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A TREATISE:THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS OF THEKINGDOM OF ENGLANDCOMPOSED IN THE TIME OF KING HENRY THE SECOND
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GLANVILLE
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GLANVILLE
IntroductioabyJosephHenryBeale,Jr.,A.M.,LL.E.
LITTLETON'STENURES
IntroductionbyEugeneWambaugh,LL.D.
BRITTON
IntroductionbyHon.SimeonE.Baldwin.
MIRROUROFJUSTICE
IntroductionbyHon.WilliamC.Robinson,alsoFLETA,andothers.
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ATRANSLATION
OF
GLANVILLE
BY
JOHNBEAMES,ESQ.
OFLincoln'sinn,barristeratlaw
TOWHICHAREADDEDNOTES
^Multaignoramus,qusenobisnonlaterent,siVeterumlectionobisessetfamiliaris.Macrob.
WITHANINTRODUCTION
BY
JOSEPHHENRYBEALE,Jr.,A.M.,LL.B,
PROFESSOROFLAWINHARVARDUNIVERSITY
WASHINGTON,D.C.
JOHNBYRNE&CO.
.LAWPUBLISHERSANDBOOKSELLERS1900
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Copyrighted,1900
BY
JOHNBYRNE&COMPANY.
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TO
SIRSAMUELROMILLY,
THEFOLLOWINGWORK
ISINSCKIBED
ASAMARKOFTHEHIGHRESPECT
WITHWHICH
HISABILITIES,ASASENATOR,
ANDHIS
TALENTS,ASANADVOCATE,
AREVIEWEDBY
THETRANSLATOR.
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ATREATISE
THELAWSANDCUSTOMS
KINGDOMOFENGLAND
COMPOSEDINTHETIMEOFKINGHENRYTHESECOND
TheillustriousRanulphdeGlanville,whoofallinthatagewasthemostskilledintheLawsoftheRealm,andtheancientCustomsthereof,thenholdingthehelmofJustice.
TliepresentworkcontainsthoseLawsandCustomsonly,accordingtowhichPleasaredeterminedintheKing'sCourt,theExchequer,andbeforetheJustices,wheresoevertheymaybe.
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INTRODUCTION.
BYJOSEPHHENRYBEALE,JR.,A.M.,LL.B.,PROFESSOROPLAWINHARVARDUNIVERSITY.
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I.EANULPHDEGLANYILLE.
EanulphdeGlanvillewasbornintheSuffolkStratford,about1130a.d.HeisbelievedtohavebeenthesonofSirHerveydeGlanville,ChamberlaintoKingStephen,andthegrandsonofthatEanulphdeGlanvillewhocameoverwiththeConqueror.Thefamilywasanimportantone,owningmuchlandinthecountiesofSuffolkandNorfolk.Glanville'spubliclifebeganin1164,whenhewasappointedsheriffofYorkshire;anofficewhichhecontinuedtoholdforsixyears.In1171hewasappointedGovernorofRichmondCastle,andin1174,sheriffofLancashire.TheScotshavinginvadedEnglandinthatyear,heledtheforcesofLancashireandRichmondagainstthem,and(joiningthesheriffofYorkshireandhisforces)surprisedandroutedtheScotsatAlnwick,andtookKingWilliamtheLionprisoner.ForthisvictoryGlanvilledeserved,ashecertainlyreceived,thecredit;andfromthattimenomanstoodhigherthanheinthefavorofKingHenryII.HewassheriffofWestmorelandfrom
1175to1179;sheriffofYorkshireasecondtime,from
iii
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1177tohisdeath;judgeoftheKing'sCourtin1176,andChiefJusticiarin1180.liewasalsoemplo^^edinmanydistinguishedpublicservices.In1177hewassentasambassadortoFlanders.In1182heledanarmyagainsttheWelsh.In1184,withArchbishopBaldwin,hewassentasambassadortoEiceapGriffin,PrinceofSouthWales.InhisnextWelshexpedition,afewyearslater(againwithBaldwin),hepreachedacrusade.In1186hewasambassadortotheKingofFrance,andwasactiveinnegotiatingthepeaceofGisors.In1189,whileHenrywasstrugglingwithhisrebellioussonsandwithPhilipofFrancein
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Normandy,hewassenttoCanterburytotreatwiththeChapter;wassoonagaininNormandywithHenry;andfinallyreturnedtoEnglandtoraiseanarmyforhismaster'sservice,aworkinwhichhewasengagedatthetimeofHenry'sdeath.
Thesegreatofiiceswereduetohispersonalmeritandtothegreatservicesherenderedtohiscountry;buttheyappeartohavebeentheresult,also,ofthepersonalfriendshipandaffectionoftheKing.HewasoneofthewitnessestoHenry'swill,andatrusteeoftheKing'sbequestof5,000marksofsilvertocertainreligiousandcharitableinstitutions,andof300marksofgold'formarryingpoorfreewomenofEngland.HewasnamedbyHenryascustodianofQueenEleanor,andastreasurerofhisprivatefortune.AprettypictureoftheKing'sfeelingtowardhimoccursintheaccountofthearrivalofGlanville'smessengerinLondon,afterthebattleofAlnwick.
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ThemessengerarrivedatmidnightandinsistedonseeingtheKing.BeingadmittedtotheroyalchamberheboldlyapproachedtheKing'sbedandrousedhimfromsleep.lie,springingup,cried,"Whoisit?""TamthemessengerofKanulphofGlanville,yourfaithfulsubject,andIcomefromhimtoyourhighnessasabearerofgoodtidings.""IsourEanulphwell?"criedtheKing,movedlessbythepromisedgoodtidingsthanbyhisloveforthesenderofthem."Mylordiswell,"wastheanswer,''andheholdsyourenemy,theKingoftheScots,aprisoneratEichraond."'
UponthedeathofITenry,Glanville'spositiojiwasadifficultone.Henry,conservative,thoughareformer,hadestablishedthegovernmentofhiskingdomonafoundationoflawandjustice,andhadcreatedaneffectiveandpureadministrativemachine.ThenewKingappearedtohavenosympathywithhisfather'sprinciplesofgovernment.Hewasrash,radicalandcarelessofregulardetailsofadministration,
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andGlanville,inthewordsofacontemporary,"InhisoldagesawtheKingdoingmanythingsinanewfangledway,withoutwisdomorforethought."HewaspresentatthecoronationofEichard,andwassentbyhimtoquellariotagainsttheJewswhichdisgracedtheceremony.Abouthisnextactswehavedifferentaccounts.Hehadtakenthecrossin1186."WhetherheaskedandreceivedhisdismissalfromKichardinordertojointhearmy,thenabouttostartfortheHolyLand,orwhether,asanotheraccounthasit.
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he'wasremovedandimprisonedbyEichardandobligedtopurchasehisfreedombyafineof15,000poundsofsilver,wecannotcertainlytell.Atanyrate,hesetoutforPalestinetogetherwithBaldwin,ArchbishopofCanterbury,andhisnephewHubert,thenbishopofSalisbury;thethreewereplacedincommandoftheEnglishforcesbyKichard(whowasobligedtodelayhisowndeparture),andGlanvillein1190diedbeforeAcre,bydisease,theresultoftheunhealthyclimate.Heleftonesonandthreedaughters,whomhehadalreadyenrichedfromhisgreatfortune.HefoundedtheprioryofButley,theAbbeyofLeiston,andahospitalatSomerton.
Glanvilleimpressedhiscontemporariesasamanstrongbothinbodyandinmind.Amanofintegrityandprudence,"mostfaithfulinfortuneormisfortune,""Wise,graveandeloquent,""TheKing'seye;""Anameaboveeveryname,whospokeamongtheprincesandwasadoredbythepeople."Hewasamanwise,justandcharitable,whosefellowshipwassoughtandopinionsvaluedb}^witsandbyscholars.Onescandalonlyattackedhim.HeischargedwithfalselycondemningtodeathforrapeSirGilbertdePlumpton,inorderthathiswidowmightbemarriedtoGlanville'sfriendandsteward,Kainer;SirGilbert'spunishmentwascommutedbytheKingtoimprisonmentforlife.Thetaleisquiteinconsistentwithallwe
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knowofGlanville'scharacterandwithhispositionintheKing'saffection,andmaysafelybedisbelieved.
Hisfamilysharedinhissuccess.Nolessthanseven
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ofhisnearrelativesiieldhighjudicialpositionunderHenryorhissons.FewotherfamilieshaverenderedgreaterservicetoEnglandthanthatofEanulphdeGlanville,ambassador,administrator,general,judgeandjurist.
[IncidentsofGlanville'slifeandcharacterarereportedinallthechroniclersofthetime.EspeciallyvaluablearetheaccountsinHoveden,BenedictusAbbas,GiraldusCambrensis,Newburgh,EichardofDevizes,andDioeto.ThefullestmodernsketchofhislifeisbyProfessorMaitland,intheDictionaryofNationalBiography.OthermodernbiograpliiesaretlaoseofFoss(JudgesofEngland,i,376);ThomasWright(BiographiaBritannica,275);LordCampbell(LivesoftheChiefJustices,i,19);andProfessorGross(SourcesandLiteratureofEnglishHistory,315).
ManyinterestingdocumentsbearingonGlanville'sgenealogyandhispropertyareprintedinGlanvilleRichards'"RecordsoftlieAngloNormanHouseofGlanville."]
II.THEAUTHOESHIPOFTHETREATISE.
Thefollowing"TreatiseontheLawsandCustomsoftheKingdomofEngland,"waSpublishedbetween11S7and1189;itmentionsafinemadeintheformeryear,anditisfilledwithreferencestoHenry,asthenKing.Ithadahighcontemporaryreputation.Copiesofthebookweremultiplied,andmanymanuscriptsstillexist.ItformspartofseveralcollectionsoflawsmadebycontemporariesofGlanvillehimself.Itwastranslated,orpartlytranslated,intoFrenchimmediatelyafterGlanville'sdeath,anditwasrevisedandanattemptmadetobringitdown,todatetwogenera
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tionslater.ItwasfinallysupersededbyBracton'scompleterandmoreelaboratetreatise.
TheAvorkitselfisanonymous,themanuscriptsstatingonlythatitwascomposedinthetimeofHenryII.,"Glanvillethenholdingthehelmofjustice."Earlytradition,however,assertsthatitwaswrittenbyGlanvillehimself,andthatfactwasacceptedasundoubtedfromthethirteenthtothenineteenthcentury.Modernscholarshaveexpresseddoubtofit.Littleton'sobjection(inhis"LifeofHenryII.")thatGlanvillecouldnothavewrittenthebookbecausehewasnotinorders,maybedismissedatonce.Thegreaterofficersoftheadministration,whetherinordersornot,musthavehadsufficientLatintodictateaLatintreatisetoaclerk,andGlanvillewasparticularlycommendedforhiseloquencebymorethanonecontemporary.Hunter'sobjection(intheprefacetohis"Fines")isthatGlanville,atthetimethetreatisewaswritten,Avastoobusyinpublicaffairstohavecomposedsuchawork,andhesuggeststhattheauthormayhavebeenWilliamdeGlanville,ajusticeinthenextreign;whowas,infact,Glanville'sson,and(from1186)hissecretary.Butthisisthemerestguess.ProfessorMaitlandconjectures(foraratherfancifulreason,perhaps)thattheauthormayhavebeenHubert"Walter.Liebermann,ontheotherhand,defendsGlanville'sauthorship.CertainlythereislittleexternalproofthatGlanvillewastheauthorofthetreatise,thoughitmusthavebeenwrittenbysomeoneinhighpositionandreputetohaveobtainedsoimme
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diateasuccess.Theinternalevidencedoesnotleadusmuchfurther.Thestyleisthatofapersonspeakingwithauthority,butnotnecessarilytheauthorityoftheChiefJusticiarhimself.TheclaimofHubertWaltertotheauthorshipcannotbedismissedwithoutfurtherexamination.
HubertwasanephewofGlanville'swife;accordingtooneaccount,ofGlanvillehimself,Glanville'syoungerbrotherhavingmarriedhiswife'ssister.WhetherHerveyWalter,Hubert'sfather,wasreally,asthisaccounthasit,HerveydeGlanvilleornot,itiscertainthatHubertwasbroughtupinintimacywithGlanville'sfamily,becamehissecretary,andwasregardedbyhimasavaluedcounsellor.PiewasmadeDeanofTorkin1186,beingsucceededassecretarybyGlanville'ssonWilliam.HesoonbecameBishopofSalisbury,ArchbishopofCanterbury,andlaterChiefJusticiarandChancelloroftheKingdom.Heisdescribedasamanofforesightandwisdom;itissaidofhimthathisheartwasinhumanaffairsratherthandivine,andthatheknewallthelawsofthekingdom.Hewas,however,aman"oflittleeloquence;"indeed,onechroniclerridiculeshisLatinstyle.
DidGlanvillewritethewholetreatise?ordidHubertWalterwriteit?Ordidtheycollaborateonit?Perhapswecanreachaconjecturalconclusionbyamorecarefulexaminationofthetreatiseitself.
Themoststrikingfeatureofthetreatiseis,thatitisbaseduponacollectionofwrits.OmittingtheIntroductionandthelastbook,onPleasoftheCrown,just
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onethirdofthechaptersintowhichitisdividedconsistsofwrits.Theseareofallkinds,directedtoLords'Courts,toCountyCourts,andtoEcclesiasticalCourts,aswellaswritsreturnableintheKing'sCourts.Laterwritershavemadefreeuseofwrits,buthere
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theyaretheskeletonofthewholetreatise.TheyfulfilthefunctionofjudgmentrollsinBracton'sbook,andofdecisionsinCokeandlaterwriters.Thecollectionoftheseeightywritsmusthavebeenaworkofseveralyears,sincesomeofthewritswerecertainlyofrareoccurrence.TheChiefJustice,orhisclerk,attestedallthewrits,andeitherofthemhadbothopportunityandreasonformakingsucha'collection;hardlyanothermaninthekingdomwouldhavebeenlikelytodoit.
Alargepartofthetreatiseiswritteninacrabbedandinelegant,thoughusuallyaclearstyle.Inafewpassages,however,nearthebeginningofthebook,wefindanelevationofthoughtandeleganceofdictionoftenadmiredandimitated.TheIntroduction,inparticular,andtheseventhchapterofthesecondbook,inpraiseoftheassize(which,accordingtotradition,Glanvillehadahandininventing,or,atleast,inestablishing),areworthyofaman"sapienssimuleteloquens";insharpcontrastwithotherpartsofthework,whichindicateanauthorwho"omniaregninovitjura,"butwassurely"noneloquiopollens."
Theiirsttenbooksofthetreatisearecarefullywritten,thecommentaryisfull,thesubjectwelldeveloped.Thelastfourbooks,ontheotherhand,seem
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tohavebeenhurriedlythrowntogether.Theproportionofwrittotextismorethantwicethatintheprecedingbooks;indeed,inthebookdevotedtotheCountyCourts(inwhichGlanvillehadpresidedforyears,andmusthavebecomeasfamiliarwiththelawandprocedureaswiththoseoftheKing'sCourts),,thereisalmostnocomment.ItseemspossiblethataproposedfullcommentaryontheCountyCourtpractice,forwhichanelaboratecollectionofwritswasathand,wasabandoned.
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Theexactdateoftheworkisfixedbytheonlytwodateddocumentstwofines,ofJune27andaboutNovember1,1187.Fineswerethennovel,andtheyweredescribedcarefully.Itseemslikelythatthepassage,whichoccurstowardtheendofthetreatise,waswrittensoonafterthedatesofenrollment.BothfineswereenrolledinGlanville'spresence.
Wemaynowconjecturethattheauthor,orauthors,ofthetreatisehadforyearsbeencollectingwrits,eitherforpreservationasusefulprecedents,orpossiblywiththeobjectofcomposingacommentaryuponthem.Thecollectionfinished,itwouldnotbeamatterofmuchtimeordifficultyforonewhoknewthelaw^,writsinhand,todictatehiscommentarytoasecretarj'"alsolearnedinthelaw.IfthecollectorwasGlanville,andthesecretaryHubert,wemaysupposethattheactualworkofcompositionwasbegunin1185,or1186;not,apparently,atimeofstrenuouslaborforeither.PassagesofparticularimportanceorofespecialinteresttoGlanvillewouldbecomposedby
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IjiixiAvithcare;theactualformoftheremaindermightsafelybelefttohiscompetentsecretary,subjectonlytorevisionbyhimself.In1186theDeanofYorkdied,andthesuccessionwasgiventoHubert;andGlanvillesoonsetoutonhisembassytotheKingofFrance.Inspiteofthis,however,timestillremainedforthecompletionoftheworkintheratherlesspolishedformofthelaterbooks.InFebruary,
1187,GlanvilleandHubertweresittingtogetherintheCourtatWestminster;andfromthatmonthtothebeginningof1189(withtheexceptionofLent,1188,AvhenGlanvillewaspreachinghiscrusadeinWales),bothappeartohaveremainedinEngland,without.seriousinterruptionfrompublicbusiness.Theyear
1188,infact,seemstohavebeenoneoftheleastbusy
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ofGlanville'sofficiallife;and,untilhistimewasabsorbedbythetroublesoftheclosingyearofthereign,therewasnothingtopreventacontinuanceofthework.Thelasthurriedchaptersmaywell,therefore,havebeencompletedin1188.
Thereis,then,nothingagainsttheearlyandpersistenttraditionthatGlanvillewrotethetreatise,andmuchinitsfavor;thoughmostoftheactualcompositionmayhavebeentheworkofHubertWalter.
[Thefullestdiscussionoftheauthorshipof"Glanville"maybefoundinPollockandMaitland's"HistoryoftheEnglishLaw,"i,163.Reeves'discussion("HistoryoftheEnglishLaw,"Einlayson'sEdition,i,254)andFoss's("JudgesofEngland,"i,180)arealsoworthconsultinguponthispoint.Liebermann("Einleitung,"p.73)supportsthetheoryofGlanville'sauthor.ship;andinthe"ZeitschriftfurromanischePhilologie,"xix.
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51,hegivesinterestingproofoftlieearlypopularityofthetreatise.SeealsoProfessorMaitland'sarticle,"GlanvilleRevised,"intheHarvardLawReview,vi,1.
ThelifeandcharacterofHubertmaybefoundinthe"ActusPontificumCantuariensium"ofGervase.Glanville'sandHubert'sitinerariesmaybefoundinEyton's"ItineraryofHenryII."]
III.THECHAKACTEEOFTHETEEATISE.
"ATreatiseontheLawandCustomsoftheKingdomofEngland"istheearliestsystematictreatiseonlawwritteninmoderntimes.Afewcollectionsoflawanddecretals,liketheDecretumofGratianandthe*'AssisesofJerusalem,"had,tobesure,beenpublishedearlier;buttheywerenot,likethisbook,regularexpositionsofanexistingsystemoflaw.Bracton'sworkwasmodelledonGlanville,and,throughBracton,Glanvillethusfixedthetypeofthemoderncommentaryonlaw.Animitation,inmanypartsanexactcopy,
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ofthisbookwaslaterpublishedinScotlandunderthetitle"RegiamMajestatem,"andtheclaimwasvigorouslymadeforatimethatitwastheoriginal,Glanvilletheimitation.Thisnotion,improbableonitsiace,wasabsolutelydisprovedbyargumentssetforthinBeames'Introduction.
ThefirsteditionofthetreatisewasprintedbyE..Tottelinsmall12mo,abouttheyear1554.CokesaysthatthiswasdonebysuggestionofSirWilliamStanford,thelearnedjudgeandauthor.ThesecondeditionwasprintedbyThomas"Wrightin1604.Thetextwascorrectedbythecollationof"variousmanu
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scripts."Thiseditionwasexactlyreprinted,omittingthepreface,in1673.ThetreatisewasagainprintedinthefirstvolumeofIlouard's"TraitessurlesCoutumesAngloNormandes'^inquarto,Eouen,1776.ThelastLatineditionwaspublishedbyJohnEayner,8\'o,1780,collatedwiththeBodleian,theCottonian,,theIlarleianandDoctorMiUes'smanuscriptsbyJ.E.Wilmot.TheLatintextisalsoprintedasanappendixtoPhillips's"EnglischeReichsundEechtsgeschichte,"'ii,335:Berlin,1828.AcollationofGlanvillewiththe"EegiamMajestatem"maybefoundintheActsoftheParliamentofScotland,i,133.AnEnglish,translationbyJohnBearaes,withnotes,waspublishedinoctavo,London,1812,andiSreprintedinthepresentedition.
Thistreatiseismorethanannerelawbook.Itisamonumenttothegeniusofoneofthegreatestlegalreformersofalltime.HenryII.cametothethrone,afteralongperiodofanarchy,tofindcountlesssystemsoflawadministeredbyaconfusedandconfusingmassofpopularcourtsandfeudalcourts,lieatoncesethimselftobringorderandunityoutofanarchyandchaos.HemadetheKing'sCourtthecommoncourtoftheland;hedetermineditsjurisdic
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tionasagainstthechurch,thelordsandthesheriffs^andhemadeittheguardianofaKing'sjseace,whichshouldprotecthighandlowthroughoutthewholeland.Theestablishmentofpeacewasinfactthechiefobjectofhisstormycareer.Glanville'streatiseshowsusthemethodhetooktosecurehisobject.
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ByafreeuseofwritsrunningfromtheKingorhisJusticiar,helimitedthe.jurisdictionofallothercourts,andsubordinatedthemtotheKing'sCourt.Byaregularsystemofremovalfromlordtocounty,andfromcountytoKing,hesecuredthegradualunificationofthelaw.Thelord'scourtshadadministeredthecustomsofeachmanor;eachcountycourt,too,haditscustoms,allbasedupontheGermaniclaw,butdifferingmateriallyintheseveralcounties,andespeciallyintheseveralancientdivisionsofthekingdom.TheKing'sCourtnowbegantodevelopacommonlaw,partlyAngloSaxoninitsorigin,partlyNorman,butmoldedlargelybyHenry'sformalorinformallegislation,andtempered,asGlanvilleseveraltimesasserts,byequity.
ToincreasetheinfluenceoftheKing'scourtsandtobringthemtothepeople,Henryreliedonanalreadyexistinginstitution,theiteroreyre;buthesoimprovedthesystemastomakeitalmostanewinvention.TheKingdomwasdividedintocircuits,eachmadeupofanumberofneighboringcounties;andjudgeswereappointedtorideeachcircuit,holdingaKing'scourtineachcounty,andthusbringingeverypartoftheKingdomunderthedirectcontroloftheKing.GlanvillehimselfbecameoneofthefirstjudgesoftheNorthernCircuit.
OneofthemostimportantofHenry'sprovisionsforsecuringtheKing'speacewastheinventionofwritsfortheprotectionofpeacefulseisin,andthepreventionofdisseisin,evenbythetrueowner.Thesewrits
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putanendtoforcibleselfhelp,andbroughteverylegaldisputeoverdispossessionintotheKing'sCourt.Thewritsofnoveldisseisin,ofmortd'ancestor,andofdarreinpresentment,establishedbyHenry'slegislation,becamethebasisofthelandlaw.
Anotherreform,ofevenmorefarreachingconsequence,washisinventionofamorerationalmethodofestablishingthetruthoffacts.Inplaceoftrialbyordeal,bycompurgation,orbybattle,heprovidedtheassise(soonfollowedbythejury)asameansofelicitingtruth.TrialbyjuryintheKing'sCourt,byfavororbyright,becamesopopularaseventuallytode,privetheothercourtsoftheirlitigation;andsosatisfactoryastocultivateinthepeopleofEnglandarespectforlawandawillingnesstoabidebyitsdecisionsthathavebeencharacteristicoftheraceforcenturies.
Thedoctrineofresjudicataseemstohavebeenadoptedatthistimeasanotherruletendingtoth&preservationofpeace.WhenGlanvillewrote,ithadnotbeenfullysettledthatthejudgmenteveninawritofrightwasnecessarilyfinal;Glanville'sstrongopinionthatitwassonodoubtsettledthelawaswenowhaveit.
IntheworkofreformHenrj'appearstohavefoundinGlanvilleanenthusiasticandanablehelper.ThistreatiseisfullofpraiseoftheKingandhislegislation.Thepeacefulgoverningofitspeopleisagreatobjectofregalpower,itisasserted.Theking,wholovespeaceandistheauthorofit,conductshimselfjustly,.
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discreetly,andmercifullytowardhissubjects.Hiswillislaw,ifpromulgatedassuchbytheadviceofhisnobles;thatandreasonablecustoms,longused,formtheLawsofEngland,whichmayusefully,inpartatleast,bereducedtowriting.
lY.THETREATISEANDTHELAW.
ItispossiblefromGlanville'streatisetogetarathercompletepictureofthecommonlawattheendofthereignofHenryII.Inthelord'scourtswereregularlybroughtnotonlythesuitsofthevilleintenants,butallsuitsconcerninglandheldofthelord.Suitsofthelattersort,however,mustbebegunbytheKing'swrit;ifthelordrefusedjustice,resortmightbehadtothecountycourtinallsuitsinvolvingfreeholdland;andthelordmightonhisownmotionadjournaquestionofdifficultyintotheKing'scourt.Thecountycourthadoriginaljurisdictionofquestionsofvilleinageandofcustomaryservice,andofanyquestionsenttoitbytheKing'swrit;andithadjurisdictionoverwritsofrightremovedfromthelord'scourt.Itapparently,also,hadjurisdictionofdisputesastotitleorpossessionofpersonalproperty.Theecclesiasticalcourtshadjurisdictionofquestionsofmarriageandlegitimacy,ofwills,andofdisputesinvolvingecclesiasticalquestionsonly;theKing'scourtwouldprohibitthembywritfrominterferinginothermatters.
TheprocedureintheKing'scourtdidnotdiffergreatlyfromthepresentprocedure.Asuitwasbegunbywrit,servedbythesheriff,andenforcedbythe,
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distraintofthedefendant'sland.Themostimportantfeatureoftheprocedurewastheelaboratesystemofrulesgoverningessoinsorcontinuances.Byaskilfuluseofessoinsthedefendantortenantcouldprolongproceedingsonawritofrightforyears;thefactthatinthenewpossessoryassisesfewessoinswereallowed,andtheproceedingswerethereforemuchprompter,contributedgreatlytothefavorwithwhichtheywerereceived.FinaljudgmentintheKing'scourtwasbythistimeenrolled;andthemethodofconveyinglandbylevyingafinewasinfulloperation.
Thelawofrealpropertyinitsessentialfeatureswasfullyformed.Thewholelawoftenuresandincidentshadbeenfinallysettled;buttherulesofinheritanceandoftransferbywillwerestilluncertain.Thedoctrinesofwarranty(nowobsolete),accordingtowhichthegrantorofapartycouldbecalledintoasuit,orinthetechnicalphrasevouchedtowarranty,andthussubstitutedfortheoriginalparty,werestillofthehighestimportanceinpractice.Themodernmortgage,i.e.thegrantoncondition,wasasyetunknown:Glanville'smortgageofland,likethepledgeofpersonaltyinhistime,isameregrantofcustodybywayof.security.
Thelawofpersonalpropertywaslittledeveloped.Doctrinesastopledgeandbailment,derivedfromtheoldGermaniclaw,wereappliedinthecountycourts;there,forinstance,theabsoluteresponsibilityofthebaileewasstillenforced.Throughthewritofdetinue.andtheactiononthecase,theKing'scourtsweresoon
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totakecontrolofthesesubjects,andtoestablishthemodernlawofbailmentsandcarriers.
CertainformalcontractswereenforcedbytheKing'scourt.Thewritofdebtwouldlieasaresultofaloan,asale,oranobligationcreatedbycharter.Eedressfor
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breachofordinaryjcontractscouldbeobtainedonlyintheecclesiasticalcourts,whichmightdealwiththesinofdeceit.NotforthreecenturiesdidtheKing'scourtworkoutadoctrinebywhichapartymightbeheldtoperformhissimplecontract.
Noactionofdamagesfortortwouldlie.Thereisasyetnotraceoftheprocessbywhich(workingfromappealsoffelonytowritoftrespassagainsttheKing'speaceandactionsonthecase)theKing'scourtwouldeventuallyworkoutthemodernlawoftort.Sofarastherewasanyremedyfortortsitwasintheinferiorcourts.
TheKing'scourtcouldatthistimepunishallfeloniesexcepttheft,jurisdictionoverwhichitobtainedbyMagnaCharta.Itwasalongtimebeforeitobtainedexclusivejurisdictionoverfelony,ortookcontrol,as"custosmorum,"ofmisdemeanors.
Suchlaw,itmaybeadmitted,wasrudeandunsatisfactory;butitwasalongadvanceoverwhathadgonebefore,andithadwithinitselfthegermofthemodernCommonLaw.
JosephH.Beale,Je.
HaevardUNrvEEsriT,October,1900.
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THETRANSLATOR
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TOTHE
READER.
vJfRanulphdeGlanville,thereputedAuthorofthefollowingTreatise,LordCokespea"ksintermsofthehighestencomium.Heinformsus,thatGrianvillewasChiefJusticeintheReignofHenrytheSecond,thathewroteprofoundlyonpartoftheLawsofEngland,andthathisWorkswereextantatthatday."And,"continueshisLordship,"intoken"ofmythankfulnesstothatworthyJudge,"whomIcitemanytimesintheseRe"ports,(asIhavedoneinmyformer)
"forthefruitwhichIconfessmyselfto
vii
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havereapedoutofthefairfieldofhisLabors,Iwillforthehonorofhimandofhisnameandposterity,whichremaintothisday(asIhavegoodcausetoknow)impartandpublish,bothtoallfutureandsucceedingAges,whatIfoundofgreatantiquityandofundoubtedverity,theoriginalwhereofremainethwithmeatthisday,andfollowethinthesewords:RanulpliusdeGlanviUa,JiisticiariusAnglice,Fundatorfuitdomus
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deButteley,inComitatuSuffolcice,qucefundataeratannoRegisHenrici,filiiImperatricis,decimoseptimo,etannoDomini1171.quoannoThomasBecket,CantuariensisArcMejnscopus,eratoccisus.EtdictusRamdphusnascehaturinVilladeStratford,incomitatuSuffolcice,ethahidtManeriumdeBenliall,cumtotoDominio,edonodictiRegisHenrici.EtdiixitinuxoremquandamBertam,filiamDominiTheobaldideValeymz,SeniorisdominideParham:quiTheobaldusperCliartam
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"suamdeditdidoRanulplioetBertceUxori"sucBtotamterramdeBrochous,cumper"tinentiis,inquadomusdeButteleysita"est,cumaliisterrisettenementis,inlihero"maritagio.PrcedictusveroRamdphus"procreavittresfiliasdedictaBerta(viz.)"Matildam,Amabiliam,etHelewisam,qui"6msdeditterramsuamanteprogressum"suumversusTerramSanctamyThedocumentthenproceedswithaminuteaccuracytotraceourAuthor'sDescendants,andfinishesthesketchbyinformingus"quodprcefatusRanulphusdeGlanvilla^^fuitvirprceclarissimusgenere,nfpotede"nohilisanguine,virinsuperstrenuissimus"corpore,quiprovectioricetate,adTerram"sanctamproperavit,etibidemcontrainimi"cosCrurisClirististrenuissimeusquead"necemdimicavif^^Thepaucityofthesefactsmaybe,insomemeasure,remedied,byconsultingtheAnnalsofourSecond
1Co.8.Rep.pref.
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Henry,wherethenameofGlanvillenotunfrequentlyoccurs.Wehearofhimin1171,asFermouroftheHonorofEarlConan:^in1172,ashavingthecustodyofthatHonor,andtheFairofHoiland;^andin1174,asstillretainingthesameHonor,andaccountingfortheCaptureandRansomsofPrisoners,&c.takeninWar.^Inthelatteryearheissaidtohavedistinguishedhimself,astheGeneralwhotooktheKingofScotlandPrisoner/In1175,hestillretainedtheHonorofEarlConan,^andfilledtheOfficeofSheriffofYorkshire.^In1176,hewasmadeaJusticeoftheKing'sCourt,andaJusticeItinerant."Inthesameyear,heaccountedforWestmorelandbythehandsofReiner,hisDapiferorSteward,aprivilegeconcededtothegreatalone.^
1Madox'sExch.439.'Ibid.203.
3Ibid.253.*Hume'sHist.
6Mad.Excli.297.ei^i^.7.
'Hoveden,p.600.Mad.Exch.662.
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In1180,hewasmadeChiefJusticiaryofallEngland,asweareinformedbyhiscotemporaryRogerHoveden,whosewordsaretooremarkabletobeomitted.HenricusRexAnglicepaterconstituitRanulphumdeOlanvillasummumJusticiarimntotiusAnglice^cujussapientiaconditcesunt
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legessubscriptce,quasAnglicannsvocamus.^TheChiefJusticiary,presidedintheCuriaRegisnexttotheKing,asChiefJudgeinallcivilandcriminalquestions;andgovernedtheRealmlikeaViceRoy,whentheKingwasbeyondSea,aneventoffrequentrecurrenceinthatage.Infine,thisofficerwasinvestedwithapowerthatplacedhimfaraboveeveryothersubject.NosoonerhadGlanvillearrivedatthiselevatedpost,thanheexertedhimselftorestoreandconfirmmanyancientLawscalculatedforthegoodoftheRealm.^Howmuchtothesatisfactionof
1Hoveden,p.600.n.40."Mad.Exch.24.
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HenrytheSecondGlanvillefilled,thisarduoussituation,wemayinfer,fromfindingadditionalhonorsheapeduponhimbythatableandpoliticPrince.In1183,ourAuthorheldtheplaceofDapifertotheKing,^and,inthesameyear,hewasappointedFermourofYorkshire:^situations,itistobepresumed,notincompatiblewiththatofChiefJusticiary,whichheappearstohaveretained,untilthedeathofHenrytheSecond,^andthatwithundiminishedhonor,ifweexcepttheimputationcastuponhimforcondemningSirGilbertdePlumptuntodeath,butwhichseemstoberefutedbytheconfidencecontinuedtobereposedinhimbythediscerningHenry.*ImmediatelyafterthedeathofthatPrince,heassumedtheOrderoftheCross,andperishedfighting
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1Mad.Exch.35.^ibid.225.
8Leg.AngloSax.p.339.*Hoveden,p.622,628.Note10.
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valiantlyattheSiegeofAeonintheyear1190.1
But,whetherthesameidenticalpersonsuccessivelyoccupiedthesevarioussituations,and,atdifferentperiodsofhislife,filledtheratheroppositeandinconsistentcharactersofanableGeneralandaprofoundLawyeraskilfulCourtierandanenlightenedLegislator,isadoubtwhichhasbeenentertainedbysomeveryrespectableWriters.Norhasitpassedwithouta*question,whetherthepresentTreatisewasreallycomposedbythepersonwhosenameitbears.LordLittleton,indeed,iainclinedtoinfer,thatitwasnotwrittenbyGlanville,butbysomeClergymanunderhisdirection.^Thesedoubtsmayservetoevincetheingenuityofthosewhohavesuggestedthem,buttheyprovenothing:.Whenthevarioussituations
1Spelm.Gloss,advoo.Justitia;andPlowden,368.b."Hist.Hen.II.
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Glanvilleisstatedtohavefilledarerepresentedasincompatible,andwestartatTaeholdingthegraveLawyerdivesthimselfofhisrobestogirtonthearmourofthesoldier,weforgetthemannersoftheagewhenGlanvilleflorished.Whenwesuppose,thatbecausetheworkiscomposedinLatin,itwasnotwrittenbyaLayman,webegthequestion:and,havingassumed,thatnoLayman,whateverhisparts,whateverhisapplication,couldhavebeensufficientlyskilledtowritesuchLatinasourAuthorhasemployed,wepaybutasorrycomplimenttotheage,andrathertoohastilyconcludethatwehaveproved,what,indeed,wehavemerelytakenforgranted.When,infine,weinfer,thattheknowledgeofLawdisplayedintheWork,andthelaborconsumedincomposingit,arenolessinconsistentwiththeTiighandelevatedstationofGlanville,thanincompatiblewithhisemployments,weforget,thathisrisewasprogressive,and
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that,astherearebutfewthingstowhichatrulygreatmindisinadequate,theproductionofasmallvolumeuponthatLawivhichitwasdailyinthehabitofdispensing,oughtnot,whateverthemeritoftheworkmaybe,toberankedamongstthenumber.Itmustnot,however,beconcealed,thatMr.Seldenmentionsacircumstancewhich,atthefirstglance,appearstogoagreatwayindeterminingthequestion."Iknowtheauthorityof"thatTreatise,"sayshe,inspeakingofthepresentwork,"issuspected,and
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"'someofthebestandancientestcopies"havingthenameofE.deN.whichI"haveheardfromdiligentsearchersin"thiskindofLearningaffirmedtohave"beensometimesE.deNarbrough,and^'notR.deGlanvilla,ithathbeenthought"tobeanother'swork,andoflatertime."Butas,ontheotherside,Idarenot"beconfidentthatitisGlanville's,soI"makelittlequestion,thatitisasancient
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"ashistime,ifnothiswork.Theteste"oftheprecedentsofwritsunderhis"name,thelanguage,especiallythename"ofJustitiaalwaysforthatwhichwenow"fromancienttimecalledJusticiariuSy"(andJustitiawaSsousedinwritersunder"HenrytheSecond)andtheLawdeli"veredinittastethnotofanylaterage."^ThoughthelatterpartofthisExtractmayhereasonablythoughttofurnishasufficientanswertothedoubtexpressedintheformerpart,theTranslatorcannotbutobserveuponthesingularity,thatnone"ofthebestandancientestcopies"areforthcominginsupportofthefacttheyaresaidtoprove.
WithrespecttotheWorkitselfnowsubmittedtothePublicinanEnglishdress,itissaidtobethefirstperformancethathasanythingliketheappearanceof
1Seidell,operaomnia.1669.
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aTreatiseonthesubjectofJurisprudence,sincethedissolutionoftheRomanEmpire.^Butthisisnotcorrect,iftheAssisesofJerusalem,compiled,asweareinformedinthepreamble,in1099theSystemofFeudalLaw,composedbythetwoMilaneseLawyersin1150,andtheDecretumofGratian,publishedaboutthesametime,beconsideredasTreatisesonLaw.Itseems,however,tobeunquestionable,thatthepresentTreatiseistheearliestandmostancientworkOnthesubjectofEnglishJurisprudence,fromwhichanyclearandcoherentaccountofitistobeobtained.Dr.Robertson,indeed,informsus,"thatinnocountryofEuropewasthere"atthattime,anycollectionofCustoms,"norhadanyattemptbeenmadetorender"Lawfixed.Thefirstundertakingofthat"kindwasbyGlanville,LordChiefJustice"ofEngland,inhisTractatusdeLegibus
1See1.Reeves'sHist.Eng.Law.323.
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"etconsuetudinibus,^composedaboutthe"Year1181."='
Ithasbeenthought,thatGlanvilledrewupthiscompendiumoftheLawsofEnglandforthepubhcuse,bytheexpresscommandofHenrytheSecond,aconjecturewhich,Mr.Madoxobserves,isnotonlyfavoredbyacertainMS.remainingintheLibraryofCorpusChristiCollege,Cambridge,writteninahandoftheageof
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EdwardtheSecond,inwhichthereisaTreatiseentituledLegesHenriciSecundi,agreeinginmanypassageswiththeprintedcopyofGlanville,butalsobythemannerofourAuthor'swriting,especiallyinthePrologue.^ThereisalsointheCottoniancollectionaMS.ofGlanville,whichbears,theTitleofLawsofHenrytheSecond.ButMr.Eeevesinformsus,thismanner
1Robertson'sCharles5.Vol.1.p.296.
2VideInfrap.'198.Note3.
3Madox'sExch.133.andNote.
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ofentitulingTreatiseswasnotthenuncommon.^
ThepresentworkappearstohaveremainedinMS.untiltheYear1554,when,asSirEdwardCokeapprisesus,itwas,bythepersuasionandprocurementofSirWiUiamStanford,agraveandlearnedJudgeofthecommonPleas,firstprinted.^Withmanypeculiarcircumstances,however,tocreateanInterestinitsfavor,thefateoftheworkhasbeenmostsingular.Indebtedtoitsintrinsicmeritaloneforthohighcomplimentithaslongenjoyed,inbeinglookeduptoasanauthorityfromwhichtherewasnoappeal,curiosityhasgivenwaytoanopinion,thatwhilstitwasvenerableforitsantiquity,itwasalsouseless,foritwasobsolete.Thatmanypartsofitareobsolete,itwouldbeidletodeny;butthattheworkitselfis
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1Reeves'sHist.Eng.Law.1.213.
24Inst.345.
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bynomeanssoentirelyobsoleteasgenerallyassumed,willbefullyevidenttoeveryimpartialandcandidReader.Butwereitentirelyobsolete,itwouldnotnecessarilyfollow,thatitwouldbeuseless,thetermsnotbeing,atleastinthescienceofJurisprudence,eitherconvertibleorsynonymous,howeverfashionable,or,moreproperlyspeaking,convenientitmaybetoesteemthemsuch.Multaignoramusqucenobisnonlaterent,siVeterumlectionobisessetfamiliaris.TheLawofModernTimesisintimatelyconnectedwiththatofourForefathers,andthedecisionsofthepresentdayarenotunfrequentlybuiltuponprinciplesthatareenvelopedinthealmostimperviousmistoffardistantages.ButtotheseprinciplesmusttheStudentascend,ifhewouldmeritthenameofaLawyer;and,ifthelaborbesevere,hemustreconcileittohimselfbyreflecting,thatitwassubmittedtobyaCoke,aHale,aBlackstone.Ledbythesoundnessof
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theirjudgments,toinvestigatetheearheragesofourJurisprudence,thosegreatmenconsiderednothinguseless,thoughitpossiblymighthappentobeobsolete,whichtendedtoenlightentheirminds,andshewthemthefundamentalprinciplesofthoseLaws,whichtheyafterwardsnolessadmirablyillustrated,thanablyadministered.Butthebrightnessoftheexampleinsteadofexcitingemulationseemstohavedepressedit:andGlanville,Bracton,andFletahavebeensufferedtocrumbleontheshelf,whilstEditionhasrapidlyfollowedEditionofthosemoremodernAuthors,whohaveadvocatedtheircause,bydrawingsodeeplyfromtherichandinexhaustiblemines,whichtheirpagespresenttotheEnglishLawyer.
ItremainstospeakoftheTranslationnowsubmittedtothePublic.FidelityhasbeentheprincipalobjectoftheTranslator.Ifmorebedemanded,hewouldshelter
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himselfunderthehighnameofSirWiUiamJones."Elegance,onasubjectsodeli"cateasLaw,mustbesacrificed,without"mercy,toexactness'."Nexttofidelity,simplicityhasbeenaimedat,asmostinunisonwiththeoriginal,and,perhaps,thebestadaptedfortransfusingitsspiritintotheEnglishLanguage.Notthatwiththesetwoobjectsimmediatelybeforehim,theTranslatorwouldbeunderstoodasconceding,thathehassacrificedanybeauty,anyeleganceofexpressiongenerallyaboundingin,orspreadover,theoriginalwork.
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Hecouldnotsacrificethatwhichneverexisted.ThestyleofGlanville,destituteofeverygrace,anddryandharshintheextreme,professedlyaimsatthepeculiarqualitieswhichcharacteriseit.Stilovulgarietverbiscurialibusutensexindustrialadnotitiamcomparandumeis,quihujusmodivulgaritateminussuntexercitati,aretheverytermsinwhichhedescribeshisownmannerofwriting.Sosuccessfullyhashe
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accomplishedhisobject,thatheimposesuponhisTranslatoraTasknotaltogetherunlikethatofacquiringanewlanguage.YettothesedifficultiestheTranslatorreluctantlyalludes,forthoughtheymay,insomemeasure,atoneforthoseerrorsintowhichheisapprehensivehehasoftenfallen,heisconscious,themeritofhisattemptisnottobeestimatedbyitsarduousness,butitsutility.
WithrespecttotheAnnotations,itwastheTranslator'soriginalintentiontohaveconfinedhimselftoamereexplanationoftheobsoleteTerms.But,anxioustorendertheworkmoreextensivelyuseful,hehasnotunfrequentlydepartedfromhisfirstdesign.Amongtheworksoccasionallyreferredto,theReaderwillrecognisetheRegiamMajestatemsotermedfromthewordswithwhichitcommences.Thisworkhasbeensometimesreceived,ascontainingthegenuineancientLawofScot
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landsometimesrejected,asamerespuriousfabrication.AmongthenamesincollisiononthispointarethoseofSkene,Erskine,LordKaims,Houard,Dairympie,Craig,LordStairandDr.Eobertson.NorhastherebeenlessdisputewhetherGlanville,ortheRegiamMajestatembetheoriginalwork.ButthisquestionissaidtobesatisfactorilydisposedofbyMr.Davidson,whohaspublishedapamphletexpresslyonthesubject,andhasproved,ifitwerenecessarytoprove,whatisrenderedindubitablebytheinternalEvidenceofthetwoWorks,thatGlanvilleistheoriginal;observing,atthesametime,"thatGlanville"isregular,methodical,andconsistent"throughout;whereastheRegiamMajes"tatemgoesoutofGlanville'smethodfor"nootherassignablereason,thantodis"guisethematter,andistherebyrendered"confused,unsystematical,andinmany"placescontradictory."TheTranslatorhasnotbeenabletomeetwithMr.David
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son'swork,butisindebtedtotheprefaceattachedtothelastEditionofGlanvilleforthisSummaryofit."Tothisobserva"tionuponthemethodoftheEegiam"Majestatem,"saysMr.Reeves,"itmay"beadded,that,onacomparisonofthe"accountgivenofthingsinthatandin"Glanville,itplainlyappears,thatthe"ScotchAuthorismoreclear,,explicit,"anddefined;andthathewritesvery"oftenwithaviewtoexplaintheother,
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"inthesamemannerinwhichthewriter"ofourFleta,explainshispredecessor"Bracton.Thisisremarkableinnumber"lessinstancesallthroughtheBook,and"is,perhaps,asdecisiveamarkofacopy"ascanbe.TheotherScotchLaws,"whichfollowtheRegiamMajestatemin"Skene'scollection,contributegreatlyto"confirmthesuspicion.These,asthey"areofalaterdatethanseveralEnglish"Statuteswhichtheyresemble,mustbe"admittedtobecopiedfromthem;and
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'socloselyaretheoriginalsfollowed,that
'theverywordsofthemareretained.
'Thisisparticularlyremarkableofthe
'EeignofEoberttheSecond,inwhichis
'theStatuteofquiaEmptores,andothers
'plainlycopiedfromourLaws,without
'anyattempttoconcealtheimitation.
'TheseLaws,atleast,canimposeupon
'noone;andwhenviewedwiththe
'EegiamMajestatemattheirliead,and
'comparedwithGlanvilleandtheEnglish
'StatuteBook,theyseemtodeclarevery
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'intelligiblytotheworld,thatthispiece
'ofScotchJurisprudenceisborrowedfrom
'ours."^Noristheenlightenedandliberal
HistorianDr.Robertsonmorefavorably
disposedtowardsthatclaim,whichsome
ofhiscountrymenhaveputin,forthe
originalityoftheRegiamMajestatem.
"TheRegiamMajestatemascribedto
"Davidthefirstseems,"heobserves,"to
1Reeves'sHist.Eng.Law225.
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beanimitationandaservileone,ofGlanville.SeveralScottishAntiquaries,undertheinfluenceofthatpiouscredulity,whichdisposesmentoassentwithouthesitationtowhatevertheydeemforthehonoroftheirnativecountry,contendzealously,thattheRegiamMajestatemisaproductionpriortotheTreatiseofGlanville;andhavebroughtthemselvestobelieve,thatanation,inasuperiorstateofimprovement,borroweditsLawsfromoneconsiderablylessadvancedinitspoliticalprogress.TheinternalEvidence(wereitmyprovincetoexamineit)bywhichthistheoryrhightberefutedisinmyopiniondecisive.Theexternalcircumstances,whichhaveseducedScottishAuthorsintothismistake,havebeenexplainedwithsomuch
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precisionandcandorbySirDavidDalrymple,inhisExaminationofsomeoftheargumentsforthehighantiquityoftheRegiamMajestatem,Eding,1767.
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"4to,thatitistobehoped,thecontro"versywillnotbeagainrevived."^
Indismissingthissubject,itmayberemarkedinthewordsofMr.Reeves,thatitseemsunnecessarytocontendfortheoriginalityoftheEegiamMajestatem,whilstadoubtofmuchmoreimportanceremainsunsettledwhetherthatTreatise,aswellastheothersinthepublicationofSkene,arenow,oreverwere,anypartoftheLawofScotland,onwhich,aswehavealreadyobserved,somanyeminentmendiffer.Ontheotherhand,theauthenticityofGlanville,asthecodeofLawexistinginthiscountryduringtheReignofHenrytheSecond,hasbeenadmitted,eitherexpresslyorimpliedlybyalltheEnglishLawyers,whohaveflorishedinthelongintervalwhichhaselapsedfromthatperiodtothepresent,andneverhasbeenquestioned,ifweexceptasolitarydictum,
1Hist.Charles5.Vol.1.p.396.
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which,asitequallyaffectedthecreditof
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Bracton,andwastotallyunauthorised,isrefutedbyathousandcircumstances,ifitwereanobjecttomentionthem.^Buttoreturnfromthisdigression.
ThoughtheTranslatorhadnotthegoodfortunetomeetwithMr.Davidson'sPamphlet,hewasmoresuccessfulindiscoveringSkene'stranslationoftheRegiamMajestatem,depositedinLincoln'sInnLibrary.TheTranslatorintendedtohavenoticedsuchpartsoftheRegiamMajestatem,ascoincidedwithGlanville.But,afterhaving,withsomeattention,perusedtheformerBook,hefoundthesimilaritybetweenthetwoworkssoverygeneral,andthecorrespondencesoexact,thattheRegiamMajestatemmightfrequentlybetakenasaverbalTranslationofGlanville,or,atleast,asanotherEditionofthesameTreatise,in
1Plowd.357.
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whichthewriterhadmadesomeshghtadditionsandalterations,andhadcapriciouslyamusedhimselfincontrivinganarrangementtotallydifferent,thoughfarlesshappyandsystematical.TheTranslatorhas,therefore,generallycontentedhimselfwithnoticingthosedeviationsbetweenthetwoworks,whichweremoreimmediatelyrelevanttohissubjects.Norhashealwaysstoppedhere,buthasavailedhimselfoftheRegiamMajestatem,wheneveritwaslessambiguous,ormoredecidedthanGlanville,whichfromtheverycircumstanceofitsbeingaposteriorpublication,itsometimesnaturallywillhappentobe.InadditiontotheRegiamMajestatem,
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referencehasbeenoccasionallymadetotheGrandCustumaryofNormandy,Bracton,Fleta,Britton,Coke,Hale,&c.&c.SomeofthesereferencesservetocorroboratesometoillustratetheText:sometendtoshewthataLawwasnotpeculiartothisCountry,andsomethatasimilar
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E,ulehasbeenadoptedeveninModernTimesbyaneighboringState.InconsultingtheLawsofthatstate,andnoticingthoseinstancesofstrongorfaintresemblancebetweenthemandtheCodeofHenry"theSecond,theTranslatoractedindeferencetothesuggestionsofaGentleman,who,thoughpossessedofthemostprofoundlegalknowledge,isyetmoreentitledtoouradmirationforhissingularliberalityofsentiment,andurbanityofmanners.IftheTQoreenlightenedmindderivenobenefitfromtheplanwhichhasbeenadoptedinthenotes,andanticipatetheResult;yet,itishoped,theStudentmayreceivesomeadvantagefromit.But,iftheTranslatorhasbeentoodiffuseinsomeinstances,hehas,onotheroccasions,contentedhimselfwithabarereference.HehasbeenaversetoswelltheNotes,whereabarecitationwouldservetodirecttheStudent,ifdisposedtoextendhisinquiries.InadditiontotheTranslator'sownNotes,theReaderisfur
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nishedwithafewannotationsextractedfromacopyofGlanville,formerlybelongingtoMr.JusticeAland,andnowdepositedinthecollectionoftheEoyalInstitution.Yet,shoulditbeobserved,itisnotperfectlyclearwhethertheseannotationsweremadebythatlearnedJudge,orbytheEeverendMr.Elstob,agentlemandeeplyversedinAngloSaxonLiterature.Bywayofdistinction,theseAnnotationsareparticularisedby(Al.MS.)
InordertorendertheworkascompleteasthelimitedabilityoftheTranslatorwouldallow,hehassubjoinedthemoreimportant,andonlythemoreimportantvariousReadings,asfurnishedbytheBodleian,theCottonian,theHarleianandDr.Milles'sMSS.TheMS.ofGlanvilledepositedinLincoln'sInnLibraryhasnotbeenconsulted.
TheTranslatorconcludesthesecursoryobservationswithabriefsummaryofthe
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contentsofGlanville,availinghimselt,insomemeasure,ofthatcontainedinMr.Reeves'sHistory.
OurAuthoringeneralconfineshimselftosuchmattersonlyasweretheobjectsofjurisdictionintheCuriaRegis,anddivideshisworkintofourteenBooks.ThetwofirstofwhichtreatoftheWritofRight,whenoriginallycommencedintheCuriaRegis,andofallitsstages,theSummonsEssoinsAppearancePleadingsDuelorGrandAssiseJudgmentandExecution.TheThirdspeaksofvouch
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ingtoWarranty,whichwiththetwoformerBooks,comprisesalucidaccountoftheproceedingsinaWritofRightfortherecoveryofLand.ThefourthBookisemployeduponrightsofAdvowson,thefifthuponVillenage,andthesixthuponDower.TheseventhtreatsuponAlienation,Descents,Succession,Wardship,andTestaments.TheeighthisuponfinalConcords,
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andRecordsingeneral.TheninthisuponHomage,Eelief,Fealty,Services,andPurprestures.ThetenthtreatsofDebtsandmattersofContract;andtheeleventhuponAttornies.HavingthusdisposedofActionscommencedoriginallyintheCuriaRegis,ourauthor,inhistwelfthBook,speaksofWritsofRight,whenbroughtintheLord'sCourt,andthemannerofremovingthenifromthencetotheCountyCourtandCuriaRegis,whichleadshimtomentionsomoother"WritsdeterminablebeforetheSheriff.InhisthirteenthBook,hetreatsofAssises,andDisseisins.ThelastBookiswhollytakenupindiscussingthedoctrineofPleas
oftheCrown.
JOHNBEAMES.
ItwasintendedtohaveaddedthenamesofallthoseGentlemen,whosubscribedforthework.ButthelisthavingbeenconsumedinthefirewhichdestroyedMr.Reed'sPremises,andmanyofthenameshavingbeentherebylost,itisbecomeimpossible.
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g:
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PREFACE.
iHEEegalPowershouldnotmerelybedecoratedwithArmstorestrainRebelsandNationsmakingheadagainstitanditsrealm,butoughtlikewisetobeadornedwithLawsforthepeacefulgoverningofitsSubjectsanditsPeople.^WithsuchfelicitymayourMostIllustriousKingconducthimself,intheperiodsbothofPeaceandofWar,bytheforceofhisrighthand,crushingtheinsolenceoftheviolentandintractable,and,withthesceptreofEquity,moderatinghisJusticetowardsthehumbleandobedient,thatashemaybealways
1TheintroductorypartofthisPrefaceisinimitationof
thatofJustinian'sInstitutes,andseemsstrangelytohave
takenthefancyofthelawwritersoftheage,sinceGlan
villeismoreorlessfollowedbytheRegiamMajestatem,
BractonandFleta.
XXXT
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victoriousinsubduinghisEnemies,somayheonalloccasionsshewhimselfimpartiallyjustinthegovernmentofhisSubjects.Buthowgracefullyhowvigorouslyhowskilfully,incounteractingthemaliceofhisFoes,ourMostExcellentKinghas,intheseasonofhostility,conductedhisArms,ismanifesttoall:sincehisfamehasnowspreadoverthewholeWorld,andhissplendidactionsreachedeventheconfinesoftheGlobe.Howjustlyhowdiscreetlyandhowmercifullyhe,wholovesPeaceandistheAuthorofit,hasconductedhimselftowardshissubjectsinthetimeofPeace,isevident,sincetheCourtofhisHighnessisregulatedwithsostrictaregardtoEquity,thatnoneoftheJudgeshavesohardenedafront,orsorashapresumption,astodaretodeviate,Tioweverslightly,fromthepathofJustice,ortoutterasentence,inanymeasurecontrarytothetruth.Forthere,indeed,thepowerofhisadversaryoppressesnot
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thepoorMan,nordoegeitherthefavororcreditofanother'sFriends,driveanypersonfromtheseatofJudgment.SinceeachdecisionisgovernedbytheLawsoftheEealm,andbythoseCustomswhich,foundedonreasonintheirintroduction,haveforalongtimeprevailed;and,whatisstillmorelaudable,ourKingdisdainsnottoavailhimselfoftheadviceofsuchmen(althoughhissubjects)whom,ingravityofmanners,inskillintheLawandCustomsoftheRealm,inthesuperiorityoftheirwisdomandEloquence,heknowstosurpassothers,andwhomhehasfoundbyexperiencemost
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prompt,asfarasconsistentwithreason,intheadministrationofJustice,bydeterminingCausesandendingsuits,actingnowwithmoreseverity,andnowwithmorelenity,astheyseemostexpedient.^Forthe
1"Ontheselastwords,"saysLordLittleton,"Iwould"observe,that,asinthosedaystherewaswasnodistinct"CourtofEquity,theJudgesoftheKing'sCourthad"probablyapowerofmitigatinginsomecasestherigour
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EnglishLaws,althoughnotwritten,mayasitshouldseem,andthatwithoutanyabsurdity,betermedLaws,(sincethisitselfisaLaw^thatwhichpleasesthePrincehastheforceofLaw^)Imean,thoseLawswhichitisevidentwerepromulgatedbytheadviceoftheNoblesandtheauthorityofthePrince,concerningdoubtstobesettledintheirAssembly.For,iffromthemerewantofwritingonly,theyshouldnotbeconsideredasLaws,then,unquestionably,writingwouldseemtoconfermoreauthority
"oftheLaw."(Hist,ofLifeHen.3.Vol.3.p.315.Oct.Ed.)AstronginstanceinpointtheReaderwillfindinL.7.c.1.orthepresentTranslationp.149.
1Thisprinciple,theverybasisofdespotismoccursinth&Romancode.(Justin.lustit.L.1.t.2.s.6.)Itmayveryjustlybequestioned,whetheritisnotherecitedironically.Atallevents,thepassageofourtextcanscarcelywarranttheconclusionthecelebratedM.Houardhasdrawnfromit.ButtheReadershallhavehisownwordsLeTextedenotreAuteurprouveqiCaprislaconquSte,
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lesAngloisregurent,deOuillaumeleBdtard,lesrn4meMaximesquenousaviansjusquesldsuivies,dVegardduDroitexclusif,quenosRoisavoienttoujoursexei'ce,defairelesLoix.(TraitesSurlescoutumesAngloNormandesparM.Houard.1.378.)
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uponLawsthemselves,thaneithertheEquityofthepersonsconstituting,orthereasonofthoseframing,them.But,toreduceineveryinstancetheLawsandConstitutionsoftheRealmintowriting,wouldbe,inourtimes,absolutelyimpossible,aswellonaccountoftheignoranceofwriters,asoftheconfusedmultiplicityoftheLaws.But,therearesome,which,astheymoregenerallyoccurinCourt,andaremorefrequentlyused,itappearstomenotpresumptuoustoputintowriting,butratherveryusefultomostpersons,andhighlynecessarytoassistthememory.AcertainportionofthoseIthereforeintendtoreduceintowriting,purposelymakinguseofavulgarstyle,andofwordsoccurringinCourt,inordertoinstructthosewhoarelessaccustomedtothiskindofvulgarity.Inproofofwhich,IhavedistinguishedthepresentworkbyBooksandChapters.
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ioflit3.
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OFPLEASWHICHBELONGTOTHEKING'SCOURT,ORTOTHESHERIFF;ANDOFESSOINS;ANDOTHERPREPARATORYSTEPSUSUALLYRESORTEDTOINSUITS,UNTILBOTHPARTIESAPPEARTOGETHERINCOURT.
CHAP.I.
PleasareeitherCriminalorCivil.^TheformeraredividedintosuchasappertaintotheKing'sCrown,andsuchasbelongtotheSheriffsofCounties.ThesePleasbelongtotheKing'sCrown.^
CHAP.II.Thecrimewhich,inlegalphrase,istermedthatof
1"Now,asoutoftheoldFieldsmustcomethenewcorn,so"ouroldBooksdoexcellentlyexpoundandexpressthismatter,"astheLawisholdenatthisday;and,therefore,Glanville"saith,Placitorumaliudestcriminale,aliudCivile,where"PlacitumcriminaleisPlacitumcoronce.andPlaaitumcivile."Placitumcommune,namedinthisStatute."(MagnaCharta.)(Vide3Inst.31.)
2LL.^thelbyrti,c.1.2.3.4.5.&c.(Al.M.S.)
I1
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LseseMajesty,asthedeathoftheKing,oraseditionmovedintheRealm,orArmy^thefraudulentconcealmentofTreasuretroveThePleaconcerningthebreakingoftheKing'speaceHomicideBurningRobberyRapethecrimeofFalsifying,^andsuchotherPleasasareofasimilarnature.^Thesecrimes
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areeitherpunishedcapitally,orwithlossofMember.*Wemust,however,exceptthecrimeofTheft,whichbelongstotheSheriffsofCounties,andisdiscussedanddeterminedintheCountyCourts.^Italsoapper
1"TheCommittersoftheseCrimes,''saystheRegiamMajestatem,"maybepunishednotonlyforanyfactordeed,butalsofortheintentandpurpose."(Reg.Maj.L.1.c.1.)
2Crimenfalsi,anexpressionborrowedfromtlieCivilLaw.(VideJustin.Inst.4.18.7.&c.)Ourauthorexplainsitsimport,L.14.c.7.
8Cap.2.HenghamMagna,c.3.p.7.LL.CanutiE.secul.c.61.etSomneriGloss,invoceemenda.(Al.MS.)
TheLawofCanutealludedto,isinthesewords:Irrvptioindotnumetincendiumetfurtummanifestumetccedespublicaetdominiproditiojuxtalegeshumanassuntinexpidbilia.(VideLL.AngloSaxon.Ed.Wilkins,p.143.)
*AmongtheLawsofCanute,aresomeinflictingthepunishmentoflossofmembers.(LL.Cnnuti,c.15.33.&o.)
Fromhenceithasbeeninferred,thatCanutefirstintroducedthisspeciesofpunishmentintoEngland.
Howeverthatmaybe,theConqueror'sLawformstooremarkableafeatureinhisLegislationtobepassedoverinsilence.Itforbidsthepunishmentsofdeathandhangingforanycrime,butorders,thattheeyesoftheoffendersshouldbepluckedout,ortheirfeetorhands&c.amputated,itaquodtruncusvivusremaneatinsignumproditionisetnequitioesuae!!(LL.Gul.Conq.p.318.Ed.Wilkins.)
6"Theftandmanslaughter,"saystheRegiamMajestatem,"belongtotheSheriffwhenanycertainaccuserappears:not"sowhenthosecrimesaretakenupbydittay."(c.1.L.1.)"TheSheriffintheTourn(forthatistobeintended)heldplea
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ofFranchise,totakecognizanceofScuffles,^blows,andAvounds,unlesstheAccusersubjointohischarge,thattheoffencewascommittedagainsttheKing'sPeace.^
CHAP.III.
CivilPleasaredividedintosuchasarediscussedanddeterminedintheKing'sCourtonly,andsuchasfallwithintheJurisdictionoftheSheriffsofCounties.IntheformerCourt,arediscussedanddetermined,allsuchPleasasconcernBaronies,AdvowsonsofChurches,questionsofcondition,Dower,whenthe"Womanhasbeenentirelydebarredfromreceivingit;forbreachofFinemadeintheKing'sCourt;concerningtheperformingofHomage,andthereceivingof
"ofTheft,"saysLordCoke.ButtMspartofhisjurisdictionwastakenawayby17.c.Mag.Chart.(Vide2Inst.301.)
1Medletis,or,asinHarl.Cotton,andBodl.MS.melletis.FromBractonitistobecollected,thatsomeinstancesofthisoffencefellundertheJurisdictionofLordsofFranchise,andontheirdefault,revertedtotheSheriff;whilstotherinstancesfellundercognizanceofthecrown,adistinctionconfirmedbytheEeg.Majestatem(videBracton,154.B.Eeg.Maj.L.1.c.2.)ThetermissaidtobederivedfromtheFrenchmesler.(Vide3Inst.66.Spelm.Gloss,andCowell'sInterpreter.)
2TheReg.Maj.makesthisallegationagroundoftheSheriff'sJurisdiction(L.1.c.3.)"Inthisdistinction,betweentheSher"iff'sJurisdictionandthatoftheKing,weseethereasonofthe"allegationinmodernIndictmentsandWrits,"vietarmis""oftheking'scrownanddignity,""theIcing'speace,"and"the''peace,"thislastexpressionbeingsufficient,afterthepeaceofthe"SheriffhadceasedtobedistinguishedasaseparateJurisdio"tion."(VideReeves'sHist.Eng.Law.1.113.)
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Eeliefs,andconcerningPurprestures,^andDebtsowingbylaypersons.ThesePleas,indeed,relatetothe
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proprietyofthethingonly:concerningthosewhichrefertothepossession,andwhicharediscussedanddecidedbyKecognitions,^weshallspeakintheirproperplace.
CHAP.TV.
TotheSheriffsofCountiesthesePleasappertain:thePleaconcerningtheEightofFreehold,whentheCourtsoftheLordsareprovedtohavefailedindoingjustice,thenatureofwhichweshallspeakofinanotherplace;andthePleaconcerningYilleinsborn:suchPleasbeing,ineachinstance,^sanctionedbytheKing'sWrit.*
1Ourauthorexplainsthisterm,B.9.c.11.
2Eeeognitioiies.Uponthewordsfaeerereoognitionem.SirEdwardCokethuscomments."Cognitioisknowledgeor"knowledgement,oropinion,andRecognitionisaseriousac"knowledgement,oropinionuponsuchmattersoffactasthey"shallhaveincharge,andthereupontheJurorsarecalledRe"cognitoresAssisce,"(VideCo.Litt.158.b.)OurauthortreatslargelyonRecognitionsiuthe13thBook,towhichwereferthereader.
3WelearnfromBracton,thattheSheriffwasinthehabitofexercisingJurisdictionovermanyPleaswhichdidnotbelongtohim653officio;but,insuchcases,heactedbytheKing'sprecept,notasSheriff,butasJustioiariusRegis,(Bracton,154.b.)Thedistinctionisimportant,andseemsnotunknowntotheGxandCustumaryofNormandy.(Videc.2.)
*Breve,aWrit.Whencausesbecamesofrequentthatthekingwasunabletoattendtothem,saysCraig,heremittedthem,totheJudge,bymeansofInstrumentscontainingabriefsum
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CHAP.V,
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Whenanyonecomplains^totheKing,orhisJustices,concerninghisEee,orhisFreehold,ifthecomplaintbesuchasbeproperforthedeterminationoftheKing'sCourt,ortheKingispleasedthatitshouldbedecidedthere,thenthepartycomplainingshallhavethefollowingWritofsummons.
.CHAP.YI.
"TheKingtotheSheriff,Health.^CommandA."that,withoutdelay,herendertoB.oneHydeofLand,"insuchaVUl,ofwhichthesaidJS.complains,that"theaforesaidA.hathdeforcedhim;and,unlesshe"doesso,summonhimbygoodsummoners,thathobe"there,beforeme,ormyJustices,mcrastinopostocta"iasclmisiPaschcBatsuchaplace,toshowwherefore"hehasfailed;andhavetheretheSummonersand"this"Writ.WitnessEanulphdeGlanville,atClaren"don."
maryofthechiefpoints.HencethenameBreve.(Craig.Jus.Feud.L.3.dieg.17,.24.)SoearlyasHenrythefirstwefind,thatcontemptusBreviumwasanoffence,subjectingthepersonguiltyofittobeamercedtotheking.(LL.Hen.1.c.14.)
1Clamat.VideSpelm.Gloss,advoc.Craig.Jus.Feud.L.3.Dieg.17..25.andL.3.dieg.5..2.
2VideFitz.Nat.Brev.p.5.Ed.1687.Asthisisthefirstwritwemeetwith,itmaynotbeimpropertoobserve,that,inrenderingthewrits,theTranslatorhasforobviousreasonsendeavouredtoadheretothetechnicalphraseologygenerallyus^dinthatspeciesofprocess.
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CHAP.VII.
Thepartywhoisthussummonedeitherappearsatthedayappointed,ormakesdefault,orsendsaMessenger,orEssoin,^orneither.Ifheneitherappear,
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norsendanEssoin,hisadversary,theDemandant,should,onthedayappointed,appearbeforetheJustices,andoffertoproceedagainsthiminthesuit;andheshallthusawaitinCourtduringthreedays.IftheTenantappearnotonthefourthday,thesummonersbeingpresent,andalledgingthattheyhaddulycitedhim,andofferingtoproveit,accordingtothecourseoftheCourt,anotherWritshallIssuetosummontheTenanttoappearatthedistanceoffifteendays^at
1Essonium,anExcuse.SirEdwardCokederivesthetermfromtlieFrenchverbessonierorexonier.Hetellsus,itisallonewithwhatthecivilianscallexcusatio.SirHenrySpelmanmentionsthesamederivation,andadds,ex,privativum,soing,cura.TheGreekwordi^d/ivva0aihasbeenproposedasanotherderivation,implyinganexcusebymeansofanoath.ThetermoccurssoearlyastheAssizesofJerusalem,(o.58.)SolimitedisthedoctrineofEssoinsinthepresentday,thatitwillheresuiBcetoobserve,therewerefiveprincipalkindsinthex'eignofHenrythesecond;Isayprincipal,becausetherewerenecessarilymanyothersoflessimportance.These,asenumeratedbySirEdwardCoke,were;1.deservitioRegis.3.Interramsanctam.3.Ultramare.4.Demalolecti.5.Demaloveniendi;thetwolastbeingthesameasthoseexinfirmitatedereseantisaandexinfirmitateveniendi,sofrequentlymentionedbyourauthor,inthepresentbook.EssoinsaresaidtohavebeenderivedtousfromtheNormans.(VideAssisesofJerusalem,c.58.leGrandCustum:deNorm,sparsim.Bracton,336.b.etseq.FletaL.6.o.7.Mirror,117.etseq.3Inst.135.Spelm.Cowell.Lestermesdelaley,&c.&c.)
2Inaffirmanceofthisperiodoftime,seeArticidisuperchartas,o.15.andLordCoke'scomment.(3Inst.567.)TheNorman
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least,inwhich"WritheshallberequiredaswelltoanswertotheoriginalSuit,asforhisdefaultindisobeyingthefirstsummons.^Inthismanner,threeSummonsesshallissue;and,iftheTenantneitherappearatthethirdsummons,norsend,theTenementshallbetakenintotheKing'shands,andshallsoremain,duringfifteendays.
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And,if,withinthatperiod,heappearnot,theSeisin"^shallbeadjudgedtohisadversary,sothatfromthenceforththeTenantshallnotbeheard,unlessinasuitconcerningthepropriety,andthatauthorisedbytheKing'sWritofRight.^If,however,heappearwithinthefifteendays,andbedesirousofreplevyingtheTenement,heshallbecommandedtoappearonthefourthday,andheshallhavethatwhichheislegallyentitledunto;andthus,ifheappear,hemayrecover
coderequiredthesameperiodtorenderasummonslawful,GrandCustum.deNorm.c.49.SeealsoBracton,334.a.andFleta,L.6.c.6.s.11.13.
1ItseemsfromtheBegiamMajestatem,thatifthesummonsweremadebyonesummoner,inthepresenceoflawfulandsufficientwitnesses,itwasgood.Thesewitnessesweretoverifythesummons,beforethedefendantcouldbecompelledtoanswer.(Reg.Maj.L.1.c.6.)
2Seisina"isborrowedoftheFrenchseisine,'possessio,'andsoitsigniflethinourcommonLaw."(Cowelladvoc.)Craigconcludes,thataswehadtheterm,sowehadthedoctrinefromtheFrench.(Craig,deFeud.L.2.Dieg.7.s.1.)SirEdwardCokeandSirHenrySpelmancoincidedwithCowellandCraiginthederivation.(Co.Litt.)17.a.Spelm.Gloss,advoc.)Theterm,itseems,wasused,bothbythecanonistsandcivilians.(Cowellubisupra:videalsoIndexadAngloSax,LL.verb.saisiareandreferencesthere.)
8VideBracton,367.a.
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theSeisin.Shouldhe,liowever,appearatthethirdSummons,andconfesstheformerSummonses,heshallinstantlylosetheSeisin,unlesshecanexcusehisdefaultbytheKing's"Warrant,andbythe"Writ;which,heshouldinstantlyproduce.
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CHAP.Till.
"TheKingtotheJustices,Health.IwarrantB."whowasatsuchaplace,bymyprecept,onsucha"day,inmyservice,and,therefore,couldnotbepres"entbeforeyouonthatdayatyourAssizes;andI"commandyou,thatyouputhimnotindefaultforhis"absencethatday,northatheinanyrespectsuffer"loss.Witness,&c."^
CHAP.IX.
Ifheshoulddenyallthesummonses,heshall,astoeachofthemindividuallj'^,corroboratehisdenialwiththeoathsoftwelve.^Shouldithappenontheday
1VideF.N.B.36.37.Ed.1687.
2Duodecimdmanu.Theauthorofthecommentariesrendersthisexpressioneleven,besidestheprincipal,aninterpretationwhichismoreorlessconfirmedbythefollowingauthorities:Co.Litt.295.a.2Inst.44,andtheDiversityofCourts,p.824.Ontheotherhand,LesTermesdelaLey,indescribingtheceremonyasappliedtotheveryobjectofthetext,expresslysays,thattheprincipalshouldbeaccompaniedbytwelve.(Ibid,advoc.ley.)
Bracton,whentreatingofthesubject,employsthesameex
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appointedthateitheroftheCompurgators^fail,orshouldthepersonofeitherofthembejustlyexceptedto,andthevacancyoccasionedbyeitherofthesecircumstancesnotbefilledup,theTenantshall,onaccountofhisdefault,immediatelylosehisSeisin.^^^But,iftheTenantthuscompletelydisprovethesummonses,heshallonthesamedayanswertotheAction.^
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CHAP.X.
IftheTenant,beingsummoned,appearnotonthefirstday,butEssoinhimself,suchEssoinshall,ifreasonable,bereceived;andhemay,inthismanner,essoinhimselfthreetimessuccessively;and,sincethe
pression,andobserves,thatthelandwasnottobereplevied,beforethetenanthadwagedhislaw,nor,ifhefailedinwagingit.;andhelaysitdown,thattheTenantcouldnotwagehisLawbymeansofanAttorneyconstitutedforthatpurpose,butmiistdoitpersonally.(Bracton,366.a.410.a.)AstotheoriginofwagingLaw,thereadermayconsultCowelladvoc.LaivandlesTermesdelaleyubisupraandBl.coram.3.341.&c.
Beforewequitthischapter,itmaynotbeamisstoobserve,thatSirEdwardCokereferstoittoshow,thatprevioustoMagnaCharta,hethatwouldmakehisLawinanyCourtofRecord,mustbringwithhimfidelesTestes.(Co.Litt.168.b.)
1Bractontellsus,thatitwasnotnecessarythatthecompurgatorsshouldbeofthesamerankastheirPrincipal:itwassufficientiftheyweretrustworthy,andofgoodcharacters.(Bracton,410.a.)
2Mr.Eeevesobserves,thatthewagingofLawisnotmentionedbyGlanville,asamodeofproofforthedefendantincivilsuits.Thatjudiciouswritermustbeunderstood,asspeakingofthatproof,whichconstitutedthedefencetotheAction.
8VideMirror,c.4.s.7.Bracton,366.a.b.368.a.b.
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causes,onaccountofwhichapersonmayjustlyessoinhimself,arevarious,letusconsiderthedifferentkindsofEssoins.
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CHAP.XI.
OfEssoins,someariseonaccountofillhealth,othersfromothersources.OfthoseEssoinswhicharisefromillhealthonekindisthatexinfirmitateveniendianotherexinfirmitatedereseantisa}
CHAP.XII.
IftheTenant,beingsummoned,should,onthefirstday,casttheEssoindeinfirmitateveniendi,^itisintheelectionofhisAdversary,beingpresent,eitherto
1Reseantisa,fromtheFrenchreseant,orresiant,orwhenanglicised,resiance,atermwhichDr.Johnsonexplainsinhisdictionary,asmeaningaresidence,though,asheremarks,itisnowonlyusedinLaw.Inthis,itssimplesense,ourauthorhasusedit,inasubsequentpartofhiswork.(L.12.c.7.)Yetitassumesadifferentmeaning,asusedbytheoldEnglishandScotchLawyerstodenoteanEssoin,whenitindicated,asSkeneexpressesit,"alongandoldsickness,oraresident,heavyin"iirmityandsoresickness."(RegiamMajestatem,L.1.c.8.)Anobservationinthemarginofourauthorinformsus,thatthisEssoinwassynonymouswiththatdemalolecti;inotherwords,thisEssoinwasresortedtoonaccountofsuchasevereindispositionasnecessarilyconfinedamantohishouseorbed.
"OrdeviaCurice,asitistermedintheNormancode.ThisEssoinwascast,whenthepartyonhiswaytoCourthadfallensuddenlysick,andwastherebypreventedattending.(LegrandCustum.deNorm.c.39.)
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requirefromtheEssoineralawfulproofofthetruthoftheEssoininquestion,onthatveryday/orthatheshouldfindpledges,orbindhimselfsolemnly,thatatthedayappointedhewillhavehis"WarrantoroftheEssoin;andhemaythusEssoinhimselfthreetimessuccessivel}'.If,onthethirdday,2heneitherappearnoressoinhimself,thenletitbeordered,thathebeforthcominginproperpersononanotherday;orthathesendafitAttorneyinhisplace,togainorloseforhim.Thus,whoeverontheappointeddaj''mayappearintheplaceoftheTenant,offeringtoundertakehisdefence,whetherauthorisedbyhisLetters,orwithoutthem,isimmaterial,ifitbeknown,thathebealliedtotheabsentTenant,heshallbereceivedforhiminCourt,eithertogainorlose.^Itmaybeasked,whatwillbetheconsequenceiftheTenantappearatthefourthday,afterhavingcastthreeEssoins,andwarrantalltheEssoins?Inthatcase,heshallprovethetruthofeachEssoin*byhisownoathandthatofanother;and,onthesameday,heshallanswertothesuit.If,onthefourthday,he
^"Oronanother,"accordingtotheCotton.Bodl.andDr.Milles'sMS.
2"Fourth,"aocordingtoDr.Milles'sMS.andsoitundoubtedlyoughttobe,asthecontextevinces.
8VideInfra,L.11.c.5.
*Itshouldseem,fromBractonandFleta,thatsuchpersonsonlyaswereinferiorindignitytoBarons,wererequiredtoprovethetruthoftheirEssoinsbytheirownoaths.(Bracton,351.b,Fleta,L.6.c.10.s.15.)Bythe19thc.ofMarlbridge,eventhesepersonswererelievedfromtheobligation.(2Inst.136.)
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neitherappearnorsendanAttorney,lettheTenementbetakenintotheKing'shands,aWritbeingissuedby
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theCourtforthatpurpose,directedtotheSheriffoftheCounty,inwhichsuchTenementissituated,whichWritisinthefollowingwords:
CHAP.XIII.
"TheKingtotheSheriff,health.Icommandyou"that,withoutdelay,youtakeintomyhandsthehalf"ofthelandsinsuchawill,whichM.claims,asher"Dower,againstR.concerningwhichthereisasuit"betweentheminmyCourt,andthatyoumake"knownthedayofthecaptiontomyjustices.And"summon,bygoodSummoners,theaforesaidR,that"hebebeforeme^ormyjusticesatWestminster"acrastinoootdbusclausiPaschceinquindecimdies,"tohearhisjudgment,andhavetheretheSummoners"andthisWrit.WitnessEanulphdeGlanvilleat"Westminster,&c."Inaddition,lettheSheriffoftheCountybecommandedtotaketheEssoiners,asDefaulters,andtodetainthem,andforthispurposethefollowingwritshallIssue:
CHAP.XIY.
"TheKingtotheSheriff,Health.Icommandyou"that,withoutdelay,youdiligentlyseek,through
1VideMadox'sExcheq.c.3.s.3.
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"yourCounty,A.whohasfalselyEssoinedB.against"C.inmyCourt,andthatyousafelykeephim,untilyou*'havemyotherprecept.Witness,&c."TheDefendanthimselfshallalso,inthemeantime,besummonedtoappearbeforetheKing,orhisJustices,toshowwhyhehasnotwarrantedhisEssoiner,andto
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answertotheprincipalsuit.Besides,thePledgesoftheEssoinersshallbesummoned,bythefollowingWrit.
CHAP.XV.
"TheKingtotheSheriff,Health.Summonby^'goodSummonersT.thathebebeforeme,ormy"Justices,at"Westminster,infifteendaysfromthe"Pentecost,toshowwhyhehasnothadI.beforeme"at"Westminster,onsuchaday,towarrantthe^'Essointhat/.madeforhiminmyCourtagainstM.^'ashepledgedhimselftohavehim.Andhavethere*'theSummoners,andthisWrit.Witness,&c."
CHAP.XYI.
But,iftheTenantappearwithinthefifteendays,andbewillingtoreplevytheTenement,lethimbecommandedtoattend,onadayappointed,thathemaythenhavejusticedonehim;and,ifheappearonthatday,andfindpledges,heshallrecoverhisseisin,andmayretainit.IfhedenyalltheSummonses,and
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alltheEssoins,anddisprovethemindividuallywiththeoathsoftwelve,orifbeacknowledgethefirstSummons,andwarrantthethreeEssoins,andsavethefourthdaybytheKing's"Writofwarranty,whichheshouldforthwithproduce,hemayalsoretainhisSeisin.But,iftheTenantappearnotwithinthefifteendays,theseisinshall,onthefollowingday,beadjudgedtohisadversary,sothattheTenantshallneveragainbeheardconcerningit,unlessbytheKing'sWritconcerningtheKight.^ButtheDemandantshallbeputintothepossessionoftheTene
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ment,bythefollowing"Writ,directedtotheSheriff.
CHAP.XYII.
"TheKingtotheSheriff,Health.Icommandyou"that,withoutdelay,youdeliverpossessiontoM.of"somuchlandinsuchaYill,ofwhichtherewasa"suitinmyCourt,betweenhimandJ?.;becausethe"SeisinofsuchLandisadjudgedtothesaidM.inmy"Court,forthedefaultofi?.Witness,&c."
CHAP.XYIII.
IfanyonedesiretocasttheEssoindeinfirmitatt,
1TheseverityofthisLawwasmitigatedby9Ed.3.c.3.wherebynoneweretolosetheirland,byreasonofnonplevin.AnotetothiseffectisinsertedinthemarginofourAuthor;butthereferencetothechapteriserroneous.
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deJResewntisdfhemaythricedoit.^YetshouldtheEssoiner,onthethirddayprecedingthatappointed,ataproperplace,andbeforeaproperperson,presenthisEssoin.If,onthethirdsummons,theTenantappearnot,theCourtshoulddirect,thatitmaybeseenwhetherhisindispositionamounttoalanguor,^ornot.Forthispurpose,letthefollowingWritissue,,directedtotheSheriff.
CHAP.XIX.
"TheKingtotheSheriff,Health.Icommandyou"that,withoutdelay,yousendfourlawfulmen^of
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"yourCountytoseeoftheinfirmityofwhichJB.hath"essoinedhimselfinmyCourt,againstli.bealan"guorornot.And,iftheyperceivethatitisalan"guor,then,thattheyshouldputtohimadayofone"yearandoneday,fromthedayoftheview,toap"pearbeforeme,ormyjustices,orthathesenda"sufficientAttorneytoanswerforhim.Andifthey"seethatitbenotalanguor,then,thattheyputhim
1"AndbytwoEssoiners,"accordingtoCotton:andDr..Milles'sMS.
2Skeneexplainsalanguorby"avehementsicknessofbody,"orofmind."(Reg.Maj.L.1.c.8.)
^ThetextisHomines.TheTranslatorsubmitsthatitshouldbemilites,areadingwarrantedbythelatterpartofthisverywrit;andauthorisedbytheconcurringtestimonyofBracton,Fleta,GrandCustum:ofNorm:&c.Seealsochapter38.ofthepresentBookwhere,asimilarobjectbeinginview,fourKnightsaredirectedtobesent.
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"acertainday,onwhichheshallappear,orsenda"sufficientAttorneytoanswerforhim.AndSum"mon,bygoodSummoners,theaforesaidfourKnights,"thattheybethentheretotestifytheirview,andthe"daytheyputhim;andhavetherethesummoners"andthisWrit.Witness,&c."Itshouldbeobserved,thattwoEssoiners,atleast,arenecessarytocastthisEssoin.
CHAP.XX.
Itshouldalsoberemarked,thatthetwofirstessoinsmaybecastdeinfirmitateveniendi,andthethirdde
reseaiitisd.
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Shouldthatcoursebeadopted,theCourtshouldsendtoascertain,whethertheindispositionamounttoalanguor,ornot.If,however,thetwofirstessoinsshouldbedereseantisd,andthethirddeinfirmitateveniendi,itshallbeorderedasifthej'^werealldeinfirmitateveniendi,becausethejudg.mentmustalwaysfollowthenatureofthelastessoin.
CHAP.XXI.
Shouldituponanyoftheseoccasionshappen,thatthepartyhimselfshouldanswerinCourt,andwhilsthewaspresent,afuturedayshouldhavebeenappointedhim;if,atthatday,he.neithercomenor
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sendanAttorney,lethis,landbetakenintotheKing'shands,andlethimbedebarredthepowerofreplevyingit.Andheshallbesummonedtoappearandhearthejudgmentatanappointeddayandthus,whetherheappearornot,heshalllosetheSeisin,onaccountofhisdefault;becausehecannotafterwardsdenythesummons,unlessbytheKing'sWrit,whichheshouldforthwithproduce,andbywhichhemaysavehisdefault.Butalthoughonanyofthedaysappointedforhisappearance,theTenantshouldanswerinCourt,ifhelawfullydepart,hemayrecurtohisthreeEssoins,unlesshehasprecludedhimselfhjanagreementtowaivethem.If,onthefirstday,thepartyshouldessoinhimself,but,onthesecond,shouldneitherappearnoressoinhimself,lettheSheriffbecommandedtoattachtheEssoiner,asadefaulter,andforthispurposelettheforegoingWritbedirectedtohim.
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CHAP.XXII.
Butitshouldbeobserved,thatwhenapartytoasuithasEssoinedhimself,theEssoinermayalsoavailhimselfofareasonableEssoin.ForifanyonedesirousofcastingareasonableEssoin,shouldcommissionapersonforthispurpose,andtheEssoinermeetswithsomereasonableimpedimentintheway,bywhichheispreventedbeingpresentattheappointedday,heshallbeawaiteduntilthefourthday,ashisPrincipalwould
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havebeen;andifwithinthatperiodheappear,hisEssoinshallbereceived,onwhateverdaj'heshouldcome;andhemaythussavethedaj'swhicharepastforthesamecausesforwhichhisprincipalcould.
CHAP.xxm.
TheprincipalEssoinerisalsoatliberty,ifsodisposed,toessoinhimselfbyanotherEssoiner.InthiscasethesecondEssoinermuststatetotheCourt,thattheTenant,havingajustcauseofEssoin,hadbeendetained,sothathecouldnotappearatthedayappointed,neithertolosenorgain,andthat,therefore,hehadappointedacertainotherpersontoessoinhim;andthattheEssoinerhimselfhad'metwithsuchanimpediment,whichhadpreventedhisappearanceonthatday:andthisheispreparedtoproveaccordingtothepracticeoftheCourt.Bythesemeans,suchEssoinershallbereceived,andadayshallbegrantedtotheTenant,throughthemediumofsuchEssoiner,uponhisundertakingtoproducehis"Warrantoronsuchagivenday,whentheTenantoughttoguaranteehisprincipalEssoiner,andtoprovehisEssoinintheusualmanner.Inthesamemanner,thefirstEssoineristoguaranteethesecond,unlessonthefirstdayhehimselfhasprovedhisEssoins,upontherequisitionof
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theadversepart3^
1TheTenant,accordingtoDr.Milles'sMS.
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CHAP.XXIY.
ButiftheTenant,desirousofproceedinginthecause,should,afterhisEssoincastinCourtandwithinthefourthday,appear,then,ifthedaywasinthefirstinstancefixedthroughtheinterventionoftheEssoiner,andtheadversepartyhasunderthesecircumstanceslefttheCourt,theDemandant^cannotrecover,ashemightonthedaypast.
CHAP.XXY.
ThereisanotherspeciesofEssoin;whichispermittedfromthenecessityofthecase;andthishappenswhenanyonecaststheEssoindeultramare."^Inthatcase,iftheEssoinbereceived,theperiodoffortvdays,atleast,shallbegiventothepartyessoined.Butif,'bymeansofthisoranyotherreasonableEssoin,amanwouldessoinhimselffora,longerperiod,theusualcourseoftheCourtshallbefollowedingivingtime.
1AccordingtotheBodleianMS.itwouldstand,he(theTenant)cannotrecover,&c.
2"Thereis,"saystheRegiamMajestatem,"anotherkindof"ExcuseorEssoinwhichisnecessary,thatis,whenanyoneis"essoinedbecauseheisbeyondthewaterofForthorof"Spey;and,ifthisEssoinisfoundlawful,fortydaysshallbe"grantedtohimwhoisexcused."(VideReg.Maj.L.1.c.8.)"TheinconveniencesresultingfromtheabuseoftheEssoininour
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"textwereremediedbyWest.1.cap.44,VideSirEdward"Coke'sComment.2Inst.251.
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CHAP.XXVI.
ThereareotherEssoinswhicheventuallymayberesortedto,inordertosavethefourdays,oroneofthem,bymeansofAvhichEssoinstheadversepartyshouldbeawaitedinCourt:as,forExample,asuddeninundation,oranyotherunexpectedeventwhichcouldnotbeforeseen.
CHAP.XXYII.
TheserviceoftheKingisalsoanotherreasonablecauseofEssoin,^andwhenthisEssoinisprovedinCourtandallowed,theSuitshallstandoversinedie,untilitappearthatthepartyhasreturnedfromtheKing'sservice.HencethosewhoarecontinuallyintheKing'sservice,ashisServants,^shallnotavailthem
1And,asthis'^asfoundeduponapoliticalobligation,itdidnotextendtoexcusetheDefendant,ifintheserviceofanyotherpex'son.(Bracton,336.b.)
2Servientes.Thistermwasreceivedinmanydifferentsenses.Sometimesitmeant,personsholdingmilitaryrankSometimes,VassalsorTenantsonlySometimes,Esquires.Itis,inthislattersense,thatLordLittletonandDr.Bradyseeminclinedtothinkitvs^asmoregenerallyused(Litt.Hist.Hen.3.Vol.3.p.87.)Mr.Selden,however,has,inhisTreatiseonTitlesofHonor,proved,thatthereweresomeverymaterialdistinctionsbetweentheterms,andthattheywerefarfiombeingsynonymous.Dr.Sullivan,whenhemeetswiththewordinaLawoftheconqueror,explainsitasmeaning"thelowersoldiers,notknighted,
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"whohadnotyetgotlands,butwerequarteredontheAbbies."(LecturesonLawsofEngland,p.266.)SirJohnSkeneinterprets,whatIpresumeisthesameTerm,asmeaningdomesticservants.(Reg.Maj.L.1.c.8.)Thisis,Iapprehend,thetrue
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selvesofthisEssoin;but,withrespecttotheirpersons,theordinarycourseoftheCourt,andtheorderoftheLaw,shallbeobserved.Wemust,however,makeadistinction,withrespecttotheforegoingEssoin.ThepartydesirousofavailinghimselfoftheEssoinperservitiumMegis,willeitherhavebeensummonedbyhisadversarypreviouslytoenteringintosuchservice,orhewillhaveenteredintosuchserviceinthefirstinstance,andhaveafterwardsbeensummoned.
IfhewereinthefirstinstanceintheKing'sservice,andinthemeantimebesummonedtoanswerthesuit,theEulewehaveabovelaiddownmustunquestionablyprevail.Ontheotherhand,ifapartybeimpleadedinthefirstinstance,andheafterwardscasttheEssoinperservitium,Begis,itismaterialtoascertain,whetherheactbyamandateoftheKing,orageneralorspecialprecept,andbefromnecessityinsuchservice,orotherwise.IfhewerecalledbyapreceptoftheKingintohisservice,then,indeed,thesameLawprevails,asintheformerinstance.Butif,ontheotherhand,voluntarilyandwithoutanysuchprecept,hehasrecentlyenteredintotheKing'sservice,.itmustbedistinguished,whetherhehasgonebeyondseainthatservice,orremainswithintheEealm.If
meaningofthetext,notwithstandingthatServientes,whenconnectedwiththetermsdominiRegis,sometimesmeantaparticulardescriptionofofficers,residingineveryCounty,andpossessedofanauthority,perhaps,notaltogetherunlikethatofSheriffsorCoroners,afterwhom,theyareenumeratedbyBraoton.(L.3.Tr.2.c.32.)
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hehasgonebeyondSea,arespite^offortydays,atleast,shallbeallowedhim,but,ifheshouldnotreturnwithinthatperiod,theaccustomedcourseoftheCourt,andtheorderofLawshallbeobserved.AtwhateverperiodheappearsinCourt,andwhetherpersonally,orbyhisAttorney,hemustimmediatelyproducetheKing'sWrit,towarranthisprecedingEssoins.Butif,ontheotherhand,theDefendantbewithintheKealm,andintheserviceoftheKing,inthatCaseitmustberegulatedbythewillandpleasureoftheKing'sJustices,whetheralessoragreaterperiod^beallowedhimtoappearandanswer,accordingasitmaybestsuittheKing,andmaybeconsistentwiththecourseofJustice.
CHAP.XXVIII.
Itmayalsohappen,thatapartyisessoinedinCourt,onaccountofsomeindispositionbywhichheisconfinedinthesameTownwheretheCourtissitting,havingarrivedtheretoprosecutehisplea.Inthiscase,lettheCourtdirect,thatheappearonthemor
1Bespectus,promora,dilationsvelcontinuationetemporis.Inthissense,thetermfrequentlyoccursinouroldlawbooks.(VideReg.Maj.L.4.o.20.andSpelm.Gloss,advoc.)ThereisintheRegisterawritrespectueomputivicecomitishabendo,fortherespitingaSheriff'saccounts..TherewasalsorespectusHoniagii,delayingofHomage.(SeeCowelladvoc.)
2Terminum."IntheCivilLaw,"saysSpelman,"itsignifleth"adaysettotheDefendant,andinthatsensedothBracton,"Glanville,andsomeotherssometimesuseit."(ReliquiaeSpelmanniansep.71.)
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row;andthuslethimbeawaitedduringthreesuccessivedaysandforthiscause,heshallhaveadelayofthreesuccessivedays.If,onthethirdday,hethensoessoinhimself,thenfourKnightsshouldbedirectedbytheCourttoattendhimforthepurposeofascertaining,whetherheisinsucliastateastobeabletomakehisappearanceinCourt,ornot;and,shouldtheybeofopinionthatheisable,then,theyshouldcommandhim,toattendinCourt,anddothatwhichheought.But,iftheyshouldthinkhimunable,andshouldtestifythistotheCourt,thenshallareasonabletime,adelayoffifteendaysattheleast,beallowedhim.
CHAP.XXIX.
ThereisalsoanotherEssoin,w