References

1-Gray’s anatomy 2-Human nervous system Noback 3- Basic clinical neuroanatomy

Young 4- Head and neck anatomy

Berkovitz 5- clinical neuroanatomy Snell

Anatomical division of nervous Anatomical division of nervous systemsystem

1- CNS brain and spinal cord1- CNS brain and spinal cord

2- PNS peripheral nerves2- PNS peripheral nerves

ganglionsganglions

receptorsreceptors

Cells in this system

1- neuron

2-neuroglia A- Central neuroglia Macroglia (astrocyte,oligodendrocyte) Microglia Ependymal cells B- Peripheral neuroglia Schwann cells Satellite cells

Specialist cellSpecialist cell

1- produce action potential1- produce action potential

2- convey2- convey

central neurogliacentral neuroglia

Macroglia (astrocyte,oligodendrocyte)Macroglia (astrocyte,oligodendrocyte) MicrogliaMicroglia Ependymal cellsEpendymal cells

Peripheral neurogliaPeripheral neuroglia

1- schwann cell1- schwann cell 2- satellite cell2- satellite cell

Function of this system

Embryology of the nervous system Embryology of the nervous system

Neural Tube HistogenesisNeural Tube Histogenesis

What is the identity of these two cells?

Three points about division of Three points about division of neural tube cellsneural tube cells

1- Synchronise formation of neuronal 1- Synchronise formation of neuronal and glial cells.and glial cells.

2- Continuous of glial division after 2- Continuous of glial division after stopping of neuronal cell division.stopping of neuronal cell division.

3- Early formation of large neuron in 3- Early formation of large neuron in

comparison with small neuron.comparison with small neuron.

پوشاننده الیه ایی حاشیه اپاندیمی الیه الیه

Formation of three layers in the thickness ofFormation of three layers in the thickness of NEURAL TUBE NEURAL TUBE

Neuronal cell migrationNeuronal cell migration

1- Gene activation1- Gene activation 2- Epigenetic signals 2- Epigenetic signals

(mechanical or contact guidance)(mechanical or contact guidance)

Neuronal cell aggregationNeuronal cell aggregation

Morphological appearanceMorphological appearance

NCAMs (nerve cell adhesion molecules)NCAMs (nerve cell adhesion molecules)

N cadherinN cadherin

Neuroblast differentiationNeuroblast differentiation

Apolar neuroblastApolar neuroblast Bipolar neuroblastBipolar neuroblast Unipolar neuroblastUnipolar neuroblast Multipolar neuroblastMultipolar neuroblast

Neuroblast differentiationNeuroblast differentiation

Neurotrophic FactorsNeurotrophic Factors

1- NGFs ( Nerve Growth Factors)1- NGFs ( Nerve Growth Factors) 2- Outgrowth Promoting proteins2- Outgrowth Promoting proteins

( Laminin, Netrin, Fibronectin)( Laminin, Netrin, Fibronectin)

3-NCAMs 3-NCAMs

Cell Programmed DeathCell Programmed Death

ApoptosisApoptosis 30 to 60 percent of cells survive30 to 60 percent of cells survive

Effects of Experience and Effects of Experience and Activation on neuronsActivation on neurons

Structural PlasticityStructural Plasticity Axonal sproutingAxonal sprouting Changes in the number of Changes in the number of

Dendritic SpinesDendritic Spines

Amblyopia DiseaseAmblyopia Disease

Reveiw

Formation of brain and spinal Formation of brain and spinal cordcord

1- Primary vesicles 1- Primary vesicles 2- Flexures2- Flexures

Midbrain or

Formation of brain and spinal Formation of brain and spinal cordcord

1- secondary vesicles 1- secondary vesicles

Ventricular spaces and central canal 1-Telencephalon------ lateral ventricals1&2 2-Diencephalon-------third ventricle 3-Mesencephalon----cerebral aqueduct 4- Rhombencephalon--- forth ventricle 5-Spinal cord----- central canal 6- in the end of spinal cord----- terminal

ventricle Monro Foramen(interventricular F)

Neural crest derivates

Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)

1- Spina Bifida Oculta Meningocele Meningomyelocle cystica

Rachischhisis

occulta meningocele

meningomyelocele myeloschesis

10 %of normal people

L5 or S1

Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)

1- Cranial Bifida Cranial Meningocele Meningoencephalocele Meningohydroencephalocele Anencephaly

Cranial Meningocele

Meningoencephalocele

Meningohydroencephalocele

Cranial Bifida