Fountain of Time

Coordinates: 41°47′12.3″N 87°36′27.9″W /41.786750°N 87.607750°W

Maps showing the Midway Plaisance (black rectangle) betweenWashington Park to the west (left) and Jackson Park. Fountainof Time (red oval) is located in the southeast portion of Wash-ington Park immediately west of the Midway Plaisance. LoradoTaft Midway Studios (red rectangle) is located just south of theMidway Plaisance. (Chicago Park District in green, Universityof Chicago in yellow background)

Fountain of Time, or simply Time, is a sculpture byLorado Taft, measuring 126 feet 10 inches (38.66 m) inlength, situated at the western edge of the Midway Plai-sance within Washington Park in Chicago, Illinois, in theUnited States.[1] This location is in the Washington Parkcommunity area on Chicago’s South Side. Inspired byHenry Austin Dobson's poem, “Paradox of Time”, andwith its 100 figures passing before Father Time, the workwas created as a monument to the first 100 years of peacebetween the United States and Great Britain, resultingfrom the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. Although the foun-tain’s water began running in 1920, the sculpture was notdedicated to the city until 1922. The sculpture is a con-tributing structure to the Washington Park United StatesRegistered Historic District, which is a National Registerof Historic Places listing.Part of a larger beautification plan for the Midway Plai-sance, Time was constructed from a new type of molded,steel-reinforced concrete that was claimed to be moredurable and cheaper than alternatives. It was said to bethe first of any kind of finished work of art made ofconcrete.[2] Before the completion of Millennium Parkin 2004, it was considered the most important installa-tion in the Chicago Park District.[3][4] Time is one of sev-eral Chicago works of art funded by Benjamin Ferguson'strust fund.

Time has undergone several restorations because of de-terioration and decline caused by natural and urban ele-ments. During the late 1990s and the first few years ofthe 21st century it underwent repairs that corrected manyof the problems caused by these earlier restorations. Al-though extensive renovation of the sculpture was com-pleted as recently as 2005, the supporters of Time con-tinue to seek resources for additional lighting, and theNational Trust for Historic Preservation has nominatedit for further funding.

1 Planning

Fountain of Time in Lorado Taft Midway Studios in 1915

Time,[5] along with many other public works in Chicago,was funded by Benjamin Ferguson’s 1905 gift of $1 mil-lion ($26.3 million today), to a charitable trust formedto “memorialize events in American History”.[6][7][8]Lorado Taft initially conceived a sculpture carved fromgranite;[9] an alternative plan was to have it chiseled outof Georgia marble, which it is estimated would have cost$30,000 ($718,283) a year for five years. The plannedwork was intended as part of a Midway beautificationwhich was to include a stream, lagoons, and a series ofbridges: a Bridge of Arts at Woodlawn Avenue, a Bridgeof Religion at the intersection of Ellis Avenue, and aBridge of Science at Dorchester Avenue (formerly Madi-son Avenue).[10][11] As part of the plan, the two ends of

1

2 2 LOCATION AND INSTALLATION

the Midway were to be connected by a canal in the deepdepressions linking lagoons in Jackson and WashingtonParks.[12][13][14]

“Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men’sblood, and probably themselves will not be realized.Make big plans: aim high in hope and work ...”Daniel Burnham[13]

In 1907, Taft had won the first commission from the Fer-guson Fund to create the Fountain of the Great Lakesat the Art Institute of Chicago.[15] Immediately after-wards, inspired by Daniel Burnham’s “Make no littleplans” quote,[13] he begin lobbying for a grand Midwaybeautification plan. In 1912, Art Institute Trustee FrankG. Logan formally presented Taft’s plans to the fund’s ad-ministrators at the Art Institute of Chicago.[15] Taft’s pro-posed Midway Plaisance beautification plan included twopossible commemoration themes. His first choice was tohonor the memory of the World’s Columbian Expositionthat had been held in Jackson Park in 1893. His alter-native was to commemorate the centennial of the 1814Treaty of Ghent “marking a century of perfect under-standing between England and America”. Since otherplans to commemorate the Exposition were under way,the second theme choice was adopted as the justifica-tion for a second Taft commission from the FergusonFund.[16] Contemporary newspaper accounts anticipatedthat Taft’s entire Midway beautification plan would be ap-proved easily.[17]

Taft with a model of Fountain of Creation (1910)

Taft’s initial commission from the trust was limited tothe creation of a full-sized plaster model of Fountainof Time, under a five-year $10,000 ($239,428) annualinstallment contract signed on February 6, 1913. Thiswould enable the model to be evaluated in 1918.[16] Taftfirst created a 20-foot (6.1 m) quarter-scale model whichreceived the Trustees’ approval in May 1915.[18][19] Heeventually produced his full-scale plaster model, 100 feet(30.5 m) in width peaking in the center, with an eques-trian warrior and a robed model of Father Time with a

height of 20 feet (6.1m).[18] The installation of this modelnear its intended location was delayed by Taft’s WorldWar I service with the Y.M.C.A. in France as part ofa corps of entertainers and lecturers,[20] but was com-pleted in 1920.[19][21] However, Taft’s wider vision of aChicago school of sculpture, analogous to other philo-sophical Chicago schools such as the contemporaneousChicago school of architecture style,[22] had lost momen-tum after the 1913 dedication of his Fountain of the GreatLakes.[23] The Beaux Arts style had become dated;[24][25]instead of funding Taft’s large-scale Midway Plaisancebeautification plan, and providing the originally plannedgranite, bronze or Georgia marble materials, the trustonly allocated sufficient funds and support for a concretesculpture.[19]

2 Location and installation

Fountain of Time under construction

left: Taft at work in Lorado Taft Midway Studios (1913);center: Taft standing on Time (1920); right: Fountain ofTime around the time of its completion (1920)

Time is in the Chicago Park District, in the Washing-ton Park community area on Chicago’s South Side, nearthe Midway Plaisance. This location, adjoining theUniversity of Chicago campus directly to the East,[4]makes the sculpture a contributing structure to the Wash-ington Park federal Registered Historic District, listed

3

on the National Register of Historic Places.[26][27] Timeis considered to be the most important piece of mon-umental art in the Park District, which hosts over 100art works.[3][4] Its importance stems from its sculptor,its message, the era in which it was created,[28] andthe design of its reflecting pool by Howard Van DorenShaw.[19][29] Robert Jones, director of design and con-struction for the Art Institute of Chicago at the time,stated in 1999 that Time was the first finished art pieceto be made of any type of concrete.[2]

The sculpture is located a few blocks from Taft’s stu-dio, the Lorado Taft Midway Studios, now a ChicagoLandmark and National Historic Landmark, located at60th Street and Ingleside Avenue.[30] Other notable sculp-tures nearby include Henry Moore's National HistoricLandmark Nuclear Energy, which is on the site of thefirst self-sustaining nuclear reaction at the University ofChicago.[31][32] Jackson Park, connected to Washing-ton Park and Time by the Midway Plaisance, hosts theChicago Landmark Statue of the Republic;[33] at onetime the Midway Plaisance, Jackson Park and Washing-ton Park were jointly known as “South Park”.[34]

There is little agreement on the dimensions of Time, withvarious sources describing it as between 102 to 127 feet(31.1 to 38.7 m) long.[1][4][28] One of the few precise esti-mates describes it as 126 feet 10 inches (38.7 m) long, 23feet 6 inches (7.2 m) wide and 24 feet (7.3 m) tall.[35] Thesources are often unclear about whether they are describ-ing the width of the reflecting pool from exterior wall toexterior wall, the width of the water within the reflectingpool’s interior walls, the width of the base of the sculptedmass of humanity, the width of the sculptedmasses them-selves, or the width of the parcel of land upon which Timeis built.Water began running in the completed sculpture onSeptember 1, 1920,[36] although it was not dedicatedto the city until November 15, 1922.[1] University ofChicago President Harry Pratt Judson delivered an ad-dress at the dedication ceremony at the Midway Plai-sance, before contributions from Taft. President of theB.F. Ferguson Trust Charles Hutchinson, and John Bar-ton Payne, President of the South Park Board.[1][37]

3 Design and realization

Post-restoration Fountain of Time

View from the east

View of mass of humanity from the front of the middlesouth portion

The sculpture is made of a form of hollow-cast concrete,reinforced with steel. It was cast in a 4,500-piecemold,[38] using 250 short tons (230 t) of a material de-scribed as “concrete-like”, which incorporated pebblesfrom the Potomac River.[1] This composite material wasan innovation at the time. For years, John Joseph Ear-ley of Washington, DC, had used materials that seemeddurable in the face of elements such as the weather and ur-ban soot and grime.[39] He had determined that by addingcrushed pebbles he could create a new concrete mixturemore durable than limestone but cheaper than marble orbronze.[39] The reflection from the silica of the crushedstones complemented the durability with artistic beauty;the same material was used at Chicago’s Fine Arts Build-ing.[39]

The sculpture depicts a hooded Father Time carrying ascythe,[40] and watching over a parade of 100 figures ar-ranged in an ellipse, with an overall pyramidal geometry.The allegorical procession depicts the entire spectrum ofhumanity at various stages of life.[10][28][36] The contem-porary 1920s Chicago Daily Tribune described the fig-ures as “heroic”,[36][41][42] and that choice of adjective hasstayed with the piece.[4] The figures are said to be passingin review as they rush through the stages of life,[43] and in-clude soldiers, frolicking children and kissing couples.[29]Father Time is described in various newspaper articles as“huge”, “weird”, and “dominant”.[41] Other Tribune crit-

4 4 RESTORATION

ics described Time as a “pet atrocity” of Taft in large partdue to its ugliness. One critic described the white figuresas reminiscent of false teeth smiling across the end of theMidway.[24]

Time commemorates the first 100 years of peace be-tween the United States and Great Britain after the Treatyof Ghent concluded the War of 1812 on December 24,1814.[38] The design was inspired by the poem “Para-dox of Time” by Henry Austin Dobson:[44] “Time goes,you say? Ah no, Alas, time stays, we go”.[36][38][43]Time's theme has been compared to Shakespeare's All theworld’s a stage monologue in As You Like It, which de-scribes the seven ages of man: infant, schoolboy, lover,soldier, justice, old age, and dementia.[43] Taft’s figuresrepresent birth, the struggle for existence, love, familylife, religion, poetry, and war.[45]

Although most of the figures are generic representationsof human forms in various walks and stages of life, Taftincluded himself, with one of his assistants following him,along the west side of the sculpture. He is portrayed wear-ing a smock, with his head bowed and hands clasped be-hind his back.[28][38] His daughters served as models forsome of the figures.[46]

Taft is now better remembered for his books, such asThe History of American Sculpture (1903), regarded asthe first comprehensive work on the subject. However,in his day he was well known for portraits and allegor-ical public sculpture, of which Fountain of Time is aprime example.[47] It was produced in the period fol-lowing his assignment to design sculptures for WilliamLe Baron Jenney's 1893 Horticultural Building for theWorld’s Columbian Exposition. During this period he de-signed several large-scale public works, including Foun-tain of the Great Lakes.[48] Taft resided in Illinois for mostof his life and worked in the Midway Studios[49] startingin 1906.[50]

4 Restoration

Lorado Taft self-portrait

A self-depiction of the fountain sculptor, Lorado Taft,that is among the mass of humanity is shown before(left) and after (right) restoration.

Designed without expansion joints, Time is one of asmall number of outdoor sculptures made of reinforcedpebble/concrete aggregate, few of which have been cre-ated since the 1930s.[28] In 1936, Time's weather-relatedcracks were repaired; further work occurred in 1955.The sculpture’s subsequent repairs were followed by arededication celebration in 1966. Although the sculp-ture received regular maintenance, early repair crewsoften did more harm than good, by using techniquessuch as sandblasting and patching cracks with rigidmaterials.[2][28]

By the 1980s the sculpture was crumbling; cracks had de-veloped, details of the figures had worn away, and mois-ture had eroded the internal structure.[28] In wintertimethe fountain had to be protected by a tarp.[45] Weather,air pollution, and vandalismmeant that hundreds of thou-sands of dollars were now needed for restoration.[4][9] TheChicago Park District, University of Chicago, and ArtInstitute of Chicago conservators all sponsored restora-tion work,[9][51] including drying out the cavity of thehollow sculpture, removal of the deteriorated substruc-ture, a newly designed ventilation systemwithin the piece,a protective exterior coating, and repairs to the reflect-ing pool.[9][45][52] In 1989 Chicago Park District allo-cated $150,000 to the repair project, which amount wasmatched by the Ferguson fund.[46] By the end of 1991,the Park District had collected $320,000 of the $520,000estimated repair costs from public and private funds,[53]although in 1994 the sculpture still awaited repair.[46]

Father Time

5

Father Time stands at the eastern edge of the fountain,shown before (left) and after (right) restoration.

By early 1997, after almost two decades of activity, theonly repairs completed were phase one of the air ventila-tion system to dehumidify the hollow base, the drainagepipes and a new inner roof.[28] Plans now included theerection of a temporary two-story metal building to pro-tect all but the giant Father Time from the harsh wintersand to facilitate year-round repair; the reinforcement ofcorroded steel interior portions; the replacement of in-consistent patches; the substitution of engineered spac-ing for natural cracks, and finally, hand-brushed concreterecoating.[28] The temporary building was budgeted at$270,000; the city spent a total of $450,000 on repairsapproved by the Park District that year.[28][54]

On April 19, 1999, the $1.6 million, two-year phasetwo restoration began, scheduled for completion by May2001.[2][55] Five workers began repairing the cracks,killing biological growth, removing calcium deposits andpollution-blackened gypsum, and coating the 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) surface with a combination of limeputty, adobe cement and sand. The inoperable reflect-ing pool was not repaired in this phase. Although thisphase was completed in 2001, its effects were not visibleuntil the following year, when the temporary protectivestructure was unveiled.[35] The repairs were expected tosustain the sculpture for about 30–50 years before anyfurther repairs would be necessary.[49]

In 2003, the National Endowment for the Arts commit-ted $250,000 to the Park District for the conservation andrestoration of the reflecting pool.[56] In 2004, the Univer-sity of Chicago contributed $100,000 and the Park Dis-trict Board $845,000 to repair the pool and its water cir-culation system.[57][58] This work was carried out in thesummer of 2005 at a slightly reduced budget, and thefountain was filled with water for the first time in over fiftyyears.[9][59] In 2007, efforts began to add lighting. Thatsame year the sculpture was nominated by Partners inPreservation, a fund for the preservation of historic sites,backed by the National Trust for Historic Preservationand American Express. In a widely publicized contestthat included open house events where the public couldtour and learn about the competing historic sites, $1 mil-lion was available for preservation efforts in the Chicagometropolitan area, but the fountain was not one of the 15winning candidates.[9][60][61]

5 Gallery

• ''Fountain of Time,'' before restoration

• Front south

• Front isolation

• Front isolation

• Front north center

• Front north

• ''Fountain of Time,'' after restoration (August 2007)

• Front south

• Front center

• Front north center

• Front north

• Rear north

• Rear north center

• Rear south center

• Rear south

6 Fountain of Creation

Time was intended to be matched by a sister fountain,Fountain of Creation, on the opposite end of the Mid-way. Work was begun but was never completed.[38][62]The finished portions of Fountain of Creation, depict-ing figures from the Greek legend of the repopulation ofearth after the great flood,[12] are considered Taft’s final

6 7 REFERENCES

work, and were given to University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, his alma mater.[63] The four surviving ele-ments are figures ranging in height from 5 to 7 feet (1.5to 2.1 m), and are collectively named Sons and Daughtersof Ducalion and Pyrrha.[11] Two of these elements standoutside the entrance to the university’s Main Library, andtwo others are located at the south side of Foellinger Au-ditorium.[63]

7 References

Notes

[1] “Taft’s 'Fountain of Time' Given To City Today”. ChicagoDaily Tribune. 1922-09-15. p. 12.

[2] Deering, Tara (1999-05-25). “Fountain Face-Lift TurnsBack Clock - The Elements Have Been Hard On Lo-rado Taft’s Fountain Of Time In Washington Park. ButCrews Hope To Restore Its Splendor.”. Chicago Tribune.Newsbank. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[3] Drell, Adrienne (1994-01-11). “Park Advocates FretOver Limits On Preservation”. Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[4] Granger, Bob (1989-06-18). “Unfortunately For SculptorTaft, Indifference and Austerity Are - Formidable Foes ofPosterity”. Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[5] Taft, p. 35.

[6] Sokol, David M. (2005). “Art, Public”. The ElectronicEncyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Re-trieved 2009-01-23.

[7] Gilfoyle, Timothy J (2006). Millennium Park: Creating aChicago Landmark. University of Chicago Press. p. 346.ISBN 0-226-29349-1.

[8] Greene-Mercier, Marie Zoe (Winter 1982). “The Roleof Materials in My Geometric and Abstract Sculpture:A Memoir”. Leonardo 15: 1–6. doi:10.2307/1574334.JSTOR 1574334.

[9] “Hyde Park landmarks vying for restoration funding: Ro-bie House, Lorado Taft sculpture among list of 25 con-tenders”. University of Chicago News Office. 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2009-03-24.

[10] “Art Chiefs Order Big Statue”. Chicago Daily Tribune.1913-02-01. p. 3.

[11] Scheinman, Muriel (1995). “Lorado Taft (1860–1936):Sons and Daughters of Deucalion and Pyrrha, 1933”. AGuide to Art at the University of Illinois. University of Illi-nois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06442-5. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[12] Garvey, p. 142.

[13] Taft, p. 34.

[14] “Dorchester (1400E/6300S)". chicago-l.org. Retrieved2009-03-25.

[15] Garvey, pp. 142–144.

[16] Garvey, pp. 144–145.

[17] Garvey, pp. 146–149.

[18] Garvey, p. 146.

[19] Garvey, p. 166.

[20] Taft, p. 62.

[21] Taft, p. 36.

[22] Garvey, p. 140.

[23] Garvey, pp. 149–150.

[24] Garvey, p. 173.

[25] Taft, p. 38.

[26] Bachrach, Julia Sniderman (2004-07-02). “National Reg-ister of Historic Places Registration Form: Washing-ton Park” (PDF). United States Department of the Inte-rior/National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-04-01.

[27] “Illinois - Cook County - Historic Districts”. NationalRegister of Historic Places. Retrieved 2009-04-01.

[28] Newbart, Dave (1997-06-19). “Mother Nature Takes TollOn Father Time”. Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Re-trieved 2009-01-24.

[29] Ferrara, Annette, Kathryn Hixson, Craig Keller, RuthLopez, Madeline Nusser, Sean O'Connor, Jerry Pohlen,Judy Sutton Taylor and Josh Tyson (July 28 – August3, 2005). “40 outdoor artworks we love (31–40): His-toric, modern, quirky or just unassailably iconic—theseparagons of public art turn the entire city into a museum”.Time Out Chicago. Time Out. Archived from the originalon June 7, 2011. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[30] “Lorado Taft’s Midway Studios”. City of Chicago Depart-ment of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division.2003. Retrieved 2009-03-06.

[31] “Site of the First Self-Sustaining Nuclear Reaction”.National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-03-06.

[32] “Site of the First Self-Sustaining Controlled NuclearChain Reaction”. City of Chicago Department of Plan-ning and Development, Landmarks Division. Retrieved2009-03-06.

[33] “Statue of The Republic”. City of Chicago Department ofPlanning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003.Retrieved 2009-03-06.

[34] Bachrach, Julia Sniderman (2005). “Park Districts”. TheElectronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago HistoricalSociety. Retrieved 2009-03-06.

[35] Moffett, Nancy (2002-11-06). “Repairing the ravages oftime”. Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

7

[36] "Time of Time”. Chicago Daily Tribune. 1920-09-02. p.2.

[37] “Dedicate Taft Work At Midway On Wednesday”.Chicago Daily Tribune. 1922-11-12. p. 15.

[38] Sinkevitch, Alice, ed. (2004). “Hyde Park/South Shore:Fountain of Time”. AIA Guide to Chicago (2nd ed.). Har-court, Inc. p. 436. ISBN 0-15-602908-1. Retrieved2008-01-24.

[39] “Art: Pictures and Print” (PDF). The New York Times.The New York Times Company. 1922-11-26. Retrieved2009-01-24.

[40] Uslan, A.F. (1987-05-20). “Hyde Park Full of Architec-tural, Art Gems”. Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved2009-01-24.

[41] “Time”. Chicago Daily Tribune. 1920-08-25. p. 4.

[42] Peattie, Elia W. (1921-07-30). “Lorado Taft on ModernSculpture”. Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 7.

[43] "Time of Time”. Chicago Daily Tribune. 1921-08-11. p.17.

[44] “Fountain of Time”. Chicago Park District. 2007. Re-trieved 2009-01-24.

[45] Rotenberk, Lori (1991-01-20). “Chicagoan’s sculptureshows time marches on”. Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank.Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[46] Drell, Adrienne (1994-01-16). “Fountain of Time- Mas-terpiece With Family as Models”. Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[47] Chilvers, Ian, Harold Osborne and Dennis Farr, ed.(1997). The Oxford Dictionary of Art (New ed.). OxfordUniversity Press. p. 549. ISBN 0-19-860084-4.

[48] Garvey, Timothy J. (2005). “Lorado Taft and ChicagoSculpture”. The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago.Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved 2009-01-23.

[49] Ramsey, Mike (2003-01-19). “fighting time -- Elmwoodnative’s sculpture in Chicago park now restored, but waterelement of ' Fountain of Time ' awaits renewal”. PeoriaJournal Star. Newsbank. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[50] Taft, p. 28.

[51] “Metro Briefings”. Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. 1991-01-20. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[52] Harms, William (2005-09-15). “Garden honoring mem-ory of Dr. Allison Davis, University of Chicago socialanthropologist, to be dedicated Saturday, September 17”.University of Chicago News Office. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[53] Siewers, Alf (1991-12-30). “Donors, volunteers areneeded”. Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved2009-01-24.

[54] Mendell, David (1998-06-25). “Chicago’s Flamingo InThe Pink - The Federal Government Goes To Bat WithPaint And Rust Removers To Restore Two Of Chicago’sMost Prominent, If Not Exactly Beloved, Outdoor Sculp-tures, Alexander Calder’s and Claes Oldenburg’s “Batcol-umn."". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[55] Sneed, Michael (1999-04-19). “A visiting princess stepsup to the Mike”. Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Re-trieved 2009-01-24.

[56] Jones, Chris (2003-12-08). “Local groups to share $1.4million from NEA”. Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Re-trieved 2009-01-24.

[57] Herrmann, Andrew (2004-04-15). “Supporters urge ParkDistrict to honor anarchist - Prof, labor activists testifyin favor of naming lot for Parsons”. Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[58] Dardick, Hal (2004-04-15). “Money flowing formuseums- Park District raises Art Institute admission, OKs fundingfor sites”. Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[59] Herrmann, Andrew (2005-06-08). “Money flows to rehabFountain of Time pool”. Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank.Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[60] “Chicagoland initiative”. National Trust / American Ex-press. 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-02.

[61] “American Express and The National Trust For HistoricPreservation Launch Program in Chicago Metro Area:Community to Vote on 25 Historic Sites Announcedas Candidates for “Partners in Preservation” Grants”.National Trust for Historic Preservation. 2007-09-06.Retrieved 2009-03-24.

[62] Archaeological Institute of America, Archaeological So-ciety of Washington, College Art Association of America(1921). Art and Archaeology. Archaeological Institute ofAmerica. p. 252. Retrieved 2008-01-24.

[63] “Lorado Taft Biography: A Short Biographical Sketch”.University Library/University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

Bibliography

• Garvey, Timothy J. (1988). Public Sculptor: LoradoTaft and the Beautification of Chicago. University ofIllinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01501-0.

• Taft, Ada Bartlett (1946). Lorado Taft: Sculptor andCitizen. Mary Taft Smith.

Further reading

• O'Connor, Jerome M. “Lorado Taft’s Boulevard ofBroken Dreams”, Chicago Tribune Sunday Maga-zine (October 24, 1965)

8 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

8 External links• Fountain of Time Basin Restoration Project

• Lorado Taft Papers, 1857-1953 University of Illi-nois Archives

9

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text• Fountain of Time Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_of_Time?oldid=707705887 Contributors: Shsilver, Tpbradbury, Jma-bel, Michael Devore, D6, Jayjg, Carptrash, Bender235, Art LaPella, Alansohn, Mandarax, Rjwilmsi, Lockley, Nihiltres, Gareth E. Kegg,Jimp, Bleakcomb, Conradl, Zagalejo, Tony1, Gadget850, Black Falcon, SmackBot, Hmains, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Down-wards, Bigturtle, Parrot of Doom, SandyGeorgia, Interlingua, Peter Horn, Sasata, Agemegos, Ken Gallager, Jackyd101, Ebyabe, MalleusFatuorum, TonyTheTiger, Floridasand, Jerome OConnor, Jllm06, Ling.Nut, The Anomebot2, Avicennasis, Khalid Mahmood, Shore-lander, DrKay, Karanacs, Djr13, GrahamHardy, Redtigerxyz, Speciate, Deor, PlaysInPeoria, GimmeBot, PDFbot, Jmac1962, Pitoutom,WereSpielChequers, Dravecky, Dabomb87, IceUnshattered, Johntb17, Niceguyedc, Piledhigheranddeeper, Mkativerata, NuclearWarfare,Brianboulton, Sturmvogel 66, Another Believer, Mm40, Gene Fellner, MystBot, Kbdankbot, Jim Sweeney, Addbot, Chzz, Green Squares,Lightbot, Citation bot, FrescoBot, Citation bot 1, December21st2012Freak, Lotje, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, Beyond My Ken, HamburgerTime, Look2See1, ZéroBot, H3llBot, Slowking4, Helpful Pixie Bot, KLBot2, George Ponderevo, Kenyanan, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, Meteorsandwich yum and Anonymous: 10

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• Sculpture: Lorado Taft• File:Fountain_of_Time_in_1920.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Fountain_of_Time_in_1920.jpgLicense: Public domain Contributors: Lorado Taft’s Fountain of Time, combination sculpture and reflecting pool, Washington Park Originalartist: Chicago Daily News

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• File:LTFountainOfTime1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/LTFountainOfTime1.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Original artist: . The original uploader was Carptrash at English Wikipedia

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• Photograph: Conrad Lee• File:Taft_at_work_on_Fountain_of_Time.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Taft_at_work_on_Fountain_of_Time.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Na-tional Digital Library Program under the digital ID ichicdn.n060199.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.Original artist: Chicago Daily News

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