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April 4, 2005 1
Micro-Fuel Cells "Tomorrow's Power Source Enabled by Carbon-Nanotubes"
T.J. Wainerdi Director of Business Development
Project Director – Fuel Cell Electrode Project
April 4, 2005 2
Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc. (CNI)
• Company founded in 2000
• Exclusive, worldwide license of carbon nanotechnology IP from Rice University
• Developing markets –over 500 customers worldwide
• Production scale up to commercial units
April 4, 2005 3
Single Wall Carbon-Nanotubes (SWNT)
The strongest, stiffest, toughest molecule there will ever beThe strongest, stiffest, toughest molecule there will ever beThe most inherently conductive organic moleculeThe most inherently conductive organic molecule
The ultimate engineering polymerThe ultimate engineering polymer1 nm1 nm
1,000 nm 1,000 nm –– 10,000 nm10,000 nm
• SWNTs are unique– Polymers of pure carbon– High aspect ratio (up to 10,000:1)– Unique electron configuration
• SWNTs have extraordinary properties– Strength (100x steel, 1/6th weight)– Electrical conductivity (copper)– Thermal conductivity (3x diamond)
April 4, 2005 4
EnergyEnergyFuel cellsFuel cellsSupercapacitorsSupercapacitorsPhotovoltaic cellsPhotovoltaic cellsLightweight compositesLightweight composites““Quantum WiresQuantum Wires””
–– Electricity generationElectricity generation–– Power transmission linesPower transmission lines
ElectronicsElectronicsField emissionField emission
–– Flat panel displaysFlat panel displays–– Electron device cathodesElectron device cathodes–– LightingLighting
SensorsSensors–– Chem/bioChem/bio–– GasGas–– PressurePressure–– FlowFlow
Logic and memory devicesLogic and memory devicesInterconnects Interconnects
CompositesCompositesElectrically conductive compositesElectrically conductive composites
–– Wide range of conductivitiesWide range of conductivities•• AntistaticAntistatic•• Electrostatic dissipation Electrostatic dissipation •• EMI/RFI shieldingEMI/RFI shielding
–– Parts, films, sealants, inks, adhesives, Parts, films, sealants, inks, adhesives, coatingscoatings
Reinforced compositesReinforced compositesTougher, stronger, stiffer, wear resistant Tougher, stronger, stiffer, wear resistant
–– Thermosets and thermoplasticsThermosets and thermoplastics•• Parts, coatings Parts, coatings
–– High performance fibersHigh performance fibers•• Ballistics protection, offshoreBallistics protection, offshore
–– High performance ceramicsHigh performance ceramics•• Structural parts, thermal coatingsStructural parts, thermal coatings
Thermally conductive compositesThermally conductive composites–– Electronics packagingElectronics packaging
SWNTs Offer Incredible Opportunities!
April 4, 2005 5
PEM Fuel CellCatalyst Catalyst SupportSupport Gas Diffusion Gas Diffusion
LayerLayer
Bipolar Bipolar PlatePlate
Polymer Polymer ElectrolyteElectrolyteMembraneMembrane
HH2 2 inin Air inAir in
HH22O, NO, N2 2 OutOut
April 4, 2005 6
Geometric issues effect electrode performance.
2 µ
20 nm
• Mass Transport
• Charge Transport
• 3 Point Contact
April 4, 2005 7
SWNT enable a thin film “free standing” electrode< 1µ
Side View
PE
M•SWNT known to form thin, strong, high conductivity films (up to ~5000 S/cm)
•High porosity for good mass transport
•Enhance 3 Point contact of gas, catalyst and PEM.
Front View
April 4, 2005 8
SWNT Electrode Carbon Black Electrode
SWNT ensures catalyst and PEM contact while providing “super-highways” for electrons.
April 4, 2005 9
+
PEM
SWNT’s ability to conduct protons as well as electrons, further enhances ability to achieve 3-point contact.
Pt
April 4, 2005 10
Oxidation proceeds only at open ends
Sides are extremely inert
• 99.99% of the carbon atoms are on the sides.
• Tubes can be provided with closed ends.
SWNT should demonstrate significant enhancement in chemical stability compared to carbon black.
April 4, 2005 11
SWNT anode doubled power density while reducing Pt catalyst by 98%!
Hydrogen PEM Fuel Cell
April 4, 2005 12
Exponential growth in energy requirements driven by enhanced multifunctional electronics….
April 4, 2005 13
…… while maintaining wireless portability.
April 4, 2005 14
Micro-fuel cells offer dramatic potential for improvements in energy density.
April 4, 2005 15
Improved power densities and reduced cost are required to achieve mass replacement of Li-Ion
battery technology!
MICRO FUEL CELLS
April 4, 2005 16
CNI’s Partnership with Industry Covers the Entire Value Chain
ElectrodeRaw Materials
Fuel CellElectrodes
MembraneElectrodeAssembly
Micro-FuelCell
Next Gen.Portable
Electronics
Carbon Nanotechnologies
&
Johnson Matthey
Motorola Motorola
“Free Standing” Single Wall Carbon-Nanotube Fuel Cell Electrode
Johnson MattheyCarbon Nanotechnologies
&
Johnson Matthey
The Partnership won a $3.7 Million grant from the National Institute of Standards & Technology – Advanced Technology Program!
April 4, 2005 17
Introduction of next generation electronics is anticipated to fuel demand…….
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Elec
troni
c Sh
ipm
ents
($B
)
N.A.W.E.AsiaROW
Source: World Fuel Cells to 2007, Freedonia Group, May 1, 2003, Table 10
April 4, 2005 18
…..thereby fueling the demand for longer lasting power!
Uni
t -M
Potential Portable Electronic Market Size for Micro-Fuel Cell Technology
400
29246813562227100.5
455
44287022582840110.7
520
65347229623056121.2
560
84367430633268
121.5
0100
200300
400500
600
700800
9001000
2002 2005 2008 2010
Portable DVD
Video Cam
Digital StillCameraPower Tool
RC / Toy Mkt
Hand held / PDA
Portable Audio
2-Way
Note Book
Cellular
April 4, 2005 19
Potential for value creation from micro-fuel cells is high…..
April 4, 2005 20
Projected Global Sales Revenue for Fuel Cell Electrode
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
($M
) CellPhonesLap Tops
PDAs
Chargers
Cameras
Assumes comparable energy cost to a Li-Ion Battery ~ $3000/KW
…… and potential value capture from SWNT is significant!