Fundamental Microbiology

8/12/2019 Fundamental Microbiology

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Fundamental Microbiology

CH2a: Subdivision of Microbiology

CH2b: Microbial Noemnclature


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Chapter Objectives

Differentiate bacteria, viruses, fungi,

protozoans, and parasites of medical

importance based on fundamental features

and characteristics

Compare the fundamental features of

selected pharmaceutical important

microorganisms


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Basics of Microbiology

Divisions

Nomenclature

Microbial Metabolism

Cultivation

Enumerating Microorganisms

Microbial Genetics

Pharmaceutical Important Microorganisms

Preservation of Microorganisms


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DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY


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Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

Structural Characteristics Nuclear

Membrane

Mode of Reproduction

p11 (table 2.1)


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Characteristics Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

Size Normally > 10um 1 5 um

Location of Chromosomes Within nuclear membrane Cytoplasm

Nuclear Division Mitosis and meiosis Mitosis and meiosis are absent

Nucleolus Present Absent

Reproduction Asexual or sexual Asexual

Chromosome number >1 1

Mitochondria and chloroplasts May be present Absent

Cell membrane composition Sterols present Sterols absent

Cell wall composition Cellulose or chitin but not

peptidoglycan

Walls usually contain

peptidoglycan

Ribosomes 80s 70s (smaller)

Flagella Complex Simle

Pili Absent Present

Fimbrae Cilia Present

Storage Compounds Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate absent Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate often

present


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Prokaryotes

Peptidoglycan cellwalls

Binary fission

For energy, useorganic chemicals,

inorganic chemicals,

or photosynthesis

Bacteria

Figure 1.1a


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Prokaryotic

Lack peptidoglycan

Live in extremeenvironments

Include:

Methanogens Extreme halophiles

Extreme thermophiles

Archaea:

Halobacteria not

from book


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Eukaryotes

Chitin cell walls

Use organicchemicals for energy

Molds and

mushrooms aremulticellular

consisting of masses

of mycelia, which are

composed of

filaments called

hyphae

Yeasts are unicellular

Fungi

Figure 1.1b


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Eukaryotes

Absorb or ingestorganic chemicals

May be motile via

pseudopods, cilia, orflagella

Most free some

parasites

Protozoa

Figure 1.1c


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Eukaryotes

Cellulose cell walls

Use photosynthesis for

energy (primary

producers)

Produce molecular

oxygen and organic

compounds

Metabolically diverse

Algae

Figure 1.1d


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Acellular

Consist of DNA or

RNA core

Core is surrounded bya protein coat

Coat may be enclosed

in a lipid envelope

Viruses are replicated

only when they are in

a living host cell

Viruses

Figure 1.1e


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Eukaryote

Multicellular

animals

Parasitic

flatworms and

round worms are

called helminths.

Microscopic

stages in life

cycles.

Multicellular Animal Parasites

Figure fluke


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MICROBIAL NOMENCLATURE

Writing Scientific Names


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Aristotle

Attempted to classify all living things as either

Plant or Animals

By location


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Carl Linnaeus

1700s

Developed the naming system using Latin and

Greek Names

Systema Naturae (1973)


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four different sources of names

Descriptive

ScientistsName

Geographic Places Organization


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Descriptive

Staphylococcus aureus (grape-likecluster of spheres, golden in color),

Streptococcus viridans (chains ofspheres, green in colony color),

Proteus vulgaris (first and common),

Helicobacter pylori (spiral shapedrod at the entrance to theduodenum)


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Scientists names

Escherichia coli (Theodor Esherich),

Erlichia (Paul Erlich),

Nessieria (Albert Neisser),

Listeria (Joseph Lister), Pasturella (Louis Pasteur),

Yersinia (AlexandreYersin),

Bartonella (Alberto Barton),

Morganella (H. de R. Morgan),

Edwardsiella (P. R. Edwards)


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Geographic places

Legionella longbeachiae (Long Beach,California),

Pasturella tularensis (Tulare County, California),

Pseudomonas fairmontensis (Fairmount Park,Pennsylvania),

Mycobacterium genavense (Geneva,Switzerland),

Blastomyces brasiliensis (Brazil), Providencia spp. (Brown University, Providence,

RI)


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Organizations

Legionella (American Legion),

Afipia felis (Air Force Institute ofPathology),

Cedecea spp. (Centers for DiseaseControl)

Bilophila wadsworthia (VAWadsworth Medical Center in LosAngeles)


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MICROBIAL METABOLISM


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Bacterial Metabolism


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Fungal Metabolism


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Viral Metabolism


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Parasitic Metabolism


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MICROBIAL CULTIVATION

Culture Media


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MICROBIAL CULTIVATION

Cultivation Methods


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MICROBIAL GENETICS


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PHARMACEUTICALLY IMPORTANTMICROORGANISMS


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PRESERVATION OF MICROORGANISMS

Documents

Fundamental Microbiology