Form Work Final ArCHITECTURAL

8/19/2019 Form Work Final ArCHITECTURAL

1/41

BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLL

ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTIO

III


2/41

FORMWORKFORMWORK Requirements

Removal time

Advantages Disadvantage

S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


3/41

INTRODUCTION

• T%e form work or shuttering is atem#orar$ an!illar$ !onstru!tion used

as a mould "or t%e stru!ture& in '%i!%

!on!rete is #la!ed and in '%i!% it

%ardens and matures(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


4/41

• )orms are !lassi"ied as 'ooden&

#l$'ood& steel& !om*ined 'ood+

steel& rein"or!ed !on!rete and #lain

!on!rete(

• Tim*er is t%e most !ommon

material used "or "orm 'or,(

• Steel s%uttering is used "or ma-or

'or, '%ere ever$ t%ing is

me!%ani.ed(

• Steel "orm 'or, is made u# o"

steel s%eet

Angle Iron

Tee Iron

• /ooden "orm 'or, !onsists o"

0ro#s

0lan,s *attens

Ledgers

s%eeting

Steel "orm'or,

'ooden "orm'or,

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


5/41


6/41


7/41

Formwork for la!" # !$am"%•

It !onsists o"• Sole #lates

• /edges

• 0ro#s

• 2ead tree

• 0lan,s

• Batten

• Ledgers

Beam "orm'or, rests on %ead tree

Sla* "orm 'or, rests on *attens and

-oists

I" #ro# %eig%t are more t%an 45

#rovide %ori.ontal *ra!es

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


8/41

L&n'$l or !$am formworkFORMWORK Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


9/41

Formwork for "'a&r"

It !onsists o"

• 1erti!al in!lined #osts• In!lined mem*ers

• /ooden 0lan,s or

s%eeting

• Stringer

• Riser 0lan,s

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


10/41

RE(UIREMENT

A good "orm 'or, s%ould satis"$ t%e "ollo'ing requirements6

• T%e material o" "orm 'or, s%ould *e !%ea# and it s%ould *e suita*

several time(

• It s%ould *e #ra!ti!all$ 'ater #roo" so t%at it does not a*sor* 'ate

!on!rete( Also its s%rin,age and s'elling s%ould *e minimum(

• It s%ould *e strong enoug% to 'it%stand all loads !oming on it& su!

o" !on!rete and live load during its #ouring& !om#a!tion and !uri

• It s%ould *e sti"" enoug% so t%at de"le!tion is minimum(• It s%ould *e as lig%t as #ossi*le(

• T%e sur"a!e o" t%e "orm 'or, s%ould *e smoot%& and it s%ould a""o

stri##ing(

• All -oints o" t%e "orm 'or, s%ould *e sti"" so t%at lateral de"ormat

is minimum( Also& t%ese -oints s%ould *e lea, #roo"(

• T%e "orm 'or, s%ould rest on non+$ielding su##orts(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time

Advantages

Disadvantage

S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


11/41

TIME OF REMOVAL OF FORMWO

• Time o" removal o" "orm'or, de#ends on t%e "oll

"a!tors67( T$#e o" !ement

ra#id %ardening !ements require lesser time as !

O0C(

8( Ratio o" !on!rete mi9

ri!% !on!rete ratio gain strengt% earlier as !om#aratio !on!rete(

:( /eat%er !ondition

%$dration #ro!ess a!!elerates in %ot 'eat%er !on

!om#ared to !old and %umid 'eat%er !onditions

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


12/41

TIME OF REMOVAL OF

FORMWORKFORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


13/41

D&ff$r$n)$ !$'w$$n "'$$l an* woo

Steel Wood

It !an *e #ut to %ig% num*er o" uses( It !an5t *e #ut to %ig% num*er

It #rovides ease o" stri##ing( Stri##ing is !om#arativel$ di"

It is non a*sor*ent( Can *e a*sor*ent(

It ensures an even and smoot%

!on!rete sur"a!e (

Less even and smoot% sur"a!e

steel "orm'or,

It #ossesses greater rigidit$( Rigidit$ is less t%an steel(

It is not lia*le to s%rin,age ordistortion(

0ossi*ilit$ o" 'ar#ing & s'ellis%rin,age(

steel "orm'or, is !om#arativel$ more

!ostl$(

Less !ostlier t%an steel "orm'

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time

Di""eren!e *et'een

S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


14/41

)affol*&n+

• /%en t%e %eig%t o" t%e 'all or !olumn

or ot%er stru!tural mem*er o" a *uildinge9!eeds a*out 7(;m& tem#orar$

stru!tures are needed to su##ort t%e

#lat"orm over '%i!% t%e 'or,men !an

sit and !arr$ on t%e !onstru!tions(

• T%ese tem#orar$ stru!tures& !onstru!ted

ver$ !lose to t%e 'all& is in t%e "orm o"tim*er or steel "rame'or,& !ommonl$

!alled scaffolding.

• Su!% s!a""olding is also needed "or t%e

re#air or demolition o" a *uilding(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

C ' f ff l*&


15/41

Com,on$n'" of )affol*&n+%

• Standards6 T%e verti!al mem*ers o" t%e "rame+

'or,& su##orted on t%e ground or drums& or

em*edded into t%e ground(

• Ledgers6 T%ese are %ori.ontal mem*ers&running #arallel to t%e 'all(

• Bra!es6 T%e diagonal mem*ers "i9ed on

standards(

• 0ut logs6 t%e transverse mem*ers #la!ed at

rig%t angles to t%e 'all 'it% one end su##orted

on ledgers and ot%er end on t%e 'all(• Transoms6 T%e #utlogs '%ose *ot% ends are

su##orted on ledgers(

• Bridle6 T%e mem*er '%i!% is used to *ridge a 'all

o#ening < su##orts one end o" #utlog at t%e

o#ening(

• Boarding6 t%ese are %ori.ontal #lat"orm to su##ort

'or,men and material< t%ese are su##orted on t%e

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


16/41

T-,$" of )affol*&n+%

• Single s!a""olding(

•Dou*le s!a""olding(

• Cantilever s!a""olding(

• Sus#ended s!a""olding(

• Trestle s!a""olding(

• Steel s!a""olding(

• 0atented s!a""olding(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time

Advantages

Disadvantage

S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


17/41

./ &n+l$ ")affol*&n+0!r&)k la-$r1" ")affol*&n+2

• T%is !onsists o" a single "rame 'or, o"

standards& ledgers& #utlogs et!(&

!onstru!ted #arallel to t%e 'all at a

distan!e o" a*out 7(8= m interval(• Ledgers !onne!t t%e standard& and are

#rovided at a verti!al interval o" 7(8 to

7(; m(

• 0utlogs are #la!ed 'it% one end on t%e

ledgers and ot%er end in t%e %ole le"t in

t%e 'all& at an interval o" 7(8 to 7(;m(• Guards& *oarding and ot%er mem*ers are

#la!ed as s%o'n in "igure

• Su!% a s!a""olding is !ommonl$ used "or

*ri!, la$ing& and is also !alled putlog

scaffolding (

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time

Advantages

Disadvantage

S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


18/41

3/ Dou!l$ or ma"on1" )affol*&n+• In stone masonar$& it is ver$ di""i!ult to

#rovide %oles in t%e 'all to su##ort #utlogs

• In t%at !ase& a more strong s!a""olding is

used !onsisting o" t'o ro's o" s!a""olding(• Ea!% ro' t%us "orms a se#arate verti!al

"rame 'or,(

• T%e "irst ro' is #la!ed at 8= to := !m a'a$

"rom t%e 'all& '%ile t%e ot%er "rame 'or,

is #la!ed at 7 m distan!e "rom t%e "irst one(

• 0utlogs are t%en su##orted in *ot% t%e

"rames( Ra,ers and !ross+*ra!es are

#rovided to ma,e t%e s!a""olding more

strong and sta*le(

• Su!% a s!a""olding is also !alled

>inde#endent s!a""olding5(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


19/41

4/CANTILEVER OR NEEDLE CAFF

I( Ground is 'ea, to su##ort standards(

II( Constru!tion o" u##er+#art o" t%e 'all

is to *e !arried out

III( It is required to ,ee# t%e ground& near

'all& "ree "or tra""i! et!( t%e

s!a""olding ma$ *e single t$#e ?#utlog

s!a""olding@& as s%o'n in "igure(

I1( T%e standards are su##orted on series

o" needles ta,en out t%oug% o#ening

or t%roug% %oles in t%e 'all(

1( T%e needles or #ro-e!ting *eams are

strutted inside t%e "loors&t%roug% t%e

o#enings(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

5 U6ENDED CAFFOLDING


20/41

5/U6ENDED CAFFOLDING

• Lig%t 'eig%t s!a""olding used "or re#air 'or,s su!% as #ointing& #a

• T%e 'or,ing #lat"orm is sus#ended "orm roo"s *$ means o" 'ire ro#

et!(

• T%e #lat"orm !an *e raised or lo'ered at an$ desired level(

• Su!% t$#e o" s!a""olding is used "or #ainting and re#air 'or

inside t%e room& u# to a %eig%t o" ;m( T%e 'or,ing #lat"ormsu##orted on t%e to# o" mova*le !ontrivan!es su!% as tri#od

ladders et!( mounted on '%eels(

7/ TRETLE CAFFOLDING

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


21/41

8/TEEL CAFFOLDING• A steel s!a""olding is #ra!ti!all$

similar to tim*er to tim*er

s!a""olding e9!e#t t%at 'ooden

mem*ers are re#la!ed *$ steeltu*es and ro#e las%ings are

re#la!ed *$ steel !ou#lets or

"ittings(

• It %as greater strengt% & greater

dura*ilit$ and %ig%er "ire

resistan!e ( Its initial !ost is more *ut its salvage value is %ig%er (

• It is e9tensivel$ used t%ese da$s(

)igure s%o's steel s!a""olding

*ot% "or *ri!, 'all as 'ell as stone

'all(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


22/41

9/ 6a'$n'$* ")affol*&n+

• Man$ #atented s!a""olding& made o" steel& are availa*t%e mar,et(

• T%ese s!a""olding are equi##ed 'it% s#e!ial !ou#ling

"rames et!(

• T%e 'or,ing #lat"orm is su##orted in *ra!,ets '%i!%

*e ad-ust at an$ suita*le %eig%t(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


23/41

HORING• S%oring is t%e !onstru!tion o" a tem#orar$ stru!ture to su##ort tem

unsa"e stru!ture( T%ese render lateral su##ort to 'all and are used

"ollo'ing !ir!umstan!es 6

?7@ /%en a all s%o's signs o" *ulging out due to *ad 'or,mans%i#(

?8@ '%en a 'all !ra!,s due to unequal settlement o" "oundation &and

needs re#airs(

?:@ /%en an ad-a!ent stru!ture is to *e dismantled(

?@ '%en o#enings are to *e made or enlarged in t%e 'all(

:or$" ma- !$ of ':$ follow&n+ '-,$ %;7( Ran,ing s%ores

8( )l$ing s%ores

:( Dead s%ores

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

R k& :


24/41

Rak&n+ ":or$"• In t%is met%od & in!lined mem*ers& !alled

ra,ers are used to give lateral su##ort to

t%e 'all & as s%o'n in "igure(

• T%e 'all #late& a*out 8= to 8; !m 'ide and

to ; to (;!m t%i!, is #la!ed verti!all$along t%e "a!e o" t%e 'all and is se!ured *$

means o" needles o"7=!m (;!m (

• T%e needles are "urt%er strengt%ened *$

mean o" !leat '%i!% are nailed dire!tl$ to

t%e 'all #late(

• Ran,ers a*ut against t%e needles in su!%

'a$ t%at t%e !entre line o" t%e ra,ers and

'all meet as same level

• T%ere 'ill *e one ra,ers !orres#onding to

ea!% "loor

• T%e "eet o" ra,ers are !onne!ted to an

in!lined sole #late &em*edded into t%e

ground *$ means o" iron dogs(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


25/41


26/41

Follow&n+ ,o&n'" ar$ no'$ wor':-

7( Ra,ers s%ould *e in!lined to t%e ground *$ ; to ma,e t%em mo

(%o'ever in #ra!tise& t%e angle ma$ var$ "rom ; to ; to# ra,e

in!lined stee#er t%an ;(8( "or tall *uildings& t%e lengt% o" ra,er !an *e redu!ed *$ introdu

:( Ra,ers s%ould *e #ro#erl$ *ra!ed at intervals(

( T%e si.e o" ra,er s%ould *e de!ided on t%e *asis o" anti!i#ated t

;( T%e !entre line o" a ra,er and t%e 'all s%ould meet at "loor leve

( I" longer lengt% o" t%e 'all needs su##ort &s%oring ma$ *e s#a!e

s#a!ing & de#ending u#on t%e requirement(

( T%e sole #late s%ould *e #ro#erl$ em*edded into t%e ground& at

s%ould *e o" #ro#er se!tion(

4( /edges s%ould not *e used on sole #lates sin!e t%e$ are li,el$ t

vi*rations '%i!% are li,el$ to o!!ur(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


27/41

FL


28/41

Fl-&n+ ":or$" )on"&"'" ,ar'"%

7( /all #late

8( Needles

:( Cleats

( Struts

;( 2ori.ontal s%ores

( Straining #ie!es

( )olding 'edges

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

6 & ' k ' & & * :&l '& ': f


29/41

6o&n' k$,' &n m&n* w:&l$ $r$)'&n+ ':$ f

":or$" %;

7( T%e !entre lines o" "l$ing s%ores an struts an t%ose o" t%e 'all s%ould meet

t%e t'o *uildings(

8( I" t%e "loor levels are di""erent & t%e %ori.ontal s%ore s%ould *e #la!ed eit%

*et'een levels o" t%e t'o "loor o" equal strengt% &or it s%ould #la!ed at t%e

"loor(

:( T%e struts s%ould #re"era*l$ *e in!lined at ; ( In no !ase s%ould t%is in!li

( Single s%ores s%ould *e used onl$ u#to m distan!e *et'een 'all( )or gr

&dou*le s%ores s%ould *e #rovided(

( t%e "l$ing s%ores *e s#a!ed at : to (; m !entre& along t%e t'o 'all &and %s%ould *e introdu!ed *et'een ad-a!ent s%ores(

;( Large "a!tor o" sa"et$ s%ould *e used "or determining se!tions o" various m

s%oring& sin!e it is ver$ di""i!ult to assess t%e a!tual loads(

( )l$ing s%ores are inserted '%en t%e old *uilding is *eing removed & and s%

#osition till t%e ne' unit is !onstru!ted(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


30/41

DEAD OR VERTICAL HORE

• Su!% t$#e o" s%oring !onsists o" verti!al

mem*ers ,no'n as Fdead shores su##orting

%ori.ontal mem*ers ,no'n as Fneedle(• T%e needle trans"er t%e load o" t%e 'all et!( to

t%e dead s%ores( Su!% s%oring is #rovided to

serve t%e "ollo'ing #ur#ose 6

7( To re*uild t%e de"e!tive lo'er #art o" t%e

'all(

8( To re*uild or dee#en t%e e9isting "oundation(

:( To ma,e large o#ening in t%e e9isting 'all at

lo'er level(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

• 2oles are made in t%e 'all at suita*le %eig%t( Needles& '%i!%


31/41

2oles are made in t%e 'all at suita*le %eig%t( Needles& '%i!%

made o" t%i!, 'ooden se!tion or o" steel& are inserted in %oles(

• Ea!% needle is su##orted at its t'o ends *$ verti!al #osts or de

s%ores( T%e dead s%ores stands a'a$ "rom t%e 'alls so t%at re#

'or, is not o*stru!ted( T%e s%ores are su##orted on sole #lates

and "olding 'edges(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

• T%e "ollo'ing #oints are note 'ort%$ 6


32/41

• T%e "ollo'ing #oints are note 'ort%$ 6

7( T%e se!tion o" needle and dead s%ores s%ould *e adequate to trans"er t%e

'%i!% !an estimated 'it% "air degree o" a!!ura!$(

8( T%e needle are s#a!ed at 7 to 8 meters( A minimum o" t%ree needles s%ou

"or an o#ening(

:( t%e needle s%ould *e suita*l$ *ra!ed(

( I" t%e o#ening is made in an e9ternal 'all& t%e lengt% o" outer dead s%or

greater t%an t%e inner ones(

;( T%e dead s%ores are su##orted an sole #lates( )olding 'edges s%ould *e i

*et'een t%e t'o( It is #re"era*le to use one single sole #late *et'een dea

a ro'(

( T%e "loor s%ould *e suita*l$ su##orted "rom inside(

( I" t%e e9ternal 'all is 'ea,& ran,ing s%ores ma$ *e #rovide& in addition tos%ores(

4( S%ores s%ould *e removed onl$ '%en t%e ne' 'or, %as gained su""i!ien

But in no !ase earlier t%an da$s o" t%e !om#letion o" ne' 'or,( T%e ne

s%ould %ave #ro#er strutting(

( T%e sequen!e o" removal s%ould *e 6 ?7@ needles ?8@ strutting "rom o#eni

"loor strutting inside ?@ ra,ing s%ores i" an$( An interval o" 8 da$s s%ould

allo'ed *et'een ea!% one o" t%ese removal o#erations(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

UNDER6INNING


33/41

UNDER6INNING• T%e #ro!ess o" #la!ing a ne' "oundation under an e9isting one or

strengt%ening an e9isting "oundation is !alled underpinning o"

"oundation(

• Under#inning ma$ *e required to serve t%e "ollo'ing #ur#ose6

7( To strengt%en t%e s%allo' "oundation o" e9isting *uilding '%en a

*uilding 'it% dee# "oundation is to *e !onstru!ted ad-oining it(

8( To strengt%en e9isting "oundation '%i!% %as settled and !aused !ra

in t%e 'all(

:( To dee#en t%e e9isting "oundation ?resting on #oor strata@ so as to

on dee#er soil strata o" %ig%er *earing #o'er(

( To !onstru!t a *asement in t%e e9isting *uilding (

•/ Under#inning !an *e !arried out *$ t%e "ollo'ing met%ods6

7( 0it met%od 8( 0ile met%od

:( C%emi!al met%od ( Ot%er met%od

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

./6IT METHOD


34/41

• In t%is met%od& t%e entire lengt% o" t%e

"oundation to *e under#inned is divided

into se!tions o" 7(8 to 7(; m lengt%s(

• One se!tion is ta,en u# at a time(• )oe ea!% se!tion& a %ole is made in t%e

'all& a*ove t%e #lint% level& and needle

is inserted in t%e %ole(

• Needles ma$ *e eit%er o" stout tim*er or

steel se!tion(

• Bearing #lates are #la!ed a*ove t%e

needle to su##ort t%e masonar$ a*ove it(

• Needle is su##orted on eit%er side o" t%e

'all on !ri* su##orts ?'ooden *lo!,s@

and !re' -a!,s(

• T%e "oundation #it is t%en e9!avated u#

to t%e desired level and ne' "oundation

is laid(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


35/41

• /%en t%e 'or, o" one se!tion is over&

'or, on ne9t to ne9t se!tion is ta,en

u#& i(e(H alternate se!tions are

under#inned in t%e "irst round& and t%en

t%e remaining se!tions are ta,en u#(

• )igure s%o's t%e se!tion( I" t%e 'all to *e under#inned is 'ea,& ra,ing s%ores

ma$ *e #rovided(

• Similarl$& t%e "loors ma$ also *e

su##orted& i" required(

• I" an interior strong !olumn e9ists& or i"

t%e "oundation is to *e e9tended onl$ to

one side& !antilever needle *eams ma$

*e used in t%e #la!e o" !entral needle

*eam& as s%o'n in "igure

• a!, is #la!ed *et'een t%e !olumn and

t%e 'all(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

• T%e "ollo'ing #oints are note+'ort%$ in t%e #it met%od 6


36/41

g # $ #

7( Alternate se!tions are ta,en u# in t%e "irst round( T%e rema

are t%en ta,en u#( Onl$ one se!tion s%ould *e ta,en u# at a

8( I" t%e 'all is long&t%e 'or, is started "rom t%e middle&and i

*ot% t%e dire!tions (

( I" t%e ne' "oundation is dee#er & #ro#er tim*ering o" t%e "o

ma$ *e done( T%e needle *eam et!( s%ould *e removed onl

"oundation %as gained strengt%(

;( It is desira*le to do t%e ne' "oundation 'or, in !on!rete(

( T%e needle %oles et!( s%ould *e !losed in masonr$ using !e

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

3 6ILE METHOD


37/41

3/6ILE METHOD• 0iles are driven at regular interval

along *ot% t%e sides o" t%e 'all(

• Generall$& *ore %ole #iles or under+

reamed #iles ma$ *e used(• T%e #iles are !onne!ted *$ !on!rete or

steel needles& #enetrating t%oug% t%e

'all(

• T%ese *eam in!identall$ a!t as #ile!a#s also(

• T%is met%od is ver$ mu!% use"ul in

!la$e$ soils& and also in 'ater+logged

areas(

• T%e e9isting "oundation is ver$ mu!%

relieved o" t%e load(

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od


38/41

4/C:$m&)al m$':o*• In t%is met%od t%e "oundation soil is !onsolidated *$ em#lo$in

!%emi!als(

• 0er"orated #i#es are driven in an in!lined dire!tion *eneat% t%e"oundation ( T%e slo#es are #rovided su!% t%at t%e entire area u

t%e e9isting "ooting !omes under t%e area used to *e strengt%en

• A"ter t%e #i#es are installed& solution o" sodium sili!ate in 'ate

in-e!ted t%roug% t%e #i#es( T%is is a t'o+in-e!tion met%od( T%e

are 'it%dra'n and at t%e time o" 'it%dra'al o" #i#es& !al!ium

magnesium !%loride is in-e!ted t%roug% #i#es(• C%emi!al rea!tion ta,es #la!e *et'een t%ese t'o !%emi!als an

soil is strengt%ened *$ !onsolidation( T%is met%od is suita*le "

granular soils

FORMWORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

5 O':$r m$':o*


39/41

5/ O':$r m$':o*• Ot%er met%ods are !ement grouting& "ree.ing&

vi*ro"loatation& et!(

• Grouting 6 Sin,%ole Under#inning is a met%od o"

sin,%ole re#air '%ere "oundation su##orts !alled #iersare #la!ed all t%e 'a$ around t%e #erimeter o" t%e

#ro#ert$ ?and sometimes inside tooJ@ to su##ort t%e load

*earing !om#onents o" t%e %ouse( /it% t%ese steel #iers&

%ouses !an *e raised *a!, '%ere elevations %ave dro##ed

and stru!tures !an *e re leveled( T%e *est 'a$ to imagine

t%is #ro!ess is to t%in, o" a *ea!% %ouse& onl$ all t%e steel

#iers are under t%e ground ?and mu!% dee#er@(• Vibrofloatation 6 In t%is met%od t%e under#inning is

!arried out *$ vi*rating t%e sand and t%ere*$ in!reasing

its densit$ '%i!% ultimatel$ results in t%e in!rease o"

*earing !a#a!it$ o" soil( T%is met%od is use"ul "or

granular or sand$ soil(

)ORM/ORK

Requirements

Removal time


S!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

'ru''&n+)ORM/ORK

http://championfoundation.com/sinkhole-underpinning/http://championfoundation.com/sinkhole-underpinning/


40/41

'ru''&n+

• Strutting s$stem are ado#ted '%en

additional restraints is required to!ontrol t%e eart% retaining 'all

movement or de"le!tion(

• T%ere are mainl$ 8 !ommon t$#es o"

strutting s$stems6

7( 2ori.ontal strutting s$stem and8( In!linera,er strutting s$stem(

O /O

Requirements

Removal time

Advantages

DisadvantageS!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

Strutting

)ORM/ORK


41/41

Requirements

Removal time

Advantages

DisadvantageS!a""olding

Com#onents o"

s!a""olding

T$#es o"

s!a""olding

S%oring

T$#es o"

s%oring

Under#inning

T$#es o"

met%od

Strutting

Strutting

Solid

2erring+ *one

Types of Strutting

Documents

Form Work Final ArCHITECTURAL