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Expert Group Meeting,
New Delhi
1
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Progressive Control Pathway for
control of foot and mouth disease
(PCP-FMD) in South Asia
Mohinder Oberoi
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD and Regional Support Unit
Kathmandu, Nepal 1
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Expert Group Meeting,
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2
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Rationale to embark on PCP-FMD
Increased production capacity of livestock is
impeded by constant threat of FMD and other
TADs
Intensive animal production in urban and peri-
urban areas is increasingly being practiced to meet
the increasing urban population
Progressive control of priority TADs including
FMD is a prerequisite to meet future demand
2
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Expert Group Meeting,
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Estimated economic losses due to FMD
India
Direct losses estimated to be more than Rs. 20,000 crore (4.45
Billion USD) per year
Losses due to Trade barrier could be much more as milk and milk
products, meat and hide are not accepted by countries free from
the disease
Bangladesh
Estimated loss 500 crore Taka (≈60 m USD)
Bhutan
Around 20% of the budget for drugs and vaccine is spent on FMD
vaccine, apart from other expenses of vaccination and response
activities
Nepal
Roughly estimated economic loss of USD 66 m 3
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Expert Group Meeting,
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4
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
4
What is common in South Asia
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Background
All the countries in the SAARC region fall in the low-income
category
Over 80% of the poor are associated with agriculture
production derived from predominantly a mixed crop-
livestock farming system
Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) such as foot and
mouth disease (FMD), peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and
highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) are collectively
responsible for jeopardising food security, trade and market
opportunities in South Asia
These diseases also have the greatest negative impact on the
livelihoods of the smallholder livestock farmers 5
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Species Type India
Bangla
desh Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Afghanistan Total
Buffalo
Dairy 100 1 20 3 0.1 0.63 131.53
Meat
1
5
0.8
Cattle
Dairy 185 22 23 7 0.34 1.1 240.44
Meat 2
Sheep
Meat 58 6 37 3.5 0.25 0.5 105.25
Wool
Goat
Meat 120 30 40 4 0.25 194.25
Dairy
Pigs
Meat 13 0.15 0.95 0.41 0.67 15.18
Wild
Camels
Draught
Milk
Yaks
Milk
6
FMD at risk population (Numbers in millions)
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
1
2 3
5
4
6
7
Common FMD virus gene pool-2
7
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8
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
O- Ind2001d
A- Iran-05 AFG-07
O- Ind2001
O- Ind2001
O- Pan Asia 2
O-India2001
O-Pan Asia1 & 2 Branch C-II
A-VII non deletion & VP3 59
deletion
Asia 1- Lineage C
The FMD virus serotypes detected in 2010
Prepared by Regional Epidemiology Centre from WRL and PD-FMD reports 8
O- Pan Asia 2 ANT-10
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
FMDV types detected in 2010 Serotype O
Country Topotype Lineage sublineage
Bangladesh, Bhutan
Nepal
ME-SA Ind2001 lineage
Ind2001d lineage for Nepal
India
ME-SA Ind2001 lineage, some Pan Asia1 and Branch C-
II
Afghanistan, Pakistan ME-SA Pan Asia 2 ANT-10
Srilanka ME-SA Pan Asia 2
Serotype A
Country Topotype Lineage
India genotype VII non deletion and VP359 deletion
Afghanistan, Pakistan Asia Iran-05AFG-07
Serotype Asia 1
Country Topotype Lineage
India lineage C
Source: OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report, 2010 9
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10
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
The FMD virus serotypes in North-East India and
neighbouring countries in 2010
10
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11
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Possibility of a common Vaccine across South Asia
Source: OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report, 2010
Serotype Internationally available Locally produced (in India)
O O1 Manisa IND R2/75*
A A Iran 05, A22 Iraq IND 40/2000*, Turkey 1/2006 (A Iran 05 lineage)
Asia 1 Shamir IND 63/72*
* Trivalent vaccine comprising the three strains is nationally mandated and produced in
India
Vaccine matching studies indicate the vaccine strains that may be suitable
for use in the region include
11
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12
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Initiatives for Regional Coordination in the
control of FMD
12
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13
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Regional coordination
The need for regional road maps for
better management of TADs was
discussed at SAARC CVOs meeting
in 2008
A high level meeting of the SAARC
member countries held in January
2011 in Bangkok, Thailand also
agreed to move forward with
developing regional road maps for
disease control
13
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Expert Group Meeting,
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14
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
SAARC Regional Leading Diagnostic Laboratory has been identified at PD-FMD, Mukteswar, India
Consultation for establishing a network of Regional Leading Diagnostic Laboratories in South Asia was held in 2011
Workshops to discuss the foot and mouth disease-progressive control pathway (PCP-FMD) were held in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka to identify future needs, movement control and surveillance, and vaccine availability and field experiences
• Foot and Mouth Disease Laboratory Trainings held with a view of harmonization of diagnostic protocols and diagnostic reagents and strengthen laboratory networks
14
Regional Leading Diagnostic Laboratory
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15
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
15
Support to member States
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16
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
• The Regional Support Unit/Regional
Epidemiology Centre, FAO Nepal
assisted Government of Bangladesh to
review the FMD situation and discuss
the modalities of developing PCP
strategy in June 2011
– Draft document has been
compiled
16
Bangladesh
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
• A laboratory expert from Regional Leading Diagnostic Laboratory on
FMD was fielded to Bhutan in November 2011
• To assess the laboratory capacity in Bhutan in terms of FMD
diagnosis especially the use of ELISAs and setting up of
conventional PCR facilities for FMD diagnosis
• To advise on the laboratory improvements and techniques
for epidemiological analysis relating to major disease control
• To provide laboratory bench training for the staff involved in
FMD diagnosis using ELISA (LPBE, NSP) and PCR
17
Bhutan
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Expert Group Meeting,
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18
FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Laboratory training on foot and mouth disease
Two rounds of Laboratory training on foot
and mouth disease diagnosis was conducted
at SAARC Regional Leading Diagnostic
Laboratory on foot and mouth disease,
Mukteswar, India
•The following materials were provided
• Manual of techniques provided to
participants
• Kits for Typing ELISA reagent for
testing 500 clinical samples.
• LPB ELISA reagent for testing
3000 serum samples
• DIVA ELISA reagent for testing
900 serum samples
• Coating capsule and OPD substrate
buffer tablets
• ELISA Plate
• Finntip and Finnpipette Stepper
18
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
19
Laboratory Directors meet and agree for proficiency
testing
In a workshop, roles and responsibilities of the Regional Leading
Diagnostic Laboratories were discussed and agreed among laboratories
with regards to capacity building, quality management to ensure
compliance to international standards
The Leading Laboratories, in addition to providing confirmatory
diagnostic facility, are expected to form and coordinate a network of
national diagnostic laboratories. The networking activities that will also
include proficiency testing programs will be supported by the
international OIE and FAO reference laboratories like World
Reference Laboratory, Pirbright, Australian Animal Health Laboratory,
Geelong, Australia and High Security Animal Disease Laboratory,
Bhopal, India.
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
20
Outcomes of SAARC Regional Workshop held in
November 2011 to take stock of the situation
Where we are with PCP-FMD
2012-2020
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
21
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Plan to study epidemiology and
impact
1. Value chain analysis
2. FMD distribution & hypothesis
3. Socio-economic impact
4. Circulating strains
5. Strengthening Veterinary
Services
6. Commitment to regional
approach
7. Identification of "Hotspots"
8. Strategic FMD control plan
Overview of achievements of
minimum requirements for
PCP-FMD Stage 1, in 2011
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Plan to study epidemiology
and impact
1. Value chain analysis
2. FMD distribution &
hypothesis
3. Socio-economic impact
4. Circulating strains
5. Strengthening Veterinary
Services
7. Identification of "Hotspots"
8. Strategic FMD control plan
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Nepal
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Overview of recommended
achievements for PCP-FMD
Stage 1, in 2011
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
PCP-FMD status in SAARC countries-2011-2020
* Afghanistan and Pakistan are participating in the West Eurasia roadmap
22
Country 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Afghanistan* 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4
Bangladesh 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3
Bhutan 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3
India 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
Nepal 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3
Pakistan* 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
Sri Lanka 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
2012 2013
2014 2015
PCP-FMD Stages
23
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
2017-2018
2019
2016
2020
PCP-FMD Stages
24
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
In the SAARC region India has the most advanced plans for
embarking on FMD control
Other countries are committed towards the same goal and are
at different stages of progressive control pathway (PCP)
Afghanistan and Pakistan already have linkages with Eurasian
programme
However there is increasing need for regional cooperation for
Epidemiology, Surveillance and early warning system
Regulatory policies and plans for diagnosis and control
Awareness programmes 25
Overall main observations
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Conclusions and recommendations
26
1. Countries continue to use the PCP-FMD principles and tools for
planning, implementation and assessment of their national FMD
control strategy
2. Countries adhere to the regional roadmap developed during the
workshop, by meeting yearly and presenting progress (and setbacks) on
FMD control to the regional forum
3. To establish a SAARC FMD-working group (FMD-WG) with the
objective to safeguard a consistent approach for regional FMD control
and to monitor regional progress of FMD control.
4. Regional workshops are organized to address issues such as
biosecurity, risk communication, rapid response at borders, animal
movement management and quarantine, trace back and forward.
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Conclusions and recommendations
27
5. There is need to start by having a coherent FMD control strategy
6. Government is at all times responsible for the quality of the vaccine used for
FMD control
7. While moving up in PCP-FMD Stage 1, countries may consider preparing
financially for Stage 2. This is necessary to guarantee that governmental
budget plans accommodate for the implementation of multi-annual FMD
control
8. Strategic plans need to include budget lines and planning matrices to garner
donor support
9. The RLDL (Mukteswar – India) Strengthens the diagnostic capacity of
national laboratories through:
9.1. schemes of proficiency testing
9.2. training on the production of diagnostic reagents
9.3. training on vaccine matching and post-vaccination
surveillance studies
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
Conclusions and recommendations
28
10. Surveillance systems need to be harmonized by:
10.1. developing minimum requirements for disease outbreak
investigation protocols
10.2. defining the minimum requirements for sero-surveillance design
and implementation
10.3. training on these issues could be provided through a FETPV
curriculum.
11. To regulate cross-border animal movements the Countries need to start by
having animal movement regulations for their own country in place to
minimize the spread of FMD within country and to have leverage for
discussing animal movements with neighbouring countries
12. To promote awareness and advocacy the Technical departments should
engage in creating public awareness with the general public as well as
advocacy with policy makers
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FAO Sub Regional ECTAD Unit and Regional Support Unit (SAARC)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Kathmandu, Nepal
29