) Chalukya architecture d) Chola architecture

22. Ghana Bird Sanctuary is in the state ofa) Rajasthan b) Madhya Pradesh c) Uttar Pradesh d) Maharashtra

23. Which of the following is a land locked countrya) Thailand b) Laos c) Malaysia d) Cambodia

24. Amino acids are building blocks ofa) Fats b) Minerals c) Proteins d) Carbohydrates

25. In which of the following battles was Prithvi Raj defeated by Mohammad Ghauri?a) Plassey b) Panipat c) Wandiwash d) Tarain

26. Towards the middle of the 18th century, Delhi was devastated bya) Chengiz Khan b) Nadir Shah c) Timur Shah d) Shah Abbas

27. The Indian Constitution can be amended under Articlea) 312 b) 368 c) 390 d) 249

28. Gregor Mendel is associated witha) Discovery of germs b) Laws of heredityc) Law of conservation of energy d) Prevention of rabies

29. What of the following is not the work of Kalidasa?a) Meghdoot b) Raghuvanshac) Sariputra Prakarma d) Ritushamhara

30. Which one of the following pairs is not correct?a) Kaziranga Sanctuary - Assam b) Jog Falls - Karnatakac) Jim Corbett National Park - Bihar d) Periyar Wild Life Sanctuary - Kerala

31. In which field of art did Jaimini Roy make her name?a) Sculpture b) Paintingc) Music d) Drama

32. The filament of an electric heater is made ofa) Titanium b) Nichromec) Tungsten d) Iron

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33. Aamir Khusro was the famous poet and aesthete in the time of............a) Akbar the Great b) Mahmud Ghaznvic) Shah Jahan d) Allauddin Khilji

34. A ‘Dog Fish’ isa) A salamander b) A Sharkc) A Plankton floating in the sea d) A fish with a mouth like of a dog

35. The temples of Halebid and Belur were built bya) Cholas b) Hoysalas c) Rashtrakutas d) Pallavas

36. The word ‘Satyameva Jayate’ has been taken froma) Vedas b) Bhagwad Gitac) Mundaka Upnishada d) Mahabharata

37. Who can be called the father of Local self-government in India?a) Lord Rippon b) Lord Minto c) Lord Curzon d) Lord Dufferin

38. The Vijaynagar kingdom was founded in thea) 13th Century AD b) 14th Century ADc) 15th Century AD d) 16th Century AD

39. Which of the following events is not correctly matched?a) Simon Commission-1926 b) Salt Satyagraha - 1930c) Gandhi - Irwin Pact - 1931 d) Quit India Movement - 1942

40. The Ashoka pillar whose lion capital was adopted by the Government of India as NationalEmblem, is located ata) Varanasi b) Puri c) Sarnath d) Gaya

41. The term “Niskha” which meant an ornament in Vedic period, later denoteda) A weapon b) A scriptc) An Agricultural Implement d) A Coin

42. Article 25 of the Indian Constitution is concerned witha) The right to freedom of religion b) The right to equalityc) The right to freedom of work d) None of the above

43. Which one of the following bodies finalises the Five-year Plans proposalsa) Planning Commission b) Union Cabinetc) National Development Council d) Ministry of Planning

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44. Siraj-ud-Daula was defeated in the battle ofa) Buxar b) Plassey c) Wandiwash d) None of these

45. With which historical personality is the Raigarh fort assocaited?a) Rana Pratap b) Shivaji c) Akbar d) Muhammad Tughlaq

46. Next to Hindi, the language spoken by the largest number of people in the Indian subconti-nent is..............a) Urdu b) Bangla c) Telugu d) Tamil

47. C.V. Raman got Nobel Prize fora) Thermo Dynamics b) Quantum theoryc) Optics and spectroscopy d) Nuclear Physics

48. Neutron was discovered bya) Otto Hahn b) Enrico Fermic) Lise Meitner d) James Chadwick

49. Which of the following countries was the first to develop a neutron bomb?a) USA b) USSRc) China d) Pakistan

50. Bharat Jagdeo is the President of which Caribbean Island?a) Jamaica b) Trinidad & Tobagoc) Barbados d) Guyana

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BRM Test - 13


1. Who won the 2006 Australian Open men’s tennis title?a) Raefal Nadal b) Marcos Baghdatisc) Roger Federer d) Lleyton Hewitt

2. ‘Kathakali’ is the dance form of which state?a) Kerala b) Rajasthan c) Uttar Pradesh d) Tamil Nadu

3. Which battle led to the establishment of the Mughal empire in India?a) The first battle of Panipat b) The second battle of Panipatc) The second battle of Tarain d) None of these

4. Who was the first Governor-General of Bengal?a) Lord Clive b) Lord Hastings c) Lord Lytton d) Lord Ripon

5. Industrial Revolution first began ina) Germany b) England c) France d) Italy

6. The International Date Line is represented bya) 1000 meridian b) 00 meridian c) 1800 meridian d) 900 meridian

7. Next to UP, which are the two states having maximum representation in the Lok Sabha?a) Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra b) Bihar and Maharashtrac) Bihar and Madhya Pradesh d) Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu

8. How long can one, under the Constitution, remain minister without being a member of eitherof the two Houses of Parliament?a) Three months b) Six months c) Nine months d) Twelve months

9. The largest planet in the solar system isa) Jupiter b) Saturn c) Uranus d) Neptune

10. Iodization of salt is a public health measure to preventa) Diabetes b) Tuberculosis c) Goitre d) Anaemia

11. The term ‘Ashes’ is associated witha) Hockey b) Cricket c) Soccer d) Kabbadi

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12. Which one of the following is a westward flowing river?a) Cauvery b) Sone c) Narmada d) Ganga

13. Sikkim was made an integral part of India under thea) 42nd Amendment b) 40th Amendmentc) 39th Amendment d) 36th Amendment

14. Who among the following was the great protagonist of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’?a) Lord Wellesley b) Lord Dalhousie c) Lord Minto d) Lord Hastings

15. Who wrote ‘Mudrarakshasa’?a) Kautilya b) Visakhadatta c) Kalhana d) Kalidas

16. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?a) Alexander Fleming - Discovery of Penicillinb) Edward Jenner - Vaccination against smallpoxc) Lister - Cure for leprosyd) Jones E. Salk - Vaccine against polio

17. Khajuraho is located ina) MP b) Gujarat c) Rajasthan d) Karnataka

18. The Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930 culminated in the signing of a pact in 1931 byGandhiji and the then Viceroya) Lord Linlithgow b) Lord Irwin c) Lord Wavell d) None of them

19. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?a) Abul Fazal - Ain-i-Akbari b) Badauni-Akbar Namac) Abdul Hamid Lahori - Tabkat-i-Akbari d) Nizamuddin Ahmad - Badshah Nama

20. Who is the author of the famous book ‘Politics’?a) Aristotle b) Socrates b) Plato d) None of them

21. Towards the end of the 15th century Vasco da Gama, the famous seafarer, landed ata) Mangalore b) Calicut c) Cochin d) Goa

22. Name the periodical which Gandhiji published during his stay in South Africaa) Indian Opinion b) Young India c) Afrikaner d) Navijivan

23. Which state in India has the highest coal reserves?a) West Bengal b) Bihar c) MP d) Jharkhand

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24. In which century did Megasthenes visit India?a) 4th Century BC b) 3rd Century BCc) 2nd Century BC d) 1st Century BC

25. The Gandhara School of Art flourished during the time ofa) The Kushans b) The Guptas c) The Mauryas d) None of these

26. The Peacock throne was made during the reign ofa) Jehangir b) Shahjahan c) Akbar d) Aurangzeb

27. Charakasamhita is a work ona) Polity b) Medicine c) Architecture d) Mathematics

28. Which was the first European nation to establish its territorial rule in India?a) The French b) The Dutch c) The English d) The Portuguese

29. Who was Dhanvantari?a) A famous general of Chandragupta Mauryab) A noted physician who adorned the court of Chandragupta Vikramadityac) A famous dramatist who lived during the time of Harshad) None of them

30. Which pair is NOT matched correctly?a) Vyas - The Mahabharata b) Valmiki - The Ramayanac) Tulsi Das - The Ramacharit Manas d) Bana Bhatta - Gita Govindam

31. Which of the following chemicals in automobile exhaust can cause cancer?a) Carbon monoxide b) Polycyclic hydrocarbonsc) Lead d) Oxides of nitrogen

32. Numaligarh (Rs. 2800 crore) refinery project to produce crude oil is ina) Gujarat b) Orissac) Assam d) Arunachal Pradesh

33. Name the Indian leader who chaired the drafting committee of the Indian Constitution?a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad b) Jawaharlal Nehruc) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar d) Sardar Patel

34. The ruins at Hampi are related toa) The Vijaynagar Empire b) The Bahamani Kingdomc) The Gupta Empire d) None of these

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35. The UN Secretary General is appointed bya) The General Assemblyb) The Security Councilc) The General Assembly on the recommendations of Security Councild) The International Court of Justice

36. The Salal hydro-electric project is located across the rivera) Jhelum b) Ravi c) Chenab d) Beas

37. Tropic of Cancer is a/ana) Incurable disease b) Scientific apparatus to detect cancerc) Northern Latitude d) Southern Latitude

38. Which country is the largest producer of coconut?a) Bangladesh b) India c) Phillipines d) Sri Lanka

39. Man passed from the food gathering state to the food producing stage in thea) Neolithic Age b) Mesolithic Age c) Chalcolithic Age d) Palaeolithic Age

40. Jerusalem is a holy city ofa) The Jews b) The Christians b) The Muslims d) All of them

41. Vernal Equinox takes place ona) 21st March b) 18th Junec) 23rd September d) 22nd December

42. Diesel engine was invented bya) A German engineer b) An American engineerc) A British engineer d) None of them

43. The basic principle of heredity was discovered bya) The Austrian biologist Gregor Mendel b) Darwinc) A.H. Becquerel d) None of them

44. Part IV of the Indian Constitution deals witha) Fundamental Rights b) Citizenshipc) Directive Principles of State Policy d) Election

45. The oldest Hindu epic isa) Mahabhashya b) Ramayanac) Ashtadhyayi d) Mahabharata

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46. Meenakshi, Somnath and Dilwara temples are in which one of the following groups ofstates?a) Tamil Nadu, b) Gujarat, Rajasthan and Karnatakac) Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan d) Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu

47. Who won the 2006 Australian Open women tennis title?a) Amelie Mauresmo b) Justine Henin Hardenec) Maria Sharapova d) Serena Williams

48. Who won the 2006 French Open men’s tennis title?a) Raefal Nadal b) Mariano Puertac) Roger Federer d) Gaston Gaudio

49. Who won the 2006 French Open women tennis title?a) Svetlana Kuznetsova b) Justine Henin Hardenec) Maria Sharapova d) Kim Clijsters

50. Who won the 2006 Wimbledon men’s tennis title?a) Raefal Nadal b) Tim Henmanc) Roger Federer d) Tim Murray

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BRM Test - 14


1. The Gupta Period is described as the golden age of Sanskrit literature becausea) The Gupta rulers adopted Sanskrit as their court languageb) The famous Kalidasa, the Indian Shakespeare, and several other great literary figures lived

during this periodc) The Ramayana and Mahabharata were revised in their present form and in the latter was

inserted the great philosopical poem, the Bhagavad Gita or Lord’s Songd) All of these

2. Harshavardhana’s capital wasa) Kanauj b) Vaishalic) Prayag d) Patliputra

3. The Chola kings (10th and 11th centuries) are best known fora) Their maritime activities b) Their patronage of learningc) Their good administration d) All of these

4. Which of the following countries is considered as the last remaining seat of Lamaist MahayanaBuddhism?a) China b) Bhutan c) Tibet d) Mongolia

5. India’s National Calendar is based ona) The Saka Era b) The Christian Era c) The Samvat Era d) The Kali Yuga

6. The Battle of Hydaspes between Alexander the Great and Porus took place ina) 323 BC b) 324 BC c) 425 BC d) 326 BC

7. Buddha died ina) 483 BC b) 480 BC c) 478 BC d) 477 BC

8. The Battles of the Tarain were fought betweena) Mahmud of Ghazni and Jaipal b) Mahmud of Ghazni and Anandpalc) Prithivi Raj and Jai Chand d) Muhammad Ghori and Prithvi Raj

9. The Adi Granth was compiled bya) Guru Nanak Dev b) Guru Ram Dasc) Guru Arjun Dev d) Guru Gobind Singh

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10. The religious order established by Mother Teresa is calleda) Sisters of Charity b) Mothers of Charityc) Missionaries of Charity d) Messengers of Love

11. Which Indian city is known as the ‘Space City’?a) Hyderabad b) Ahmedabad c) Bangalore d) Trivandrun

12. Mohenjodaro is situated ina) Punjab b) Gujarat c) Sind d) Baluchistan

13. Which one of the following is the most densely populated country in the world?a) Bangladesh b) India c) China d) Britain

14. The Battle of Plassey was fought in the yeara) 1757 b) 1747 c) 1737 d) 1761

15. The Battle of Talikota resulted in the fall of which kingdom?a) Vijayanagar b) Ahmadnagar c) Bijapur d) None of these

16. Gandhiji conducted his first important experiment in Satyagraha in India ata) Dandi b) Chauri Chaura c) Bardoli d) Champaran

17. He visited Europe and America as a cultural ambassador of India. He condemned the castesystem and the current Hindu emphasis on rituals, ceremonies and superstitions. He remarked:Our religion is ‘Don’t touch me. I am holy’. These lines allude toa) Swami Vivekananda b) Swami Rama Tirthac) Raja Ram Mohan roy d) Swami Dayananda

18. Who among the following was not a representative of militant nationalism (also known asextremism)?a) Lala Lajpat Rai b) Bipin Chandra Palc) Bal Gangadhar Tilak d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

19. The Simon Commission first visited India in the yeara) 1925 b) 1927 c) 1919 d) 1928

20. Two Home Rule Leagues were started in 1915-16 under the leadership ofa) Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilakb) Tilak and Lala Lajpat Raic) Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pald) Tilak and Aurobindo Ghosh

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21. In which year did the Congress adopt “Poorna Swaraj” or complete independence as its goal?a) 1930 b) 1929 c) 1928 d) 1927

22. Which one of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?a) BC 261-The Kalinga Warb) AD 78-Commencement of Saka Erac) AD 662-Commencement of the Hijri Erad) AD 1709-Death of Aurangzeb

23. ‘Indika’ was authored bya) Megasthenese b) Fa-Hien c) Hieun-Tsang d) None of them

24. 29 March, 1930 is a memorable day in the history of India’s freedom movement becausea) Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to a six years’ imprisonmentb) Gandhi started the second major civil disobedience movement with his famous Dandi Marchc) Bhagat Singh was hangedd) Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed

25. Which of the following statement concerning the 42nd Constitutional amendment is wrong?a) The scope of judical review was narrowed downb) Directive Principles of State Policy were given preference over Fundamental Rightsc) A set of Fundamental Duties was incorporated in the Constitutiond) Parliamentary form of government was replaced by presidential form of government.

26. Who was known as ‘Desert Fox’ in World War II?a) Lord Montgomery b) Field Marshal Rommelc) Hitler d) Mussolini

27. Paleolithic Age is known fora) Hunting and food gathering b) Age of dinosaursc) Dawn of agriculture d) First mammals

28. The ‘Char Minar’ is ina) Hyderabad b) Ahmednagar c) Ahmedabad d) Fatepur Sikri

29. Bile, a fluid which helps in the digestion of fats, is secreted bya) Pituitary b) Stomach c) Pancreas d) Liver

30. A hereditary disease of the blood in which there is a deficiency in the blood clotting mechanismis calleda) Haemophilia b) Anaemia c) Haemophobia d) None of these

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31. Which one of the following places is associated with the death of Buddha?a) Gaya b) Vaishalic) Kushinagar d) Sanchi

32. Sulabsutra, a manual on mathematics (800 BC-500 BC) relates toa) Algebra b) Arithmeticc) Science of volume d) Constructional geometry

33. The colour of a star is an indication of itsa) Distance from the sun b) Luminosityc) Distance from the earth d) Temperature

34. The territory called Lushai Hills district under British rule is today known asa) Arunachal Pradesh b) Mizoramc) Nagaland d) Meghalaya

35. The Article under Constitution dealing with recruitment, conditions of service in Union andState Governments isa) 301 b) 315 c) 311 d) 309

36. The number of days the moon takes to rotate round the earth is abouta) 27 days b) 28 days c) 29 days d) 30 days

37. Which one of the following ports in not located on the eastern coast of India?a) Visakhapatnam b) Chennai c) Paradeep d) Mangalore

38. The President must summon each House of Parliamenta) at least twice in a yearb) at least three times in a yearc) within six months from the date of the last sitting of each housed) within three months from the date of the last sitting of each house.

39. Famous Brihadeswara temple is ina) Rajasthan b) Karnataka c) Tamil Nadu d) Gujarat

40. In which year was the Battle of Talikota fought?a) 1579 b) 1576 c) 1537 d) 1564

41. Sangam literature is associated witha) Maharashtra b) Uttar Pradeshc) Tamil Nadu d) West Bengal

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42. The third battle of Panipat was fought betweena) Akbar and Hemu b) Babar and Ibrahim Lodic) Ahmed Shah Abdali and the Marathas d) Akbar and Rana Sangram Singh

43. Shirdi Sai Baba lived ina) 19th century b) 18th centuryc) 17th century d) 20th century

44. Who won the 2006 Wimbledon women tennis title?a) Amelie Mauresmo b) Justine Henin Hardenec) Maria Sharapova d) Kim Clijsters

45. Who won the 2006 US Open men’s tennis title?a) Andy Roddick b) Roger Federer c) Marat Safin d) Andre Agassi

46. Who won the 2006 US Open women tennis title?a) Svetlana Kuznetsova b) Justine Henin Hardenec) Maria Sharapova d) Venus Williams

47. Who among the following, apart from India, are members of G-4?a) Brazil, Germany, Japan b) Brazil, South Africa, Germanyc) South Africa, Germany, Japan d) Brazil, South Africa, Japan

48. Who is the author of the book “The Argumentative India’?a) Karan Singh b) Khuswant Singhc) Amartya Sen d) Robin Sharma

49. Who is the author of the book It’s not about the bike?a) Lance Armstrong b) Valentino Rossic) Narain Karthikeyan d) None of the above

50. Which among the following is not a benefit availed by the members of WTO?a) The member governments are shielded from lobbying.b) Freer trade cuts cost of living.c) Trade Disputes are handled constructively.d) Access to Foreign currency is made easier.

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BRM Test - 15


1. The principal producer of mica in India is…………..a) Rajasthan b) Andhra Pradesh c) Bihar d) Jharkhand

2. Which instrument is used to measure humidity?a) Hygrometer b) Hydrometerc) Galvanometer d) Thermometer

3. The Suez Canal joins which of the following two seas?a) The Red Sea and the Mediterranean b) The Persian Gulf and the Arabian Seac) The Mediterranean and the Black Sea d) None of these

4. Which of the following is the oldest institution?a) Arya Samaj b) Brahmo Samajc) Theosophical Society d) Servants of India Society

5. The Mahabalipuram Temple in Tamil Nadu was built during the reign of which of the follow-ing dynasties?a) Chola Dynasty b) Chalukya Dynastyc) Pallava Dynasty d) Pandya Dynasty

6. Match the FollowingAUTHOR BOOKA) Jawahar Lal Nehru 1. Golden ThresholdB) Upamanyu Chatterjee 2. Glimpses of World HistoryC) Sarojini Naidu 3. A Grandmother’s TaleD) R.K. Narayan 4. English August

A B C Da) 4 2 1 3b) 2 4 1 3c) 3 2 4 1d) 1 2 3 4

7. Which of the following is not a Fundamental Right?a) Right to equality b) Right to propertyc) Right to freedom of religion d) Right to constitutional remedies

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8. The Harappans had trade links witha) Rome b) Greecec) Mesopotamia d) All the three

9. Which Schedule of the Indian Constitution contains the recognized languages of India?a) Ninth b) Eighthc) Seventh d) Second

10. The earliest of the Vedas isa) Atharva Veda b) Rig Vedac) Sama Veda d) Yajur Veda

11. Ibn Batuta, the famous Arab traveler, was in the court ofa) Ala-ud-din Khilji b) Muhammad Tughlakc) Firoz Shah Tughlak d) Babur

12. Uranium is mainly found in which of the following states?a) Orissa b) Biharc) Karnataka d) Jharkhand

13. Ascorbic acid is the chemical name of……….a) Vitamin A b) Vitamin B c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin D

14. Which one of the following is popularly called ‘Dakshin Ganga’?a) Cauvery b) Krishna c) Godavari d) Tungbhadra

15. President’s rule proclaimed in a state cannot normally be continued beyonda) Three Months b) Six Months c) Twelve Months d) Eighteen Months

16. The first satellite launched by India wasa) Bhaskara-I b) Aryabhata c) Bhaskara - II d) Rohini

17. India is a secular state becausea) All religions are equally protectedb) The state has no religion of its ownc) There is no discrimination on grounds of religion or casted) All of the above

18. The first Muslim King to invade India wasa) Mohammed Bin Quasim b) Mahmud of Ghaznic) Mohammad Ghori d) Chengiz Khan

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19. ‘The generation to come, it may be, will scarcely believe that such a one as this, ever inflesh and blood, walked upon the earth’. This tribute was paid to Gandhiji bya) Jawaharlal Nehru b) George Bernard Shawc) Albert Einstein d) Dr. S. Radhakrishnan

20. Garba is the regional dance of which statea) Bihar b) Madhya Pradesh c) Gujarat d) Maharashtra

21. Sanchi Stupa is in the state ofa) Bihar b) Madhya Pradesh c) Uttar Pradesh d) Maharashtra

22. Which state in India ranks first in the production of coffee?a) Karnataka b) Kerala c) Tamil Nadu d) Andhra Pradesh

23. What is the upper part of the sun’s atmosphere called?a) Chromosphere b) Corona c) Photosphere d) Ionosphere

24. German Silver is an alloy comprisinga) Copper, Nickel and Zinc b) Silver, Copper and Zincc) Silver, Nickel and Zinc d) Nickel, Zinc and Lead

25. CRY is an organization dealing witha) Environments b) Welfare of destitute womenc) Welfare of neglected children d) Community development

26. Indicate the names of the following three Chola kings chronologicallyI) Raja Raja II) Vijayalaya III) Rajendraa) I, II, III b) III, II, Ic) I, III, II d) II, I, III

27. Which of the following planets is called the Evening Star?a) Mercury b) Mars c) Venus d) Saturn

28. Of the following, whose ideas had influenced Gandhiji?a) Karl Marx b) Leo Tolstoy c) Lenin d) Fyodor Dostoevsky

29. When was the first Swadeshi movement in India launched on large scale?a) 1885 b) 1905 c) 1919 d) 1930

30. Panini, a famous personality of ancient India, wasa) a grammarian b) an astronomer c) a philosopher d) a physician

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31. The celebrated astronomer Aryabhata of ancient India lived during thea) Maurya period b) Kushan periodc) Gupta period d) Nanda period

32. Which of the following is the correct chronological order of the following Maurya rulers?a) Bindusara, Ashoka, Chandragupta b) Chandragupta, Bindusara, Ashokac) Bindusara, Chandragupa, Ashoka d) Ashoka, Chandragupta, Bindusara

33. Trimurti is associated wtiha) Ellora b) Ajantac) Khajuraho d) Elephanta Caves

34. The non-permanent members of the Security Council serve fora) One year b) Two years c) Three years d) Four years

35. The Muslim League passed a resolution at its Lahore session demanding a separate homelandfor the Muslims of the sub-continent which later became the basis of Pakistan. In whichyear was the resolution passed?a) 1940 b) 1941 c) 1942 d) 1943

36. ‘Dome of the Rock’, a monument revered by the Muslims, is located ata) Mecca b) Medina c) Jerusalem d) Qom (Iran)

37. The President of India can nominate, to the Rajya Sabha a maximum of ...............a) 6 members b) 9 members c) 12 members d) 15 members

38. Match the following columns:A. Bihu 1. AssamB. Onam 2. KeralaC. Pongal 3. West BengalD. Vaishakhi 4. Punjab

5. Tamil NaduA B C D

a) 1 2 5 4b) 2 3 1 4c) 3 5 4 1d) 2 1 3 4

39. Which of the following is the most stable element found in nature?a) Oxygen b) Hydrogenc) Lead d) Uranium

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40. Who is the author of ‘An Unknown Indian’?a) VS Naipaul b) Shobha Dec) Nirad C. Chowdhary d) RK Narayan

41. Why does water boil below 100o C at higher altitudes?a) There is lesser dissipation of heat at higher altitudesb) The water is purer at higher altitudes and hence takes less timec) Pollution free air at higher altitudes increases the calorific value of the fueld) The atmospheric pressure at higher altitude is low compared to the pressure at sea level

42. Radio was invented by .............a) Graham Bell b) Marconic) Coulomb d) Edison

43. When was the elevator (lift) invented and by whom?a) 1852- E G Otis b) 1831- Michael Faradayc) 1898- Otto Hume d) 1856- Richard Kone

44. The speed of the sound is maximum in which medium?a) Air b) Glass c) Water d) Wood

45. Where are the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank situated?a) Manila b) Jakarta c) Singapore d) Dhaka

46. Black soil is best suited for the growth of which crop?a) Wheat b) Tea c) Cotton d) Jute

47. Thomas Cup is associated with which sport?a) Table Tennis b) Chess c) Squash d) Badminton

48. Indian Railways has been organized into how many zones?a) 14 b) 15 c) 16 d) 17

49. Who is the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?a) Paul Wolfowitz b) Rodrigo Ratoc) Pascal Lamy d) Jacques Rogge

50. The book ‘Wings of Fire’ has been written by………a) APJ Abdul Kalam b) Amartya Senc) Lord Meghraj Desai d) K R Narayanan

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BRM Test - 16


1. Red blood corpuscles are formed in…………a) Marrow b) Liver c) Kidney d) Heart

2. Leprosy is caused by..............a) Bacterium b) Virus c) Protozoa d) Helminthes

3. The International Literacy Day is observed on.............a) 8th September b) 8th December c) 16th September d) 16th December

4. A Paleontologist is connected to................a) Birds b) Fossils c) Old Tombs d) Planets

5. The World Tourism Day is observed on...........a) 27th July b) 27th August c) 27th September d) 27th October

6. How is the energy in the Sun generated?a) Nuclear fusion b) Gravitational forcec) Nuclear fission d) Magnetic force

7. Palk Strait separates which two countries?a) India and Sri Lanka b) India and Burmac) Sri Lanka and Pakistan d) India and China

8. The book Origin of Species has been written by...........a) Adam Smith b) Louis Pasteurc) Charles Darwin d) Claude Bernard

9. Which of the following does not have an oil refinery?a) Haldia b) Koyali c) Mathura d) Ahmedabad

10. ‘Tripitika’ is related toa) Buddhists b) Jains c) Vaishnavas d) Shintos

11. The Khalsa Panth was founded bya) Guru Hargobind b) Guru Nanak Devc) Guru Tegh Bahadur d) Guru Gobind Singh

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12. Who among the following was not captured by the British in 1857?a) Mangal Pandey b) Bahadur Shah IIc) Nana Sahib d) Tantia Tope

13. The Saka Era was founded bya) Harsha b) Kanishka c) Ashoka d) Vikramaditya

14. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?a) Nalanda-ancient university b) Tanjore-ancient portc) Konark-Sun Temple d) Amaravati-Stupa

15. The All India Muslim League was founded bya) Nawab Salimullah Khan b) Sir Mohd. Iqbalc) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan d) Moulana Shaukat Ali

16. Zero was invented by:a) Bhaskara b) Aryabhatta c) Varahamihira d) An unknown Indian

17. The Simon Commission was concerned witha) Constitution development b) Reforms in the princely statesc) Higher Education d) Famines

18. The monuments at Khajuraho belong to the period ofa) Vakatakas b) Rashtrakutas c) Ganadavatas d) Chandellas

19. Which one of the following works of Kalidasa is not a play?a) Malavikagnimitram b) Abhijanan Sakuntalamc) Meghdootam d) Vikramorvaseyam

20. What is the correct sequence of the following events?I. The Partition of Bengal II. The Jallianwala Bagh massacreIII. The Quit India Movement IV. The Simon Commission Reporta) I, II, III, IV b) I, II, IV, III c) IV, III, I, II d) II, III, I, IV

21. Match the following :I. 1931 A. Chauri-Chaura incidentII. 1921 B. Dandi MarchIII. 1942 C. Cripps MissionIV. 1930 D. Second Round Table Conferencea) I-D, II-B, III-C, IV-E b) I-A, II-C, III-B, IV-Ec) I-D, II-C, III-E, IV-B d) I-D, II-A, III-C, IV-B

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22. Match the following :I. Sindri A. CementII. Pimpri B. FertilisersIII. Surajpur C. Drugs & PharmaceuticalsIV. Korba D. Aluminium

E. Papera) I-E, II-B, III-A, IV-D b) I-B, II-C, III-D, IV-Ec) I-B, II-C, III-A, IV-D d) I-C, II-A, III-E, IV-B

23. Leonard da Vinci’s famous painting Mona Lisa is displayed ina) Paris b) London c) Frankfurt d) Athens

24. Limestone, when metamorphosed becomesa) Granite b) Slate c) Marble d) Quartzite

25. Which among the following materials has the highest electrical conductivity?a) Diamond b) Silver c) Graphite d) Wood

26. Oxygen is liberated on heating..........a) Zinc oxide b) Manganese dioxidec) Mercuric oxide d) Magnesium oxide

27. The planetary winds variously known as Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties and Stormy Sixtiesarea) Trade Winds b) Cyclones c) Polar Winds d) Westerlies

28. Who is known as the ‘Iron Man of India’?a) Jawaharlal Nehru b) Bal Gangadhar Tilakc) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel d) Mahatama Gandhi

29. Otto Von Bismarck is popularly known as the..........a) Grand Commander b) Man of Blood and Ironc) Grand Old Man d) Man of Destiny

30. The Ramakrishna Mission was started bya) Swami Vivekananda b) Ramakrishna Paramhansac) Swami Dayanand Saraswati d) None of the above

31. Maria Montessori’s name is associated witha) Christian mission b) Child educationc) Women’s rights d) Mission hospitals

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32. Where was Albert Einstein born?a) U.K. b) USA c) Austria d) Albania

33. The first navigator to sail around the world wasa) Marco Polo b) Columbus c) Amundsen d) Magellan

34. John Maynard Keynes was a/ana) Poet b) Scientist c) Mathematician d) Economist

35. Who is known as the ‘Little Corporal’?a) Adolf Hitler b) Napolean Bonapartec) William E. Gladstone d) None of the above

36. Who was the first Indian woman to scale Mt. Everest?a) Phu Dorjee b) Ang Dorjee c) Bachendri Pal d) Santosh Yadav

37. Leonardo da Vinci, who is famous for his masterpiece painting Mona Lisa was a/ana) Frenchman b) Italian c) German d) Englishman

38. Mother Teresa was born ina) USA b) USSR c) Germany d) Albania

39. The first woman film star nominated or elected to the Rajya Sabha wasa) Vaijayanthimala b) Nargis Dutt c) Jayalalitha d) Hema Malini

40. The Scholar who had accompanied Mohammed of Ghazni to India wasa) Al-Raza b) Ibn Batuta c) Al-Beruni d) Al-Firdausi

41. The new name for Dabhol Power corporation is ………a) Naptha Jhakri Corporation Ltd b) Sardar Sarovar Project Pvt Ltdc) Ratnagiri Gas and Power Pvt Ltd d) Tehri Power Project Pvt Ltd

42. The largest producer of eggs in the world is...........a) China b) India c) Japan d) Korea

43. The largest sugar producing state of India is...............a) Maharashtra b) Uttar Pradesh c) Punjab d) Haryana

44. As per the constitution of India, Labour is a subject of thea) Central List b) State Listc) Concurrent List d) It is not included in any list

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45. The 7th Law Commission is chaired by?a) Soli Sorabjee b) Ram Jethmalani c) C Rangarajan d) M Jagannadha Rao

46. ‘Operation Flood’ was started by the...............a) Mother Dairy b) Delhi Milk Schemec) National Dairy Development Board d) Government of India

47. The rate of Value Added Tax (VAT) isa) 4% and 12.5% b) 4% and 12% c) 3.5% and 12% d) 3% and 12.5%

48. The trade route (ancient silk route) that has opened between India and China after 44 yearsis connected bya) Jelepla Pass b) Nathu La Passc) Rohtang Pass d) Zozi La Pass

49. Who is the present Defense Minister of India?a) Pranab Mukherjee b) Shivraj Patilc) A K Antony d) Sharad Pawar

50. Mobile Phone was invented by………a) Martin Cooper b) J L Bairdc) Thomas Alva Edison d) Alexander Graham Bell

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204

Temple of Learning


BRM Test - 17


1. Who is the Supreme Commander of the Indian defense forces?a) The Chief of Staff of the Indian Army b) The President of Indiac) The Prime Minister of India d) The Defence Minister

2. Who is the Chief Minister of Goa?a) Pratapsinh Rane b) Manohar Parrikarc) Philip Neri Rodrigues d) S.C. Jamir

3. Which is the largest airport in the world?a) King Khaled International airport b) Jeddah airportc) O’ Hare International airport d) Heathrow International airport

4. A money bill can be introduced ina) Either House of the Parliament b) Only the Lok Sabhac) Only the RajyaSabha d) None of the above

5. One-third of the members of the Rajya Sabha retire after every ............... year/s.a) One b) Twoc) Four d) Five

6. The speaker can exercise his right to vote in the housea) At his own pleasureb) At the discretion of the party that he belongs toc) Only in the event of an equality of votesd) If the houses so desire

7. The ‘zero hour’ in the parliament refers to a timea) When proposals made by the opposition are consideredb) When a money bill is introduced in the Lok Sabhac) Interval between the morning and the afternoon sessionsd) When matters of utmost importance are raised

8. The total number of members that the president nominates to the Lok Sabha and the RajyaSabha isa) 12 b) 14c) 22 d) 24

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9. A ‘minister of state’ in the union government refers to someone who isa) A nominee of the state cabinetb) A minister of the union government but not a member of the cabinetc) A nominee of the state governord) Responsible for safeguarding the interests of the state cabinet

10. The President’s rule can be imposed in a state under the controversial article ...................of the Constitutiona) 256 b) 326 c) 356 d) 386

11. The president can make laws through ordinancesa) Under no circumstancesb) Only on subjects contained in the concurrent listc) On certain subjects even when the parliament is in sessiond) Only during the recess of the parliament

12. The idea of incorporation of a concurrent list, besides the union and the state lists, has beenborrowed from the Constitution ofa) Ireland b) Australia c) UK d) Canada

13. Which of the following writs is issued by the Court for the enforcement of a fundamentalright, as in the case of illegal detention of a person?a) Habeas Corpus b) Mandamus c) Certiorari d) Quo Warranto

14. If an object is placed between two parallel plane mirrors, the number of images formed willbea) 1 b) Infinite c) 0 d) 4

15. Laughing gas isa) Nitric oxide b) Nitrogen dioxidec) Nitrogen pent oxide d) Nitrous oxide

16. The courts can, under the writ of Mandamus,a) Ask a person to be producedb) Order to transfer a case from one court to anotherc) Ask to let a person free for a temporary periodd) Direct the government to do or not to do a certain thing

17. Which one of the following constitutional amendments gives a constitutional status to thePanchayati Raj Institutions?a) 71st amendment b) 72nd amendment c) 73rd amendment d) 74 th amendment

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18 . ...................... is regarded to have been the father of local self government in Indiaa) Rippon b) Bentinck c) Curzon d) Mayo

19. The Revolt of 1857 had its beginning in……..a) Meerut b) Plassey c) Madras d) Bombay

20. Who had founded the Indian Home Rule Society?a) Madan Lal Dhingra b) V. D. Savarkarc) Lala Hardayal d) Shyamji Krishna Verma

21. With whom was the seven-year rule of ‘missions, omissions, and commissions’ associated?a) Lord Dalhousie b) Lord Curzonc) Lord Lytton d) Lord Mayo

22. The author of Ashtadhyaya isa) Charaka b) Panini c) Dhanwantari d) None of the above

23. The Doctrine of Lapse had been put to much use bya) Lord Dalhousie b) Lord Bentinck c) Lord Curzon d) Lord Rippon

24. Who is known as the ‘Father of Geometry’?a) Kepler b) Euclid c) Pythagoras d) Newton

25. Who advocated the theory of ‘Laissez Faire’ ?a) Marshall b) Malthus c) Adam Smith d) None of these

26. Who among the following was known as ‘Fuehrer’?a) Stalin b) Lenin c) Hitler d) Bismarck

27. Alfred Nobel is associated with the invention ofa) Cosmic rays b) Dynamite c) Dynamo d) Penicillin

28. Which, among the following crops, holds the highest acreage of cropping in India?a) Rice b) Wheat c) Cotton d) Potato

29. Which among the following countries is the World’s largest consumer of coffee?a) USA b) Russia c) China d) UK

30. Which part of the human body is made up of the Duodenum, Jejunum and the Ileum?a) The Stomach b) The small intestinec) The large intestine d) None of these

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31. Which among the following states has largest number of districts?a) Bihar b) Rajasthan c) Uttar Pradesh d) Maharashtra

32. The Reserve Bank of India was established ona) Jan-1,1934 b) April-1,1934 c) Jan-1,1935 d) April-1,1935

33. Alfonso is a famous variety of which among the following fruits?a) Grape b) Mango c) Orange d) Apple

34. The Great Bengal famine occurred in which among the following years?a) 1911 b) 1931 c) 1943 d) 1945

35. Who wrote ‘Broken Wing’?a) Sarojini Naidu b) A.P.J. Abdul Kalamc) Jawaharlal Nehru d) Nirad C. Choudhary

36. Who is the president of International Olympic Committee?a) Ehsan Mani b) Lamine Diack c) Jacques Rogge d) None of the above

37. Who has written the book ‘War and Peace’?a) Maxim Gorky b) Leo Tolstoyc) Fyodor Dostoevsky d) Miguel de Cervantes

38. K-2, the world’s second highest peak is located in which mountain range?a) Pir Panjal b) Himalayas c) Karokoram d) None of these

39. CRY stands fora) Children Rescue Youjana b) Child Regulation and Youthc) Children Relief and You d) None of the above

40. Which amongst the following is the latest country to gain independence?a) East Timor b) Botswanac) Uganda d) Sudan

41. What is the capital of Ethiopia?a) Cairo b) Khartoumc) Addis Ababa d) Congo

42. Who has played highest number of test matches as a member of the Indian team?a) Sunil Gavaskar b) Rahul Dravidc) Sachin Tendulkar d) Kapil Dev

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43. With what sports would you associate ‘Uber Cup’?a) Polo b) Golf c) Badminton d) Chess

44. Where would you come across ‘Savannah’ the grasslands?a) Africa b) South America c) North America d) Asia

45. Which is the largest mammal in the world?a) Blue Whale b) Indian Elephant c) African Elephant d) Giraffe

46. Who is the present Chief Minister of Maharashtra?a) Sushil Kr. Shinde b) Vilasrao Deshmukhc) Chhagan Bhujbal d) Narayan Rane

47. Which country boasts of the famous ‘Leaning Towers’?a) Scotland b) Germany c) France d) Italy

48. India’s on-sea missile testing site Chandipur, where all AGNI missiles (Irbm) have beentested, is in which state?a) Kerala b) Andhra Pradesh c) Orissa d) Lakshwadeep

49. Which Footballer along with Ronaldo holds the record of having been chosen the WorldPlayer of the Year by FIFA three times?a) Maradona b) Totti c) Zidane d) Cafu

50. Swimmer Ian Thorpe, who recently announced his retirement, is from which country?a) US b) UK c) New Zealand d) Australia

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209

Temple of Learning


BRM Test - 18


1. How many books are there in Douglas Adams’s ‘Hitchhikers’ Guide to the Galaxy’ series?a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) 7

2. What is the currency of Argentina?a) Peso b) Dollar c) Dinar d) Euro

3. The 2nd Battle of Panipat was fought in the year?a) 1556 b) 1566 c) 1546 d) 1576

4. Where is Indian Military Academy?a) Pune b) Jabalpur c) Dehradun d) Bareilly

5. Where is the headquarters of the Western Naval Command in India?a) Goa b) Mumbai c) Kochi d) Kandla

6. From which country did India acquire MIG-2000?a) Russia b) China c) USA d) France

7. What is Vijayanta?a) Submarine b) Aircraft c) Warship d) Battle tank

8. India’s largest aircraft carrier is..............a) INS Vikrant b) INS Shakti c) INS Viraat d) INS Samridhi

9. Gautam Buddha was born in……..a) 527 BC b) 58 BC c) 261 BC d) 576 BC

10. The First Battle of Panipat took place in the year:a) 1556 AD b) 1526 AD c) 1540 AD d) 1527 AD

11. When did the Jallianwalan Bagh massacre take place?a) April 13,1919 b) April 13,1920 c) May 13,1919 d) May 14,1919

12. When was the Constitution of India enacted, signed and adopted by the Constituent Assembly?a) January 26,1950 b) December 11,1946c) December 9,1949 d) November 26,1949

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13. When the Constitution of India was passed by the Constituent Assembly, it had how manyschedules?a) 10 Schedules b) 8 Schedules c) 12 Schedules d) 19 Schedules

14. When was the Constitution of India first amended after its adoption?a) 1954 b) 1951 c) 1962 d) 1971

15. Rupee was minted in the era of which famous ruler?a) Kanishka b) Sher Shah Suri c) Ashoka d) Samudra Gupta

16. How many bones are there in our body?a) 208 b) 207 c) 206 d) 406

17. What is the full form of BIOS?a) Basic Input Outlook System b) Basic Input Output Systemc) Byte Input Output Space d) None of these

18. How many bits called 1 nibble?a) Four b) Six c) Eight d) Two

19. The 1857 revolt broke out during the generalship of………a) Dalhousie b) Canning c) Lawrence d) Curzon

20. What was the immediate cause that precipitated the sepoy mutiny of 1857?a) The introduction of greased cartridgesb) Dalhousie’s Doctrine of lapsec) A wide disparity between the salaries of native sepoys and the British soldiersd) A bid to convert the Indians to Christianity

21. The mutiny had many results; the immediate result was that it led toa) The founding of the Indian National Congressb) Expansion of the military powers of the English East India companyc) Assumption of direct responsibility for administration of India by the crownd) All of the above

22. The first International telephone line in India was between.a) New York and Mumbai b) London and Mumbaic) London and Calcutta d) London and Delhi

23. In which year PIN code system started in India?a) 1972 b) 1969 c) 1975 d) 1965

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24. Who was the first Muslim ruler of Delhi?a) Iltutmish b) Qutbuddin Aibak c) Allauddin Khalji d) Mahmud of Ghazni

25. Muhammad – bin – Tughluq introduced a token currency in lieu of the prevalent silver tanka.Identify the metal used for making the token currency.a) Bronze b) Copper c) Nickel d) Brass

26. Who founded the city of Hyderabad?a) Muhammad Shah b) Muhammad Khanc) Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah d) Chin Qilich Khan

27. The National flower of India is............a) Lotus b) Rose c) Lily d) None of these

28. When is the Martyr’s day celebrated?a) 2nd October b) 30th January c) 22nd March d) 24th January

29. The currency of Iceland is calleda) Forint b) Krona c) Lira d) Shilling

30. The capital of which of the following countries does not begin with the letter ‘A’?a) Greece b) Ghana c) Jordan d) Macedonia

31. ‘Peso’ is not the currency of which of the following countries?a) Bolivia b) Cubac) Dominican Republic d) Chile

32. Which state has the maximum forest area?a) Rajashtan b) Maharashtra c) Madhya Pradesh d) Uttar Pradesh

33. We are in between which of the following Five-Year Plan?a) Ninth Plan b) Tenth Plan c) Eleventh Plan d) Twelfth Plan

34. The Rs.5,000 note was reintroduced in India in 1954. Which monument did it depict?a) India Gate b) Taj Mahalc) Gateway of India d) Qutab Minar

35. What term is used to describe the practice of registering well-known names as domains on theInternet, hoping to sell them at high prices to the rightful owners?a) Cyber Squatting b) Cyber Sellingc) Domaining d) Cyber Surfing

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Temple of Learning


36. For what purpose was the compass originally developed/invented in China?a) For Sailors b) For Feng Shuic) For locating snakes d) For measuring temperature

37. If the MRF bat which Sachin Tendulkar uses is labeled ‘Genius’, what is the correspondinglabel on Brian Lara’s bat?a) Genius b) Wizard]c) Masters d) Excellent

38. The currency of Denmark isa) Pound b) Euroc) Krone d) Kwanza

39. The term ‘econometrics’ was coined by which co-winner of the first Nobel Prize in econom-ics?a) Ragnar Frisch b) Amartya Senc) Pareto d) Adam Smith

40. First letter of the Greek alphabet is............a) Beta b) Gammac) Alpha d) Delta

41. The Concorde airplane flies faster than Mac 1. Mac 1 isa) The speed of sound b) The speed of lightc) The speed of asteroids d) The speed of electrons

42. He discovered the ‘red shift’, laying the foundation for the Big Bang theorya) Darwin b) Hubblec) Kennedy d) Aryabhatta

43. What would you study if you were a speleologist?a) Speech b) Caves c) Insects d) Mummies

44. Which is the closest planet to the Sun?a) Pluto b) Saturn c) Earth d) Mercury

45. Montgomery is the capital city of which country?a) Greece b) The Vatican c) Alabama d) Albania

46. A word spelled by rearranging the letters of another word is called……….a) Anagram b) Synonym c) Antonym d) Metaphor

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47. Which country in the world has the maximum amount of External Debt due to extraordinarilyhigh Imports?a) USA b) Chinac) Canada d) UK

48. The new President of International Cricket Council (ICC) is…………a) Ali Bacher b) Percy Sonnc) Gordon Greenidge d) Ehsan Mani

49. In 2006, Italy won the Football World Cup for thea) Fifth Time b) Fourth Timec) Third Time d) Sixth Time

50. Milton Friedman, who died recently, is a/ana) Economist b) Authorc) Dramatist d) Poet

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214

Temple of Learning


BRM Test - 19


1. The ‘Protected Disclosure Scheme’ is already in force in the case of………..a) PSU Banks & RBI b) Private Banksc) Foreign Banks d) All the Banks

2. The first ceremony of the International Olympic Committee was held in 1894. In which citywas it held?a) New York b) Athens c) Paris d) London

3. Which of the following Shakespeare’s plays is not a tragedy?a) Pericles – Prince of Tyre b) Hamletc) Othello d) Macbeth

4. After Mandarin (Chinese), what is the most widely spoken first language?a) English b) Hindi c) Spanish d) French

5. What commonly eaten vegetable was originally thought to be poisonous?a) Potato b) Tomato c) Brinjal d) Bitter Gourd

6. According to the Greek, who holds the World on his shoulders?a) Atlas b) Hercules c) Krishna d) Sheshnag

7. Which US president was shot 5 days after the end of the American Civil War?a) John F. Kennedy b) Abraham Lincoln c) Jimmy Carter d) Richard Nixon

8. The book Jurassic Park was written by………a) Michael Crichton b) J.K. Rowling c) Jonathan Swift d) Franklin Dickson

9. The book Gulliver’s Travels was written by……….a) Michael Crichton b) J.K. Rowling c) Jonathan Swift d) Charles Dickens

10. ‘A Tale of Two Cities’ was written bya) Charles Dickens b) Adam Smithc) Jane Austen d) Patricia Cornwell

11. Around the World in Eighty Days was written bya) Aldous Huxley b) Jules Verne c) Enid Blyton d) J.K. Rowling

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12. The Call of the Wild was written by…………a) Jack London b) Richard H Chasec) Christopher Watkinson d) Stephen Hawking

13. Why is the Chinese City of Golmud famous?a) World’s highest railway has been started between Golmud and Tibetan capital Lhasab) It has the largest infant mortality rate in Chinac) It is the largest Silk producing city in Chinad) It is the largest industrial town of China

14. In which country did chess originate?a) China b) England c) India d) US

15. Morphology is the study of………a) The shapes of plants and animals b) The shapes of aeroplanesc) The art of combining two pictures d) Handwriting

16. Who has won the Davis Cup the maximum number of times?a) USA b) Spain c) Russia d) Sweden

17. Which of these is another term for the human trachea?a) Large Intestine b) Small Intestine c) Kidney d) Windpipe

18. A pulmonist works on which internal organ/s?a) Heart and Lungs b) Liver c) Kidney d) Pancreas

19. If you are standing on the moon and drop both a feather and a rock at the same time from thesame height, which will land first?a) Rock b) Featherc) Both will land together d) Both will keep floating

20. During World War II, the Germans were allied with the…..a) British b) Americans c) Dutch d) None of these

21. Amitabh Bachchan was conferred with an Honorary Doctorate in Arts in 2006 by whichUniversity?a) Le Corbusier University b) De Montford Universityc) Sheffield University d) Thomas Cook University

22. Who was the second President of the United States?a) John Adams b) Jimmy Carter c) Abraham Lincoln d) George Washington

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23. In what year did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?a) 1943 b) 1942 c) 1945 d) 1941

24. Who wrote the American Declaration of Independence?a) Anderson b) Washington c) Lincoln d) Jefferson

25. How long is a marathon?a) 26.3 miles b) 25 miles c) 24.8 miles d) 27.5 miles

26. Which city is known as the ‘Eternal City’?a) Venice b) The Vatican c) Rome d) Paris

27. The Dalai Lama and Nelson Mandela have both edited which magazine, at different points oftime?a) Vogue b) Time c) Forbes d) Business World

28. Who was the first woman governor of an Indian state?a) Vijay Laxmi Pandit b) Amrit Kaurc) Sarojini Naidu d) Sucheta Kriplani

29. Who was the last British Governor General of Hong Kong?a) Chris Patten b) Cornwallis c) Dominic Lazier d) Wallace

30. In which year was the first modern Olympics conducted?a) 1898 b) 1900 c) 1901 d) 1896

31. In which year did Alfred Nobel die?a) 1887 b) 1896 c) 1900 d) 1901

32. Who is the President of the Indian Hockey Federation (IHF)?a) V Bhaskaran b) KPS Gill c) Dhanraj Pillai d) Pargat Singh

33. The longest river in the world flows into which sea?a) Red Sea b) Caspian Seac) Mediterranean sea d) Arabian Sea

34. A narrow strip of land with water on both sides connecting two larger landmasses is known asa) Isthmus b) Island c) Isobar d) Isotherm

35. How many of the Nobel laureates are of an Indian origin?a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7

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36. Which of the following crops helps in nitrogen fixation?a) Rice b) Beans c) Wheat d) Bajra

37. Who was the first Indian Field Marshal?a) Maneckshaw b) P. Chauhan c) Capt. S. Singh d) R.M. Singh

38. Who is the President of the International Cricket Council?a) Ehsaan Mani b) Jagmohan Dalmiyac) Malcolm Speed d) Percy Sonn

39. Where is the military-oriented Aircraft industry located in India?a) Nasik b) Pune c) Bhusawal d) Bangalore

40. Which of the following committees was set up by the government to make recommendation onthe pricing and taxation of the petroleum products?a) Kelkar Committee b) Rangarajan Committeec) Ahluwalia Committee d) Narsimhan Committee

41. Among which of the following countries India has recently signed a double tax avoidancetreaty?a) Indonesia b) South Africa c) Mauritius d) Austria

42. What is the significance behind the choice of colors for the Olympic rings?a) The five colors represent the five continentsb) All other colors can be formed using the five colorsc) At least one of the five colors is found in the flag of every nationd) The choice of color has no significance

43. Who will be the next Prime Minister and the first woman lead of Jamaica?a) PS Patterson b) Portia Simpson Millerc) Peter Phillips d) Danville Walker

44. Who is Karnataka’s Chief Minister?a) N. Dharam Singh b) B.S. Yediyurappac) H.D. Kumaraswamy d) Anant Kumar

45. Which of these was ranked as the world’s No.1 English Daily in terms of circulation?a) Times of India b) Indian Express c) Hindustan Times d) The Hindu

46. Dispersion of light in the atmosphere takes place due to?a) Carbon dioxide b) Water vapor c) Helium d) None of the above

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47. President APJ Abdul Kalam created history by becoming the first Indian Head of the state tosail in a submarine. The name of the submarine isa) INS Brahmputra b) INS Tarangc) INS Jyoti d) INS Sindhurakshak

48. Abhinav Bindra became the first Indian to win a Gold medal in World Cup shooting championship.In which event did he achieve the feat?a) 10m Rifle b) Double Trapc) Air Rifle d) Single Trap

49. Who is the new defense secretary of the US?a) Donald Rumsfeld b) Robert Gatesc) Condoleeza Rice d) Jim Rose

50. Which state government is planning to start evening courts?a) Karnataka b) Keralac) Gujarat d) Madhya Pradesh

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BRM Test - 20


1. In which layer of the atmosphere do weather phenomena take place?a) Ionosphere b) Troposphere c) Stratosphere d) Mesosphere

2. Which of the following countries do not lie in Asia?a) Yemen b) Oman c) Macau d) Burundi

3. In which state is the Gir forest situated?a) Gujarat b) Madhya Pradesh c) Kerala d) Karnataka

4. Ankleshwar, a major source of petroleum in India, is situated in which country?a) Maharashtra b) Orissa c) Gujarat d) Jharkhand

5. Who was India’s nominee for the post of Secretary-General of the UN?a) Nirupama Sen b) Vijay Nambiar c) Shyam Saran d) Shashi Tharoor

6. Who is the president of Venezuela?a) Hugo Chavez b) Jorge Rodriquez c) Jose R Zapatero d) Dominique de Villepin

7. The book ‘The Last Mughal’ has been written by………a) Dominique Lapiere b) Vikram Sethc) William Dalrymple d) Salman Rushdie

8. Who has been appointed as India’s new foreign secretary?a) Vijay Nambiar b) S Y Qureshi c) S S Menon d) Shyam Saran

9. Who has won the the 39th Jnanpith award for the year 2003?a) D Jayakanthan b) Vinda Karandikarc) R K Shah d) Indira Goswami

10. Who is the present World chess champion?a) Vladimir Kramnik b) Garry Kasparovc) Veselin Topalov d) Vishwanathan Anand

11. Which cricketer has scored the fastest hundred in test cricket?a) Kapil Dev b) Adam Gilchristc) Vivian Richards d) Brian Lara

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12. Shirin Ebadi is a well known human rights activist and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize 2003.Which country does she belong to?a) Iraq b) Egypt c) India d) Iran

13. How many countries participated in the FIFA World Cup 2006?a) 30 b) 32 c) 34 d) 36

14. Where did Gautam Buddha deliver his first sermon?a) Sarnath b) Lumbini c) Gaya d) Gandhara

15. The book English August has been written by………a) Upamanyu Chatterjee b) Vikram Chandrac) V.S. Naipaul d) Vikram Seth

16. Who is the Chief Minister of Jharkhand?a) Arjun Munda b) Babulal Marandi c) Shibu Soren d) Madhu Koda

17. Who is the Prime Minister of Japan? ( He is also the youngest PM of Japan)a) Junichiro Koizumi b) Shinzo Abec) Yoshiro Mori d) Obuchi Keizo

18. Who has the Nobel Peace Prize for the year 2006?a) Grameen Bank b) Muhammad Yunusc) Both (a) & (b) d) None of the above

19. Who has won the Nobel Prize for Literature for 2006?a) Orhan Pamuk b) Harold Pinter c) John Banville d) Kiran Desai

20. Who has won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 2006?a) Roger D Kornberg b) Robert Grubbsc) Richard Schrock d) Yves Chauvin

21. Which cine personality has won the Gandhi International Peace Prize for 2006?a) Deepa Mehta b) Meera Nair c) Shabana Azmi d) Kiron Kher

22. Who has won the Nobel Prize for Economics for 2006?a) Robert J Aumann b) Thomas C Schellingc) Robert A Mundell d) Edmund S Phelps

23. What is the new name of Bangalore?a) Bangalurina b) Bengaluru c) Bingalina d) It has not changed

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24. What is the new name of Mysore?a) Mysori b) Musuru c) Mysuru d) It is not changed

25. Which country won the 2006 men’s hockey World cup?a) Netherlands b) Germany c) New Zealand d) Australia

26. Who amongst the following was the first space tourist?a) Dennis Tito b) Mark Shuttleworthc) Gregory Olsen d) Charles Simonyi

27. Who is the first woman to travel to space?a) Valentina Tereshkova b) Anousheh Ansaric) Yashin Debabi d) Yuri Shargin

28. Davos, the permanent venue for the World Economic Forum is in which country?a) Germany b) Norway c) Sweden d) Switzerland

29. When is the World AIDS day observed?a) 1st September b) 1st October c) 1st November d) 1st December

30. The Inheritance of Loss has been written by……….a) Anita Desai b) Kiran Desai c) Vikram Seth d) Vikram Chandra

31. Who is the present Formula One (F1) champion?a) Michael Schumacher b) Rubens Barricheloc) Fernando Alonso d) Jenson Button

32. Narain Karthikeyan is the test driver for which F1 team?a) Jordan b) Ferrari c) Williams d) Red Bull

33. Who has been chosen as the ICC Player of the Year for 2006?a) Mathew Hayden b) Adam Gilchristc) Shane Warne d) Ricky Pointing

34. Who has been chosen as the ICC Emerging Player of the Year for 2006?a) Kevin Pietersen b) Ian Bellc) M.S. Dhoni d) Stuart Clarke

35. Which award did Jhumpa Lahiri win for her book The Interpreter of Maladies?a) The Booker Prize b) The Nobel Prize for Literaturec) The Sahitya Akademi Award d) The Pulitzer Prize

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36. Where is the headquarters of the Western Naval Command in India?a) Pune b) Mumbaic) Secundrabad d) Ahmedabad

37. What is the full form of MICR? a) Monitor Input Resource Copy b) Magnetic Ink computer Recognition

c) Magnetic Ink character Record d) Magnetic Ink character Recognition

38. When there is one buyer and many sellers in a market - what is this situation called?a) Monopoly b) Monopsony c) Monotony d) Oligopoly

39. Mars, the fourth planet from the sun, is named after the Roman god of……..a) Peace b) War c) Love d) Marriages

40. Who is the famous author of the book ‘What They Don’t Teach You at Harvard BusinessSchool’?a) Stephen R Covey b) Mack McCormakc) John Love d) None of the above

41. What is the disease tetanus otherwise known as?a) Lock Jaw b) Sea Jaw c) Freeze Jaw d) Ice Jaw

42. In the human body, the exocrine glands are considered as a part of which system?a) Excretory System b) Respiratory Systemc) Nervous System d) Digestive System

43. The Italian soccer club that is owned by the automobile company “FIAT AUTO”, is…….a) A C Milan b) Inter Milan c) Juventus d) Lazio

44. Which country has the oldest National flag in the world?a) Sweden b) Denmark c) USA d) UK

45. India’s first National flag was designed bya) Le Corbusier b) Madame Bikaji Camac) Rabindra Nath Tagore d) Netaji Subash Chandra Bose

46. Which fish has a prehensile tail?a) Rohu b) Shark c) Sea Horse d) Whale

47. Who wrote the thriller The Day of the Jackal?a) John Grisham b) Tom Clancy c) Ken Follette d) Frederick Forsyth

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48. In reference to American military servicemen, what do the initials ‘G.I.’ stand for?a) General’s Intense b) Government Issuec) Government’s Intense d) General Issue

49. Which is the world third largest religion?a) Islam b) Judaismc) Christianity d) Hinduism

50. Who did the Germans defeat at the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914?a) The French b) The Italianc) The Russian d) The British

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BRM Test - 11. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10.(d)11.(a) 12.(a) 13.(b) 14.(d) 15.(b) 16.(a) 17.(d) 18.(a) 19.(c) 20.(b)21.(b) 22.(c) 23.(b) 24.(d) 25.(c) 26.(c) 27.(b) 28.(b) 29.(a) 30.(d)31.(a) 32.(c) 33.(b) 34.(b) 35.(b) 36.(a) 37.(b) 38.(b) 39.(b) 40.(c)41.(c) 42.(c) 43.(a) 44.(a) 45.(b) 46.(b) 47.(b) 48.(d) 49.(a) 50.(c)

BRM Test - 21. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10.(c)11.(d) 12.(b) 13.(a) 14.(a) 15.(b) 16.(d) 17.(c) 18.(a) 19.(d) 20.(b)21.(b) 22.(d) 23.(b) 24.(a) 25.(a) 26.(d) 27.(c) 28.(d) 29.(a) 30.(b)31.(d) 32.(b) 33.(c) 34.(b) 35.(b) 36.(c) 37.(b) 38.(b) 39.(d) 40.(b)41.(c) 42.(c) 43.(d) 44.(b) 45.(c) 46.(b) 47.(b) 48.(c) 49.(a) 50.(b)

BRM Test - 31. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10.(b)11.(d) 12.(c) 13.(b) 14.(d) 15.(a) 16.(a) 17.(b) 18.(c) 19.(c) 20.(a)21.(a) 22.(b) 23.(a) 24.(a) 25.(b) 26.(a) 27.(c) 28.(a) 29.(a) 30.(b)31.(c) 32.(a) 33.(a) 34.(c) 35.(b) 36.(c) 37.(b) 38.(c) 39.(d) 40.(a)41.(c) 42.(b) 43.(d) 44.(c) 45.(a) 46.(b) 47.(d) 48.(d) 49.(c) 50.(b)

BRM Test - 41. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10.(a)11.(d) 12.(a) 13.(a) 14.(c) 15.(a) 16.(c) 17.(b) 18.(a) 19.(d) 20.(b)21.(b) 22.(a) 23.(d) 24.(d) 25.(b) 26.(a) 27.(b) 28.(c) 29.(a) 30.(a)31.(a) 32.(d) 33.(a) 34.(c) 35.(b) 36.(b) 37.(c) 38.(b) 39.(b) 40.(a)41.(b) 42.(a) 43.(d) 44.(c) 45.(b) 46.(d) 47.(a) 48.(c) 49.(a) 50.(d)

BRM Test - 51. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10.(b)11.(c) 12.(a) 13.(a) 14.(c) 15.(b) 16.(b) 17.(d) 18.(c) 19.(c) 20.(a)21.(c) 22.(d) 23.(a) 24.(c) 25.(a) 26.(b) 27.(c) 28.(a) 29.(b) 30.(b)31.(c) 32.(d) 33.(b) 34.(a) 35.(b) 36.(c) 37.(c) 38.(b) 39.(d) 40.(c)41.(b) 42.(b) 43.(b) 44.(a) 45.(c) 46.(d) 47.(c) 48.(a) 49.(b) 50.(c)

BRM Test - 61. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10.(a)11.(d) 12.(b) 13.(b) 14.(d) 15.(a) 16.(c) 17.(b) 18.(d) 19.(c) 20.(c)21.(c) 22.(d) 23.(c) 24.(d) 25.(a) 26.(c) 27.(c) 28.(c) 29.(c) 30.(b)31.(d) 32.(b) 33.(d) 34.(c) 35.(c) 36.(c) 37.(a) 38.(a) 39.(b) 40.(b)41.(a) 42.(b) 43.(c) 44.(a) 45.(d) 46.(a) 47.(c) 48.(a) 49.(c) 50.(b)

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BRM Test - 71. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10.(b)11.(a) 12.(a) 13.(d) 14.(c) 15.(a) 16.(a) 17.(d) 18.(d) 19.(c) 20.(b)21.(c) 22.(d) 23.(b) 24.(a) 25.(d) 26.(c) 27.(b) 28.(c) 29.(a) 30.(a)31.(b) 32.(c) 33.(c) 34.(c) 35.(a) 36.(d) 37.(c) 38.(b) 39.(a) 40.(d)41.(a) 42.(b) 43.(d) 44.(c) 45.(a) 46.(d) 47.(a) 48.(c) 49.(d) 50.(b)

BRM Test - 81. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10.(a)11.(c) 12.(c) 13.(c) 14.(c) 15.(d) 16.(c) 17.(a) 18.(d) 19.(a) 20.(a)21.(a) 22.(b) 23.(b) 24.(b) 25.(c) 26.(a) 27.(a) 28.(a) 29.(a) 30.(d)31.(c) 32.(b) 33.(d) 34.(a) 35.(c) 36.(c) 37.(b) 38.(d) 39.(d) 40.(a)41.(d) 42.(a) 43.(d) 44.(d) 45.(b) 46.(c) 47.(d) 48.(c) 49.(c) 50.(a)

BRM Test - 91. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10.(c)11.(a) 12.(c) 13.(a) 14.(a) 15.(c) 16.(a) 17.(a) 18.(c) 19.(b) 20.(d)21.(c) 22.(d) 23.(b) 24.(b) 25.(b) 26.(a) 27.(d) 28.(a) 29.(c) 30.(c)31.(a) 32.(a) 33.(d) 34.(c) 35.(a) 36.(b) 37.(a) 38.(a) 39.(a) 40.(d)41.(c) 42.(b) 43.(c) 44.(b) 45.(a) 46.(a) 47.(b) 48.(d) 49.(b) 50.(d)

BRM Test - 101. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10.(c)11.(c) 12.(a) 13.(b) 14.(a) 15.(c) 16.(a) 17.(c) 18.(c) 19.(d) 20.(a)21.(b) 22.(d) 23.(d) 24.(c) 25.(c) 26.(d) 27.(b) 28.(c) 29.(b) 30.(a)31.(a) 32.(d) 33.(b) 34.(c) 35.(a) 36.(a) 37.(b) 38.(d) 39.(d) 40.(k)41.(b) 42.(b) 43.(c) 44.(a) 45.(d) 46.(c) 47.(a) 48.(c) 49.(b) 50.(d)

BRM Test - 111. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10.(b)11.(a) 12.(c) 13.(d) 14.(d) 15.(c) 16.(a) 17.(b) 18.(d) 19.(a) 20.(c)21.(a) 22.(b) 23.(d) 24.(a) 25.(c) 26.(c) 27.(a) 28.(a) 29.(c) 30.(a)31.(c) 32.(c) 33.(c) 34.(a) 35.(b) 36.(a) 37.(b) 38.(a) 39.(d) 40.(b)41.(d) 42.(b) 43.(b) 44.(d) 45.(b) 46.(a) 47.(a) 48.(c) 49.(b) 50.(c)

BRM Test - 121. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10.(b)11.(c) 12.(b) 13.(c) 14.(b) 15.(c) 16.(a) 17.(a) 18.(c) 19.(a) 20.(c)21.(b) 22.(c) 23.(b) 24.(c) 25.(d) 26.(b) 27.(b) 28.(b) 29.(c) 30.(c)31.(b) 32.(d) 33.(d) 34.(b) 35.(b) 36.(c) 37.(a) 38.(b) 39.(a) 40.(c)41.(d) 42.(a) 43.(c) 44.(b) 45.(b) 46.(b) 47.(c) 48.(d) 49.(a) 50.(d)

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BRM Test - 131. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10.(c)11.(b) 12.(c) 13.(d) 14.(b) 15.(b) 16.(c) 17.(a) 18.(b) 19.(a) 20.(a)21.(b) 22.(b) 23.(d) 24.(a) 25.(a) 26.(b) 27.(b) 28.(d) 29.(b) 30.(d)31.(a) 32.(c) 33.(a) 34.(a) 35.(c) 36.(c) 37.(c) 38.(d) 39.(a) 40.(d)41.(a) 42.(c) 43.(a) 44.(c) 45.(b) 46.(c) 47.(a) 48.(a) 49.(b) 50.(c)

BRM Test - 141. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10.(c)11.(c) 12.(c) 13.(a) 14.(a) 15.(a) 16.(d) 17.(a) 18.(d) 19.(b) 20.(a)21.(b) 22.(d) 23.(a) 24.(b) 25.(d) 26.(b) 27.(a) 28.(a) 29.(d) 30.(a)31.(c) 32.(d) 33.(d) 34.(b) 35.(d) 36.(c) 37.(d) 38.(c) 39.(c) 40.(d)41.(c) 42.(c) 43.(a) 44.(a) 45.(b) 46.(c) 47.(a) 48.(c) 49.(a) 50.(d)

BRM Test - 151. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10.(b)11.(b) 12.(d) 13.(c) 14.(a) 15.(b) 16.(b) 17.(b) 18.(a) 19.(c) 20.(c)21.(b) 22.(a) 23.(b) 24.(a) 25.(c) 26.(d) 27.(c) 28.(b) 29.(b) 30.(a)31.(c) 32.(b) 33.(d) 34.(b) 35.(a) 36.(c) 37.(c) 38.(a) 39.(c) 40.(c)41.(d) 42.(b) 43.(a) 44.(b) 45.(a) 46.(c) 47.(d) 48.(c) 49.(b) 50.(a)

BRM Test - 161. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10.(a)11.(d) 12.(c) 13.(b) 14.(d) 15.(a) 16.(b) 17.(a) 18.(d) 19.(d) 20.(b)21.(d) 22.(c) 23.(a) 24.(c) 25.(b) 26.(d) 27.(d) 28.(c) 29.(b) 30.(a)31.(b) 32.(c) 33.(a) 34.(d) 35.(b) 36.(c) 37.(b) 38.(d) 39.(b) 40.(c)41.(c) 42.(a) 43.(a) 44.(c) 45.(d) 46.(c) 47.(a) 48.(b) 49.(c) 50.(a)

BRM Test - 171. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10.(c)11.(d) 12.(d) 13.(a) 14.(b) 15.(d) 16.(d) 17.(c) 18.(a) 19.(a) 20.(d)21.(b) 22.(b) 23.(a) 24.(b) 25.(c) 26.(c) 27.(b) 28.(a) 29.(a) 30.(b)31.(c) 32.(d) 33.(b) 34.(d) 35.(a) 36.(c) 37.(b) 38.(c) 39.(c) 40.(a)41.(c) 42.(c) 43.(c) 44.(a) 45.(a) 46.(b) 47.(c) 48.(c) 49.(c) 50.(d)

BRM Test - 181. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10.(b)11.(a) 12.(a) 13.(b) 14.(b) 15.(b) 16.(c) 17.(b) 18.(a) 19.(b) 20.(a)21.(c) 22.(b) 23.(a) 24.(b) 25.(a) 26.(c) 27.(a) 28.(b) 29.(b) 30.(d)31.(a) 32.(c) 33.(c) 34.(c) 35.(a) 36.(b) 37.(b) 38.(c) 39.(a) 40.(c)41.(a) 42.(b) 43.(b) 44.(d) 45.(c) 46.(a) 47.(a) 48.(b) 49.(b) 50.(a)

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BRM Test - 191. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10.(a)11.(b) 12.(a) 13.(a) 14.(c) 15.(c) 16.(a) 17.(d) 18.(a) 19.(c) 20.(d)21.(b) 22.(a) 23.(d) 24.(b) 25.(a) 26.(c) 27.(a) 28.(c) 29.(a) 30.(d)31.(b) 32.(b) 33.(c) 34.(a) 35.(d) 36.(b) 37.(a) 38.(d) 39.(d) 40.(b)41.(c) 42.(a) 43.(b) 44.(c) 45.(a) 46.(b) 47.(d) 48.(a) 49.(b) 50.(c)

BRM Test - 201. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10.(a)11.(c) 12.(d) 13.(b) 14.(a) 15.(a) 16.(d) 17.(b) 18.(c) 19.(a) 20.(a)21.(c) 22.(d) 23.(b) 24.(c) 25.(b) 26.(a) 27.(a) 28.(d) 29.(d) 30.(b)31.(c) 32.(c) 33.(d) 34.(b) 35.(d) 36.(b) 37.(d) 38.(b) 39.(b) 40.(b)41.(a) 42.(d) 43.(c) 44.(b) 45.(b) 46.(c) 47.(d) 48.(d) 49.(c) 50.(c)

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Number ofConstitutionalAmendment

First

SecondThird

Fourth

Fifth

Sixth

Seventh

Eighth

Ninth

TenthEleventh

TwelthThirteenthFourteenth

Fifteenth

Sixteenth

Year

1951

19531954

1955

1955

1956

1956

1960

1960

19611961

196219621962

1963

1963

Affected Articles

15, 19, 85, 87, 174,341, 342, 372, 376;Articles 31A, 31B and NinthSchedule Added

8 17th Schedule

31,31A, 305 andNinth Schedule

Art.3

269, 286, 7th ScheduleList I and List II49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158,168, 170, 171, 216, 217, 220,222, 224, 230, 231, 232, 239,240, 253, 298, 371. Articlesadded are: 290A, 350A, 350B,372A, 378A, Article deletedare: 238, 242, 243, 259, 278,306, 279-80. The Second,Fourth, Seventh Scheduleswere also affected.

330, 332, 333, 334

First Schedule

240, The First Schedule66(1), 71(4)

Art.240, First ScheduleArt. 371A was added239A; 240(1), First and FourthSchedules

124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 224A,226, 297, 311, 316,Seventh Schedule

19, 84, 174, Second Schedule

Amended Subject

1. Right to equality, Right to liberty and Right to propertywere restriced in public interest.

2. The Land reform Acts were put into Ninth Schedule tomake them out of jurisdiction of the Courts.

3 . The Sessions of Legislatures, appointment of Judgesand provision relating to reservation of seats werealso affected.

Representation of States in the Parliament.The Subject of raw cotton, food production, animalhusbandry etc. were shifted to the Concurrent List.The Compensation given in lisu of acquisition of propertymay be specified and the amount of compensation is to bebeyond the jurisdiction of the Courts.The President was given power to specify time withinwhich the States shall express their opinion with respectto a proposed legislation affection the boundaries andname of the States.The Parliament was given the power to tax the goodsinvolved in the inter-State trades.1. State reorganization in 14 States and 6

Union Territories.2. Reallocation of Seats in the House of the

People, the Council of States and the State Legislatures.

3. Provision for the appointement of acting and additional Judges andjurisdiction of High Courts.

4. Provisions for Union Territories.5. Special provisions for the States of Andhra

Pradesh, Punjab and Bombay.The Reservation of seats in Legislatures in favour of SC/ST and the Anglo-Indian Community extended upto 1970.Provisions regarding transfer to Berubari Union areas toPakistan.Dadra & Nagar Haveli admitted to the Union of India.Provisions relating to the Electoral College for the electionof the President and the Vice-President.Goa. Daman and Diu admitted to the Union of India.Nagaland was given the Status of a State and specialprovisions were made for the State of Nagaland.Pondicherry was admitted in the Union of India as a UnionTerritory and provisions were made for the constitutionof the Legislative Assembly and the Council of Ministersin that UT.1. The retirement age of the Judges of the High Courts

was raised to 62 years from 60 years.2. Provision for the re-employment of the retired Judge

of the High Courts.3. Extension to the jurisdiction of the High Courts.The States were given the power to restrict the Right toLiberty.

The Constitutional Amendment Acts (1951 - 2002)

Annexure

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The State redefined, provisions regardings the JudicialReview.The ‘State’ redefined.Election Tribunals abolished, the provisions relating toelectoral disputes.Provisions regarding appointement to District Judges.Sindhi language was added in the Eighth Schedule.Establishment of the Union Territory of Meghalaya andspecial provision with respect to the State of Assam.The reservation in Legislatures in favour of SCs/STs andAnglo-Indian Community was extended upto 1980.The Parliament was given power to amend any part ofthe Constitution including the Fundamental Rights.The Fudamental Rights were subordinated to the DirectivePrinciples as given in the Art.39.The privy purse and other priveleges of the princess wereabolished.Reorganisation of North-Eastern States.

Privileges availed by the member of I.C.S. abolished.

The Land Reform Acts passed by the Legislature of theState of Kerala, put into the Ninth Schedule.The limit of Rs.20,000 for making an appeal to theSupreme Court in civil matters abolished.The membership of the House of the People increased to545 members from 525 members.Special provisions with respect to the State of AndhraPradesh.Provision was made to the effect that the acceptance ofresignation of Member of Parliament by the presidingofficer is not mandatory.The Ninth Schedule extended.Sikkim was admitted as on associate State of the Union ofIndia.

Sikkim was given the status of a full State.

Provision for the constitution of the Legistative Assemblyand the Council of Ministers in Arunachal Pradesh.The ordinance issued by thr President, the Governor andthe Lt, Governor made to be out of jurisdiction of theCourts.The elelctions of the President, the Vice-President, thePrime Minister and the Speaker of Lok Sabha cannot bechallenged in the Courts.New laws included in Schedule IX.Parliament was givenpower wirh respect to the territorial waters of India.The retirement age of the members of the State PublicService Commission and the Joint Public ServiceCommission raised to 62 years from 60 years.1 . The words ‘Secular’, ‘Socialist’ and ‘Integrity’ added

in the Preamble.2 . The validity of the Constitutional Amendment can

not be questioned in any Court-368(4).3 . Extension of the Directive Principles of State

Policy.4 . Primacy given to the Directive Principles of state

Policy over the Fundamental Rights.5 . The Fundamental Duties added.6 . Restriction on the Fundamental Rights widened.

Seventeenth

EighteenthNineteenth

TwentiethTwenty-firstTwenty-second

Twenty-third

Twenty-fourth

Twenty fifth

Twenty-sixth

Twenty-seventh

Twenty-eighth

Twenty-ninth

Thirtieth

Thirty-first

Thir ty-second

Thirty-third

Thirty-fourthThirty-fifth

Thirty-sixth

Thirty-seventh

Thirty-eighth

Thirty-ninth

Fortieth

For ty-fi rst

Forty-second

(Called ‘miniConstitution’)

1964

19661966

196619671969

1970

1971

1971

1971

1971

1972

1972

1972

1973

1973

1974

1974

1974

1974

1975

1975

1975

1976

1976

1976

31A, Ninte Schedule

Art.3Art.324

Art. 233A added.Eighth ScheduleArticles 244A and 371B.Added.331, 332, 333, 334

Art. 13, 368

Art. 31. Art 31C wereaddedArt. 312A added and Article314 was deleted.Articles 239B and 371C wereadded.Art. 312A added and Art. 314deleted.Ninth Schedule

Art. 133

Articles 81, 330, and 332

Article 371 affecred andArticles 371D and 371E addedArticles 101, 190

Ninth ScheduleArt. 80 affected, Art. 371Fadded, The Tenth ScheduleaddedArt. 80 affected, Art. 371Fadded, The Tenth Scheduledeleted.Art. 239 A and 240

Art. 123, 123, 213, 239B, 352,356, 360

Art. 71, 329affected and Art.391A added, Schedule Xrepealed.Art. 31B, 297 and IXthSchedule affectedArt. 316(2)

The Preamble, Art. 31, 31C,39, 55,74, 77, 81, 82, 83; 100, 102,103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166,170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194,208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228,311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356,357, 358, 359, 366, 368, 371F,and Schedule VII. Art. 31D,32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, Part IVA

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7. The power of Judicial Review of the Courts wasrestricted.

8 . The duration of the House of the People and theLegislative Assemblies of the State extended to 6years during the National Emergency.

9 . Provisions were made for the participation of theworkers in the Management of industries.

10. Provisions for the protection of environment, forestsand wildlife.

11. Provisions for the protection of the children and theyouth against exploitation.

12. The delimitation of the constituencies of the Houseof the People and the Legislative Assemblies of theStates shall be on the basis of the population of 1971till the year 2001.

13. No quorum shall be required for conducting the meetingof the House of the People and the LegislativeAssemblies of the States.

14. The right of the Supreme Court to examine the validityof the laws of the State under Article 32A abolished.

15. The Jury System was given importance in thefunctioning of the Courts.

16 . The President shall be bound by the advice of theCouncil of Mininsters.

17 . The Central Government was given the power to sendCentral Forces in any State and the control of suchforces shall rest with the Central Govenment.

18. Emergency Provisions: (a) National Emergency maybe proclaimed in a part of the Territory of India; (b)The one time duration of the President rule in a Stateunder the Art.

19. Some subjects - Protection of the forest and the wildlife,education, weight and measures, population controland judicial administration shifted to the ConcurrentList.

20 . Provisions for the establishment of the AdministrativeTribunals for public servents.

1 . Protection of the rights and powers of the judiciary.Judical Review revived.

2 . The provision relating to the power of the Parliamentto declare an organization as AntiNational wasreplealed.

1. The Fundamental Right to Property was abolished2. The term of the Lok Sabha and the Legislative

Assemblies of the States reduced to 5 years3 . The disputes relating to the qualifications of the

members of the parliament and the State Legislatureshall be decided by the President and the Governorsrespectively.

4 . The provisions regarding quorum in the Legislatureswas charged to as these were before 42nd Amendment.

5 . It was provided that dispites relating to the electionof the President and the Vice President shall be decidedby the Supreme Court and that of the election of themembers of the Parliment ant the State Legislatureshall be decided by the State Legislature shall be decidedby the High Courts.

6 . The National Emergency shall not be proclaimedexcept on the written recommendation of the Cabinet.

7 . The Right to Life and personal liberty and the libertyof the press were restored.

(Art. 51A) 131A, 139A,144A, 226A, 228A, 257A,Part XIVA, 323A and 423Aadded.

Art, 145, 226, 228, 366affected and 31d, 32A, 131A,144A, 226A, 228A repealed.

Art. 19, 20, 30, 31A, 38, 74,77, 83, 105, 123, 132, 133,134, 139A. 150, 166, 172, 194,213, 217, 226, 227, 239A,327, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360,371F, and Ninth Scheduleaffected. Art. 19(i) (f), 31,257A, 329 repealed. Art.134A, 330A, Chapter IV ofPartXII and 361A added.

1978

1978

Forty-third

Forty-fourth

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Temple of Learning


The reservation of the seats in the Legislatures in favourfor for SCs/STs and the Anglo-Indian Community wasextended further for 10 years.The Sales tax imposed by the States was restructured.

Fourteen new laws relating to the land reforms wereincluded in the Ninth Schedule.The President’s Rule imposed in Punjab was extendedupto two years.The Parliament and the Legislature of the State of Tripurashall have power to make laws with respect to the TribalAreas of Tripura.The Parliament was given the power to restrict by lawthe Fundamental Rights with respect to the members ofthe Armed Forces.Provisions were made for the reservation of the ScheduledCaste and the Schedule Tribes of the North-Eastern Statesin the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assemblies of thoseStates except the seats in the autonomous areas of Assam.Provisions relating to the anti-defection law were addedin the Constitution.Mizoram was included as the 23rd State of the India Union.The salary and emoluments of the Judges of the SupremeCourt and the High Courts enhanced.Arunachal Pradesh was included as the 24th State of theUnion of India.Goa was included in the Union of India as the 25th State.The reservation for SCs/STs of Mizoram, Nagaland,Maghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh in the Lok Sabha andthe State Assemblies made more effective.Provisions for the authoritative text of the Constitutionin the Hindi Language.1 . The duration of the President’s Rule in Punjab

extended upto three years.2 . Provisions that the National Emergency can be

declared in the State of Punjab on the grounds ofinternal disturbance.

3 . The right to life and personal liberty can be suspendedduring the Emergency only in the State of Punjab.

The maximum amount of taxes on profession levied by alocal authority was extended from Rs.250 to Rs.2500.The minimum age limit prescribed to get the voting rightwas reduced to 18 years from 21 years.The reservation for SCs/STs and the Anglo IndianCommunity in the Lok Sabha and the LegislativeAssemblies of the States was extended for another tenyears.The right to life and personal liberty shall not be suspendedin Punjab during Emergency.The duration of the President’s Rule in Punjab (imposedon May 11, 1987) was extended to another six months.The National Commission for the Scheduled Castes andthe Schedule Tribes was given a Constitutional Status.Fifty-five laws related to land reforms, enacted by theStates were included in the Ninth Schedule.The duration of the President’s rule in Punjab was extendedupto four years from the date of enforcement, i.e., May11, 1987.The duration of the President’s rule in Punjab was extendedupto five years.The Union Territory of Delhi was named as the NationalCapital Territory of Delhi. It also provided for a 70-

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Art. 330, 332, 333 and 334affected.

Art. 269, 286 and Schedule VIIaffected.Ninth Schedule affected

Art.356

Art. 244, Schedules V and VIaffected

Art. 33

Art. 330 and 332

Art. 101, 102, 190, 191affected & Schedule x added.Schedule ISchedule II

Schedule I

Schedule IPart XXII and Art. 332 affected

Art. 394A added.

Art. 356, 352, 21, and 358affected and Art. 359A added

Art. 276

Art. 326

Art. 334

Art. 356 affected and Art.359A repealedArt. 356

Art. 338

Schedule IX

Art 356(4)

Art. 256(4)

Art. 239A A and 239AB added

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Art 54

Schedule VIII

Art.332

Art. 243 revived and ScheduleXI addedArt. 243 revived and ScheduleXII addedArt. 323

Schedule IX

Art. 16(4A)

Schedule IX

Article 334

Article 268, 269, 270, 272

Article 16

Article 335

Article 243M

Article 1, 2, and First andFourth ScheduleArticle 16(4A)

Article 21(A), 45 & 51A

Article 81, 82, 170, 332

Article 268A, 270, SeventhSchedule

member State Assembly for Delhi.The members of the Legislative Assemblies of Delhi andPondicherry were given the right to participation in theelection of the President.Nepali, Konkani and Manipuri languages included in theEighth Schedule.It provided for provisionally deciding the number of seatsreserved in the legislative Assembly of Tripura in favourof the Scheduled Tribes.Provisions relating to the Constitution, elections, financeand functions of the Panchayati Raj bodies.Provisions relating to the Constitution, election, financeand functions of the Municipalities.Provisions for the establishment of a special AdministrativeTribunals for the speedy disposal of the disputes betweenthe householders and the tenants.The laws relating to reservation enacted by the TamilNadu Assembly included in the Ninth Schedule.Provisions made for the reservation for SCs/STs in thepromotions in public services.Some land reform acts of different States included in theNinth Schedule.The reservation of the seats for the Scheduled Castes andthe Scheduled Tribes as well as for the Anglo Indians in theHouse of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies ofthe States extended for another ten years.Based on the recommendations of the Tenth FinanceCommission, alternative scheme for sharing the taxesbetween the Union and the States.The unfilled vacancies of a year which were reserved forthe Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes for beingfilled up in that year in accordance with any provision forthe reservation made under Article 16 of the Constitutionshall be considered a special class of vacancies to be filledup in any succeeding year of years.The amendment provides that nothing in Article 335 shallprevent the State from making any provision in favour ofthe members of the Scheduled Castes and the ScheduledTribes for the relaxation in qualifying marks in anyexamination or lowering the standard of evaluation forthe reservation in the matters of promotion to any classor classes of services or posts in connection with affairs ofthe Union or of a State.If provides that no reservation in Panchayats need tomade in favour of the Scheduled Castes in Arunachal Pradeshwholly inhabited by the tribal population.Creation of the new States of Chhattisgarh, Uttaranchaland Jharkhand.Restoration of reservation in promotions in services tothe members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.Right to Education has been made the fundamental rightand fundamental duty has been fixed to the parent andguardian to province opportunities for education to thehis child on ward between the age of 6 and 14.Provisions were made so that each state shall be dividedinto territorial Constitutions in such a manner that theratio between the population as per 2001 Census, of eachconstitutions and number of seats allotted to it is, so far aspracticiable, the same throughout the state.Taxes on services was encluded in the Union List.

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233

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Article 338

Article 332

Article 75, 164, 361B, TenthSchedule

Eighth Schedule

Provisions for creation of separate commission forSchedule castes.Provisions under which the Scheduled Tribes and non-Scheduled Tribes in the Bodoland Territorial Areas District,so notified, and existing prior to the Constitution of theBodoland Terrtorial Areas District shall be maintained.Provisions were made regarding the strength of Councilof Ministers in Union as well stage of 15% of the totalmember of Lok Sabha or concerned Vidhan Sabharespectively.Bodo, Dogri, Maithilli and Santhali were added in theEight Schedule of ConstitutionThe Private Professional Educational Institutions(Regulation of Admission and Fixation of Fee) Act

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