FORENSIC SCIENCE TEXTBOOK CHAPTER NOTES

8/19/2019 FORENSIC SCIENCE TEXTBOOK CHAPTER NOTES

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NATS 1575 TEXTBOOK CHAPTER NOTES

• Need to do notes on VIDEOS AND POWERPOINTS*

• NEED TO PRINT NOTES FROM EACH LECTRE!

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION:CASE: TED BUNDY

• Fo"ens#$ odontologist %&t$'ed t'e (#te %&") on t'e #$t#%+s (,tto$) to B,nd-+s ."ont teet'/

1. DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE:

Forensi Siene #s t'e &00#$&t#on o. s$#en$e to &2/

o As so$#et- '&s 3"o2n %o"e $o%0e4 #t '&s (e$o%e de0endent on ",es o. &2 to "e3,&te

t'e &$t##t- o. #ts %e%(e"s/o Fo"ens#$ s$#en$e &00#es t'e )no2ed3e o. te$'noo3- &nd s$#en$e to t'e de6n#t#on &nd

en.o"$e%ent o. s,$' &2s/

Siene !nd "!#:

o L&2s &"e (e#n3 ("o&dened &nd "e#sed #n "es0onse to #n$"e&ses #n $"#%e "&tes/

o L&2 en.o"$e%ent &3en$#es &"e oo)#n3 to s$#ent#6$ $o%%,n#t- .o" &d#$e &nd te$'n#$&

s,00o"t/

"i$it!tions o% Siene:

o S$#en$e $&nnot oe" 6n& &nd &,t'o"#t&t#e so,t#ons to 0"o(e%s t'&t ste% ."o% & %&8eo. so$#& &nd 0s-$'oo3#$& .&$to"s/

o S$#en$e s,00#es &$$,"&te &nd o(9e$t#e #n.o"%&t#on t'&t "e:e$ts t'e eents t'&t o$$,""ed

&t & $"#%e/

"i$ited De&nition:

o Fo"ens#$ s$#en$e #s t'e &00#$&t#on o. s$#en$e to t'e $"#%#n& &nd $## &2s t'&t &"e

en.o"$ed (- 0o#$e &3en$#es #n & $"#%#n& 9,st#$e s-ste%/

CSI E'et:

o D"&%&t#8&t#on o. .o"ens#$ s$#en$e on T/V/ ed to 0,(#$ (e#e. t'&t ee"- $"#%e s$ene -#eds

.o"ens#$ e#den$e &nd 0"od,$es ,n"e&#st#$ e40e$t&t#ons t'&t & 0"ose$,to"+s $&se s'o,d&2&-s (e s,00o"ted (- e#den$e/

o T'#s det"&$ts ."o% t'e se&"$' .o" t",t' &nd 9,st#$e #n t'e $o,"t"oo%/

o

(. HISTORY AND DE)E"OP*ENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE:

• Fo"ens#$ s$#en$e o2es #ts o"#3#ns to!

o 1/ T'ose 2'o deeo0ed t'e 0"#n$#0es &nd te$'n#;,es needed to #dent#.- o" $o%0&"e

0'-s#$& e#den$e/o one &#e &nd one de&d? to see #. sto"- 2&s t",e/

o P#3 t'&t 2&s de&d '&d no &s'es #n %o,t' $o"one" $on$,ded ',s(&nd 2&s de&d (e.o"e

'e 2&s (,"ned/C'#nese 2e"e &%on3 t'e 6"st to "e$o3n#8e 0otent#& o. 6n3e"0"#nts &s & %e&ns o. #dent#6$&t#on/

1@@ *!rello *!l-igi "e$o"ded notes &(o,t 6n3e"0"#nt $'&"&$te"#st#$s (,t d#d not

&$)no2ed3e t'e &,e o. 6n3e"0"#nts &s & %et'od o. #dent#6$&t#on/(B. Initi!l Sienti& Ad,!nes:

• 1775 C!rl /ilel$ Seele de#sed 6"st s,$$ess., test .o" dete$t#n3 t'e 0o#son &"sen#$ #n

$o"0ses/

• 1@ )!lentin Ross d#s$oe"ed %o"e 0"e$#se %et'od o. dete$t#n3 &"sen#$ #n t'e 2&s o.

#$t#%s+ sto%&$'/

• 11 *!tie0 Or&l! (Father of Forensic Toxicology)

o P,(#s'ed t"e&t#se on dete$t#on o. 0o#sons &nd t'e#" ee$ts on &n#%&s/


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• 1st,d- o. t'e st",$t,"e o. ##n3

o"3&n#s%s? 2e"e &00#ed to t'e 6"st s-ste% o. personal identifcation/o Bertillon’s System Ant'"o0o%et"- 2&s & s-ste%&t#$ 0"o$ed,"e t'&t #noed t&)#n3 &

se"#es o. (od- %e&s,"e%ents &s & %e&ns o. d#st#n3,#s'#n3 one #nd##d,& ."o% &not'e"/o MOST &$$,"&te ,nt# "e0&$ed (- fngerprinting #n t'e e&"- 1+s/

o T'#s %&de Be"t#on t'e Father of Criminal Identication/

Finger-rinting:

o S,33ested (- T'o%&s T&-o" >#de&s not .oo2ed ,0?

o Hen"- F&,ds %&de & s#%#&" &sse"t#on

o Henr+ 3!lton ,nde"too) t'e 6"st de6n#t#e st,d- o. 6n3e"0"#nts &nd deeo0ed &

%et'odoo3- o. $&ss#.-#n3 t'e% .o" 6#n3/

142( Henr+ 3!lton 0,(#s'ed Fingerprints 2'#$' $ontned t'e 6"st st&t#st#$& 0"oo.

s,00o"t#n3 t'#s %et'od o. 0e"son& #dent#6$&t#on/ H#s s-ste% des$"#(es t'e (&s#$ 0"#n$#0es t'&t.o"% t'e 0"esent s-ste% o. #dent#6$&t#on (- 6n3e"0"#nts/

1425 H!ns 3ross W"ote 6"st t"e&t#se des$"#(#n3 t'e &00#$&t#on o. s$#ent#6$ d#s$#0#nes tot'e 6ed o. $"#%#n& #nest#3&t#on/

Serlo6 Hol$es – Fition!l C!r!ter In70ene:

o Ho%es &00#ed t'e ne2- deeo0#n3 0"#n$#0es o. se"oo3- >(ood &nd (od#- :,#ds?

6n3e"0"#nt#n3 6"e&"%s #dent#6$&t#on &nd ;,est#onedJdo$,%ent e4&%#n&t#on on3 (e.o"e#t 2&s &$$e0ted (- "e&J#.e $"#%#n& #nest#3&to"s/

(D. (8TH Cent0r+ Bre!6tro0gs:

•1281

DR. 9!rl "!ndsteiner Blood 3ro0-ing

o Fo,nd (ood $&n (e 3"o,0ed #nto (ood t-0es ABAB &nd O/

• 121 "eone "!ttes – Uses ;lood gro0-ing to de,ise ;lood gro0-ing s+ste$ %or dried

;loodst!inso sed #n.o"%&t#on ."o% K&" L&ndste#ne" to de#se & "e&t#e- s#%0e 0"o$ed,"e .o"

dete"%#n#n3 t'e (ood 3"o,0 o. & d"#ed (ood stn #%%ed#&te- &00-#n3 #t to $"#%#n&#nest#3&t#ons/

• 1218 Al;ert Os;orn – Docment !xamination

o W"ote & (oo) &(o,t do$,%ent e4&%#n&t#on Questioned Documents.

o St# ,sed tod&- &s & 0"#%&"- "e.e"en$e .o" do$,%ent e4&%#ne"s/

o H#s deeo0%ent o. t'e .,nd&%ent& 0"#n$#0es o. do$,%ent e4&%#n&t#on 2&s "es0ons#(e

.o" t'e &$$e0t&n$e o. do$,%ents &s s$#ent#6$ e#den$e (- t'e $o,"ts/

• 1218 Ed$ond "o!rd started a "olice la#oratory Britain

o $ocard’s !xchange %rinci"le 2'en t2o o(9e$ts $o%e #nto $ont&$t 2#t' one &not'e"

t'e"e #s e4$'&n3e o. %&te"#&s (et2een t'e%/o Be#eed t'&t ee"- $"#%#n& $&n (e $onne$ted to & $"#%e (- dst "articles $&""#ed ."o%

& $"#%e s$ene/

• (8t ent0r+ /!lter *Crone &orld’s "reeminent microsco"ist

o Ado$&te .o" &00-#n3 %#$"os$o0- to &n&-t#$& 0"o(e%s >.o"ens#$ $&ses?

• (8t ent0r+ Ar$+ Colonel C!l,in 3odd!rd rearm examination sing microsco"e

o A(e to dete"%#ne 2'et'e" & 0&"t#$,&" 3,n 6"ed & (,et (- $o%0&"#n3 t'e (,et 2#t' one

testJ6"ed ."o% s,s0e$t+s 2e&0on/(E. *odern Sienti& Ad,!nes:


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C'"o%&to3"&0'- s0e$t"o0'oto%et"- &nd ee$t"o0'o"es#s &o2 t'e %ode"n .o"ens#$ s$#ent#st to

dete"%#ne #dent#t- o. s,s0e$t s,(st&n$e &nd $onne$t t#n- ."&3%ents o. e#den$e to & 0&"t#$,&"0e"son &nd 0&$e/

124< Sir Ale =e're+s D' %roling Test

o Deeo0ed t'e DNA 0"o6#n3 test &nd &00#ed #t to soe & $"#%e t'&t #dent#6ed Colin

Pit%or6 &s t'e %,"de"e" o. t2o -o,n3 En3#s' 3#"s/o Oe"s 0"e$#se #dent#t- o. & s,s0e$t een 2'en t'e"e #s on- & s%& &%o,nt o. 0'-s#$&

e#den$e &&(e/RE)IE/:

• F#"st s-ste% o. 0e"son& #dent#6$&t#on 2&s !ntro-ote$r+ &nd #t d#st#n3,#s'ed one 0e"son ."o%

&not'e" (&sed on (od#- %e&s,"e%ents/

• Fo"ens#$ s$#en$e o2es #ts o"#3#ns to Be"t#on &ton L&ttes odd&"d Os(o"n &nd Lo$&"d 2'o

deeo0ed t'e 0"#n$#0es &nd te$'n#;,es needed to #dent#.- o" $o%0&"e 0'-s#$& e#den$e/

5. CRI*E "ABORATORIES:

• Fo"ens#$ s$#en$e te$'noo3#es ed to est&(#s'%ent o. .&$##t#es .o" .o"ens#$ &n&-s#s o. $"#%#n&

e#den$e/5A. Histor+ o% Cri$e "!;s in te US:

12(5 A0g0st )oll$er – Polie Cie% Created rst forensic la#oratory in the nited

States o L&$)ed st&t,s ,nt# 1

125( FBI org!ni>ed ! n!tion!l l!;or!tor+ t!t o'ered %orensi ser,ies to !ll l!#en%ore$ent !genies in te o0ntr+.

o T'e FBI L&(o"&to"- #s no2 t'e 2o"d+s &"3est .o"ens#$ &(o"&to"-/

o It $ond,$ts "ese&"$' to deeo0 ne2 &nd "e#&(e s$#ent#6$ %et'ods t'&t $&n (e &00#ed to

.o"ens#$ s$#en$e &nd #s ,sed to t"n $"#%e &(o"&to"- 0e"sonne #n t'e &test .o"ens#$s$#en$e te$'n#;,es &nd %et'ods/

Des0#te t'e FBI L&(o"&to"- t'e"e #s NO n&t#on& s-ste% o. .o"ens#$ &(o"&to"#es/

o Inste&d %&n- o$& 9,"#sd#$t#ons e&$' o0e"&te t'e#" o2n INDEPENDENT $"#%e &(s/

12?( C!li%orni! De-!rt$ent o% =0stie re!ted ! net#or6 od integr!ted st!ter0n

ri$e l!;s o% region!l !nd s!tellite %!ilities.o In.o"%& e4$'&n3e o. #n.o"%&t#on &nd e40e"t#se 2#t'#n C&#.o"n#&+s $"#%#n&#st $o%%,n#t-/

o T'#s o"3&n#8&t#on >C&#.o"n#& Asso$#&t#on o. C"#%#n&#sts? 2&s t'e .o"e",nne" o. & n,%(e" o.

"e3#on& o"3&n#8&t#ons t'&t '&e deeo0ed t'"o,3'o,t t'e n#ted St&tes to .oste"$oo0e"&t#on &%on3 t'e n&t#on+s 3"o2#n3 $o%%,n#t- o. $"#%#n&#sts/5B. Org!ni>!tion o% ! Cri$e "!;or!tor+:

• Deeo0%ent o. $"#%e &(o"&to"#es #n n#ted St&tes '&s (een $'&"&$te"#8ed (-!

o R&0#d 3"o2t'

o L&$) o. n&t#on& &nd "e3#on& 0&nn#n3 &nd $oo"d#n&t#on

• O0e"&te &t &"#o,s ees o. 3oe"n%ent

• L&(o"&to"- st& s#8e "&n3e &nd se"#$es %&- (e d#e"se o" s0e$#&#8ed de0end#n3 on t'e

"es0ons#(##t#es o. t'e &3en$- t'&t 'o,ses t'e &(o"&to"-/3ro#t o% Cri$e "!;or!tories:

C"#%e &(s '&e (een o"3&n#8ed (- &3en$#es t'&t s&2 t'e 0otent#& &00#$&t#on to $"#%#n&#nest#3&t#on o" 2e"e 0"essed (- t'e #n$"e&s#n3 de%&nds o. $&se2o")/

Re!sons %or 3ro#t:

o 1/ S,0"e%e Co,"t de$#s#ons #n t'e 1@+s %&de 3"e&te" 0o#$e e%0'&s#s on se$,"#n3s$#ent#6$&- e&,&ted e#den$e

S,$$ess., 0"ose$,t#on "e;,#"es 0o#$e #nest#3&t#on #n$o"0o"&t#n3 t'e s)#s o.

.o"ens#$ s$#en$e e40e"ts/Mode"n te$'noo3- '&s #n$"e&sed t'e#" 0&"t#$#0&t#on/

o


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o =/ Adent o. DNA 0"o6#n3 e&d to "e$ent 3"o2t' &nd %&t,"&t#on o. $"#%e &(s/

S#n$e 1+s t"&$es o. (ood s&#& se%en stns '" "es#d,es %&de 0oss#(e

t'e #nd##d,&#8&t#on o. (#oo3#$& e#den$e/ To %eet t'e de%&nds o. DNA te$'noo3- $"#%e &(s '&e e40&nded st& &nd

%ode"n#8ed e;,#0%ent/

Pro;le$ F!ing te Forensi DNA Co$$0nit+:

o B&$)o3 o. ,n&n&-8ed DNA s&%0es ."o% $"#%e s$enes/

o 57 ,n&n&-8ed $&se2o") DNA s&%0es/

o 5 ,ntested $on#$ted oende" s&%0es/

o SO"UTION: 3oe"n%ent '&s #n#t#&ted .,nd#n3 .o" #nJ'o,se &n&-s#s o. s&%0es &t t'e

$"#%e &( o" o,tso,"$e s&%0es to 0"#&te &(s .o" &n&-s#s/

Be3#nn#n3 #n


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o 1/ V&"#&t#ons #n o$& &2s

o 0o#$e

&nd $###&n? $"#%e s$ene #nest#3&to"s &nd 0o#$e 0e"sonne/SE)EN OTHER SPECIA" Forensi Siene Ser,ies:

11. Forensi Ps+i!tr+:

o S0e$#&#8ed &"e& t'&t e4&%#nes t'e "e&t#ons'#0 (et2een ',%&n (e'&#o," &nd e3&

0"o$eed#n3s/o sed .o" (ot' $## &nd $"#%#n& #t#3&t#ons/

o Ci,il: dete"%#ne #. 0e"son #s $o%0etent to %&)e de$#s#ons/


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o Cri$in!l: e&,&te (e'&#o,"& d#so"de"s &nd dete"%#ne 2'et'e" de.end&nts &"e

$o%0etent to st&nd t"#&/

1(. Forensi Odontolog+:

o He0 #dent#.- #$t#%s (&sed on dent& e#den$e 2'en t'e (od- #s e.t #n &n ,n"e$o3n#8&(e

st&te/o Teet' &"e $o%0osed o. en&%e 2'#$' #s t'e '&"dest s,(st&n$e #n t'e (od-/

Be$&,se o. t'e en&%e+s "es##en$e t'e teet' o,t&sts t#ss,es &nd o"3&ns &s

de$o%0os#t#on (e3#ns/o T'e $'&"&$te"#st#$s o. teet' t'e#" &#3n%ent &nd t'e oe"& st",$t,"e o. t'e %o,t'

0"o#de #nd##d,& e#den$e .o" #dent#.-#n3 & s0e$#6$ 0e"son/o Aso ,sed .o" (#teJ%&") &n&-s#s/

o Dent& "e%ns $&n (e $o%0&"ed to & s,s0e$ted #$t#% >#n$,d#n3 4J"&-s &nd 0#$t,"e o.

s%#e?/

15. Forensi Engineering:

o F,"e &n&-s#s &$$#dent "e$onst",$t#on &nd $&,ses &nd o"#3#ns o. 6"es &nd e40os#ons/

o A$$#dent s$enes &"e e4&%#ned 0'otos &"e "e#e2ed &nd %e$'&n#$& o(9e$ts #noed &"e

#ns0e$ted/

1& "e&son&(e e40&n&t#on 0"o0osed to &ns2e" t'e ;,est#on?/

o =/ Test#n3 o. '-0ot'es#s t'"o,3' e40e"#%ent&t#on/

Test#n3 0"o$ess %,st (e t'o"o,3' &nd o"3&n#8ed (- ot'e" s$#ent#sts &s &#d/

S$#ent#sts %,st &$$e0t t'e 6nd#n3s

o / H-0ot'es#s #s &#d&ted &nd (e$o%es s,#t&(e &s s$#ent#6$ e#den$e &nd &&(e .o"

&d%#ss#on #n & $o,"t o. &2/Deter$ining Ad$issi;ilit+ o% E,idene:

• S$#ent#6$ &#d#t- o. 0o-3"&0' test '&s (een re+ected /


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• In Frye ,- nited States t'e $o,"t ",ed t'&t #n o"de" to (e &d%#tted &s e#den$e &t t"#& t'e

;,est#oned 0"o$ed,"e te$'n#;,e o" 0"#n$#0es %,st (e 3ene"&- &$$e0ted (- & %e&n#n3.,se3%ent o. t'e "ee&nt s$#ent#6$ $o%%,n#t-/

o In 0"&$t#$e t'#s &00"o&$' "e;,#"es t'e 0"o0onent o. & s$#ent#6$ test to 0"esent to t'e $o,"t

& $oe$t#on o. e40e"ts 2'o $&n test#.- t'&t t'e s$#ent#6$ #ss,e (e.o"e t'e $o,"t #s3ene"&- &$$e0ted (- t'e "ee&nt %e%(e"s o. t'e s$#ent#6$ $o%%,n#t-/

o Co,"ts t&)e note o. (oo)s &nd 0&0e"s 2"#tten on t'e s,(9e$t &s 2e &s 0"#o" 9,d#$#&

de$#s#ons "e&t#n3 to t'e "e#&(##t- &nd 3ene"& &$$e0t&n$e o. t'e te$'n#;,e/

• Frye Standard.

• The Federal /les of !,idence 0 Ate"n&t#e to t'e F"-e St&nd&"d %o"e :e4#(e st&nd&"d .o"

&d%#tt#n3 s$#ent#6$ e#den$e/o A 2#tness ;,&#6ed &s &n e40e"t (- )no2ed3e s)# e40e"#en$e t"n#n3 o" ed,$&t#on

%&- oe" e40e"t test#%on- 1/ T'e test#%on- #s (&sed ,0on s,G$#ent .&$ts o" d&t&/


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o In $o,"t e40e"t 2#tness 2# (e &s)ed ;,est#ons to de%onst"&te t'e#" $o%0eten$e

0e"tn#n3 to t'e %&tte"/ C#te de3"ees $o,"ses %e%(e"s'#0 #n 0"o.ess#on& so$#et#es &nd &"t#$es o" (oo)s

0,(#s'ed/ N,%(e" o. -e&"s o. o$$,0&t#on e40e"#en$e t'e 2#tness '&s #n &"e&s "e&ted to t'e

%&tte"/o Be.o"e t'e 9,d3e ",es on t'e 2#tness+s ;,&#6$&t#ons t'e o00os#n3 &tto"ne- %&- $"ossJ

e4&%#ne t'e 2#tness &nd 0o#nt o,t 2e&)nesses #n (&$)3"o,nd &nd )no2ed3e/o Most $o,"ts &"e "e,$t&nt to d#s;,&#.- &n #nd##d,& &s &n e40e"t (e$&,se t'e ;,est#on o.

2'&t $"edent#&s &"e s,#t&(e .o" ;,&#6$&t#on &"e &%(#3,o,s &nd '#3'- s,(9e$t#e/o ,d3e o" 9,"- &ss#3n 2e#3't to e40e"t test#%on-/

o T'e 0"o(e% o. so"t#n3 o,t t'e st"en3t's &nd 2e&)nesses o. e40e"t test#%on- .&s to

0"ose$,t#on &nd de.ense $o,nse/

• Ordin!r+ or "!+ Person:

o Test#.- on eents o" o(se"&t#ons t'&t &"#se ."o% 0e"son& )no2ed3e/

o Test#%on- %,st (e .&$t,& &nd NOT $ontn 0e"son& o0#n#ons/

• E-ert /itness:

o C&nnot "ende" &n- #e2 2#t' &(so,te $e"tnt-/

o Oe" &n o0#n#on (&sed on & "e&son&(e s$#ent#6$ $e"tnt- de"#ed ."o% t"n#n3 &nd

e40e"#en$e/o De.ends t'e te$'n#;,es &nd $on$,s#ons o. t'e &n&-s#s (,t %,st not (e "e,$t&nt to

d#s$,ss #%0&"t#&- &n- 6nd#n3s t'&t $o,d %#n#%#8e t'e s#3n#6$&n$e o. t'e &n&-s#s/o S'o,d not &do$&te .o" one 0&"t-+s $&,se/

o S'o,d &do$&te .o" t'e t",t'/


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• *Not & $"#%e s$enes "e;,#"e "et"#e& o. 0'-s#$& e#den$e &nd #%#ted "eso,"$es &nd 0e"sonne

'&e .o"$ed %&n- 0o#$e &3en$#es to "est"#$t t'e#" eo"ts #n t'#s &"e& to $"#%es o. & %o"e se"#o,sn&t,"e/

• On$e & $o%%#t%ent '&s (een %&de to 0"o$ess & $"#%e $e"tn .,nd&%ent& 0"&$t#$es %,st (e

.oo2ed/

(. PRESER)IN3 AND RECORDIN3 THE CRI*E SCENE:(A. Se0re !nd Isol!te te Cri$e Sene:

• T'e 6"st oG$e" &""##n3 on t'e s$ene o. $"#%e %,st 0"ese"e &nd 0"ote$t t'e &"e& &s %,$' &s

0oss#(e/

• F#"st -o, 0"o#de %ed#$& &ss#st&n$e/

• Se$ond e4$,de & ,n&,t'o"#8ed 0e"sonne ."o% t'e s$ene/

o As &dd#t#on& oG$e"s &""#e %e&s,"es &"e #%%ed#&te- #n#t#&ted to #so&te t'e &"e& 2#t'

"o0es o" (&""#$&des &nd st"&te3#$ 0os#t#on#n3 o. 3,&"ds to 0"eent ,n&,t'o"#8ed &$$ess/o E4$,d#n3 ,n&,t'o"#8ed 0e"sonne #s d#G$,t #n '#3'J#oent $"#%es (e$&,se o. &ttent#on

."o% '#3'e" ee 0o#$e oG$#&s %e%(e"s o. t'e 0"ess &nd e%ot#on&- $'&"3edne#3'(o,"s &nd $,"#os#t- see)e"s/

o Ee"- 0e"son 2'o ente"s t'e $"#%e s$ene '&s t'e 0otent#& to dest"o- e#den$e een #. #t

#s (- ,n#ntent#on& $&"eessness/

• Se$,"#n3 &nd #so&t#n3 t'e $"#%e s$ene &"e $"#t#$& ste0s #n &n #nest#3&t#on t'e &$$o%0#s'%ent

o. 2'#$' #s t'e %&") o. & t"ned &nd 0"o.ess#on& $"#%eJs$ene #nest#3&t#e te&%/

o On$e #t '&s (een se$,"ed & e&d #nest#3&to" e&,&tes t'e &"e&/ 1/ T'e- dete"%#ne t'e (o,nd&"#es o. t'e s$ene &nd est&(#s' 0e"0et"&to" 0&t' o.

ent"- &nd e4#t/ points o entr& points o e$it/.o P'oto %,st (e t&)en o. t'e (od- &nd #ts 0os#t#on "e&t#e to t'e ent#"e s$ene/

o A.te" (od- #s "e%oed s,".&$e (ene&t' s'o,d (e 0'oto3"&0'ed/

o Ite%s &"e 0'oto3"&0'ed to s'o2 t'e#" 0os#t#on &nd o$&t#on "e&t#e to t'e ent#"e s$ene/

o Cose ,0s &"e t&)en to "e$o"d t'e dets o. t'e o(9e$t #tse./

Ee$t"on#$ #%&3es $&n (e st#t$'ed to "ee& & ne&" =JD 0&no"&%#$ #e2 o. t'e $"#%e s$ene/

V#deot&0#n3 &nd d#3#t& #deo #s (e$o%#n3 %o"e 0o0,&" (e$&,se o. #ts o2 $ost/

o One n&""&tes t'e eents &nd s$enes (e#n3 "e$o"ded 2'#e &not'e" does t'e s'oot#n3/


10/36

o V#deot&0#n3 $&nnot "e0&$e 0'otos (e$&,se 0'otos "e%n ,ns,"0&ssed #n t'e de6n#t#on

o. det #t 0"o#des to t'e ',%&n e-e/S6etes:

• A.te" & s$ene '&s (een 0'oto3"&0'ed t'e $"#%eJs$ene #nest#3&to" s)et$'es t'e s$ene/

• A ROU3H S9ETCH & s)et$' d"&2n &t t'e $"#%e s$ene t'&t $ontns &n &$$,"&te de0#$t#on o.

t'e d#%ens#ons o. t'e s$ene &nd s'o2s t'e o$&t#on o. & o(9e$ts '&#n3 & (e&"#n3 on t'e $&se/o O(9e$ts &"e o$&ted (- d#st&n$e %e&s,"e%ents ."o% t2o 64ed 0o#nts >2&s o. "oo%?/

o D#st&n$es %,st (e &$$,"&te >%&de 2#t' t&0e %e&s,"e?/

o Ite%s &"e 3#en n,%(e"s &nd t'en & e3end #s ,sed $o""e&t#n3 ette" to #te%+s des$"#0t#on/

o S)et$' #n$,des $o%0&ss 'e&d#n3 des#3n&t#n3 NORTH/

• A FINISHED S9ETCH & 0"e$#se "ende"#n3 o. t'e $"#%e s$ene ,s,&- d"&2n to s$&e &nd 2#t'

$on$e"n .o" &est'et#$ &00e&"&n$e/o In.o"%&t#on %,st "e:e$t "o,3' s)et$' #n o"de" to (e &d%#ss#(e #n $o,"t/

o CAD Co$-0terAided Dr!%ting #s ,sed to "e$onst",$t $"#%e s$enes/

Ao2s ,se"s to see$t s$&e s#8e so t'&t t'e 6n& 0"od,$t $&n (e 0"od,$ed #n & s#8e

s,#t&(e .o" $o,"t"oo% 0"esent&t#on/Notes:

• Const&nt t'"o,3'o,t t'e 0"o$ess#n3 o. & $"#%e s$ene/

• In$,de!

o Deted 2"#tten des$"#0t#on o. t'e s$ene 2#t' o$&t#on o. #te%s o. 0'-s#$& e#den$e

"e$oe"ed/

o Ident#.- t'e t#%e &n #te% o. 0'-s#$& e#den$e 2&s d#s$oe"ed (- 2'o% &nd 'o2 &nd (-2'o% #t 2&s 0&$)&3ed &nd %&")ed &nd t'e d#s0os#t#on o. t'e #te% &.te" #s 2&s $oe$ted/

• S,G$#ent- deted to "e."es' one+s %e%o"- &te" een -e&"s &te"/

• T&0eJ"e$o"d#n3 notes $&n (e &d&nt&3eo,s/

• N&""&te & #deo "e$o"d#n3 o. s$ene/

• Eent,&- (ot' %,st (e t"&ns$"#(ed #nto & 2"#tten do$,%ent/

RE)IE/:

• P'-s#$& e#den$e #n$,des &n- &nd & o(9e$ts t'&t $&n est&(#s' t'&t & $"#%e '&s (een

$o%%#tted o" #n) t'e $"#%e &nd #ts #$t#% o" #ts 0e"0et"&to"/

• Fo"ens#$ s$#en$e (e3#ns &t t'e $"#%e s$ene 2'e"e #nest#3&to"s %,st "e$o3n#8e &nd 0"o0e"-

0"ese"e e#den$e .o" &(o"&to"- e4&%#n&t#on/

•

F#"st oG$e" %,st se$,"e t'e $"#%e s$ene/• Inest#3&to"s "e$o"d t'e $"#%e s$ene (- ,s#n3 0'otos s)et$'es notes &nd %&)e & 0"e#%#n&"-

e4&%#n&t#on o. t'e s$ene &s t'e 0e"0et"&to" e.t #t/

5. DEA"IN3 /ITH PHYSICA" E)IDENCE:

• A.te" t'e 0"e#%#n&"- 2&)Jt'"o,3' & %o"e t'o"o,3' se&"$' .o" 0'-s#$& e#den$e (e3#ns/

• On$e .o,nd #t %,st (e $oe$ted &nd 0"ese"ed #n & 2&- t'&t 0"ese"es #ts #nte3"#t- .o" .o"ens#$

$o%0&"#son &nd &n&-s#s/5A. Cond0t S+ste$!ti Se!r %or E,idene:

Se&"$' %,st (e toro0g &nd s+ste$!ti.

Fo" &n ,n(#&sed "e$onst",$t#on #nest#3&to" %,st not oe"oo) &n- 0e"t#nent e#den$e/

o F,"e %&- e&d to &$$,s&t#ons o. negligence o" $'&"3es t'&t t'e #nest#3&t#e &3en$-

)no2#n3- $oe"ed ,0 e#den$e/Een 2'en s,s0e$ts &"e #%%ed#&te- se#8ed &nd $#"$,%st&n$es o. $"#%e &"e

&00&"ent & t'o"o,3' se&"$' .o" 0'-s#$& e#den$e %,st (e $ond,$ted &t on$e/

Fo"ens#$ s$#ent#st #s NOT needed &t & $"#%e s$ene t'e#" "oe (e3#ns 2'en e#den$e #s

s,(%#tted to t'e $"#%e &(/Consider!tions in Se!ring te Cri$e Sene:

• Cond,$t#n3 & $"#%e s$ene se&"$' de0ends on!

o Lo$&e &nd s#8e o. &"e&

o A$t#ons o. s,s0e$ts &nd #$t#%s &t t'e s$ene

• A"e& se&"$'ed %,st #n$,de ALL 0o#nts o. e4#t &nd ent"-/

• Met'ods! P3 5=

o S0#"& se&"$'


11/36

o "#d

o St"#0 o" #ne

o ,&d"&nt o" 8one

• N&t,"e o. t'e $&se dete"%#nes 'o2 deted t'e se&"$' %,st (e &nd 2'&t "ee&nt 0'-s#$&

e#den$e to oo) .o"/o Ho%#$#de! 2e&0on $"ossJt"&ns.e" o. e#den$e s,$' &s '"s 6(e"s &nd (ood/

• Ve'#$e se&"$'es %,st (e 0&nned &nd s-ste%&t#$&- $&""#ed o,t/

o In & '#tJ&ndJ",n t'e o,ts#de &nd ,nde"$&""#&3e o. t'e $&" %,st (e e4&%#ned 2#t' $&"e/

o

P&"t#$,&" &ttent#on #s 0d to oo)#n3 .o" &n- e#den$e (et2een t'e $&" &nd t'e #$t#%>$"ossJt"&ns.e" o. e#den$e? Bood t#ss,e '" 6(e"s &nd .&("#$ #%0"ess#ons/

o T"&$es o. 0nt o" ("o)en 3&ss on #$t#%/

• Ho%#$#de! & &"e&s #ns#de &nd o,ts#de o. $&" &"e se&"$'ed 2#t' e;,& $&"e/

5B. Collet P+si!l E,idene:

• P'-s#$& e#den$e $&n (e %#$"os$o0#$ o" %&ss#e o(9e$ts/

• So%e &"e o(#o,s so%e &"e on- dete$ted #n e4&%#n&t#on #n t'e $"#%e &(/

• M#n,te t"&$es o. (ood %&- (e d#s$oe"ed on 3&"%ents on- &.te" & t'o"o,3' se&"$' #n t'e &(

&nd 0"esen$e o. '"s &nd 6(e"s %&- (e "ee&ed #n &$,,% s2ee0#n3s o" on 3&"%ents &.te"$ose &( e4&%#n&t#on/

o T'e"e.o"e %&- (e #%0o"t&nt to t&)e $,stod- o. $ot'es 2o"n (- s,s0e$ts/

• C"#t#$& &"e&s o. s$ene &"e &$,,%ed &nd sent to &(/

• F#n3e"n s$"&0#n3s ."o% #nd##d,&s #n $ont&$t 2#t' ot'e" %&- $ontn e#den$e #n)#n3 #$t#% to&ss&nt/

o S$"&0#n3s s,(9e$ted to %#$"os$o0#$ e4&%#n&t#on #n t'e &(/

• Mo#n3 ."o% $"#%e s$ene to #$t#% &,to0s- t'e .oo2#n3 &"e $oe$ted!

o 1/ V#$t#% $ot'#n3

o 0#e$e o. $ot'#n3 2#t' '" on #t?/

o Bloodst!in:

S$"&0e t'e stn o s,".&$e

T"&ns.e" t'e stn to & %o#stened s2&(

C,t o,t t'e &"e& o. t'e o(9e$t (e&"#n3 t'e stn

o P&$)&3#n3 e#den$e se0&"&te- 0"eents d&%&3e t'"o,3' $ont&$t &nd 0"eents $"ossJ

e4&%#n&t#on/Tools %or E,idene Colletion:

• Fore-s: ,sed to 0#$) ,0 s%& #te%s

• Un;re!6!;le -l!sti -ill ;ottles #it -ress0re lids: ,sed .o" '"s 3&ss 6(e"s &nd &"#o,s

ot'e" )#nds o. s%& o" t"&$e e#den$e/


12/36

• *!nil! en,elo-es sre#!- gl!ss ,i!ls or !rd;o!rd -ill;oes &"e ,sed .o" %ost t"&$e

e#den$e/o O"d#n&"- %#n3 eneo0es s'o,d not (e s,ed (e$&,se 0o2de"s &nd 6ne 0&"t#$es 2#

e&) o,t o. t'e#" $o"ne"s/

• Dr0ggist Fold: s%& &%o,nts o. t"&$e e#den$e 0&$)&3ed #n $&"e.,- .oded 0&0e"/

• /r!--ing -!-er $!nil! en,elo-es or -!-er;!gs! "e$o%%ended .o" (ood (e$&,se #. #n"t#3't $ontne" %od 2# 3"o2/

• P!-er ;!gs! Cot'#n3

o

sed .o" $ot'#n3o Kee0s " $#"$,&t#on $onst&nt

o P"eents %od &nd %#de2 .o"%&t#on

• Airtigt Cont!iners: C'&""ed "e%ns

o P"eents t'e e&0o"&t#on o. o&t#e 0et"oe,% "es#d,es

5C. *!int!in te C!in o% C0stod+:

• C'n o. $,stod- 0continuit& o possession/ %,st (e est&(#s'ed 2'enee" e#den$e #s 0"esented

#n $o,"t &s &n e4'#(#t/o C!in o% C0stod+: & #st o. & 0eo0e 2'o $&%e #nto 0ossess#on o. &n #te% o. e#den$e/

o F,"e to do t'#s %&- e&d to ;,est#ons "e3&"d#n3 &,t'ent#$#t- &nd #nte3"#t- o. e#den$e

&nd e4&%#n&t#on o. #t/o Ad'e"#n3 to st&nd&"d 0"o$ed,"es #n "e$o"d#n3 t'e o$&t#on o. e#den$e %&")#n3 #t .o"

#dent#6$&t#on &nd 0"o0e"- $o%0et#n3 e#den$e s,(%#ss#on .o"%s .o" &( &n&-s#s3,&"&ntees t'&t t'e e#den$e 2# 2#t'st&nd #n;,#"#es/

• E#den$e need to (e $&"e.,- 0&$)&3ed &nd %&")ed/

o P&$)&3ed to &o#d dest"o-#n3 e#dent#& &,e/

o M&")ed .o" #dent#6$&t#on >$oe$to"+s #n#t#& &nd d&te $oe$ted?

Needs to (e t&33ed .o" #dent#6$&t#on #. ,ns,"e o. 2'e"e to %&")/

o On$e e#den$e $ontne" #s see$ted .o" e#den$e #t %,st (e %&")ed .o" #dent#6$&t#on/

• T"&ns.e"s o. e#den$e %,st (e "e$o"ded #n notes &nd ot'e" &00"o0"#&te .o"%s/

o W"#tten "e0o"t o. &$;,#s#t#on &nd d#s0os#t#on/

• C'n o. $,stod- s'o,d (e )e0t to & %#n#%,% (e$&,se &n-one #n $ont&$t 2#t' e#den$e $&n (e

"e;,ested to test#.- #n $o,"t/5D. O;t!in St!nd!rd Re%erene S!$-les:

•

St!nd!rdRe%erene S!$-le: 0'-s#$& e#den$e 2'ose o"#3#n #s )no2n s,$' &s (ood o" '"."o% & s,s0e$t t'&t $&n (e $o%0&"ed to $"#%eJs$ene e#den$e/o E4&%#n&t#on o. e#den$e "e;,#"es $o%0&"#son 2#t' & )no2n st&nd&"d"e.e"en$e s&%0e/

o S,$' %&te"#&s %&- (e o(tned ."o% t'e #$t#% & s,s0e$t o" ot'e" )no2n so,"$es/

o 0!lit+ &nd G0!ntit+ o. st&nd&"d"e.e"en$e s0e$#%ens o.ten dete"%#ne t'e e#dent#&

&,e o. $"#%e s$ene e#den$e/o E!$-le: Hit!ndR0n C!se:

M&- "e;,#"e t'e "e%o& o. st&nd&"d"e.e"en$e 0nt ."o% & s,s0e$t e'#$e/

T'#s 2# 0e"%#t #ts $o%0&"#son to 0nt "e$oe"ed &t t'e s$ene/

• E!$-le: H!ir

o H" .o,nd &t & $"#%e s$ene 2# (e o. &,e 2'en $o%0&"ed to st&nd&"d"e.e"en$e '"s

."o% s,s0e$t &nd #$t#%/

• E!$-le: B0!l S#!;

o A s2&( o. t'e #nne" 0o"t#on o. t'e $'ee) 0e".o"%ed to $oe$t $es .o" ,se #n dete"%#n#n3t'e DNA 0"o6e o. &n #nd##d,&/

o W'en -o, '&e (oodstned e#den$e -o, %,st t'en $oe$t 2'oe (ood o" (,$$& s2&(

st&nd&"d"e.e"en$e s0e$#%ens ."o% & "ee&nt $"#%e s$ene 0&"t#$#0&nts/

• E!$-le: S0;str!te Control

o n$ont&%#n&ted s,".&$e %&te"#& $ose to &n &"e& 2'e"e 0'-s#$& e#den$e '&s (een

de0os#ted ,sed to ens,"e t'&t t'e s,".&$e on 2'#$' & s&%0e '&s (een de0os#ted doesNOT #nte".e"e 2#t' &( tests/

o T'ese &"e %&te"#&s $ose to &"e&s 2'e"e 0'-s#$& e#den$e '&s (een de0os#ted/

o No"%&- $oe$ted &t !rson senes/


13/36

I. &"son #s s,s0e$ted #nest#3&to" s'o,d ALSO $oe$t s,".&$e %&te"#& t'&t #s NOT

'&e (een (e#eed e40osed to t'e &$$ee"&nt/ T'e s,(st"&te $ont"o #s tested to ens,"e t'&t t'e s,".&$e on 2'#$' t'e &$$ee"&nt

2&s de0os#ted does not #nte".e"e 2#t' test#n3 0"o$ed,"es/ Anot'e" e4&%0e o. & s,(st"&te #s %&te"#& on 2'#$' & (oodstn '&s (een

de0os#ted/

• nstned &"e&s $ose to t'e stn %&- (e s&%0ed to dete"%#ne 2'et'e"

t'#s %&te"#& $&n #nte".e"e 2#t' t'e #nte"0"et&t#on o. t'e &( "es,ts/5E. S0;$it E,idene to te "!;or!tor+:

• E#den$e #s s,(%#tted e#t'e" (- -erson!l deli,er+ o" (- $!il si-$ent/

• Met'od o. tr!ns$itt!l #s dete"%#ned (-!

o T'e d#st&n$e t'e s,(%#tt#n3 &3en$- %,st t"&e to t'e &(

o T'e ,"3en$- o. t'e $&se

• I. 0e"son& de#e"- de#e"e" s'o,d (e .&%##&" 2#t' $&se

• M s'#0%ent des#"ed (,t 0ost& "e3,&t#ons "est"#$t s'#0%ent o. $e"tn $'e%#$& #e

&%%,n#t#on &nd e40os#es/

• Most &(s "e;,#"e t'&t &n e#den$e s,(%#ss#on .o"% &$$o%0&n- ALL e#den$e s,(%#tted/

o B"#e. des$"#0t#on o. $&se #s #n$,de/

o P&"t#$,&" )#nd o. e4&%#n&t#on "e;,ested .o" e&$' t-0e o. e#den$e s'o,d (e de#ne&ted/

E4&%#ne" 2# not (e "est"#$ted to tests "e;,ested (- #nest#3&to"/

• D,"#n3 e4&%#n&t#on ne2 e#den$e %&- (e ,n$oe"ed/

• A #st o. #te%s s,(%#tted .o" e4&%#n&t#on %,st (e #n$,ded on t'e e#den$e s,(%#ss#on .o"%/o E&$' #te% #s to (e 0&$)&3ed se0&"&te- &nd &ss#3ned & n,%(e" o" ette" 2'#$' s'o,d (e

#sted #n &n o"de"- &nd o3#$& se;,en$e on t'e .o"%/RE)IE/:

• T'e se&"$' 0&tte"n see$ted de0ends on s#8e &nd o$&e o. s$ene &nd n,%(e" o. $oe$to"s

0&"t#$#0&t#n3 #n se&"$'/

• M&n- #te%s o. e#den$e %&- (e dete$ted on- t'"o,3' e4&%#n&t#on &t t'e $"#%e &(/ T',s #t #s

#%0o"t&nt to $oe$t 0oss#(e $&""#e"s o. t"&$e e#den$e s,$' &s $ot'#n3 &$,,% s2ee0#n3s &nd6n3e"n s$"&0#n3s/

• E&$' #te% o. 0'-s#$& e#den$e $oe$ted &t & $"#%e s$ene %,st (e 0&$ed #n & se0&"&te

&00"o0"#&te $ontne" to 0"eent d&%&3e t'"o,3' $ont&$t o" $"oss e4&%#n&t#on/

• Inest#3&to"s %,st %ntn t'e $'n o. $,stod- & "e$o"d .o" denot#n3 t'e o$&t#on o. e#den$e/

• P"o0e" st&nd&"d"e.e"en$e s&%0es s,$' &s '" (ood &nd 6(e"s %,st (e $oe$ted &t t'e $"#%es$ene &nd ."o% &00"o0"#&te s,(9e$ts .o" $o%0&"#son 0,"0oses #n t'e #("&"-/


14/36

=/ S,#$#de

/ A$$#dent

5/ ndete"%#ned

03 @5?

o Pel,i Bones:

Fe%&e! 2#de" %o"e $#"$,&" o0en#n3 &00"o4#%&te- &t "#3't &n3e/


15/36

M&e! &$,te >ess t'&n de3"ees?

Pe#$ (one! #. t'e"e #s & 3"ooe te s'e 3&e (#"t' to $'#d"en/

o S!r0$:

Fe%&e! 2#de" &nd s'o"te"/

M&e! en3t' &nd 2#dt' &"e "o,3'- e;,&

o Cr!ni0$:

M&es! &"3e" #n oe"& s#8e t'&n .e%&es %o"e 0"ono,n$ed ("o2 (one &nd

%&sto#d 0"o$ess/• A3E: &"#es on #$t#%+s 3"o2t' st&3e

o For in%!nts !nd toddlers: &3e $&n (e est#%&ted (- t'e en3t' o. t'e on3 (ones >.e%,"

&nd ',%e",s? 2'en $o%0&"ed to & )no2n 3"o2t' $,"e/o D#e"ent se$t#ons o. t'e s), &so .,se to3et'e" &t d#e"ent st&3es #n e&"- deeo0%ent

&nd t'e &00e&"&n$e o. & .,sed o" d##ded se$t#ons $&n (e ,sed to est#%&te t'e &3e o.(ones st# #n e&"- deeo0%ent& st&3es/

o In in%!nt s6eletons: .o"%&t#on o. teet' $&n (e ,sed #n &3e dete"%#n&t#on/ >(&sed on .&$t

t'&t 0e"%&nent teet' st&"t ."o% (#"t'? A3e dete"%#ned (- .,s#on o" &$) o. .,s#on o. e0#0'-se& "e3#ons o. (ones s,$' &s

t'ose o. %&nd#(e >o2e" 9&2? 6n3e"s 2"#st on3 (ones &nd $&#$e/ Ae"&3e &3e &t 2'#$' t'ese .,se #s KNOWN &nd $&n (e $o%0&"ed &3nst t'e st&te

o. "e%ns/

o Cilds r!ni0$: s%&e" s#8e &nd 0"esen$e o. deeo0#n3 teet'/o A%ter !ge (1: &3e #s est#%&ted (- t'e ee o. $'&n3e e40e"#en$ed (- t'e s,".&$es o. t'e

(ones es0e$#&- #n &"e&s o. $o%%on 2e&" s,$' &s pu%ic s&mp-&sis/ P,(#$ S-%0'-s#s $'&n3es oe" -e&"s ."o% & "o,3' ",33ed s,".&$e to & s%oot'

2eJde6ned &"e&/

• RACE: -g 2

o *ongoloid S6eletons @Asi!n:

E-e o"(#ts &"e $#"$,&"

F"ont& 0&ne o. $"&n#,% %&- (e :&t o" 0"o9e$ted

N&s& $&#t- #s s%& &nd "o,nded

o C!0!soid S6eletons @E0ro-e!n:

E-e o"(#ts &"e o&

F"ont& 0&ne #s :&t

N&s& $&#t- #s on3 &nd n&""o2

o Negroid S6eletons @A%ri!n:

E-e o"(#ts &"e s;,&"e

F"ont& 0&ne #s 0"o9e$ted o,t2&"d

N&s& $&#t- #s 2#de

o Asi!n !nestr+ !nd N!ti,e A$eri!n desent:

S$oo0ed o,t o" s'oeJs'&0ed #n$#so" teet'/

• HEI3HT:

o W'en &#e dete"%#ned (- %e&s,"#n3 t'e on3 (ones es0e$#&- o2e" #%(s/

o Een 0&"t#& (ones $&n -#ed "es,ts/

o E;,&t#ons on 03 @ -#ed est#%&t#ons 2#t'#n 5$% o. t'e &$t,& 'e#3't/

Oter Contri;0tions o% Forensi Antro-olog+:

• 1/ C"e&te %!i!l reonstr0tion to 'e0 #dent#.- s)eet& "e%ns/o se t'e #$t#%+s &$t,& $"&n#,% &nd t&)es #nto &$$o,nt est#%&te &3e &n$est"- &nd

3ende"/o Co%0os#te $&n (e d"&2n to &tte%0t to #dent#.- #$t#%/

o S), -oto s0-eri$-osition: 0'oto3"&0' o. t'e 0e"son #s oe"&-ed &tt'e s), to see 2'et'e" #t #s & 3ood %&t$'/

o

•


16/36

Re$oe"ed "e%ns %&- st# $ontn so%e so.t t#ss,e %&te"#& &nd %&- -#ed &

DNA 0"o6e/ It %&- (e 0oss#(e to re+dr!te tiss0e to -#ed &nger-rints/


17/36

"i$it!tion: t'e d#e"s#t- o. #nse$ts .o,nd on & (od- #s &so &e$ted (- t'e

(od-+s o$&t#on 2e&t'e" &nd te%0e"&t,"e $ond#t#ons '&(#t&t$'&"&$te"#st#$s #nd#3eno,s s0e$#es &nd $'&"&$te"#st#$s o. t'e (od-/

Oter Contri;0tions o% Forensi Ento$olog+:

• Inse$ts 6"st $oon#8e n&t,"& %o#st o"#6$es/ >'oeso0en#n3s?/

• I. 2o,nds &"e 0"esent t'e- $oon#8e t'e"e 6"st/

• De$o%0os#t#on %&- $on$e& 2o,nds (,t $oon#8&t#on &2&- ."o% n&t,"& o"#6$es %&- 'e0 o$&te

2o,nds on (od-/

•

Lots o. %&33ots on '&nds &nd .o"e&"%s

de.ens#e 2o,nds o. #$t#%• Inse$ts .ed on (od- &$$,%,&te d",3s 0"esent #n :es' &nd -#ed #dent#t- o. d",3s/

CHAPTER 5 – PHYSICA" E)IDENCE:CASE:

• Pete"son $on#$ted #n 2#.e+s de&t'!

o W#tness test#%on-! 2#.e 2e&"#n3 )'&)# 0&nts n#3't (e.o"e 'e" d#s&00e&"&n$e $ot'es s'e

2&s .o,nd #no Pete"son .ed to ("#n3 &00"o0"#&te "od to $&t$' t'e 6s' 'e sd 'e 2&s $&t$'#n3/

o Bod- o. 2#.e .o,nd ne&" 2'e"e 'e 2&s 6s'#n3/

o A (&$) '" >%&t$'#n3 2#.e DNA 0"o6e? .o,nd on 0" o. 0#e"s #n Pete"son+s (o&t/

1. CO**ON TYPES OF PHYSICA" E)IDENCE:

• 1. Blood Se$en S!li,!:

o ood so,"$e o. DNAo C&n (e #;,#d o" d"#ed

o In$,des $#3 (,tts t'&t %&- $ontn s&#& "es#d,es

o T'ese s,(st&n$es &"e s,(9e$ted to se"oo3#$& &nd (#o$'e%#$& &n&-s#s to dete"%#ne t'e#"

#dent#t- &nd 0oss#(e o"#3#n/

• (. Do0$ents:

o An- '&nd2"#t#n3 &nd t-0e2"#t#n3 s,(%#tted so t'&t &,t'ent#$#t- o" so,"$e $&n (e

dete"%#ned/

• 5. Dr0gs:

o An- s,(st&n$e se#8ed #n #o&t#on o. &2s "e3,&t#n3 t'e s&e %&n,.&$t,"#n3 &nd

d#st"#(,t#on o. d",3s/

•


18/36

• Foot2e&" t'&t '&s (een 2o"n .o" & .e2 d&-s '&s (e$o%e #nd##d,&

$'&"&$te"#st#$s/ S&%e t'#n3 2#t' & t#"e ."o% & $&"/o

o

• 18. I$-ressions:

o T#"e %&")#n3s s'oe 0"#nts de0"ess#ons #n so.t so#s &nd & ot'e" .o"%s o. t"&$)s/

o oe &nd ot'e" .&("#$ #%0"ess#ons/

o B#te%&")s #n s)#n o" .oodst,s/

• 11. Org!ns !nd -+siologi!l 70ids:o Bod- o"3&ns o" :,#ds s,(%#tted to dete$t t"&$es o. d",3s &nd 0o#sons/

o Bood #s &n&-8ed .o" &$o'o o" ot'e" d",3s/

• 1(. P!int:

o An- 0nt t'&t #s #;,#d o" d"#ed t'&t %&- '&e (een t"&ns.e""ed ."o% one s,".&$e to o(9e$t

d,"#n3 $"#%e/o T"&ns.e" o. 0nt ."o% one e'#$e to &not'e" d,"#n3 $&" $"&s'/

• 15. Petrole0$ Prod0ts:

o An- 0et"oe,% 0"od,$t "e%oed ."o% & s,s0e$t o" .o,nd &t $"#%e s$ene/

o &so#ne "es#d,e ."o% s$ene o. &n &"son

o "e&se o" o# stns 2'ose 0"esen$e %&- s,33est #noe%ent #n & $"#%e/

• 1


19/36

o H"

o O"3&ns

o P'-s#oo3#$& :,#ds

I$-ression ri$esene e,idene:

o T#"e %&")#n3s s'oe 0"#nts de0"ess#ons #n so.t so#s/

o Fo"%s o. t"&$)s 3oe &nd ot'e" .&("#$ #%0"ess#ons too %&")s (#te %&")s/

*!n0%!t0red ite$s onsidered o$$on ite$s o% ri$esene e,idene:

o F#"e&"%s &%%,n#t#on 6(e"s 0nt 3&ss 0et"oe,% 0"od,$ts 0&st#$ (&3s ",((e"

0o-%e"s &nd e'#$e 'e&d#3'ts/

E#den$e t'&t -#eds DNA!J (ood se%en s&#&J '" 2#t' "oot >HAIR FOLLICLE?

(. THE EJA*INATION OF PHYSICA" E)IDENCE:(A. Identi&!tion:

Identi&!tion #s t'e 0"o$ess o. dete"%#n#n3 & s,(st&n$e+s 0'-s#$& o" $'e%#$& #dent#t-/

o Ident#.- 2'&t d",3 #t #s/

o Ident#.- 2'&t e40os#e "es#d,e #t #s/

o Ident#.- '" (ood se%en o"#3#n to dete"%#ne #. &n#%& o" ',%&n/

Proess:

o 1/ Ado0t#on o. test#n3 0"o$ed,"es t'&t 3#e $'&"&$te"#st#$ "es,ts .o" s0e$#6$ st&nd&"d

%&te"#&s/Res,ts "e$o"ded &nd done &3n to 0"oe #dent#t- o. s,s0e$t %&te"#& (-

$o%0&"#n3 to )no2n 'e"o#n s&%0e/o


20/36

o P"o(&(##t- #s '#3' t'&t (ot' &"e o. $o%%on o"#3#n (,t CANNOT (e st&ted 2#t'

%&t'e%&t#$& e4&$tness/o )itor B!lt!>!rd sd t'&t 6nd#n3 t2o ALIKE 6n3e"0"#nts '&s & 0"o(&(##t- so s%& t'&t

-o, $&n e4$,de t'e 0oss#(##t- o. t2o 0eo0e '&#n3 t'e s&%e 6n3e"0"#nt/

• Cl!ss C!r!teristis: E,idene !ssoi!ted #it ! 3ROUP:

o P"o0e"t#es o. e#den$e t'&t &n (e &sso$#&ted on- 2#t' & 3"o,0 &nd NEVER 2#t' & s#n3e

so,"$e!o E!$-le:

CARS: I. -o, '&e t2o 0nt $'#0s 2#t' s#n3eJ&-e" $&" 0nt $'#0s o. & s#%#&"

$oo," t'e#" $'&n$e o. o"#3#n&t#n3 ."o% t'e s&%e $&" #s NOT ne&"- &s 3"e&t &s2'en 2e $o%0&"e t2o 0nt $'#0s 2#t' seen s#%#&" &-e"s o. 0nt not & o. 2'#$'2e"e 0&"t o. t'e $&"+s o"#3#n& $oo,"/

• T'e 6"st one $&n (e &sso$#&ted 2#t' one $&" %ode/

• T'e se$ond one $&n '&e #nd##d,& $'&"&$te"#st#$s &nd '&e & '#3'

0"o(&(##t- o. o"#3#n&t#n3 ."o% one s0e$#6$ $&"/ B"OOD: Mo"e t'&n one 0e"son $&n (e o. t'e s&%e ',%&n o"#3#n t-0e/

• Prod0t R0le:

o A .o"%,& .o" dete"%#n#n3 'o2 ."e;,ent- & $e"tn $o%(#n&t#on o.

$'&"&$te"#st#$s o$$,"s #n & 0o0,&t#on/o T'e 0"od,$t ",e st&tes t'&t t'e one %,st 6"st dete"%#ne t'e

0"o(&(##t- o. EACH $'&"&$te"#st#$ se0&"&te- &nd t'en %,t#0-

to3et'e" t'e ."e;,en$#es o. & #nde0endent- o$$,""#n3$'&"&$te"#st#$s/

o RESU"T: oe"& ."e;,en$- o. o$$,""en$e .o" t'&t 0&"t#$,&"

$o%(#n&t#on o. $'&"&$te"#st#$s/

• Prod0t R0le E!$-le: O=. Si$-son Tri!l:

o Bood $o%(#n&t#on 2&s / 0e"$ent/

o 1 #n 6n3e"0"#nts too %&")s

&nd (,ets?/o Most e#den$e #s SUB=ECTI)E &nd 0"one to ',%&n e""o" &nd (#&s/

5A. Assessing te )!l0e o% P+si!l E,idene:

V&,e o. CLASS e#den$e #es #n #ts &(##t- to $o""o(o"&te eents 2#t' d&t& #n & %&nne" t'&t #s

ne&"- &s 0oss#(e ."ee o. ',%&n e""o" &nd (#&s/o It #s t'e t'"e&d t'&t (#nds to3et'e" ot'e" #nest#3&t#e 6nd#n3s t'&t &"e %o"e de0endent

on ',%&n 9,d3%ents &nd t'e"e.o"e %o"e 0"one to ',%&n .#n3s/o

De6n#n3 t'e s#3n#6$&n$e o. $&ss e#den$e #n %&t'e%&t#$& te"%s #s #%0oss#(e/ T'e $'&n$es o. en$o,nte"#n3 t2o #nd#st#n3,#s'&(e #te%s &t & s$ene &"e LOW/

On- o(9e$ts t'&t e4'#(#t s#3n#6$&nt d#e"s#t- &"e $&ss#6ed &s 0'-s#$& e#den$e/

Coe$t#e 0"esen$e o. %&n- 0'-s#$& e#den$e MA e&d to &n e4t"e%e- '#3' $e"tnt- t'&t t'e-

o"#3#n&ted ."o% t'e s&%e so,"$e/o As t-e num%er o di5erent o%ects lining an indi"idual to a crime scene increases t-e

pro%a%ilit& o in"ol"ement increases.o !xam"le.


21/36

• P'-s#$& e#den$e $&ss &nd #nd##d,& ,s,&- '&s 3"e&t 2e#3't &nd (e$o%es & primar& actor #n

reinorcing or o"ercoming #n3e"#n3 do,(ts &(o,t 3,#t o" #nno$en$e/

• P'-s#$& e#den$e eoner!te & 0e"son ."o% s,s0#$#on/

o I. (ood A #s #n)ed to t'e s,s0e$t 0e"sons 2#t' (ood t-0es B AB &nd O 2# (e

e#%#n&ted ."o% $ons#de"&t#on/

• C&ss VS Ind##d,&!

o It #s d#G$,t to dete"%#ne 2'&t d#st#n3,#s'es &n #nd##d,& ."o% $&ss $'&"&$te"#st#$s/

o Ho2 %&n- st"#&t#ons #nd##d,&#8e & %&") to & s#n3e too

o

Ho2 %&n- $oo," &-e"s #nd##d,&#8e & 0nt $'#0 to & s#n3e $&"o RESU"T: F#nd &s %&n- $'&"&$te"#st#$s to $o%0&"e one s,(st&n$e to &not'e"/

• T'e s#3n#6$&n$e &tt&$'ed to t'e 6nd#n3 #s de$#ded (-!

o 1/ ,&#t- &nd $o%0os#t#on o. e#den$e

o


22/36

• See"& $o,nt"#es '&e & n&t#on& DNA d&t& (&n)/

o /K/ est #n 15 2&s t'e 2o"d+s FIRST n&t#on& d&t&(&se/

In & t-0#$& %ont' %&t$'es &"e .o,nd #n)#n3 s,s0e$ts to Soe%&te?

o L#n) $"#%eJs$ene .oot2e&" #%0"ess#on to & 0&"t#$,&" s'oe %&n,.&$t,"e"/

CHAPTER < – PROPERTIES OF *ATTER AND THE ANA"YSIS OF 3"ASS:CASE:

Ro3e" )#ed '#s 0&"ents/

Fo,nd Ho"se $'estn,t 0oen #n '#s $&" 2'#$' 2&s e"- "&"e #n t'e "e3#on o. '#s "es#den$e/ so

& 3eoo3#st o$&ted 0oss#(e &"e&s 2'e"e $'estn,t 0oen 2&s .o,nd &nd t'e"e t'e- .o,nd t'e(od#es o. '#s 0&"ents/

1. PROPERTIES OF *ATTER:

• Fo"ens#$ s$#ent#st %,st $onst&nt- dete"%#ne t'e 0"o0e"t#es t'&t #%0&"t d#st#n3,#s'#n3

$'&"&$te"#st#$s to %&tte" 3##n3 #t & ,n#;,e #dent#t-/


23/36

o Se&"$' .o" ,n#;,e $'&"&$te"#st#$s ends 2'en t'e- '&e #nd##d,&#8ed & s,(st&n$e to one

so,"$e/

• P+si!l Pro-erties:

o A 0"o0e"t- t'&t des$"#(es t'e (e'&#o," o. & s,(st&n$e WITHOT "e.e"en$e to &n- ot'e"

s,(st&n$e/o We#3't o,%e $oo," BP MP

o C&n (e %e&s,"ed 2#t'o,t &te"#n3 t'e %&te"#&+s $o%0os#t#on t'"o,3' & $'e%#$& "e&$t#on

o On- &sso$#&ted 2#t' 0'-s#$& e4#sten$e o. & s,(st&n$e

• Ce$i!l Pro-erties:

o A 0"o0e"t- t'&t des$"#(es t'e (e'&#o," o. & s,(st&n$e 2'en #t $o%(#nes 2#t' &not'e"

s,(st&n$e/o Be'o," 2'en #t REACTS o" COMBINES 2#t' &not'e" s,(st&n$e/

o E!$-le: 2ood (,"n#n3 #t $'e%#$&- $o%(#nes 2#t' o4-3en #n t'e " to .o"% ne2

s,(st&n$es T'#s t"&ns.o"%&t#on des$"#(es & $'e%#$& 0"o0e"t- o. 2ood

o E!$-le: to dete"%#ne 'e"o#n -o, test #t 2#t' *!rG0i !gent 2'#$' t,"ns purple #n t'e

0"esen$e o. 'e"o#n/

• I. t'e 0"o0e"t- $&n (e &ss#3ned & n,%e"#$& &,e #t %,st "e&te to & st&nd&"d o. %e&s,"e%ent

&$$e0ted t'"o,3'o,t t'e s$#ent#6$ $o%%,n#t- METRIC SSTEM/*ETRIC SYSTE*:

• T'#s #s t'e st&nd&"d s-ste%/

• n#ted St&tes ,ses ;nglis- (&stem.• 171 F"en$' de#sed t'e *etric (&stem/

• P0r-ose: '&s (&s#$ %e&s,"e%ents .o" en3t' %&ss &nd o,%e! t'e %ete" 3"&% &nd #te"/

o T'ese t'"ee ,n#ts $&n (e $one"ted #nto s,(,n#ts t'&t &"e de$#%& %,t#0es o. t'e (&s#$

,n#t (- s#%0- &tt&$'#n3 & 0"e64 to t'e ,n#t n&%e/Pre& EG0i,!lent

)!l0eEG0i,!lent

)!l0eDeci 11 /1

Cent# 11 /1

M## 11 /1M#$"o 11 /1

N&no 11

/1

K#o 1 1

%e3& 1 1

• /13"&% #s t'e s&%e &s 1 de$#3"&%/

• /1 %et"e #s t'e s&%e &s 1 $ent#%ete"/

• /1 #t"e #s t'e s&%e &s 1 %###te"/

• Proess:

o Met"#$ $one"s#on #s $&""#ed o,t (- s#%0- %o#n3 t'e de$#%& 0o#nt to t'e "#3't o" e.t &nd

#nse"t#n3 t'e 0"o0e" 0"e64 to s'o2 d#"e$t#on &nd t'e n,%(e" o. 0&$es t'&t t'e de$#%&0&$e '&s (een %oed/

• )ol0$e $&n (e de6ned #n te"%s o. "engt

o 1 liter o,%e o. & $,(e 2#t' s#des o. en3t' o. 1$%/

o 1 liter ,ol0$e o% 18$5

o RESU"T: 1%L 1$%=

• Ot'e"!

o


24/36

• Ele$ent:

o A .,nd&%ent& 0&"t#$e o. %&tte" t'&t $&nnot (e ("o)en do2n #nto s#%0e" s,(st&n$es (-

$'e%#$& %e&ns/o P"o#de t'e (,#d#n3 (o$)s .o" 2'#$' & %&tte" #s $o%0osed/

o 11 ee%ents '&e (een #dent#6ed/

o o$$," n&t,"&- on e&"t' &nd t'e "e%nde" '&e (een $"e&ted #n t'e &(o"&to"-/

• Periodi T!;le:

o A $'&"t o. & t'e )no2n ee%ents &""&n3ed #n & s-ste%&t#$ .&s'#on/

o

A""&n3es ee%ents 2#t' .&%##&" $'e%#$& 0"o0e"t#es #n t'e s&%e e"t#$& o" 'o"#8ont&"o2s/o )erti!l Ro#s: 3"o,0s o" .&%##es

S#%#&" 0"o0e"t#es >&to%#$ %&ss o" dens#t-?

E4'#(#t $e&" t"end #n 0"o0e"t#es &s one %oes do2n & 3"o,0

MOST IMPORTANT 2&- o. $&ss#.-#n3 ee%ents/

o Hori>ont!l Ro#s: se"#es

• S-%(os .o" ee%ents ."o% En3#s' L&t#n o" "ee) n&%es/

• Ato$:

o S%&est ,n#t o. &n ee%ent t'&t $&n e4#st &nd st# "etn #ts #dent#t- &s &n ee%ent

o W'en 2e 2"#te C 2e %e&n one &to% o. $&"(on/

o CO< One &to% o. $&"(on &nd t2o &to%s o. o4-3en/

• Co$-o0nd:

o A PRE s,(st&n$e $o%0osed o. t2o o" %o"e ee%ents/o Ne2 s,(st&n$e #s d#e"ent #n #ts 0'-s#$& &nd $'e%#$& 0"o0e"t#es ."o% #ts ee%ent&

$o%0onents/

• *ole0le:

o S%&est ,n#t o. & $o%0o,nd/

o One %oe$,e o. $&"(on d#o4#de C<o One %oe$,e o. t&(e s&t N&C

(B. St!tes o% *!tter:

P+si!l st!te: t'e PHSICAL .o"% o. %&tte"! solid li


25/36

• P!se: & ,n#.o"% s,(st&n$e se0&"&ted ."o% ot'e" s,(st&n$es (- de6n#te VISIBLE (o,nd&"#es/

o W'enee" s,(st&n$es $&n (e d#st#n3,#s'ed (- #s#(e (o,nd&"#es "hases &"e sd to

e4#st/o E!$-le: o# &nd 2&te" do not %#4/

O# :o&t#n3 on 2&te" #s & t&o:"hase system/

O# &nd 2&te" e&$' $onst#t,te & se0&"&te #;,#d 0'&se $e&"- d#st#n$t ."o% e&$'

ot'e"/o E!$-le: s,3&" &nd 2&te"

W'en s,3&" #s 6"st &dded to 2&te" #t does not d#ssoe/

T2o d#st#n$t 0'&ses e4#st! so#d s,3&" &nd #;,#d 2&te"/

AFTER STIRRIN s,3&" d#ssoes &nd t'e"e #s 9,st ONE #;,#d 0'&se/

5. THEORY OF "I3HT:

M&tte" &nd n&t,"e &nd (e'&#o," o. #3't #s #%0o"t&nt to ,nde"st&nd#n3 0'-s#$& 0"o0e"t#es #n t'e

e4&%#n&t#on o. .o"ens#$ e#den$e/5A. "igt As A /!,e:

/!,elengt: t'e d#st&n$e (et2een $"ests o. &d9&$ent 2&es/

o Des#3n&ted (- "ee) ette" L&%(d&

o Me&s,"ed #n n&no%ete"s

FreG0en+: t'e n,%(e" o. 2&es >$"ests o" t"o,3's? t'&t 0&ss & 3#en 0o#nt 0e" ,n#t o. t#%e/

o Des#3n&ted (- ette" F

o E40"essed #n $-$es 0e" se$ond >$0s?/

F"e;,en$- &nd 2&een3t' &"e in,ersel+ -ro-ortion!l to one &not'e"/o F$&%(d&

Dis-ersion: 0"o$ess o. se0&"&t#n3 #3't #nto $o%0onent $oo,"s

o Hod & 3&ss 0"#s% to2&"d s,n#3't &nd #t t"&ns.o"%s #nto $oo"s o. t'e "n(o2/

Re%r!tion: t'e (end#n3 o. & #3't2&e $&,sed (- & $'&n3e #n #ts eo$#t-/

o V#s#(e #3't ,s,&- t"&es &t & $onst&nt eo$#t- o. ne&"- = %##on %ete"s 0e" se$ond/

o On 0&ss#n3 t'"o,3' & 3&ss 0"#s% EACH $oo," $o%0onent o. #3't #s SLOWED to &

s0eed s#3't- di5erent ."o% t'ose o. t'e ot'e"s/RESU"T: C&,ses e&$' $o%0onent to BEND &t & d#e"ent &n3e &s #t e%e"3es ."o%

t'e 0"#s%/

Desri-tion o% "igt Consistent #it O;ser,!tion t!t S0;st!ne H!s Colo0r:

o W'en #3't 0&sses t'"o,3' & "ed 3&ss t'e 3&ss &(so"(s & t'e $o%0onent $oo,"s o.

#3't e4$e0t "ed 2'#$' 0&sses t'"o,3' o" #s t"&ns%#tted (- t'e 3&ss/o One $&n dete"%#ne t'e $oo" o. &n o0&;,e o(9e$t (- o(se"#n3 #ts &(##t- to &(so"( so%e

o. t'e $o%0onent $oo,"s o. #3't 2'#e "e:e$t#n3 ot'e"s (&$) to t'e e-e/

)isi;le "igt: $oo,"ed #3't "&n3#n3 ."o% "ed to #oet #n t'e ee$t"o%&3net#$ s0e$t",%/

o CO"OUR #s & #s,& #nd#$&t#on t'&t o(9e$ts &(so"( $e"tn 0o"t#ons o. #s#(e #3't &nd

t"&ns%#t o" "e:e$t ot'e"s/A--li!tion: ,se t'#s $on$e0t to $'&"&$te"#8e d#e"ent $'e%#$& s,(st&n$es (-

t'e t-0e &nd ;,&nt#t- o. #3't t'e- &(so"(/Eletro$!gneti S-etr0$:

• T'e ent#"e "&n3e o. "&d#&t#on ."o% t'e %ost ene"3et#$ $os%#$ "&-s to t'e e&st ene"3et#$

"&d#o2&es/

• V#s#(e #3't #s on- & SMALL 0o"t#on o. t'e ee$t"o%&3net#$ s0e$t",%/

• Eletro$!gneti #!,es:

o ALL t"&e &t t'e s0eed o. #3't/

o D#st#n3,#s'&(e (- t'e#" d#e"ent 2&een3t's o" ."e;,en$#es/

o Jr!+ t'e '#3'Jene"3- s'o"t 2&een3t' .o"% o. ee$t"o%&3net#$ "&d#&t#on/

o Jr!+ ,s r!dio #!,es on- d#e"ent #s t'e d#e"en$e #n ."e;,en$#es/

• )isi;le S-etr0$:

o T'e "&n3e o. $oo,"s t'&t %&)e ,0 t'e s0e$t",% $&n (e $o""e&ted 2#t' ."e;,en$-/

o "o#est FreG0enies: red &nd o2e" ."e;,en$- .& #nto t'e in,isi;le in%r!red @IR

regiono Higest FreG0enies: ,iolet &nd '#3'e" ."e;,en$- .& #nto t'e in,isi;le 0ltr!,iolet

@U) region.o No de6n#te (o,nd&"#es e4#st (et2een $oo,"s o" "e3#ons/


26/36

o E&$' "e3#on #s $o%0osed o. & continuous range o re


27/36

o On t'e %oon .o"$e o. 3"&#t- #s 1@ so -o," 2e#3't 2o,d (e = 0o,nds/

• *!ss: & CONSTANT 0"o0e"t- t'&t "e.e"s to t'e &%o,nt o. %&tte" &n o(9e$t $ontns/

o M&ss d#e"s ."o% 2e#3't (e$&,se #t "e.e"s to t'e !$o0nt o% $!tter &n o(9e$t $ontns

&nd #s independent o. #ts o$&t#on on e&"t' o" #n t'e ,n#e"se/o B!si 0nit gr!$s

o A--li!tion:

M&ss o. &n o(9e$t #s dete"%#ned (- $o%0&"#n3 #t &3nst t'e KNOWN %&ss o.

st&nd&"d o(9e$ts/ Co$-!rison -roess: 2e#3'#n3

Tools Used: 2e#3'ts

Res0lt: 2'en t'e t2o %&sses &"e e;,& e.t 0&n &nd "#3't 0&n #s &t t'e $ent"e

%&")/o Co$$on *etod Used: s#n3e0&n &n&-t#$& (&&n$e/

Ot'e" e"s#ons o. s#n3eJ0&n (&&n$es "e- on &n eletro$!gneti &eld to

3ene"&te & $,""ent to (&&n$e t'e .o"$e 0"ess#n3 do2n on t'e 0&n ."o% t'e s&%0e(e#n3 2e#3'ed/

• W'en t'e s$&e #s $&#("&ted t'e &%o,nt o. $,""ent needed to )ee0 t'e 0&n

(&&n$ed #s ,sed to dete"%#ne t'e WEIHT o. t'e s&%0e/

• T'e st"en3t' o. t'e $,""ent #s $one"ted to & digital readout /

o To0Jo&d#n3 (&&n$e! &$$,"&te to /13"&%

o An&-t#$& (&&n$e! &$$,"&te to /1 3"&%

• For$0l!: +=mgo g=&$$ee"&t#on #%0&"ted to & (od- (- t'e .o"$e o. 3"&#t-/

• Pro-ortion:

o We#3't o. & (od- #s DIRECTL PROPORTIONAL to #ts %&ss &"3e %&ss 2e#3's %o"e t'&n

& s%& %&ss/

• *etri S+ste$:

o M&ss o. &n o(9e$t #s &2&-s s0e$#6ed "&t'e" t'&n #ts 2e#3't/


28/36

DESCRIPTION: L#3't "&-s "e:e$ted ."o% t'e (& t"&e t'"o,3' t'e 2&te" &nd #nto

t'e " to "e&$' t'e e-e/ REFRACTION: W'en "&-s e&e 2&te" &nd ente" " eo$#t- $'&n3es &nd t'e-

(e$o%e "e."&$ted/ RESU"T: 2e t'#n) t'e (& #s -#n3 &t & '#3'e" 0o#nt t'&n #t &$t,&- #s (e$&,se 2e

&ss,%e #3't t"&es #n & st"'t #ne/

• Re%r!ti,e Inde: t'e "&t#o o. t'e s0eed o. #3't #n & &$,,% to #ts s0eed 3#en #n & %ed#,%/

o For$0l!: re%r!ti,e inde ,elocity of light in ,accm aCl/ "e."&$t & (e&% o. #3't #nto T/O di'erent ligtr!+ o$-onents DOUB"E REFRACTION.

• DOUB"E REFRACTION: "e:e$t & (e&% o. #3't #nto t2o d#e"ent #3'tJ"&- $o%0onents/

o !xam"le. crystal calcite

W'en $&$#te #s on & 0"#nted 0&3e o(se"e" sees TWO #%&3es o. e&$' 2o"d

$oe"ed/o E-l!n!tion:


29/36

T'e #3't "&-s t'&t $"e&te t'e DOBLE IMAE &"e "e."&$ted &t d#e"ent &n3es &nd

e&$' '&s & DIFFERENT Re."&$t#e Inde4 &,e/ RIs##$on o4#des? %#4ed 2#t'

&"#o,s %et& o4#des/o Sod! @sodi0$ !r;on!te &dded to o2e" #ts %et#n3 0o#nt &nd %&)e #t e&s#e" to 2o")

2#t'/o C!li0$ oide #s &dded to 0"eent sod&J#%e 3&ss ."o% d#sso#n3 #n 2&te"/

o APP"ICATION: Fo"ens#$ s$#ent#st #s ,s,&- &s)ed to &n&-8e sod&J#%e 3&ss 2'#$' ,sed

.o" %&n,.&$t,"#n3 %ost &indo& &nd #ottle glass/ T'#s %&n,.&$t,"#n3 0"o$ess 0"od,$es FLAT LASS t-0#$&- ,sed .o" 2#ndo2s &nd

#s $&ed F$OT 1$SS/

• Add d#e"ent %et& o4#des to %&)e & &"#et- o. s0e$#& 3&sses/

•Sod!"i$e 3l!ss:

o Contn %et& o4#des o. sod#,% $&$#,% %&3nes#,% &nd &,%#n,%/

• Borosili!tes:

o OJIDE: Add (o"on o4#de

o NA*E: &ss s,$' &s PREX/

o EJA*P"E: C&" 'e&d#3'ts &nd 'e&tJ"es#st&nt 3&ss/

• Te$-ered 3l!ss:

o De&nition: &ss to 2'#$' st"en3t' #s &dded (- #nt"od,$#n3 st"ess t'"o,3' "&0#d 'e&t#n3

&nd $oo#n3 o. 3&ss s,".&$es/o P0r-ose: s&.et- .e&t,"e so 2'en 3&ss ("e&)s #t doesn+t s'&tte" (,t FRAMENTS >d#$es?

#nto s%& s;,&"es 2#t' #tte s0#nte"#n3/o A--li!tion: ,sed #n s#de &nd "e&" 2#ndo2s o. $&"s #n /S/

• "!$in!ted 3l!ss:

o De&nition: T2o s'eets o. o"d#n&"- 3&ss (o,nded to3et'e" 2#t' & 0&st#$ t"#%/

De"#es #ts STRENTH (- s&nd2#$'#n3 one &-e" o. 0&st#$ (et2een t2o 0#e$es o.

o"d#n&"- 3&ss/B. Co$-!ring 3l!ss Fr!g$ents:

• *ETHOD: 6nd#n3 &nd %e&s,"#n3 t'e 0"o0e"t#es t'&t 2# &sso$#&te one ."&3%ent 2#t' &not'e"

2'#e %#n#%#8#n3 o" e#%#n&t#n3 t'e 0oss#(e e4#sten$e o. ot'e" so,"$es/

• A--li!tion: 3&ss 0ossesses #ts 3"e&test EVIDENTIAL VALE 2'en #t $&n (e #nd##d,&#8ed to

ONE SORCE/o T'#s $&n on- (e %&de 2'en ."&3%ents &"e &sse%(ed &nd 6tted to3et'e"/

• PROCESS:

o Co%0&"#sons o. t'#s t-0e "e;,#"e piecing toget-er 7??;G)@A? ;DG;( o. ("o)en 3&ss AND

matc-ing all irregularities and striations on t'e ("o)en s,".&$es/

T'e 0oss#(##t- t'&t t2o 0#e$es o. 3&ss o"#3#n&t#n3 ."o% DIFFERENT SORCES 2#6t to3et'e" #s SO NLIKLE &s to e4$,de & ot'e" so,"$es ."o% PRACTICALCONSIDERATION/

• "I*ITATIONS:

o Most 3&ss e#den$e #s TOO ."&3%ent&"- o" TOO %#n,te to 0e"%#t & $o%0&"#son o. t'#s

t-0e/o T'e 3ene"& CHEMICAL COMPOSITION o. &"#o,s 3&ss 2#ndo2s &"e .o,nd to (e

RELATIVEL NIFORM &%on3 &"#o,s %&n,.&$t,e"es &nd t',s oe"s NO BASIS FORINDIVIDALIATION/

o CANNOT INDI)IDUA"IKE 3"ASSLLLL

SUCCESS:


30/36

o TRACE ELEMENTS 0"esent #n 3&ss $&n 0"oe to (e distinti,e &nd $e!s0r!;le

!r!teristis/

CHARACTERIKIN3 3"ASS PARTIC"ES – DENSITY AND RI:

o P+si!l -ro-erties o% density &nd refracti,e indexes &"e ,sed .o" CHARACTERIIN

LASS PARTICLES/o "I*ITATION: T'ese 0"o0e"t#es &"e C"ASS $'&"&$te"#st#$s &nd CAO: 0"o#de $"#te"#& .o"

#nd##d,&#8#n3 & $o%%on so,"$e/o BENEFIT: 3#e &n&-st eno,3' d&t& to e&,&te t'e s#3n#6$&n$e o. & 3&ss $o%0&"#son/

BS!'C! o. o$-!r!;le densit+ &nd re%r!ti,e inde 2# e4$,de 3&ss

."&3%ents t'&t o"#3#n&te ."o% DIFFERENT so,"$es/C. *e!s0ring !nd Co$-!ring Densit+:

• RECA"": So#d 0&"t#$e 2# e#t'e" :o&t s#n) o" "e%n s,s0ended #n & #;,#d DEPENDIN on its

density relati"e to t-e lis##$one o#? &nd 'e&ted &t "&te o. 8.( degrees

Celsi0s -er $in0te ,nt# t'e %&t$' 0o#nt #s "e&$'ed/o Con&r$!tion: W'en t'e RI #s EAL t'e"e #s t'e d#s&00e&"&n$e o. t'e B!C2! $I'!

Be6e "ine: & ("#3't '&o o(se"ed ne&" t'e (o"de" o. & 0&"t#$e #%%e"sed #n &#;,#d o. & DIFFERENT "e."&$t#e #nde4/Dis!--e!r!ne o% Be6e "ine: #nd#$&tes MINIMM $ont"&st (et2een t'e 3&ss

&nd t'e #;,#d %ed#,%/

Res0lt: %ed#,% &nd ."&3%ent '&e s#%#&" "e."&$t#e #nd#$es &t t'#s 0o#nt/

o A%ter Con&r$!tion:

O(se"e t'e d#s&00e&"&n$e o. Be$)e #ne t'&t &"e #,%#n&ted 2#t' Sod#,% D #3't

o" &t ot'e" 2&een3t's o. #3't/RESU"T:

I. & ot'e" 3&ss ."&3%ents '&e s#%#&" %&t$'0o#nts CONCLSION! t'e-

'&e s#%#&" "e."&$t#e #nd#$es/


31/36

E4&%#ne" $&n dete"%#ne t'e "e."&$t#e #nde4 &,e o. t'e #%%e"s#on :,#d

&s #t $'&n3es 2#t' te%0e"&t,"e/o RESLT! t'e e4&$t n,%e"#$& &,e o. t'e 3&ss "e."&$t#e #nde4 $&n

(e $&$,&ted &t t'e %&t$' 0o#nt te%0e"&t,"e/

"I*ITATIONSACCURACY:

o L#)e 2#t' dens#t- & s#n3e s'eet o. 0&te 3&ss %&- NOT '&e & ,n#.o"% "e."&$t#e #nde4

&,e/A$$,"&$-! &,es &"- &s %,$' &s /


32/36

As )eloit+ Dere!ses: t'e #""e3,&"#t- o. t'e s'&0e o. t'e 'oe &nd #ts

s,""o,nd#n3 $"&$)s INCREASES/

• Res0lt"i$it!tion: &t so%e 0o#nt t'e 'oe s'&0e 2# NOT 'e0 dete"%#ne

d#"e$t#on o. #%0&$t/o At tis -oint e!$ining r!di!l !nd onentri %r!t0re lines

$!+ el- deter$ine diretion o% i$-!t.

• Fire!r$ Diretion o% I$-!t B+ E!$ining R!di!l And Conentri Fr!t0re "ines:

o 1. ?adial and Concentric Cracs re"eal stress mar3ings +-ose s-ape can %e related to

t-e (7D; on +-ic- t-e +indo+ frst craced. E-l!n!tion: 2'en & .o"$e 0,s'es on ONE s#de o. & 0&ne o. 3&ss t'e e&st#$#t- o.

t'e 3&ss 0e"%#ts #t to (end #n t'e d#"e$t#on o. t'e .o"$e &00#ed/

• On$e t'e #%#t #s e4$eeded t'e 3&ss (e3#ns to $"&$)/

O;ser,!tion:

• First Fr!t0re: .o"%s on t'e s,".&$e OPPOSITE t'&t o. t'e 0enet"&t#n3

.o"$e &nd deeo0 #nto radial lines/

• Contin0ed Fore: T'en $ont#n,ed %ot#on o. .o"$e 0&$es tens#on on t'e

."ont s,".&$e o. t'e 3&ss "es,t#n3 #n t'e .o"%&t#on o. concentric cracs/o 4. (tress *ars>

S'&0ed #)e !res/

• Pe"0end#$,&" to one 3&ss s,".&$e/

• C,"ed ne&"- 0&"&e to t'e o00os#te s,".&$e/

I$-ort!ne: 0e"0end#$,&" ed3e ALWAS .&$e t'e s,".&$e on 2'#$' t'e $"&$)o"#3#n&ted/

• Conl0sion – R!di!l Cr!6s:

o W'en e4&%#n#n3 st"ess %&")s on t'e ed3e o. & "&d#& $"&$) ne&" t'e

0o#nt o. #%0&$t t'e 0e"0end#$,&" end #s ALWAS .o,nd OPPOSITE to t'e s#de ."o% 2'#$' t'e .o"$e o. #%0&$t 2&s &00#ed/

• Conl0sion – Conentri Fr!t0re:

o T'e 0e"0end#$,&" end 2# ALWAS %!e t'e s,".&$e on 2'#$' t'e

.o"$e o"#3#n&ted/

• RESU"T – 5 R RU"E:

o R!di!l $"&$)s ."o% & Rigt &n3e on t'e Re,erse s#de o. t'e .o"$e/

A--li!tion: dete"%#ne 2'#$' s#de on & 2#ndo2 2&s ("o)en/

"I*ITATIONS: !nnot ;e !--lied to te$-ered gl!ss ;e!0se need-resene o% onentri %rt0res !nd r!di!l r!6s.

• *0lti-le Penetr!tions o% 3l!ss:

o W'en t'e"e '&e (een s,$$ess#e 0enet"&t#ons o. 3&ss #t #s 0oss#(e to dete"%#ne t'e

se;,en$e/o HO/: A ."&$t,"e &2&-s TERMINATES &t &n e4#st#n3 #ne o. ."&$t,"e/

Se$ond #%0&$t+s "&d#& #nes te"%#n&te &t $"&$)s o. t'e .o"%e" #%0&$t+s "&d#& #nes/

P3 1=73. Colletion !nd Preser,!tion o% 3l!ss E,idene:

• P0r-ose: #nd##d,&#8e t'e ."&3%ent to & $o%%on so,"$e een #. t'e"e #s on- & "e%ote

0oss#(##t-/

• E!$-le:

o Coe$t#n3 ."&3%ents ."o% & '#tJ&ndJ",n ."o% t'e 'e&d#3't &nd "e:e$to" enses

1/ C&n 0&$e & s,s0e$t e'#$e &t &$$#dent


33/36

Ao#d "e%o#n3 ."o% 3&"%ent ,ness &(so,te- ne$ess&"- .o" 0"ese"&t#on/

• S0;$ission %or An!l+sis:

o W'en d#"e$t#on o. #%0&$t dete"%#ned & ("o)en 3&ss %,st (e "e$oe"ed &nd s,(%#tted

.o" &n&-s#s/o E4te"#o" &nd #nte"#o" s,".&$es %,st (e INDICATED/

W'en not 0oss#(e 0"esen$e o. d#"t 0nt 3"e&se o" 0,tt- %&- #nd#$&te t'e

e4te"#o" s,".&$e o. t'e 3&ss/

CHAPTER – DRU3S:N!rotis: %ost $o%%on so,"$e #s o0#,%/ Mo"0'#ne #s e4t"&$ted ."o% o0#,% &nd ,sed to %&)e 'e"o#n/O-i!tes: not de"#ed ."o% o0#,% o" %o"0'#ne (,t '&e t'e s&%e 0'-s#oo3#$& ee$ts/ Met'&done &ndO4-$ont#n>o4-$odone?/H!ll0inogens: $&,se %&")ed $'&n3es #n no"%& t'o,3't 0"o$ess 0e"$e0t#on &nd %oods/ M&"#9,&n&LSD PCP MDMA >E4t&$-?/De-ress!nts: de$"e&ses t'e &$t##t- o. t'e CNS/ C&% #""#t&(##t- &nd e4$#t&(##t- &nd 0"od,$e see0/A$o'o (&"(#t,"&tes t"&n;,##8e"s >;,&#ne? &nd s,(st&n$es t'&t $&n (e sn#ed s,$' &s "0&ne 3,e&nd %ode $e%ent/Sti$0l!nts: #n$"e&se t'e &$t##t- o. t'e CNS/ In$"e&se &e"tness &nd &$t##t-/ A%0'et&%#nes ,00e"s o"s0eed $o$ne/Cl0; Dr0gs: s-nt'et#$ d",3s ,sed &t n#3't$,(s/ So%e &$t #)e st#%,&nts so%e #)e de0"ess&nts/An!;oli Steroids: s-nt'et#$ $o%0o,nds $'e%#$&- "e&ted to %&e se4 'o"%one testoste"one/ sed.o" %,s$e 3"o2t' #e3&-/

1. An!l+sis – ( -!ses: Sreening !nd Con&r$!tion:Sreening: & 0"e#%#n&"- test ,sed to "ed,$e t'e n,%(e" o. 0oss#(e #dent#t#es o. &n ,n)no2ns,(st&n$e/

• S,(9e$t %&te"#& to & se"#es o. olo0r tests t'&t 0"od,$e $'&"&$te"#st#$ $oo,"s 2'en en$o,nte"

##$#t d",3s/

• Een #. t'ese tests 0"od,$e ne3&t#e "es,ts t'e#" &,e #es #n '&#n3 e4$,ded $e"tn d",3s/

Con&r$!tion: & s#n3e test t'&t s0e$#6$&- #dent#6es & s,(st&n$e/

• Cons#sts o. & se"#es o. nons0e$#6$ o" 0"es,%0t#e tests t'&t TOETHER 0"oe & d",3+s #dent#t-/

• ,&#t&t#e dete"%#n&t#on! #dent#t- o. %&te"#&

• ,&nt#t&t#e dete"%#n&t#on! 0e"$ent&3e $o%(#n&t#on o. $o%0onents o. & %#4t,"e/

Colo0r Tests: ,se., .o" s$"een#n3 0,"0oses &nd NEVER t&)en &s $on$,s#e #dent#6$&t#on o. ,n)no2n

d",3s/• *!rG0is @*: t,"ns 0,"0e #n 0"esen$e o. 'e"o#n/ O"&n3e ("o2n #n 0"esen$e o. &%0'et&%#ne

&nd %et'&%0'et&%#ne/

• Dillies9o--!n+i @D9: t,"ns #oetJ(,e .o" (&"(#t,"&tes/

• D0G0enois"e,ine @D": t,"ns 0,"0e 2'en $'o"o.o"% #s &dded to %&"#9,&n&/

• )!n Ur6 @)U: t,"ns (,eJ0,"0e .o" LSD/

• Sott Test @ST: (,e .o" $o$ne/ T,"ns 0#n) .o" $o$ne 2'en HCL &dded &nd (,e "e&00e&"s #n

$'o"o.o"% &-e"/

(. *iror+st!lline Test:

• A test t'&t #dent#6es & s0e$#6$ s,(st&n$e (&sed on t'e $oo," &nd s'&0e o. CRSTALS .o"%ed

2'en t'e s,(st&n$e #s %#4ed 2#t' s0e$#6$ "e&3ents/

• Res,ts s'o2 $'&"&$te"#st#$ .o" one d",3 #dent#6$&t#on/

5. Cro$!togr!-+: SEPARATE AND TENTATI)E"Y IDENTIFY CO*PONENTS.

An- o. see"& &n&-t#$& te$'n#;,es .o" se0&"&t#n3 o"3&n#$ %#4t,"es #nto t'e#" $o%0onents (-

&tt"&$t#on to & st&t#on&"- 0'&se 2'#e (e#n3 0"o0eed (- & %o#n3 0'&se/

C'e%#$& s,(st&n$es tend to 0&"t#&- es$&0e #nto s,""o,nd#n3 en#"on%ent 2'en d#ssoed #n &

#;,#d o" 2'en &(so"(ed on & so#d s,".&$e/

INABILIT to 0"od,$e s0e$#6$ #dent#6$&t#on/

5A. Tin"!+er Cro$!togr!-+:

Co%0onents &"e se0&"&ted &s t'e- t"&e ,0 & 3&ss 0&te eent,&- &00e&"#n3 &s & se"#es o.

d&") $oo,"ed s0ots on t'e 0&te/


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T'#s #s t'en $o%0&"ed to & st&nd&"d s&%0e o. & s0e$#6$ d",3 s,$' &s 'e"o#n &nd & s0ots %,st

(e &#3ned/

ses & so#d st&t#on&"- 0'&se >$o&ted onto 3&ss 0&te? &nd & %o(#e #;,#d 0'&se to se0&"&te t'e

$o%0onents/5B. 3!s Cro$!togr!-+:

• Se0&"&tes %#4t,"es (&sed on t'e#" d#st"#(,t#on ees (et2een st&t#on&"- #;,#d 0'&se &nd &

%o#n3 3&s 0'&se/

• St&t#on&"- 0'&se #s & t'#n 6% o. #;,#d 2#t'#n t'e $o,%n/

•

As t'e $&""#e" 3&s :o2s t'"o,3' t'e 0&$)ed o" $&0#&"- $o,%n #t $&""#es 2#t' #t t'e $o%0onentso. & %#4t,"e t'&t '&e (een #n9e$ted #nto t'e $o,%n/

• RETENTION TI*E: T#%e "e;,#"ed .o" & $o%0onent to e%e"3e ."o% t'e $o,%n ."o% t'e t#%e o.

#ts #n9e$t#on #nto t'e $o,%n e"- ,se., identi%+ing !r!teristi o. & %&te"#&/


35/36

CHAPTER – FORENSIC TOJICO"O3Y:FI/ST %SS !FF!CT. B"e&)do2n o. d",3 (- #e" en8-%es/

• To (-0&ss #t #n$"e&se dos&3e 0,t #t ,nde" ton3,e o" #n9e$t #t so #t 3oes "#3't #nto (oodst"e&%

&nd #nto ("n/3ener!l In%or$!tion:

• A$o'o &00e&"s #n t'e (ood 2#t'#n %#n,tes &.te" #t '&s (een t&)en (- %o,t'/ It so2- #n$"e&ses

#n $on$ent"&t#on 2'#e #t #s (e#n3 &(so"(ed ."o% t'e sto%&$' &nd t'e s%& #ntest#ne #nto t'e

(oodst"e&%/• W'en & o. t'e &$o'o '&s (een &(so"(ed & %&4#%,% &$o'o ee #s "e&$'ed #n t'e (ood &nd

t'e 0ost&(so"0t#on 0e"#od (e3#ns/

• D,"#n3 0ost&(so"0t#on t'e &$o'o $on$ent"&t#on so2- de$"e&ses ,nt# & 8e"o ee #s "e&$'ed/

• E#%#n&t#on o. &$o'o t'"o,3'o,t t'e (od- #s &$$o%0#s'ed t'"o,3' o4#d&t#on &nd e4$"et#on/

O4#d&t#on t&)es 0&$e &%ost ent#"e- #n t'e #e" 2'#e &$o'o #s e4$"eted ,n$'&n3ed #n t'e("e&t' ,"#ne &nd 0e"s0#"&t#on/

• B"e&t' test#n3 de#$es o0e"&te on t'e 0"#n$#0e t'&t t'e "&t#o (et2een t'e $on$ent"&t#on o.

&$o'o #n !l,eol!r ;re!t &nd #ts $on$ent"&t#on #n (ood #s &ed/1. Bre!t Testing For Alool:

• Me&s,"es &$o'o $ontent o. &eo&" ("e&t'/

• De#$e ,ses .,e $e dete$to"s 2'#$' #noe & $'e%#$& "e&$t#on o. &$o'o 0"od,$#n3 ee$t"#$#t-/

(. Field So;riet+ Testing:• Se"#es o. 0s-$'o0'-s#$& tests &nd & 0"e#%#n&"- ("e&t' test/

5. Blood An!l+sis %or Alool:

• 1. 3!s ro$!togr!-+ dete"%#nes &$o'o ees #n (ood/

o Co%0&"e "es,t&nt &$o'o 0e&) &"e& to ones o(tned 2#t' )no2n (oodJ&$o'o

st&nd&"ds/o H#3' de3"ee o. &$$,"&$-/

• (. Aet+l!lde+de:

o C&""#ed o,t #n 0"esen$e o. en8-%e &$o'o de'-d"o3en&se &nd NAD/

o As "e&$t#on o$$,"s NAD $one"ted to NADH/

o E4tent o. $one"s#on #s %e&s,"ed (- s-etro-oto$eter &nd "e&ted to &$o'o

$on$ent"&t#on/5A. Colletion !nd Preser,!tion o% Blood:

• Add#t#on o. !ntio!g0l!nt @EDTA OR -ot!ssi0$ o!l!te 0"eents $ott#n3/

• Add#t#on o. -reser,!ti,e @sodi0$ 70oride #n'#(#ts 3"o2t' o. %#$"oo"3&n#s%s $&0&(e o.

dest"o-#n3 &$o'o/

• BoodJ&$o'o ees &tt"#(,ted soe- to &$o'o $ons,%0t#on s'o,d "es,t #n ne&"- s#%#&"

"es,ts .o" & (ood s&%0es ."o% t'e s&%e 0e"son/

• F,"e to &d'e"e to &n- 0"ese"&t#on "e;,#"e%ent 2o")s to t'e (ene6t o. t'e s,s0e$t &nd to t'e

dete"#%ent o. so$#et-/Proed0re:

1/ E4t"&$t#on &t &00"o0"#&te 0H de0end#n3 on #. s&%0e #s & (&se o" &$#d/

3"o2t' "&te o. 1$%%ont'? de6nes t#%e#ne .o" d",3 &(,se d&t#n3 #t (&$) oe"

2ee)s %ont's o" een -e&"s de0end#n3 on en3t' o. '"/

• As '" 3"o2s d",3+s o$&t#on on '" s'&.t (e$o%es & %&")e" .o" de#ne&t#n3 d",3 #nt&)e/

• D",3 #n (ood


36/36

. Deteting Nondr0g Poisons:

• 1. He!,+ *et!ls:

o s,&- #n 'o%#$#des/ >&nt#%on- %e"$,"- t'&#,% &"sen#$ (#s%,t'?

o REINSCH TEST: D#ssoe t'e s,s0e$t (od- :,#d o" t#ss,e #n HCL &nd #nse"t $o00e" st"#0

#nto so,t#on/ S#e"- o" d&") $o&t#n3 on t'e $o00e" #nd#$&tes 0"esen$e o. 'e&- %et&/

• (. C!r;on *onoide:

o 1/ S0e$t"o0'oto%et"#$ %et'ods %e&s,"e $on$ent"&t#on o. CO #n (ood/

o