Functional Functional Neuroanatomy: The Neuroanatomy: The nervous system and nervous system and

behaviourbehaviourChapter 2Chapter 2

Neuroanatomical methodsNeuroanatomical methods

nisslnissl

myelinmyelin

golgigolgi

autoradiographyautoradiography

ImmunohistochemistryImmunohistochemistry

In vivo imagingIn vivo imaging

Examples of Nissl stainsExamples of Nissl stains

Example of fibre stainExample of fibre stain(gold chloride)(gold chloride)

Example of Golgi methodExample of Golgi method

Example of autoradiographyExample of autoradiography

Example of immunohistochemistryExample of immunohistochemistry

Arc-positive cells after varying amounts of sleep deprivation

Imaging brain structureImaging brain structure

Imaging activityImaging activity

Types of cells in the nervous Types of cells in the nervous systemsystem

NeuronsNeurons The main information processorsThe main information processors

GliaGlia Important supporting rolesImportant supporting roles

Types of glial cellsTypes of glial cells

AstrocytesAstrocytes support, nurturancesupport, nurturance

Oligodendroglia or Schwann cells•insulation

Oligodendroglia or Schwann cellsOligodendroglia or Schwann cells

insulationinsulation

MicrogliaMicrogliaRepresent the immune system in the brain Represent the immune system in the brain

(protect from invasion, clean up debris)(protect from invasion, clean up debris)

Basic structure of the neuronBasic structure of the neuron

cell bodycell body

nucleusnucleus

dendritedendrite

axonaxon

myelinmyelin

boutonsboutons

Categorization of neuronsCategorization of neurons

by shapeby shape multipolar, unipolar, bipolarmultipolar, unipolar, bipolar

Categorization of neuronsCategorization of neurons

by shapeby shape multipolar, unipolar, bipolarmultipolar, unipolar, bipolar

by sizeby size large (pyramidal, eg)large (pyramidal, eg) small (granule, eg)small (granule, eg)

Categorization of neuronsCategorization of neurons

by shapeby shape multipolar, unipolar, bipolarmultipolar, unipolar, bipolar

by sizeby size large (pyramidal, eg)large (pyramidal, eg) small (granule, eg)small (granule, eg)

by functionby function sensory neuronsensory neuron motor neuronmotor neuron interneuroninterneuron

The basics of the synapseThe basics of the synapse

Neurons communicate at synapsesNeurons communicate at synapses

synapses can be chemical or electrical, synapses can be chemical or electrical, but chemical synapses are more commonbut chemical synapses are more common

Boutons, cleft, dendritic spines, postsynaptic membrane, vesicles, transmitter, receptors

Synaptic terminology

Axonal transportAxonal transport

Anterograde vs retrograde Anterograde vs retrograde

microtubules and neurofilamentsmicrotubules and neurofilaments

Anterograde vs retrograde axonal transport

Information flowInformation flow

Terminology:

Afferents and efferents

convergence (many:one) and divergence (one:many)

nuclei (containers of DNA) and nuclei (collections of neurons)

Neuroanatomical terms Neuroanatomical terms and conventionsand conventions

Neuroanatomical directionsNeuroanatomical directions

Rostral vs. Rostral vs. caudalcaudal

Dorsal vs. Dorsal vs. ventralventral

Medial vs. Medial vs. laterallateral

Superior Superior vs. inferiorvs. inferior

Terminology:Central nervous system (CNS) vs Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

MeningesMeninges

Dura mater (tough mother)Dura mater (tough mother)

arachnoidarachnoid

pia materpia mater

The very thingThe very thing

Major divisions of the brain

Lobes of cerebral Lobes of cerebral cortexcortex

Sulci and gyri maximize surface area

CytoarchitectureCytoarchitecture

Brodmann’s areasBrodmann’s areas

The limbic systemThe limbic system

Basal gangliaBasal ganglia

Midline structures of the brainMidline structures of the brain

DiencephalonDiencephalon

ThalamusThalamus A large mosaic of nuclei which contribute to A large mosaic of nuclei which contribute to

sensory and motor processing (you’ll meet sensory and motor processing (you’ll meet several of the nuclei later in the course when several of the nuclei later in the course when we look at systems).we look at systems).

HypothalamusHypothalamus Located just inferior to the thalamusLocated just inferior to the thalamus A collection of nuclei involved in motivated A collection of nuclei involved in motivated

behaviour (feeding, drinking, sexual behaviour (feeding, drinking, sexual behaviour)behaviour)

Mesencephalon (midbrain)Mesencephalon (midbrain)Tectum (roof)Tectum (roof) Superior and Superior and

inferior colliculiinferior colliculi

Tegmentum Tegmentum (floor)(floor) Some reticular Some reticular

nuclei and nuclei and cerebellar relay cerebellar relay nucleinuclei

Also contains Also contains substantia nigra substantia nigra and crus cerebriand crus cerebri

MetencephalonMetencephalon

CerebellumCerebellum A ‘mini’ brain for computing skilled A ‘mini’ brain for computing skilled

movements and many other thingsmovements and many other things

PonsPons Many cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei, Many cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei,

long tractslong tracts

MetencephalonMetencephalon

Pons (contains cranial nerve nuclei, Pons (contains cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei)reticular nuclei)

MetencephalonMetencephalon

CerebellumCerebellum Many fine folds (folia) increase surface areaMany fine folds (folia) increase surface area Very large # of cells with very tight Very large # of cells with very tight

organizationorganization

Myelencephalon (medulla)Myelencephalon (medulla)

Some nuclei related to breathing, heart Some nuclei related to breathing, heart rate (so-called vegetative functions)rate (so-called vegetative functions)

Long tractsLong tracts

Another view of the brainstemAnother view of the brainstem

Spinal cordSpinal cord

Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system

Ventricular systemVentricular system

Blood supplyBlood supply