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Focus Question
What do you think of when you hear the word “Renaissance”?
When I hear the word Renaissance, I think of…
Focus Question
• How would you describe humanism?
• I would describe humanism as….
Focus Question
• How did art change during the Renaissance?
The Renaissance
Causes of the Renaissance• Lessening of feudalism
– Crusades• Mercenary armies
– The Church’s power began to decline• Monarchs started to gain more power
– Black Plague• Those who survive began to question the norms
and values of Medieval Society
– Hundred Years’ War• Stimulated nationalism; turned France into a
centralized state
Causes of the Renaissance• Fall of Constantinople
– Greek scholars fled to Italy– Brought with them the “lost” and “forgotten”
classical knowledge
• Education
• Nostalgia among the Italians to recapture the glory of the Roman empire
• People began returning to the cities
• Trade began to increase– Especially as a result of the Crusades
• European society began to change, new ideas began to appear– The Renaissance (1400’s to 1600’s)
Causes of the Renaissance
• Renaissance = rebirth– Classical Greco-Roman ideal shaped a new
outlook on life
• Began in Italy– Italian city-states grew wealthy from trade of
the Crusades– Wealthy families or individuals influenced
growth of learning, arts and architecture
• Began in trade-oriented city-states of Northern Italy: Florence, Rome, and Venice
• They were struck hardest by the plague, and were ready to move beyond the tragedies of the past
• Humanism – revival of and focus on classical learning (Greek and Roman)– Emphasized human potential and
achievement– Worldly interests more important than those of
the afterlife
Florence
• Ruled by the Medici family beginning in 1400’s
• The birthplace of the Italian Renaissance
• First Income Tax = Heavier burden of taxes on wealthy
• Taxes used to make city improvements: sewers, paved streets, etc…
Rome• During the 1500s Rome was the leading Renaissance city• Pope & Cardinals lived in the Vatican, wealthiest class• The Popes used their $$$ to rebuild Ancient Rome
* Architecture, churches & Artists flourished in Rome• St. Peter’s Basilica = Largest church in Christian world
was built during this period
Venice• Port city on the Adriatic Sea• Traders and Merchants from all over the world did
business in Venice• $$$ from World Trade• Spent $$$ to modernize city
POLITICAL IMPACT
• Machiavelli– wrote The Prince (guidebook on how to secure & maintain political power)
• Keep state strong to survive “the end justifies the means”
• ECONOMIC IMPACT• Renaissance ideas spread all over Europe• Greater variety of products (clothes, foods,
wines, & furnishings)• Increase in trade & growth of cities
• Wealthy merchant families dominated politics and business– Replaced the Church as the most important
patrons of the arts
The Medicis of Florence
Italian Renaissance Art
• Characterized by:– Linear perspective– Geometrical arrangement of figures– Shadowing and softening edges– Individualism– Classicism– Expression– Nature– Still religious…but not ALL religious like the Middle
Ages
ARTISTIC IMPACT• · Painting & Sculpture• Giotto-lifelike space (showed emotions)• Masaccio-developed perspective (guidelines to
calculate how things recede in distance• Leonardo Da Vinci-Mona Lisa & The Last Supper he
study the anatomy to make art more lifelike• Michelangelo-Sistine Chapel• Architecture– used columns & circular arches• Built Florence Cathedral & Brunelleschi finished it with
an immense dome
horizontal
vert
ical
Perspective!Perspective!
The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
Betrothal of the Virgin
Raphael
1504
The Last Supper - Geometry
Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4
Raphael’s Canagiani Madonna, 1507
Shadowing/Softening Edges
ChiaroscuroChiaroscuro
SfumatoSfumato
The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11
Raphael
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
AristotleAristotle::looks to thislooks to this
earth (theearth (thehere andhere and
now).now).
PlatoPlato::looks to thelooks to theheavens (or heavens (or
the idealthe idealrealm).realm).
The School of Athens – Raphael, details
Averroes
Hypatia
Pythagoras
Zoroaster
Ptolemy
Euclid
• David
• MichelangeloBuonarotti
• 1504
• Marble
The Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo Buonarroti
1508 - 1512
The Sistine Chapel’s CeilingMichelangelo Buonarroti
1508 - 1512
The Sistine Chapel Details
The Creation
of the Heavens
The Sistine Chapel Details
Creation of Man
The Sistine Chapel Details
The Last Judgment
INTELLECTUAL/RELIGIOUS IMPACT
• Scholarship & Literature
• Humanist study Roman & Greek literature
• Petrarch-”Father of Humanism” study ancient texts/Erasmus criticized the texts including the Church
• Writers wrote in vernacular (local) language for ex. Shakespeare from England & Cervantes from Spain
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IMPACT
• The Church taught the Earth was the center of the universe Copernicus (Polish scientist) said the Earth orbited the sun
• Galilei-(Italian scientist) through the use of one of the first telescopes backed up Copernicus’ theory
• Both were banned from the Church• Gutenberg-developed a printing press with
movable type which allowed mass production of books/this spread the new ideas & let more people read
Northern Renaissance
• Brought by merchants and traders who traveled from Italy– 1495 – war in Italy caused many artists to flee
to safety in Northern Europe
• Unique from Italy– Impact of Black Plague not as great as in Italy– In addition to classical studies, Northern
learning was more focused on the teachings of the Christian church fathers:
• The apostles, St. Paul, St. Augustine, and others
• Movable type printing (1488)– Most significant of all of
Renaissance ideas spread out of Italy
• Johann Gutenburg – invented the printing press in Germany– Supply of books grew rapidly– Books became cheaper– People encouraged to become
literate– Ideas spread farther and faster
than ever before– First book printed – the Bible
Renaissance Art in Northern Europe
• Italian influence was strong.
• The differences between the two cultures:– Italy change was inspired by humanism with its
emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity.
– N. Europe change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church.
• More princes & kings were patrons of artists.
• Characterized by– The continuation of late medieval attention to
details.– Tendency toward realism & naturalism (less
emphasis on the “classical ideal”).– Interest in landscapes.– More emphasis on middle-class and peasant
life.– Details of domestic interiors.– Great skill in portraiture.
Van Eyck
The Crucifixion
&
The Last Judgment
1420-1425
Van Eyck
The Crucifixion
&
The Last Judgment
1420-1425
Giovanni Giovanni Arnolfini and Arnolfini and
His WifeHis Wife
Jan Van Jan Van EyckEyck
14341434
Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife
(details)
Massys’s The Moneylender & His Wife, 1514
Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500
Sir Thomas More
• English Humorist• Wrote “Utopia”• Criticized society of his
day by showing what a perfect, ideal society should look like
• All citizens should be equal & prosperous
• Available at most public libraries & bookstores
William Shakespeare = English Playwright• Drew ideas from Medieval Legends, Classical
Mythology & Ancient History• Dealt with human qualities:
* Jealousy
* Ambition
* Love
* Despair• Realistic look at Human Nature• Audiences today still relate to his plays• More than 420 feature length movies have been made
from his plays making him the most filmed author ever
Hans Holbein - Artist to the Tudors
Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.
Multiple Perspectives
• More’s best-known work, Utopia, contains criticisms of English government, society
• Presents vision of perfect, non-existent society based on reason
Sir Thomas More
• Italian-born writer focused on role of women in society
• Grew up in French court of Charles V; turned to writing when widowed
• Championed equality, education for women
Christine de Pisan
• Combined Christian ideas, humanism
• Wrote of pure, simple Christian life, educating children
• Fanned flames of discontent
• Roman Catholic Church censored, condemned works
Desiderius Erasmus
• Northern humanists expressed their own ideas
• Combined interests of theology, fiction and history
• Created philosophical works, novels, dramas, and poems
Philosophers and Writers
Other Things That Happened During the Renaissance…
• Columbus discovers the New World in 1492• Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince – political
writing, “the end justifies the means”• Spanish Inquisition – to maintain Catholicism in
Spain and its lands• Shakespeare becomes a famous playwright• Don Quixote is written by Miguel de Cervantes• The Protestant Reformation (Luther, Henry VIII)• Absolutism begins…more on that tomorrow…
Processing
• Write a play about the Renaissance (with at least three characters and 5 facts about it)
• Write a song about the Renaissance (with at least 5 facts about it)
• Draw a mosaic of at least 5 things dealing with the Renaissance