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for the instructorPart 1 covers transportation energy and
home heating alternativesstart slide show with next slide
Energy
Energy ProductionWhat traditional sources of energy are utilized?
What are some disadvantages of these sources?
What alternatives exist for energy production.
Traditional sources of Modern Energy
Petroleum based fuels (gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel, kerosene, etc.)
Coal
Natural gas
Percentages of Total Energy World-wide and for the U.S.
Energy use in US
From the US Energy Information Administration
Alternative Sources of EnergyAutomotive & Truck (Transportation)Electrical batteryHydrogenSolar & batteryAlternative sources of gasoline-type fuels
(ethanol based)Alternative sources of diesel-type fuels
(algae, etc.)
Transportation Energy AlternativesAutomobiles I – Non-petroleum fuelAdvantages of alternative energy vehicles:Represents existing technology71% of petroleum used in the U.S. is utilized
for gasoline, diesel and jet fuel.Some alternative energy vehicles maybe
carbon neutral, and thus not produce CO2 as a waste
Transportation Energy AlternativesAutomobiles I – Non-petroleum fuelDisadvantages:
Currently all non-combustion vehicles are more expensive than their combustion counter-parts
There are infrastructure modifications necessary to have many types of these cars usable nation-wide
Two of the alternatives; hydrogen and battery vehicles have a number of technological issues to have them be cost-effective
Transportation Energy AlternativesAutomobiles II – Battery Powered Cars
Chrysler Envi
Battery powered cars themselves have zero emissions
However the source of the electricity can still be a problem regarding CO2 emissions and the global climate.
Transportation Energy AlternativesAutomobiles II – Battery Powered Cars
Utilizing nickel-hydride & lithium ion batteries has lightened the weight of vehicle batteries, however battery-only cars probably still need to use the heavier lead-acid batteries.
Nissan’s Leaf
Between battery powered cars & combustion are hybrid vehicles
Battery production does involve energy and other environmental impacts (including mining and disposal issues)
Transportation Energy AlternativesAutomobiles III – Hydrogen Powered Cars
Honda FCX
Hydrogen vehicles by definition emit only water vapor.
Costs for hydrogen vehicles has remained relatively high, though technological innovation should bring this cost down.
Transportation Energy AlternativesAutomobiles III – Hydrogen Powered Cars
GM Sequel
Current filling station infrastructure under consideration involves using natural gas as the hydrogen source, rather than dissociation of water.
Transportation Energy AlternativesAutomobiles IV – Alternative Fuels
There are a number of alternative fuel sources that are available as a alternative to petroleum fuels (or other fossil fuels; natural gas, etc.)
These alternatives include the following fuel sourcesCorn, sugar cane or sugar beets to ethanolCellulosic fuel sources to ethanol (switch
grass, willow, etc.)Algae and other lipid sources for diesel
Transportation Energy AlternativesAutomobiles IV – Alternative Fuels
Not all of these sources are necessarily carbon neutral in terms of CO2 in the atmosphere
Usage may increase the cost of food worldwide
Any increase in the amount of CO2 to the atmosphere is due to fossil fuel in producing fertilizer or to plant & harvest the crop
Alternative Sources of EnergyHeating (homes & buildings)Passive heatingGeothermal
Heating Energy AlternativesPassive Heating
Utilization of solar radiation to heat water, and heat or cool indoor space.
For domestic water heating this process is best suited for regions south of Pennsylvania.
Heating Energy AlternativesHomes/Buildings IThermal (passive) heating for buildings involves utilizing construction materials that store solar radiation, and thereby absorbing solar radiation
during the day and radiating that heat during the night.
Involves increased construction costs that are off-set by lowering heating & cooling costs.
Geothermal Energy AlternativesGeothermal energy utilizes higher
temperatures within the Earth to heat water to either heat buildings or generate electricity.
Geothermal Energy AlternativesGeothermal energy utilizes higher
temperatures within the Earth to heat water to either heat buildings or generate electricity.
Advantages of geothermal energy:Represents an existing technologyDoes not generate any CO2 as a wasteThey are relatively cheap to operate (<½
coal)
Geothermal Energy AlternativesAdvantages of geothermal energy:
Represents an existing technologyDoes not generate any CO2 as a wasteThey are relatively cheap to operate (<½
coal)Disadvantages:
For large scale electricity generation it is restricted to areas that are volcanically active
Geothermal facilities are relatively expensive to build
Geothermal energy facilities are relatively large and with their piping systems they can cover an even larger area
Geothermal Energy ILarge-scale geothermal plants have large ‘foot-prints’, and are located in regions that are volcanically active.
Countries with large-scale geothermal operations include; Iceland, New Zealand, Costa Rica, Kenya, El Salvador, & The Philippines. The largest group of plants are located in California (The Geysers).
Geothermal Energy IIHome heating applications utilize at heat exchanger that allows an exchange of warm or cold water (depending on the season) to preheat or cool water for home heating and air conditioning.
This type of system is very cost efficient to run
However installation costs (including drilling of closed-loop system in the ground) generally runs in the $20,000 to $30,000 range.