fT' ^^P^^^^^^ing different sedimenta^^'p'r · 2015. 3. 17. · Values of porosity, grain size, percent CaCOo, organic carbon and nitrogen, shear strength, color, compressional

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dalm Entered)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. REPORT NUMBER

NORDA Technical Note 233

2. GOVT ACCESSION NO,

READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

Physical and Acoustical Properties of Surface Sediment from Venezuela Basin: A Data Report

Final 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHORfs; 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERfsJ

Kevin Briggs Michael Richardson

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity Ocean Science Directorate NSTL, Mississippi 39529 ■

10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT. TASK AREA a WORK UNIT NUMBERS

P.E. 61153!*

". CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS

Same

12. REPORT DATE

January 19B4 13. NUMBER OF PAGES

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17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol the abstract entered In Block 20, II dlllerent Irom Report)

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aide II neceaaary and Identity by block number)

Sediment Geoacoustic Properties Deep-Sea Sediments Venezuela Basin

20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse aide if necessary and identity by block number)

Physical and acoustic properties of surface sediments collected with a " 0.2b-m2 box core were measured from 45 stations in the Venezuela Basin Samoles

vinces° 'add tLTt^'r' '''fT' ^^P^^^^^îng different sedimenta^^'p'r M°??'y w^c ?^ ^° transects between the locations. Location 1 (15°orN, 69 22'W) was on the eastern slope of the Beata Ridge in 3950 m water depth Sediments were pelagic foraminifera ooze. Location 2 (13°45'N! 67°45'W) was in

DD , ^°N""73 1473 EDITION OF 1 NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE

S.'N 0102- LF-014- 6601 UNCLASSIFIED

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the central Venezuela Basin in 5050 m water depth. Sediments consisted of interbedded turbidite and pelagic sediments. Location 3 (13°30'N, 64°45'W) was on the western flank of the Aves Ridge in 3500 m water depth. Sediments vjere predominantly hemipelagic in origin.

Values of porosity, grain size, percent CaCOs, organic carbon and nitrogen, shear strength, color, compressional wave velocity, and attenuation were determined from 6.1 cm inside diameter cylindrical subcores. X-radiographs of 36 X 44 X 3 cm rectangular acrylic subcores were made to determine sedimentary/ biological structure. Probes used to measure shear strength and compressional wave velocity were occasionally inserted into whole box cores for additional measurements. The color of freshly collected sediments from whole box cores was also noted.

In this report we present the entire data set in table form, flethods of collection and subsequent laboratory and computational analysis are presented in detail. The data presented here will be the subject of more detailed analysis in future publications.

S/N 0102- LF- 014-6601

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(TWi»n Dmtm Bnfnd)

NORDA Technical Note 238

Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL, Mississippi 39529

Physical and Acoustical Properties of Surface Sediment from-Venezuela Basin: A Data Report

Approved for Public Release Distribution Unlimited

Kevin Briggs Michael Richardson Ocean Science Directorate Oceanography Division

January 1984

I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Physical and acoustic properties of surface sediments 2

collected with a 0.25-m box core were measured from 45 stations

in the Venezuela Basin. Samples were collected from three

locations representing different sedimentary provinces in

addition to transects between the locations. Location 1

(15°07'N, 69°22'W) was on the eastern slope of the Beata Ridge

in 3950 m water depth. Sediments were pelagic foraminifera

ooze. Location 2 (13°45'N, 67°45'W) was in the central Venezuela

Basin in 5050 m water depth. Sediments consisted of interbedded

turbidite and pelagic sediments. Location 3 (13°30'N, 64°45'W)

was on the western flank of the Aves Ridge in 3500 m water

depth. Sediments were predominantly hemipelagic in origin.

Values of porosity, grain size, percent CaCOo, organic

carbon and nitrogen, shear strength, color, compressional wave

velocity, and attenuation were determined from 6.1 cm inside

diameter cylindrical subcores. X-radiographs of 36 x 44 x 3 cm

rectangular acrylic subcores were made to determine

sedimentary/biological structure. Probes used to measure shear

strength and compressional wave velocity were occasionally

inserted into whole box cores for additional measurements. The

color of freshly collected sediments from whole box cores was

also noted.

In this report we present the entire data set in table

form. Methods of collection and subsequent laboratory and

computational analysis are presented in detail. The data

presented here will be the subject of more detailed analysis in

future publications.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of the

ships' captains and crews of the R/V GYRE (cruise 79G7), USNS

LYNCH (cruise 708-80), and USNS BARTLETT (cruise 1301-82). We

also wish to thank all of the scientific colleagues who

participated in the aforementioned cruises. Without their

support a project of this scope would have been impossible.

Thanks to David C. Young, Frank Carnaggio, and James Matthews

for designing and fabricating the compressional wave velocity

probes. Special thanks are extended to Skidaway Institute of

Oceanography and Steve Bishop, in particular, for use of the CHN

analyzer and to NAVOCEANO for the training and use of the

Micromeritics Particle Size Analyzer. We thank Richard Ray for

the compilation of data exhibited in Appendix A and David K.

Young for careful review of the manuscript. This work was

supported by Program Element 61153N; Ralph R. Goodman and James

E. Andrews, Program Managers.

n

CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Iv

LIST OF TABLES ., " ' 1v

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1

A. SITE SELECTION 1

•. B. FIELD COLLECTION . . 3

C. FIELD ANALYSIS .,./ 7

D. LABORATORY ANALYSIS ... 15

III. RESULTS 18

IV. REFERENCES 19

APPENDIX A—SEDIMENT ACOUSTIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA FROM BOX CORES COLLECTED IN THE VENEZUELA BASIN . 21

APPENDIX B-FREQUENCY HISTOGRAMS OF GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION DATA FOR SEDIMENTS COLLECTED IN BOX CORES FROM THE VENEZUELA BASIN = 19

APPENDIX C--X-RADIOGRAPHS OF SEDIMENTS COLLECTED FROM THE VENEZUELA BASIN 233

APPENDIX D~COLOR DESCRIPTIONS OF CORES 253

APPENDIX E—COMPRESSIONAL WAVE VELOCITY PROBE DATA 257

APPENDIX F~SEDIMENT SHEAR STRENGTH MEASURED WITH HAND-HELD VANE SHEAR PROBE 263

m

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. Location of sampling sites in the Venezuela Basin 2

Figure 2A. MK III box corer ready to deploy 6

Figure 2B. Deployment of box corer from rear U-frame of USNS BARTLETT 6

Figure 2C. Retrieval of box corer containing bottom sediment sample 6

Figure 2D. Subcoring of box core sample after detachment of box core and spade from box corer with aid of cart 6

Figure 3. Block diagram of compressional wave velocity probe measuring system 10

Figure 4. Line drawing of compressional wave velocity probes 10

Figure 5. Block diagram of sediment core compressional wave velocity and attenuation measuring system 13

TABLES

Table 1. Location, depth, date, and time of collection for the 68 box core stations occupied in the Venezuela Basin 4

Table 2. Listing of subcores collected from 45 box core samples obtained for physical/acoustic properties analysis 8

IV

I. INTRODUCTION

This report presents data on the horizontal and vertical distribution of

surface sediment physical and acoustic properties. The data was collected in an

investigation of the effects of biological processes on the physical and acoustic

properties of deep-sea sediments. Results from the biological collections will be

included in subsequent reports. The entire data set on the following sediment

properties is printed in the form of tables: porosity, grain size distribution,

percent calcium carbonate (CaCO^), organic carbon and nitrogen, shear strength,

color, and sedimentary/biological structure, sediment compressional wave velocity,

and attenuation. Methods of collection and subsequent laboratory and computational

analysis are presented in detail. The data presented here will be the subject of

more detailed analysis in future publications. The purpose of the report is to make

the bulk of the sediment data available as rapidly as possible to others involved

with this study.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Site Selection

Three locations representing different sedimentary provinces in the Venezuela

Basin were selected for study (Fig. 1). Location 1 was on the eastern part of the

Beata Ridge (15°07'N, 69°22'W) in 3950 m water depth. Sediments were pelagic

foraminifera ooze. Location 2 was in the central Venezuela Basin in 5050 m water

depth and centered about 13°45'N, 67°45'W. Sediments were interbedded turbidite

depositions and pelagic sediments. Location 3 was on the eastern flank of the Aves

Ridge in a hemipelagic sedimentary province in 3500 m water depth and centered

about 13°30'N, 64°45'W.

A total of 99 stations were occupied consisting of: 19 box cores, eight

trawls, and one dredge haul at location 1; 23 box cores and nine trawls at location

2; 18 box cores and eight trawls at location 3; three box cores along a transect

between locations 1 and 2; five box cores along a transect between locations 2 and

3; and five trawls collected about 130 km north of location 2. A listing of the

depth, latitude, longitude, date, and time (GMT) of each box core sample is

presented in Table 1. Data pertinent to the trawl and dredge hauls will be

presented in subsequent publications.

Samples were collected on three oceanographic cruises. Stations 1-6 were

occupied from the R/V GYRE, cruise 79G7, which departed Panama City, Panama, on 10

November 1979 and terminated at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, on 26 November

1979. Stations 7-19 were occupied from the USNS LYNCH, cruise 708-80, which

departed Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, on 2 July 1980 and returned on 28 July 1980.

Stations 20-99 were occupied from the USNS BARTLETT, cruise 1301-82, which departed

Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, on 14 October 1981 and returned on 8 December 1981.

B. Field Collection

Sediments were collected with the 0.25-m^ MK III box corer depicted in Figure

2A-D. The design and function of the box corer were essentially the same as the box

corer described by Hessler and Jumars (1974) with two exceptions: (1) the safety

bar holding the release bolt was triggered by the downward fall of the column

through the frame sleeve that released a lever holding the safety bar (this safety

acted to prevent accidental triggering of the spade arm on deck or while the box

corer was in transit to the bottom), and (2) spring-loaded doors at the top of the

core box replaced the screened vents and flapper valves. A pinger, fastened on the

wire 25 m from the box corer, was used to monitor sample collection on a Line Scan

Recorder. Box core descent was approximately 50 m/min until the sampler was 50 m

from the bottom. The box core was then lowered into the bottom as slowly as weather

conditions permitted (10-25 m/min). The box core was retrieved at 50-75 m/min.

The box cores containing undisturbed surface sediment with overlying water

together with the attached spade arm were carefully removed from the coring device.

Cylindrical subcores (6.1-cm inside diameter and 46-cm length) and/or 36 cm (width)

X 3 cm (thickness) x 44 cm (length) acrylic subcores were used to collect

subsamples of the sediment. Extreme care was exercised to obtain relatively

undisturbed subsamples with the sediment-water interface preserved intact within

the subcores. In order to obtain undisturbed samples of the pelagic and turbidite

layers at location 2, a second set of subcores was taken after manual removal of '

overlying sediment layers that had high shear strength and resistance to core

penetration.

Table 1. Location, depth, date, and time of collection for the 68 box core stations occupied in the Venezuela Basin. Station listings do not include the 30 trawl hauls and dredge haul.

Depth Station (m)

3958

Latitude

15°08.3'N

Longitude

69°24.6'W

Date GMT

1* 15 Nov 79 0226 2 3958 15°08.3'N 69°24.6'W 15 Nov 79 1018 3 3958 15°14.7'N 69°14.7'W 15 Nov 79 1535 4* 3958 15°08.3'N 69°24.6'W 15 Nov 79 2223 5 3958 15°35.5'N 69°17.3'W 16 Nov 79 0320

6* 3958 15°08.3'N 69°24.6'W 16 Nov 79 1820 7* 5058 13°49.6'N 67°45.0'W 6 Jul 80 0105 8* 5059 13°48.4'N 67°40.7'W 7 Jul 80 1224 9 5054 13°46.6'N 67°45.2'W 8 Jul 80 0001 10* 5056 13°43.7'N 67°43.5'W 8 Jul 80 2103

11# 5060 13°46.0'N 67°49.7'W 23 Jul 80 0345 12# 5060 13°46.7'N 67°46.8'W 23 Jul 80 0842 13# 5060 13°49.4'N 67°42.7'W 23 Jul 80 1516 14 5054 13°50.6'N 67°39.0'W 23 Jul 80 2050 15* 5060 13°45.4'N 67°47.8'W 24 Jul 80 0752

16 5054 13°45.0'N 67°40.4'W 24 Jul 80 1620 17 3517 13°32.8'N 64°45.7'W 25 Jul 80 2150 18 3517 13°25.6"N 64°47.7'W 26 Jul 80 1143 19* 3514 13°25.1'N 64°51.0'W 26 Jul 80 1508 20* 3934 15°05.2'N 69°22.8'W 17 Oct 81 2335

21 3937 15°07.6'N 69°24.1'W 18 Oct 81 2053 22 3934 15°07.3'N 69°22.9'W 19 Oct 81 0241 23 3933 15°07.0'N 69°24.0'W 19 Oct 81 1223 24 3936 15°06.1'N 69°24.2'W 19 Oct 81 1606 25* 3934 15°07.9'N 69°22.7'W 19 Oct 81 2114

26 3940 15°06.4'N 69°22.3'W 21 Oct 81 0902 27* 3935 15°07.9'N 69°20.6'W 21 Oct 81 2342 28 3949 15°07.4'N 69°20.0'W 22 Oct 81 1236 29 3959 15°03.5'N 69°21.6'W 23 Oct 81 0340 30 3945 15°09.0'N 69°34.2'W 23 Oct 81 0845

31 3949 15°04.3'N 69°19.7'W 23 Oct 81 1234 32 3945 15°00.9'N 69°17.8'W 23 Oct 81 1637 42 4322 14°50.8'N 68°59.7'W 29 Oct 81 1659 43 4493 14°45.1'N 68°52.1'W 29 Oct 81 2336 44 4805 14°19.8'N 68°22.2'W 30 Oct 80 0958

macrofauna box core disturbed box core, no subsamples collected

Table 1 (continued)

Depth Station (m)

5065

Latitude

13°53.1'N

Longitude

67°44.9'W

Date GMT

.45* 31 Oct 81 0210 46 5053 13°50.5'N 67°47.7'W 31 Oct 81 2104 47 . 5049 13°44.4'N 67°48.3'W 1 Nov 81 0305 48 5049 13°44.1'N 67°48.8'W 1 Nov 81 0808 49* 5052 13°37.4'N 67°50.5'W 1 Nov 81 1630 ,

50 5052 13°52.2'N 67°48.3'W 2 Nov 81 0612 51 5049 13°44.9'N 67°48.0'W 2 Nov 81 1226 52* 5052 13°49.5'N 67°50.3'W 2 Nov 81 1825 ' 53 5049 13°47.3'N 67°47.9'W 3 Nov 81 0836 ■'■- 54 5052 13°43.0'N 67°44.8'W 3 Nov 81 1434

55 5050 13°46.4'N 67°47.7'W 3 Nov 81 2149 56* 5049 13°46.6'N 67°47.7'W 4 Nov 81 0741 57 5046 13°42.9'N 67°47.6'W 4 Nov 81 1747 67 4749 13°35.9'N 65°52.1'W 18 Nov 81 0646 - 68 4447 13°34.0'N 65°45.0'W 18 Nov 81 1429

69 4188 13°34.7'N 65°28.6'W 18 Nov 81 2200 70 3937 13°33.9'N 65°24.2'W 19 Nov 81 0415 71 3775 13°31.6'N 65°10.8'W 19 Nov 81 1057 72* 3476 13°29.6'N 64°45.2'W 20 Nov 81 0522 73 3542 13°33.6'N 64°42.1'W 20 Nov 81 2135

74 3503 13°32.6'N 64°44.0'W 21 Nov 81 0218 75* 3506 13°32.1'N 64°42.5'W 21 Nov 81 0934 76 3490 13°33.8'N 64°41.4'W 21 Nov 81 1934 77 3477 13°28.5'N 64°40.8'W 22 Nov 81 0207 78* 3447 13°32.7'N 64°43.0'W 22 Nov 81 0646

79 3495 13°33.4'N 64°43.3'W 22 Nov 81 2320 80 3429 13°32.3'N 64°32.9'W 23 Nov 81 0415 81* 3437 13°26.2'N 64°38.1'W 23 Nov 81 0921 82 3433 13°35.6'N 64°40.3°W 23 Nov 81 1954 83* 3464 13°23.0'N 64°26.3'W 24 Nov 81 0202

84* 3487 13°28.8'N 64°44.0'W 24 Nov 81 0745 85* 3472 13°30.1'N 64°40.2'W 24 Nov 81 1210 86 3440 13°32.rN 64°39.6'W 25 Nov 81 0013

macrofauna box core

Figure 2A. MK III box corer ready to deploy

Figure 2B. Deployment of box corer from rear U-frame of USNS BARTLETT

Figure 2D. Subcoring of box core sample after detachment of box core and spade from box corer with aid of cart

Figure 2C. Retrieval of box corer containing bottom sediment sample

i-;-

One to 24 subcores were collected from each box core (except from stations

11, 12, and 13 which were disturbed samples). A listing of subcores by type of

analysis is presented in Table 2. Some subcores were used for more than one type of

analysis (e.g. compressional wave velocity and shear strength). Because of the

dual-use of subcores, there will appear to be a disparity between the total number

and the sum of the individual subcores. Those collected for analyses by workers

outside of NORDA (i.e. benthic foraminifera: Barun Sen Gupta, LSU; meiofauna:

Donald Woods, U. of Alabama; muramic acid: David White, FSU; microfaunal lipids:

H. Rodger Harvey, U. of Georgia; radionuclide distribution: David Schink and Norman

Guinasso, Texas A&M) will be the subject of subsequent publications.

C. Field Analysis

Sediment acoustic measurements were made utilizing three different types of

apparatus: probes inserted into undisturbed box cores, USI-103 transducer-receiver

head with the USI-103 sediment velocimeter, and USI-103 transducer-receiver head

with different electronic components.

Replicate series of compressional wave velocity measurements were made at

0.5-cm intervals in four undisturbed box cores using the probes described in

Figures 3 and 4. A Tektronfx PG 501 Pulse Generator was used to trigger a Tektronix

FG504 Function Generator and a Hewlett Packard 1743A dual-time interval

Oscilloscope (Fig. 3). The Tektronix FG504 Function Generator drove the

compressional wave transducer with a 70-kHz sine wave triggered for 10jisec

duration every 2 msec. The electrical energy was transferred into mechanical energy

using a piezoceramic thin sheet transducer (12.7-mm long, 2.5-mm wide, and 0.25-mm

thick) cut from a G1195 series thin sheet manufactured by Gulton Industries. The

transducer was epoxied at one end into a 15-mm long, 10-mm wide window machined

into a 2.4-mm thick Phenolic Sheet and potted with Scotch Cast 8 (Fig. 4).

Compressional waves propagated through the sediments to two compressional

wave receivers that were built as identically as possible to the compressional wave

transducer. The mechanical energy was transferred into electrical energy by the

piezoceramic receivers, amplified (20-dB gain) by Burr-Brown 3622K Differential

amplifiers, and filtered by Krohn-Hite Model 3100R Band-Pass Filters (1-1000 kHz

low cut-off and high cut-off frequencies) set in the maximum flat butterworth

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Figure 3. Block diagram of compressional wave velocity probe measuring system

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1cm

Figure 4. Line drawing of compressional wave velocity probes

10

position. The time delay (At) between the two, amplified, filtered, received

signals was measured with the Hewlett-Packard Oscilloscope.

The first "At" measurement for each series was made in "the water overlying

the sediment-water interface. The difference in the distance between the transducer

and the two receivers was calculated from the "At" measurement and the

compressional wave velocity for sea water (calculated from MacKenzie, 1982) given

temperature, salinity, and depth. Temperature and salinity of the overlying water

were measured with a YSI Model 43TD temperature probe and an AO Goldberg

temperature-compensated, salinity refractometer. The difference in distance between

probes was assumed to remain the same during any series of measurements. Time delay

(At) measurements were made at 0.5-cm intervals as the probes were inserted into

the sediment. Simultaneous sediment temperature measurements were made with a YSI

Model 43TD temperature probe. Compressional wave velocity at each depth was

calculated from the difference in distance between the transducer and receivers and

the measured time delay.

Values of compressional wave velocity were determined for sediment in the

cylindrical core liners (stations 9, 14, 16, 17, and 18) with an Underwater

Systems, Inc. (Model USI 103) Sediment Velocimeter. Time delay measurements made on

distilled water through the core liner were compared to similar time delay

measurements on the sediment sample to determine sediment compressional wave

velocity using the following formula:

V = - ^ P AtV^ (1)

where V is the measured sound velocity through sediment (m/sec); V is the P "

measured sound velocity through distilled water (m/sec); At is the measured time

arrival of sound through distilled water minus the time arrival through sediment

(sec); and d is the inside diameter of the core in meters.

Values of sediment compressional wave velocity and attenuation were

determined at 1-cm intervals in the core samples collected at stations 21-84 with

an Underwater System, Inc. (Model USI-103) transducer-receiver head. A Tektronix

PG501 Pulse Generator, FG504 Function Generator, Krohn-Hite 3100R Band Pass Filter

11

and a Hewlett Packard 1743A dual-time interval oscilloscope were substituted for

the electronics unit and oscilloscope usually employed with the USI-103 Velocimeter

(Fig. 5). These substitutes increased resolution of compressional wave velocity

measurements and provided accurate measurement of receiver voltages required for

attenuation measurements.

The temperature of the cylindrical subcores was equilibrated with laboratory

temperature prior to measurement of compressional wave velocity (V ). Temperature

and salinity of the overlying water were measured with a YSI Model 43TD temperature

probe and a Guildline Instruments 8400A laboratory salinometer.

Sediment compressional wave velocity was determined using equation 1. All

sound velocities were calculated at the common temperature, salinity, and pressure

(23°C, 35 /oo, 1 atm) suggested by Hamilton (1971). All measurements taken with

the USI-103 transducer-receiver head were made at 400 kHz. Attenuation measurements

were calculated as 20 log of the ratio of the received voltage through distilled

water versus receiver voltage through sediment. Attenuation measurements were

extrapolated to a 1-m path length and reported as dB/m at 400 kHz (Hamilton, 1972).

Attenuation was also expressed as a sediment specific constant (k):

kf" (2)

where a is the attenuation of compression waves in sediment (dB/m), f is the

transmitted signal frequency (kHz), and n is a measure of frequency dependence. If

n is assumed to be one (Hamilton, 1972), then the sediment specific constant (k)

can be used to compare sediment attenuation to other sediment physical properties

such as porosity and mean grain size without regard to the frequency at which the

measurements were made.

Sediment shear strength was measured directly by a hand-held vane shear

device in undisturbed box core samples and with a Wykeham-Farrance laboratory vane

apparatus in cylindrical subcores. The hand-held vane shear device consisted of a

0-24 inch-ounce precision torque gauge equipped with a 1.89-cm high, 1.89-cm

diameter or 2.54 x 2.54 cm vane, after the design of Dill and Moore (1965). The

Wykeham-Farrance laboratory vane apparatus was equipped with a 1.26-cm high, 1.26-

cm diameter vane. The torque required to shear the sediment was measured with both

12

TRIGGER

PULSE GENERATOR

FUNCTION GENERATOR

USI TRANSDUCER

DUAL TIME INTERVAL

OSCILLOSCOPE

BAND-PASS

FILTER

USI RECEIVER

SEDIMENT CORE

Figure 5. Block diagram of sediment core compressional wave velocity and attentuation measuring system

13

devices. The rotation rate for the Wykeham-Farrance vane was 84°/min, whereas the

hand-held vane was rotated as slowly as possible, approximately 360°/min. Sediment

shear strength (r^) was calculated from the torque required to shear the sediment

(T) and the height (H) and diameter (D) of the vane using the following formula

from Monney (1974):

.,K21.4) ^^^

Hand-held torque measurements were made without regard to the resistance of the

vane shaft to rotation in the sediment. Measurements were made every inch after

additional insertion of the vane and its 50-cm shaft. Torque measurements made with

the Wykeham-Farrance vane do not include the resistance of the vane shaft as part

of the measurement. Sediment was extruded from the subcore after each torque

measurement exposing fresh undisturbed sediment for the next measurement.

Color descriptions of collected sediment were made with the aid of Munsell®

Soil Color Charts (1975). Depth profiles of hue, value, and chroma were determined

for sediments after removing a side of the box core. Depth profiles of color were

also determined for sediments extruded from subcores after vane shear measurement.

Sedimentary/biological structure was revealed by X-raying sediments collected

with acrylic rectangular subcores. Rectangular cores were constructed of two 3-mm

thick acrylic sheets (36 x 44 cm) separated by 6-mm thick acrylic sides (3-cm

width). One face was sealed with silicone sealant and held together with stainless

steel machine screws; the other face was sealed with neoprene and stainless steel

machine screws. Two 19-mm diameter holes in the top of the cere were used for

displacement of air during core insertion. The holes were closed by means of

neoprene stoppers after sediment collection. Bottom edges of the cores were beveled

to improve penetration. The bottoms of the cores were sealed with rectangular

acrylic boxes lined with cellular neoprene. Rubber straps held the bottoms fast to

the cores.

The rectangular cores were X-rayed by placing a 35.3 x 42.8 cm sheet of Kodak

AA industrial X-ray film on the back of each core and exposing it to 50 kV, 20 ma

for 30 sec with a Kramex PX-20N portable X-ray unit (Rhoads et al., 1977). For

14

safety purposes, cores were X-rayed in a 1.6-cm thick plywood box lined with 1.6-tnn

thick lead sheeting.

D. Laboratory Analysis

All cylindrical core samples not extruded for sediment shear strength

measurements were refrigerated or frozen for subsequent laboratory analysis.

Refrigerated cores were used in determining sediment porosity, grain size, and

percent calcium carbonate (CaCO^). Organic and nitrogen determinations were made on

sediment from frozen cores.

Cores were sectioned at 2-cm intervals by extruding the sediment with a •

plunger and slicing the exposed sediment off with a spatula. Immediately after

sectioning, subsamples of extruded sediment for porosity determinations were placed

in preweighed aluminum pans, weighed, dried in an oven at 105°C for 24 hr, cooled

in a desiccator, and reweighed. Percent water was calculated by dividing the weight

of evaporated water (difference between wet and dried sediment weights) by the

weight of the dried solids and multiplying by 100. Using an average grain density

value of 2.65 for noncarbonate sediment (location 2) and 2.70 for carbonate

sediments (locations 1 and 3), porosity values were determined from tables relating

porosity to water content (Lambert and Bennett, 1972). The values were not

corrected for the salinity of pore water.

Grain-size analysis of sediment was accomplished essentially as described by

Folk (1965). The silt and clay fractions from 4 to 10 ^(phi), however, were

determined with a Micromeritics® Model 5000 Particle Size Analyzer rather than the

standard pipette method. The sediment samples were soaked overnight in 200 ml of

dispersant solution (2.5 g of sodium hexametaphosphate per liter of distilled

water), then disaggregated by sonicating the sample with a cell disruptor for 12

min while stirring with a magnetic stirrer. The disaggregated sample was wet-sieved

with dispersant through a 62-/im screen to separate the sand-sized fraction from the

silt- and clay-sized fraction. The finer fraction was collected in a 1000-ml

graduated cylinder, and enough dispersant was added to fill the graduated cylinder

to 1000 ml . The coarser fraction was rinsed off the screen into a beaker with

distilled water and then dried. '

15

The dried, coarser fraction was fractionated into -3 to -2, -2 to -1, -1 to

0, 0 to 1, 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 0 intervals with an ATM sonic sifter and each

fraction was individually weighed to determine the sand-sized particle

distribution. The silt- and clay-sized fraction was thoroughly agitated by vigorous

stirring and aeration. A 20-ml aliquot sample representative of the total

distribution of particles in suspension was pipetted from the graduated cylinder

and into a preweighed beaker, dried in an oven, and weighed. After 5 days, 20-ml

aliquot samples were pipetted from the appropriate depths in the graduated cylinder

and into preweighed beakers, dried, and weighed to estimate the weight of

clay-sized particles in the 10 to 11, 11 to 12, and 12 to 14 0 intervals. At the

conclusion of six days of settling, all particles 10 0 and coarser were near the

bottom of the graduated cylinder. At this time the supernatant was slowly siphoned

into another graduated cylinder, leaving the settled particles and about 200 ml of

dispersant. The supernatant volume was recorded. A 20-ml aliquot sample was

pipetted from the supernatant after agitation, dried, and weighed to estimate the

weight of the particles finer than 100 . Finally, the sample remaining in the

graduated cylinder was sonicated and stirred for 12 minutes in a beaker prior to

size determination with the Micromeritics® analyzer. This particle size analyzer

determines the concentration of silt- and clay-sized particles in liquid suspension

at various depths in a sample cell by means of a finely-collimated, horizontal

X-ray beam. The concentration was presented in the form of a cumulative

"percent-finer-than" distribution trace in relation to the Stokesian diameter of

the particles.

Sediment grain size distributions were analyzed with an HP 9825A desktop

computer and plotted with an HP 9862A plotter (unpublished program is available on

request from MDR). Data were plotted as weight percent histograms and cumulative

weight percent for all phi-sizes through 14 0. The fraction finer than 12 8.00)

were tabulated. The mean phi, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and

normalized kurtosis were calculated according to the graphic formula of Folk and

Ward (1957).

Percent CaCO^ analysis was accomplished with a gasometric apparatus based on

the design of Hulsemann (1966). Sediment subsamples were dried at 105°C for 24 hr.

16

ground in a mortar and pestle, and stored in a desiccator prior to analysis. A weighed portion (200-500 mg dry weight) of the subsample was added directly to a flask from the weighing paper, and the amount of sediment adhering to the paper was subtracted to obtain the exact weight. A magnetic stir bar was added to the flask, and the flask was attached to the apparatus by means of a silicone-greased, ground-glass connection and secured with a joint clamp. Next, a side arm with 5 ml of 4N hydrochloric acid (HCl) was attached in the same manner to the apparatus above the sample flask, and the system was closed off from atmospheric pressure by' means of a three-way stopcock. Negative pressure in the system was created by

lowering an open flask of mercury connected to a 100-ml burette. After the side arm containing the acid was rotated emptying its contents into the sample flask, the

acidified sample was mixed with a magnet and heated with a Bunsen burner until the liquid bubbled up the sides of the flask. The system was allowed to come to thermal equilibrium with laboratory temperature before the mercury manometer was adjusted and the reading recorded. Barometric pressure was noted and recorded before and after each sample run. Two CaCO^ standards were run at the beginning of the day to test for leaks in the system.

■ ' > ■ . ■ -

The volume of gas (COp) released was corrected to standard temperature and pressure and converted to carbonate as CaCO, by means of the formula:

— X 0.1605 = % CaCO^ ^^^ TW ^

where V = observed volume of CO2, P = corrected pressure, T = room temperature (°K), and W = weight of the sample in grams. Gas pressure was corrected for barometric pressure, water vapor pressure, and temperature. Duplicates from each depth in the core were analyzed. If values of duplicates differed by more than 2%, another replicate was run.

Frozen sediment cores for organic carbon and nitrogen analysis were thawed before extruding and sectioning at 2-cm intervals. Care in sectioning and sampling the core was exercised so that organic contamination (e.g. plastic core liner) was not introduced. The samples of the cores were refrozen and stored until analysis at a later date.

17

Thawed sediment samples were added to preweighed, precombusted (475°C)

beakers and dried at 90°C for 24 hr. After cooling in a desiccator the samples were

reweighed and ground to a fine powder in a clean mortar and pestle. Calcium

carbonate was removed from the samples by adding excess (approx. 110%) 4N HCl. The

amount of acid added was determined a priori from percent CaCO-, analysis of

separate sediment cores. After 12 hr, the acidified samples were brought to

seawater pH (8.2) by adding 8N sodium hydroxide (NaOH). A Corning Model 125 pH

meter with a calomel reference electrode (ceramic-type junction) was used to

monitor pH. Samples were dried at 90°C for 24-36 hr, cooled in a desiccator, then

weighed to determine the reacted weight. Finally, the dried samples were ground in

a clean mortar and pestle, added to clean vials, sealed, and weighed.

Immediately before weighing a subsample of finely-ground sediment for

analysis, the vial was weighed again to correct for absorbed water. Any additional

weight due to water absorption was added to the reacted weight value. The subsample

(20,000-45,000 Mg) was weighed in a precombusted (475°C) aluminum boat and loaded

into a Perkin-Elmer Model 240 CHN analyzer for determination of organic carbon and

nitrogen. Duplicates from each depth in the core were analyzed. Additional

replicates were run if values of duplicates differed by more than 11.

III. RESULTS

The bulk of data in this report is presented in five appendices. Appendix A

contains data on the following sediment acoustic and physical properties:

compressional wave velocity (V ), compressional wave velocity ratio (V ratio),

compressional wave attenuation (k), porosity, percent calcium carbonate (CaCO^),

percent organic carbon (C), percent organic nitrogen (N), shear strength, percent

sand, percent silt, percent clay, mean ^(phi), standard deviation, skewness,

kurtosis and normalized kurtosis. Sample designator consists of station number

followed by subcore number (e.g. 3-4 designates the fourth subcore collected at

station 3).

Appendix B contains frequency histograms of grain size distribution data.

Grain size data were plotted as weight percent histograms and cumulative weight

curves for phi sizes -4 through 14. Also included are percentage gravel, sand.

18

silt, and clay and mean phi, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and normalized

kurtosis.

X-radiographs of sediments collected with the 36 x 44. x 3 cm rectangular

subcores are presented in Appendix C. X-radiographs depict sedimentary/biological

structure from eight stations and include X-radiographs from all three locations.

Images are "positives" produced from the developed X-ray transparency, and thus

darker areas of the X-radiograph denote areas of greater sediment density.

Color descriptions of sediments are presented in Appendix D. Color

descriptions are depicted as both Munsell® hue/value/chroma designations and soil

color names. The "hue" refers to red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The "value"

refers to lightness. The "chroma" refers to strength (departure from a neutral of

the same lightness). All descriptions are for sediments collected with subcores

except at station 31 where the color was described from a freshly opened box core.

Compressional wave velocity probe measurements are presented in Appendix E.

Appendix F contains sediment shear strength values measured with the

hand-held vane shear device.

IV. REFERENCES > ' ■ . ■ ■

Dill, R.F. and D.G. Moore (1965). A diver-held vane-shear apparatus. Mar. Geol.,

3:323-327.

Folk, R.L. (1965). Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill's, Austin, Texas.

Folk, R.L. and W.C. Ward (1957). Brazos River Bar, a study in the significance of

grain size parameters. J. Sed. Pet., 27:3-26.

Hamilton, E.L. (1971). Elastic properties of marine sediments. J. Geophys. Res.,

76:579-603.

Hamilton, E.L. (1972). Compressional wave attenuation in marine sediments.

Geophysics, 37:620-645.

19

Hessler, R.R. and P.A. Jumars (1974). Abyssal community analysis from replicate box

core in the central North Pacific. Deep Sea Res., 21:185-209.

Hulsemann, J. (1966). On the routine analysis of carbonates in unconsolidated

sediments. J. Sediment Petrol., 36:622-625.

Lambert, D.N. and R.H. Bennett (1972). Tables for determining porosity of deep-sea

sediments from water content and average grain density measurements. NOAA Technical

Memo. ERL/AOML-17.

MacKenzie, K.V. (1981). Nine-term equation for sound speed in the oceans.

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 70:807-812.

Monney, N.T. (1974). An analysis of the vane shear test at varying rates of shear.

In: A.L. Inderbitzen (Ed.), Deep-Sea Sediments: Physical and Mechanical Properties.

Plenum Press, New York, pp. 151-167.

Munsell Soil Color Charts (1975). Munsell Color, Baltimore, Maryland.

Rhoads, D.C., R.C. Aller and M.B. Goldhaber (1977). The influence of colonizing

benthos on physical properties and chemical diagenesis of the estuarine sea floor.

In: B.C. Coull (Ed.), Ecology of Marine Benthos. Univ. of South Carolina Press,

Columbia, South Carolina, pp. 113-138.

20

APPENDIX A SEDIMENT ACOUSTIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA

FROM BOX CORES COLLECTED IN THE VENEZUELA BASIN

Compressional wave velocity (V m/sec), compressional wave velocity ratio

(V ratio), attenuation (k), porosity (%), percent calcium carbonate (CaCO^),

percent organic carbon (C), percent organic nitrogen (N), shear strength (g/cm ),

percent sand, percent silt, percent clay, mean 0 (phi), standard deviation,

skewness, kurtosis and normalized kurtosis for sediments collected with cylindrical

subcores from box cores in the Venezuela Basin are presented. Sample designator

consists of station number followed by subcore number (e.g. 3-4 designates the

fourth subcore collected at station 3).

21

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197

APPENDIX B FREQUENCY HISTOGRAMS OF GRAIN SIZE DISTIÎBUTION DATA

FOI^ SEDIMENTS COLLECTED IN BOX CORES FROM THE VENEZUELA BASIN

Grain size data are plotted as weight percent histograms and cumulative

weight curves for phi sizes -4 through 14. Also included are percentage gravel,

sand, silt, and clay and Folk and Ward's mean phi, standard deviation, skewness,

kurtosis, and normalized kurtosis. Data include three stations from location 1,

five stations from location 2, three stations from location 3, three stations along

a transect from location 1 to location 2, and five stations along a transect from

location 2 to location 3. ii

Station Subcore Sample Page

■'Mfc.

3 10 0-35 200 5 2 0-35 201 5 4 0-35 202 9 2 0-26 203 14 6 0-30 204

14 9 0-30 205 14 9 30-34 206 17 1 0-30 207 17 3 0-28 208 18 I 0-24 209

26 2 0-30 210 26 2 30-38 211 42 11 0-30 212 42 11 30-33 213 43 15 0-30 214

43 15 30-32 215 44 12 0-30 216 44 12 30-36 217 51 3 0-16 218 51 5 14-42 219 53 19 0-16 220

53 21 16-38 221 54 4 0-22 222 54 2 20-42 223 67 1 0-30 224 67 1 30-38 225

68 3 0-30 226 69 9 0-28 227 70 11 0-25.5 228 71 10 0-22 229 80 2 0-30 230 80 2 30-31 231

199

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APPENDIX C X-RADIOGRAPHS OF SEDIMENTS COLLECTED

FROM THE VENEZUELA BASIN

X-radiographs of sediments collected with X-ray boxes from intact box cores

are presented. X-radiographs depict sedimentary/biological structure from eight

stations and include X-radiographs from all three locations. Images are "positives"

produced from the developed X-ray transparency and thus darker areas of the

X-radiograph denote areas of greater sediment density.

X-radiograph Station Location Page

15 22 234 16 22 235 17 26 236 18 30 237 19 30 238

20 51 2 239 21 51 2 240 22 51 2 241 23 54 2 242 24 54 2 243 25 54 2 244

26 74 3 245 27 74 3 246 28 74 3 247 29 77 3 248 30 77 3 249 31 80 3 250 32 80 3 251

233

I I 1

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CM

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242

CM

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CM

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CM ^

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I

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I I I I I I I I I I I I

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?51

APPENDIX D ' . , COLOR DESCRIPTIONS OF CORES , /' 1 t .;■,

Color descriptions are depicted as both Munsen®hue/value/chroma designations

and soil color names. The "hue" refers to red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The

"value" refers to lightness. The "chroma" refers to strength (departure from a

neutral of the same lightness). All descriptions were derived from subcores except

at station 31 where the color was described from a freshly opened box core.

253

Depth station (cm) Hue/Value/Chroma

lOYR/6/3

Color

23(24) 0 to 3 Pale brown 3 to 15 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown

15 to 39 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown

31 0 to 15 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown 15 to 30 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown

42(10) 0 to 6 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown 6 to 39 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown

43(6) 0 to 6 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown 6 to 12 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown

12 to 15 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown 15 to 27 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown

44(14) 0 to 3 lOYR/5/3 Brown 3 to 12 lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown

12 to 33 lOYR/6/3 Pale brown

48(1) 0 to 10 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 10 to 11 lOYR/4/2 Dark grayish-brown 11 to 13 lOYR/2/2 Very dark brown 13 to 14 lOYR/4/1 Dark gray

48(4) 0 to 8 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 8 to 12 lOYR/4/2 Dark grayish-brown 12 to 14 lOYR/2/2 Very dark brown

lOYR/3/3 Dark brown lOYR/3/2 Very dark grayish-brown

14 to 16 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown 16 to 18 lOYR/3/1 Very dark gray 18 to 20 lOYR/4/1 Dark gray 20 to 21.5 lOYR/4/1 Dark gray

lOYR/3/1 Very dark gray 21.5 to 28 lOYR/5/1 Gray 28 to 32 lOYR/4/1 Dark gray 32 to 34 lOYR/3/1 Very dark gray

48(9) 32 to 34 lOYR/5/1 Gray lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown

34 to 36 lOYR/4/1 Dark gray lOYR/3/1 Very dark gray

36 to 40 lOYR/3/1 Very dark gray

254

Depth station (cm)

0 to 3

Hue/Value/Chroma

lOYR/5/3

Color

67(5) Brown 3 to 6 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 6 to 9 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown

lOYR/3/2 Very dark grayish-brown 9 to 12 2.5Y/4/2 Dark grayish-brown

12 to 15 lOYR/5/1 Gray lOYR/6/4 Light yellowish-brown

15 to 18 2.5Y/3/2 Very dark grayish-brown 2.5Y/5/2 Dark grayish-brown

18 to 33 lOYR/5/1 Gray

68(4) 0 to 6 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 6 to 9 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown 9 to 15 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown

5Y/3/1 Very dark gray 15 to 21 5Y/4/2 Olive gray 21 to 27 5Y/5/2 Olive gray 27 to 30 5Y/4/4 Olive

5Y/5/2 Olive gray

69(7) 0 to 6 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 6 to 9 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown 9 to 13 lOYR/3/3 Dark brown

lOYR/3/2 Very dark grayish-brown 13 to 16 lOYR/5/3 Brown 16 to 25 5Y/5/1 Gray

70(9) 0 to 6 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown 6 to 9 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown

5Y/4/2 Olive gray 9 to 16 lOYR/4/3 Brown/dark brown

5Y/3/2 Dark olive gray 16 to 18 5Y/5/2 Olive gray 18 to 21 5Y/5/2 Olive gray

5Y/4/2 Olive gray

71(8) 0 to 6 lOYR/5/3 Brown 6 to 15 lOYR/5/3 Brown

5Y/3/2 Dark olive gray 15 to 18 5Y/5/2 Olive gray 18 to 24 5Y/5/2 Olive gray

5Y/4/3 Olive

74(1) 0 to 6 lOYR/4/4 Dark yellowish-brown 6 to 15 lOYR/5/4 Yellowish-brown

5Y/3/2 Dark olive gray 15 to 30 5Y/5/2 Olive gray

255

APPENDIX E COMPRESSIONAL WAVE VELOCITY PROBE DATA

Compressional wave velocity (V , m/sec) as measured by probes inserted into

intact box cores is presented. Velocity values are calculated for 20°C.

i ■

257

Trial Depth

\ Station (cm)

0

1 2

22 1485.9 _. 1485.9 1 1439.7 1520.2 1480.0 2 1458.7 1483.4 1471.1 3 1491.6 1492.5 1492.1 4 1501.3 1484.3 1492.8 5 1489.5 1495.3 1492.4 6 1503.1 1495.5 1499.3

7 1501.3 1498.0 1499.7 8 1498.1 1496.3 1497.2 9 1500.8 1488.2 1494.5

10 1503.5 1502.6 1503.1 11 1496.8 1510.9 1503.9 12 1505.1 1525.5 1515.3

13 1505.0 1532.3 1518.7 14 1512.6 1527.7 1520.2 15 1519.1 1518.1 1518.6 16 1526.7 1521.4 1524.1 17 1527.3 1515.9 1521.6 18 1527.3 1535.0 1531.2

19 1525.8 1534.0 1529.9 20 1528.5 1533.8 1531.2 21 1523.3 1531.2 1527.3 22 1516.5 1531.0 1523.8 23 1519.2 1516.4 1517.8 24 1513.6 1523.1 1518.4

25 1517.9 1510.7 1514.3 26 1508.8 1511.6 1510.2 27 1507.4 1515.3 1511.4 28 1501.3 1515.3 1508.3 29 1509.8 1514.0 1511.9 30 1504.2 1511.6 1507.9

31 1507.0 1507.4 1507.2 32 1499.6 1513.2 1505.4 33 1500.5 1503.8 1502.2 34 1499.8 1506.4 1503.1 35 1492.2 1507.5 1499.9 36 1493.5 1503.1 1498.3 37 1501.0 _— 1501.0

258

Trial Depth

1 Y Station (cm)

0

1 2 3 4 ' P

31 .. ^ ^

1 1470.2 1491.6 1467.4 1479.6 1469.7 2 1450.1 1476.1 1464.2 1439.8 1457.6 3 1479.3 1486.5 1507.7 1503.9 1494.4 4 1476.0 1481.2 1490.9 1483.6 1482.9 5 1484.9 1474.6 1490.3 1470.8 1480.2

6 1488.1 1482.9 1506.0 1496.7 1493.4 7 1488.3 1482.0 1496.7 1491.6 1489.7 8 1486.3 1486.4 1487.4 1486.7 1486.7 9 1502.7 1492.0 1514.0 1505.1 1503.5

10 1513.5 1500.0 1493.1 1496.7 1500.8

11 1520.3 1494.6 1510.1 1501.0 1506.5 12 1518.5 1508.6 1509.3 1502.2 1509.7 13 1522.5 1498.4 1523.9 1505.2 1512.5 14 1522.3 1508.6 1505.6 1533.0 1517.4 15 1523.0 1499.6 1539.3 1517.9 1520.0

16 1532.2 1511.5 1527.5 1507.1 1519.6 17 1534.6 1498.9 1528.9 1524.0 1521.6 18 1525.8 1494.6 1529.9 1519.7 1517.5 19 1534.2 1505.2 1531.7 1523.4 1523.6 20 1522.0 1498.4 1527.8 1520.1 1517.1

21 1517.8 1508.5 1525.5 1510.0 1515.5 22 1520.9 1495.6 1530.8 1509.2 1514.1 23 1520.3 1509.0 1525.0 1518.2 1518.1 24 1514.6 1509.4 1517.3 1501.3 1510.7 25 1508.7 1506.3 1508.3 1508.4 1507.9

26 1513.0 1504.0 1518.2 1508.8 1511.0 27 1509.3 1505.1 1516.4 1509.8 1510.2 28 1501.9 1505.7 1506.4 1506.5 1505.1 29 1502.3 1503.4 1512.6 1509.3 1506.9 30 1503.6 1500.2 1509.2 1507.9 1505.2

31 1502.6 1501.6 1498.3 1502.8 1501.3 32 1512.3 1500.2 1501.0 1510.3 1506.0 33 1493.5 1498.4 1496.1 1503.9 1498.0 34 -_ 1497.5 1506.9 1502.4 1502.3 35 .•- 1490.9 — 1501.7 1496.3

259

Trial Depth

V P Station (cm)

0

1 2 3 4

48 1514.8 1514.8 1 1705.7 1575.9 1487.5 1454.8 1556.0 2 1462.1 1751.4 1515.5 1489.6 1554.7 3 1479.5 1468.4 1468.8 1477.4 1473.5 4 1484.3 1483.0 1469.0 1478.5 1478.7 5 1478.4 1488.1 1477.2 1478.5 1480.6

6 1481.8 1484.1 1478.4 1479.7 1481.0 7 1496.3 1488.5 1480.8 1478.2 1486.0 8 1500.4 1488.8 1480.8 1488.0 1489.5 9 1490.5 1487.9 1485.7 1480.6 1486.2

10 1492.0 1491.6 1491.6 1476.0 1487.8

11 1487.2 1506.2 1493.4 1493.9 1495.2 12 1507.5 1514.7 1499.1 1515.6 1509.2

■> 13 1515.8 1502.0 1499.5 1519.4 1509.2 14 1516.1 1527.6 1501.5 1489.7 1508.7 15 1517.0 1512.3 1506.1 1499.1 1508.9

16 1525.7 1513.3 1523.2 1507.5 1517.4 17 1507.7 1524.8 1536.9 1524.7 1523.5 18 1501.7 1513.8 1498.7 1515.0 1507.3 19 1511.2 — 1511.3 1504.7 1509.1 20 1514.4 — 1511.3 1502.9 1509.5

21 1528.8 1524.8 1552.1 1506.5 1528.1 22 1534.6 1551.1 1524.3 1508.1 1529.5 23 1517.3 1548.7 1520.5 1515.1 1525.4 24 1526.3 1553.7 1514.8 1568.8 1540.9 25 -- 1545.7 1540.8 1566.2 1550.9 26 -- -- 1527.7 1547.2 1537.5 27 -- 1553.2 1537.3 1613.4 1568.0

260

Trial Depth ■^£ 1

'p Station (cm)

0

1 2 3 4 '

82 1526.1 1568.5 1504.6 1553.7 1538.2 1 1496.1 1490.9 1496.9 1450.1 1483.5 2 1492.8 1513.7 1472.3 1502.4 1495.3 3 1499.4 1511.4 1481.5 1482.2 1493.6 4 1506.7 1513.8 1494.8 1484.5 1500.0 5 1509.3 1514.9 1499.3 1484.2 1501.9

6 1518.3 1515.9 1492.0 1486.5 1503.2 7 1516.0 1528.7 1495.1 1492.9 1508.2 8 1527.4 1525.8 1500.0 1503.1 1514.1 9 1521.3 1538.7 1508.1 1500.6 1517.2

10 1532.5 1530.4 1508.5 1504.8 1519.1 11 1533.3 1526.0 1506.4 1495.0 1515.2

12 1527.9 1532.4 1510.8 1495.8 1516.7 13 1531.4 1535.2 1511.5 1492.8 1517.7 14 1528.2 1532.4 1510.6 1500.7 1518.0 15 1534.1 1540.9 1512.1 1501.6 1522.2 16 1544.1 1541.4 1512.9 1507.5 1526.5 17 1539.9 1544.4 1513.8 1503.8 1525.5 18 1544.5 1539.4 1510.0 1511.8 1526.4 19 1540.3 — 1512.9 -- 1526.6

261

APPENDIX F SEDIMENT SHEAR STRENGTH MEASURED WITH HAND-HELD VANE SHEAR PROBE

Shear strength of sediments (r^, g/cm ) was measured in undisturbed box cores

with a 1.89 x 1.89 cm or a 2.54 x 2.54 cm vane. The larger vane was used at

stations 23, 28, and 31 only.

263

L^^lJ ifi 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 station (in.)

1

(cm)

2.54

rf

23 12.43 12.43 12.43 12.43 9.95 14.92 13.77 2 5.08 24.87 19.89 17.41 29.84 19.89 24.87 22.80 3 7.62 44.76 54.70 42.27 34.81 49.73 64.65 48.44 4 10.16 64.65 64.65 64.65 59.68 79.57 79.57 68.80 5 12.70 94.50 74.60 89.51 77.08 79.57 84.54 83.30 6 15.24 94.50 89.51 89.51 84.54 94.49 89.51 90.34 7 17.78 79.57 89.51 89.51 49.57 84.54 89.51 80.37

8 20.32 79.57 79.57 74.60 69.62 79.57 84.54 77.91 9 22.86 69.62 69.62 69.62 64.65 79.57 79.57 72.11

10 25.40 69.62 69.62 74.60 59.68 79.57 74.60 71.28 11 27.94 59.68 69.62 69.62 62.16 59.68 64.65 64.24 12 30.48 64.65 59.68 74.60 69.62 59.68 67.14 65.90 13 33.02 44.76 59.68 44.75 59.68 59.68 59.68 54.71 14 35.56 47.24 64.65 44.75 57.19 64.65 59.68 56.36 15 38.10 47.24 44.76 44.75 59.68 59.68 59.68 52.63 16 40.64 54.70 49.73 47.25 59.68 59.68 59.68 55.12

28 1 2.54 7.5 12.4 12.4 19.9 9.9 9.9 12.0 2 5.08 24.9 34.8 19.9 24.9 27.4 39.8 28.6 3 7.62 59.7 67.1 59.7 59.7 52.2 67.1 60.9 4 10.16 64.6 89.5 77.1 84.5 77.1 92.0 80.8 5 12.70 94.5 87.0 89.5 97.0 89.5 99.5 92.8 6 15.24 94.5 99.5 79.6 104.4 89.5 119.4 97.8 7 17.78 84.6 89.5 84.6 89.5 74.6 104.4 87.9 8 20.32 84.5 82.1 84.5 94.5 74.6 89.5 85.0

9 22.86 64.6 69.6 69.6 74.6 74.6 84.5 72.9 10 25.40 59.7 79.6 74.6 67.1 69.6 69.6 70.0 11 27.94 59.7 69.6 64.6 67.1 64.7 69.6 65.9 12 30.48 64.6 49.7 49.7 64.7 59.7 59.7 58.0 13 33.02 49.7 54.7 64.6 59.7 52.2 49.7 55.1 14 35.56 49.7 52.2 67.1 49.7 49.7 49.7 53.0 15 38.10 44.8 42.3 49.7 49.7 67.1 54.7 51.4 16 40.64 47.2 49.7 54.7 49.7 -- -- 50.3

264

Trial Depth

1 2 3 4 5 6

4

Station (in.)

1

I cm)

2.54

Tf

31 14.9 14.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 12. 17.0 2 5.08 34.8 42.3 24.9 24.9 39.8 24. 9 31.9 3 7.62 64.7 67.1 57.2 44.8 54.7 69. 6 59.7 4 10.16 74.6 84.5 84.5 79.6 84.5 77. 1 80.8 5 12.70 89.5 114.4 94.5 106.9 84.5 89. 5 96.6 6 15.24 99.5 114.4 119.4 104.4 84.5 119. 4 106.9

7 17.78 99.5 99.5 97.0 106.9 99.5 87. 0 98.2 8 20.32 99.5 89.5 84.5 89.5 84.5 84. 5 88.7

9 22.86 79.6 69.6 74.6 67.1 74.6 67. 1 72.1 10 25.40 74.6 64.6 64.6 72.1 67.1 67 1 68.4 11 27.94 59.7 67.1 72.1 69.6 72.1 64 6 67.5 12 30.48 59.7 59.7 64.6 67.1 64.6 64 .6 63.4 13 33.02 54.7 54.7 62.2 57.2 39.8 49 .7 53.1 14 35.56 44.8 47.2 54.7 54.7 44.8 64 .6 51.8 15 38.10 42.3 42.3 52.2 52.2 39.8 62 .2 48.5 16 40.64 — — 39.8 42.2 — — 41.0

48 1 2.54 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.0 3.0 2 5.08 12.4 — 14.9 12.4 10.9 -- 12.7 3 7.62 14.9 29.8 24.9 29.8 39.8 — 27.8 4 10.16 47.2 59.7 49.7 64.6 104.4 -- 65.1 5 12.70 94.5 223.8 149.2 198.9 248.7 — 183.0 6 15.24 159.1 124.3 149.2 134.3 119.4 — 137.3 7 17.78 74.6 49.7 49.7 34.8 29.8 -- 47.7 8 20.32 34.8 19.9 24.9 14.9 29.9 — 24.9

9 22.86 17.4 19.9 39.8 12.4 29.9 «. 23.9 10 25.40 14.9 19.9 19.9 34.8 39.8 — 25.9 11 27.91 24.9 29.8 24.9 24.9 34.8 -- 27.9 12 30.48 22.4 29.8 29.8 39.8 39.8 — 32.3 13 33.02 34.8 39.8 44.8 134.3 159.1 — 82.6 14 35.56 94.5 104.4 159.1 124.3 134.3 — 123.3 15 38.10 149.2 129.3 99.5 59.7 79.6 — 103.5 16 40.64 -- -- — 54.7 69.6 — 62.2

265

Trial Station (in.)

1 (cm) "2.54

1 2 12.4

3 4 5 6 4.9

rf 55 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 6.2

2 5.08 14.9 17.4 19.9 14.9 9.9 14.9 15.3 3 7.62 29.8 34.8 34.8 29.8 29.8 44.8 34.0 4 10.16 49.7 69.6 59.7 49.7 69.6 69.6 61.3 5 12.70 169.1 159.1 134.3 149.2 119.4 134.3 144.2 6 15.24 134.3 149.2 119.4 124.3 114.4 134.3 129.3 7 17.78 34.8 24.9 17.4 29.8 26.7 8 20.32 24.9 24.9 19.9 29.8 — — 24.9

9 22.86 19.9 14.9 14.9 19.9 __ 17.4 10 25.40 29.8 19.9 19.9 24.9 _ _ 23.6 11 27.91 29.8 19.9 29.9 29.9 —_ __ 27.4 12 30.48 29.9 24.9 24.9 24.9 26.2 13 33.02 44.8 34.8 29.9 39.8 __ 37.8 14 35.56 134.3 104.4 49.7 104.4 ... 98.2 15 38.10 238.7 208.5 268.5 208.9 .. 231.2 16 40.64 69.6 -- 54.7 59.7 — — 61.3

74 1 2.54 29.8 14.9 14.9 14.9 14.9 14.9 17.4 2 5.08 44.8 44.8 44.8 49.7 34.8 29.8 41.5 3 7.62 74.6 64.6 74.6 89.5 64.6 54.7 70.4 4 10.16 94.5 104.4 104.4 114.4 84.5 84.5 97.8 5 12.70 119.4 129.3 109.4 124.3 119.4 94.5 116.1 6 15.24 149.2 149.2 129.3 208.9 134.3 129.3 150.0

7 17.78 179.0 263.6 218.8 179.0 258.6 169.1 211.4 8 20.32 198.9 253.6 198.9 218.8 303.4 238.7 235.4 9 22.86 184.0 248.7 218.8 263.6 238.7 228.8 230.4

10 25.40 218.8 238.7 218.8 308.3 293.4 189.0 244.5 11 27.91 273.5 248.7 189.0 288.4 258.6 189.0 241.2 12 30.48 243.7 228.8 198.9 228.8 238.7 238.7 229.6

266

Tri al Depth

1 2 3 4 5 6 Station (in.) 1

(cm) 2.54

rf 80 14.9 14.9 14.9 9.9 14.9 14.9 14.1

2 5.08 44.8 29.8 24.8 29.8 29.8 29.8 31.5 3 7.62 54.7 54.7 34.8 49.7 49.7 54.7 49.7 4 10.16 49.7 44.8 64.7 84.5 44.8 64.7 58.9 5 12.70 69.6 84.5 99.5 119.4 59.7 74.6 84.6 6 15.24 79.6 89.5 109.4 129.3 84.5 99.5 98.6

7 17.78 129.3 129.3 129.3 149.2 94.5 119.4 125.2 8 20.32 174.0 208.9 169.1 218.8 169.1 134.3 179.0 9 22.86 179.0 129.3 228.8 228.8 198.9 184.0 191.5

10 25.40 179.0 233.7 248.7 174.1 208.9 248.7 215.5 11 27.91 169.1 223.8 248.7 248.7 203.9 189.0 213.9 12 30.48 198.9 119.4 189.0 189.0 169.1 218.8 180.7

82 1 2.54 9.9 9.9 9.9 14.9 14.9 19.8 13.2 2 5.08 19.9 29.8 24.9 29.8 34.8 34.8 29.0 3 7.62 29.8 44.8 44.8 49.7 54.7 59.7 47.3 4 10.16 54.7 54.7 39.8 74.6 79.6 94.5 66.3 5 12.70 99.5 79.6 79.6 74.6 104.4 109.4 91.2 6 15.24 114.4 119.4 129.3 99.5 114.4 144.2 120.2 7 17.78 139.2 139.2 149.2 144.2 149.2 164.1 147.5

8 20.32 208.9 174.1 238.7 253.6 313.3 268.5 242.9 9 22.86 213.8 238.7 293.4 273.5 268.5 303.4 265.2

10 25.40 233.7 288.4 218.8 238.7 233.7 198.9 235.4 11 27.94 261.5 238.7 218.8 293.4 268.5 288.4 261.6 12 30.48 223.8 149.2 348.1 273.5 198.9 308.3 250.3 13 33.02 174.1 193.9 193.9 198.9 203.9 179.0 190.6 14 35.56 -- — 318.3 179.0 174.1 248.6 230.0

267

U210225 I I

Documents

fT' ^^P^^^^^^ing different sedimenta^^'p'r · 2015. 3. 17. · Values of porosity, grain size, percent CaCOo, organic carbon and nitrogen, shear strength, color, compressional