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PREFACE

This FM prescribes EOD doctrine for conducting EOD operations during war and OOTW. It develops anddefines the EOD perspective on the Armys keystone warfighting doctrine described in FM 100-5. This manualidentifies the EOD mission, organization, roles, capabilities, and employment to support national security strategy.It serves as a guide for commanders and staff who will use EOD support for operations on conventional, chemical,

nuclear, and improvised explosive ordnance. It also provides the EOD unit commander, staff, and personnelgeneral and technical guidance for conducting EOD unit operations.

FM 9-15 discusses several doctrinal changes: the implementation of the heavy and light EOD response teamconcept, the effect on EOD of the removal of the Armys tactical nuclear weapons from its inventories, and the roleof Army EOD in the postnuclear Army. The contents of this manual are consistent with FM 100-5.

This publication implements the following STANAGs:

STANAG 2002, Warning Signs for the Marking of Contaminated or Dangerous Land Areas, CompleteEquipment, Supplies, and Stores, Edition 7.

STANAG 2079,Rear Area Security and Rear Area Damage Control, Edition 4.

STANAG 2143, Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance/Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOR/EOD),Edition 4.

STANAG 2389, Minimum Standards of Proficiency for Trained Explosive Ordnance Disposal Personnel,Edition 1.

STANAG 2834, The Operation of the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technical InformationCenter (EODTIC), Edition 2.

STANAG 2929, Airfie!d Damage Repair (ADR), Edition 4.

STANAG 2957, International System (SI) used by Armed Forces in the Nuclear Field, Edition 3.The proponent of this publication is HQ, TRADOC. Send comments and recommendations on DA Form

2028 (or in 2028 format) directly to Commander, USACASCOM&FL, Training Directorate, Attn: ATCL-AM, 801Lee Avenue, Fort Lee, VA 23801-1713.

Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.

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8 MAY 1996

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

Official:DENNIS J. REIMER

General, United States ArmyChief of Staff

JOEL B. HUDSONActing Administrative Assistant to the

Secretary of the Army01530

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-1lE, requirementsfor FM 9-15, Explosive Ordnance Disposal Service and Unit Operations (Qty rqr block no. 0850).

* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1996-728-027/40097

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CHAPTER 1

THE EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL CHALLENGE

This chapter implements STANAGs 2079, 2389, and 2929.

EOD service helps preserve the commanders combat power. It enables the commander to integrate and coordinatea variety of functions to prevent degeneration of combat power at the operational and tactical levels. The challengefor EOD is to help maintain the maneuver, firepower, sustainment, and protection functions across the full range ofArmy operations.

THE THREAT

The strategic environment, even after the ColdWar, is both dangerous and ambiguous. Increasedinstability in the world has resulted in regionalconflicts, civil wars, insurgences, terrorist attacks,drug trafficking, and a variety of attempts at

intimidation. These challenges arise even duringtimes of relative peace. With this threat, UXO andIEDs will reduce the commanders combat powerand national political, economic, military, and infor-mational power during OOTW.

Because of this threat, commanders at all levelsmust incorporate EOD support into their planningprocess. This will ensure commanders will be ableto respond to these worldwide strategic challengesacross a full range of operations as part of a jointteam.

The continuing development of foreign and UShigh-technology munitions that disperse numeroussubmunitions and area denial ordnance has led to theproliferation of UXO. These munitions are availablefor a range of weapon systems, including artillery,ballistic and cruise missiles, rockets, and bombs. Onthe battlefield, UXO can be conventional HE;chemical, biological, or nuclear ordnance; or IEDs.UXO limits battlefield mobility, denies the use ofcritical assets, and threatens to injure or kill soldiersat levels unprecedented in past wars. The vastamounts of UXO found in Iraq and Kuwait during

and atter Operation Desert Storm testify to theincreased proliferation.

All units in the Army must be able to cope withUXO on the battlefield. This calls for awarenesstraining for all soldiers and for procedures that limitthe effects of UXO on operations. Refer to FM 21-16 for more information on the UXO problem. At

times, EOD units will operate jointly with other non-EOD units, other services, or allied EOD units toperform counter-UXO operations.

ARMY OPERATIONS TENETS

Five tenets of Army operations are described in

FM 100-5: initiative, agility, depth, synchronization,and versatility. How EOD relates to each isdescribed below.

Initiative

Initiative sets or changes the terms of battle byaction. It implies an offensive spirit in conductingall operations. Applied to the force as a whole, itrequires a constant effort to force the enemy toconform to our operational purpose and tempo whilekeeping our own freedom of action. Applied toindividual soldiers and leaders, it requires a

willingness and ability to act independently withinthe framework of the higher commanders intent. Asin the past, EOD must excel at independent action toprovide time-critical support across the entirespectrum of Army operations. EOD must anticipaterequirements and actbefore the needs are identifiedat higher echelons.

Agility

Agility is friendly forces acting faster than theenemy. It is a prerequisite for seizing and holdingthe initiative. Such greater quickness permits the

rapid concentration of friendly strength againstenemy vulnerabilities. EOD is task-organized toensure a rapid and focused response.

Depth

Depth is the extension of operations in space,time, and resources. High technology weapons andthe enemys capability to deliver them require EOD

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support throughout the theater of operations. EODprotects the commanders freedom of action andconserves flexibility and endurance. EOD preservesoperational plans and coordination by eliminating orreducing the hazards of conventional, nuclear,chemical, and biological munitions and IEDs that

threaten personnel, military operations, criticalfacilities, materiel, and whatever else is needed tosustain combat operations.

Synchronization

Synchronization uses time, space, andresources to maximize combat power at the decisivetime and place. It is both a process and a result.Synchronized activities (such as intelligencepreparation, logistics, and fires) coordinated withmaneuver forces lead to synchronized operations.EOD actions to neutralize the threat of conventional,

nuclear, chemical, and biological munitions andIEDs serve both the synchronization process andresult by providing protection, mobility, firepower,security, and intelligence. EOD actions requireexplicit coordination among the various units andactivities participating in any operation. EOD plansits activities to quickly focus assets within othersynchronized activities such as maneuver, logistics,and intelligence. EOD commanders must ensure aunity of purpose. This requires anticipation, masteryof time-space-resource relationships, and completeunderstanding of the ways in which friendly andenemy capabilities interact.

Versatility

Versatility is the ability to shift focus, to tailorforces, and to move from one mission to anotherrapidly and efficiently. It implies being multi-functional, operating across regions throughout thefull range of military operations, and performing attactical, operational, and strategic levels. Versatilitydenotes performing in many roles during war andOOTW. It allows for the smooth transition from onemission to another. EOD is equally adept at clearing

UXO from critical facilities, providing support to theUS Secret Service for presidential and VIPprotection, or examining, identifying, and reportingnew and unusual explosive ordnance for technicalintelligence purposes.

Versatility requires supported units and EOD tointerface on a consistent basis. This permits thetailoring of EOD support to the supported units

mission/function. It also fosters an understanding ofeach others capabilities and limitations.

COMBAT POWER

Commanders generate combat power using the

four combat power elements of maneuver, firepower,protection, and leadership to anticipate futureoperations. These elements are supported by theeffects of battlefield functions, tactical units, and

joint operations and missions. Their effectiveapplication and sustainment with each other willdecide the outcome of campaigns, major operations,battles, and engagements. EOD performs animportant role in preserving the commanderscombat power.

Maneuver

Maneuver is the first element of combat power.It is the movement of combat forces to secure or tokeep an advantageous position. Moving andpositioning units during deployment to a theater andwithin a theater before operations are both forms ofmaneuver. They greatly influence the outcome ofbattles and campaigns. Maneuver depends uponmobility to mass forces, attain surprise, reducevulnerability, exploit success, and preserve freedomof action. It is concentrating forces at decisive pointsto achieve surprise, psychological shock, physicalmomentum, and dominance.

The positional advantages gained by groundmaneuver forces are unique to maneuver warfare.Seizing. holding, and denying terrain leads tovictory and the ultimate attainment of strategic ends.Since denial of terrain limits maneuver, UXO willthus have a large impact on operations.Furthermore. the enemy will attempt its ownmaneuvering to get our forces into disadvantageouspositions and subject to an ambush.

High technology weapons and the enemyscapabilities to deliver them may severely restrict

maneuver. In addition. the availability of ICMs hasdramatically restricted maneuver on the battlefield.

EOD protects the freedom of maneuver. Teamsquickly respond to assist the maneuver element byidentifying, advising on. and (if necessary)neutralizing UXO, EOD can also provide technicalassistance to maneuver elements. including theengineers.

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The breeching of minefield is an engineermatter. The proliferation and advancing technologyof area denial submunitions and scatterable minesblurs the distinction between mines and UXO. EODunits will neutralize area denial submunitions andscatterable mines (UXO). All units must be able toapply countermine warfare techniques when facedwith these types of munitions. Any unit that cannotself-extract from scatterable minefield risks beingfixed in place and destroyed.

Firepower

Firepower is the second element of combatpower. It provides destructive force and destroys theenemys ability and will to fight. Our firepowerfacilitates maneuver by suppressing the enemys firesand disrupting the movement of forces. Used apartfrom maneuver, it can destroy, delay, or disrupt the

enemys critical capabilities and uncommitted forces.The extended ranges and lethality of direct-fireweapons, precision-guided munitions, and accurate,massed fires make firepower devastatingly effectiveagainst troops, materiel, and facilities. Precisionfires enhance our own maneuverability, while areadenial fires reduce the enemys.

On the other hand, UXO and area denialmunitions generated by enemy fires may restrict thesteady supply of the proper munitions in quantitiesadequate to ensure that the enemy remainscontinuously vulnerable. To ensure that this steady

flow is not hindered, EOD acts to eliminate orreduce the hazards of munitions and IEDs thatthreaten personnel, military operations, facilities,and materiel. EOD can also restore thecommanders firepower when dislodging a projectilestuck in an artillery tube.

Protection

Protection is the third element of combatpower. Protection conserves the fighting potential ofa force so that commanders can apply it at thedecisive time and place. It has four components --

OPSEC and deception, soldier morale, safety, andfratricide prevention.

Operations Security. EOD counters the residualeffects of enemy firepower and maneuver. EODidentifies, provides recommendations on, conductstechnical intelligence for, and, if required,immediately neutralizes UXO and ICMs thatthreaten activities critical to maximum combat

power. The enemy firepower may be enhanced andour maneuver ability diminished through the use ofspecial operations forces or small groups trained toconduct raids against critical targets. These forcesmay utilize IEDs against such targets. EOD isprepared to locate, identify, and eliminate this threat.

Soldier Morale. High soldier morale means soldiersare healthy and able to maintain their fighting spirit.Tactical commanders take care of their soldiersbasic health needs and prevent unnecessary exposureto debilitating conditions. EOD service helpsmaintain soldier morale on the battlefield in twoareas -- safety and fratricide prevention. EODprovides advice and training on UXO hazards to allsoldiers. Additionally, EOD reduces or eliminatesthe effects of UXO wherever found.

Safety. Safety is the third component of protection,

Commanders must embrace safety in all they do.Safety in training, planning, and operations iscrucial to successful combat operations and thepreservation of combat power.

EOD ensures that safe training is performed bydisposing of UXO on dedicated impact areas andtemporary impact areas. During planning, EODtechnicians may advise the commander of thehazards associated with maneuver through an areacovered with ICMs and train his soldiers on UXOrecognition and counter-UXO procedures. Technicalintelligence tasks performed by EOD may provide

the commander valuable insight concerning thethreat of new, first-seen foreign ordnance.

Fratricide Prevention. The fourth component ofprotection is preventing fratricide, the unintentionalkilling of our own soldiers by our own fire. Thepower and range of modern weapons and theintensity and tempo of battle increase the likelihoodof fratricide.

Limiting fratricide are strong command,disciplined operations, and detailed situationalawareness. With these mechanisms, commanderscan exercise positive control over fires, troopmovements, and operational procedures. The key isto lower the probability of fratricide while not overlyconstricting boldness and audacity in combat.

The threat of fratricide increases when friendlymaneuver occurs through areas where friendly firesusing ICMs have deposited a blanket of UXO. Allleaders and soldiers must be able to handle the threat

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presented by UXO. Soldiers also must be able torecognize and react to UXO that poses a threat sothat EOD can eliminate or neutralize it. EOD canassist a commander in training his soldiers onidentification and reaction techniques prior todeployment or mission. EOD service also helps thecommander identify, provide recommendationsconcerning, and (if required) neutralize UXO. SeeFM 21-16 for more on reacting to UXO.

Leadership

The fourth and most essential element ofcombat power is competent and confident leadership.Leadership provides purpose, direction, andmotivation in combat. The leader determines thedegree to which maneuver, firepower, and protectionare maximized, ensures these elements areeffectively balanced, and decides how to bring them

to bear against the enemy. Thus, no peacetime dutyis more important for leaders than continuing togrow by studying their profession, becomingtactically and technically proficient, and preparingfor war. The regular study of military doctrine.theory, and history is invaluable in this regard.

THE EOD MISSION

This section implements STANAGS 2079 and2834.

The mission of EOD is to support nationalsecurity strategy during operations, in war orOOTW, which reduce or eliminate the hazards ofexplosive ordnance that threatens personnel,operations, installations, or materiel.

During war, preserving the commanderscombat power becomes more challenging for EODbecause of the increasingly complex and lethalbattlefield. EOD integration into staff planning mustbe sufficiently explicit to provide for battlesynchronization yet flexible enough to respond tochange or to capitalize on fleeting opportunities.EOD command and control itself must respondquickly and be flexible to the rapid changes on thebattlefield. UXO, to include ICMs, has greateremphasis now because of the possible critical impacton the commanders combat power ICMs havesignificantly multiplied the work to be performed byEOD in order to preserve the commanders combatpower. The increased use of special forces or

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sabotage groups increases the need for EOD assets toeliminate the threat of IEDs at critical facilities.

EOD FUNCTIONS

Army doctrine determines the nature of the five

primary EOD functions in the operationsenvironment -- mobility, survivability, logistics,security, and intelligence. Table 1-1 lists theprimary tasks under each function.

Mobility

EOD can help keep the routes of maneuveropen by reducing or eliminating the hazards ofUXO. EOD can also provide valuable informationconcerning the types of and hazards associated withUXO. This will allow the commander to makeinformed decisions concerning maneuver.

Survivability

On the battlefield, EOD neutralizes UXO thathinders the commanders maneuver and increasesthe chance of fratricide. Range clearance operations,IED/UXO response. and realistic training scenariosreinforce this function in OOTW. Additionally,EOD can provide the commander with valuableinformation on the hazards associated with UXO,enabling him to make informed decisions on theprotection of personnel and equipment.

Logistics

Logistics includes disposition of supplies. EODmay help with the unit training on demolitionprocedures for the destruction of ammunition. AnEOD unit may also help with the routine destructionof ammunition stocks if there are no qualifiedammunition personnel available. It may also assistin the emergency destruction of ammunition.

Security

EOD operations protect against strategic,operational, and tactical threats to US securityduring war as well as OOTW. The CONUS is notexempt from hostilities even during periods ofrelative peace. EOD provides support to the USSecret Service and the US Department of State forpresidential and VIP protection. EOD service

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locates, identifies, and neutralizes IEDs across a role, activities, and structure of this group arewide variety of Army operations.

Intelligence

EOD provides the commander with anintelligence collection capability by examining,identifying. and reporting new and unusual explosiveordnance for technical intelligence purposes.Knowing the capabilities and lethality of enemyordnance may be critical to the commander whenplanning maneuver through areas that have beencovered by ICMs.

EOD ORGANIZATIONS AND

STRUCTURESIn the following paragraphs, EOD

organizations, their roles, and their structures aredetailed. Principles on operation will also bediscussed so that users of the EOD service betterunderstand how it works.

There are three types of EOD units, eachhaving its own mission and capabilities. The firsttwo, the Ordnance Group (EOD) and the EODBattalion, are command and control units. The thirdtype of EOD unit is the Ordnance Company (EOD).This unit provides the EOD mission response.Appendix A gives more information on each of theseunits.

Ordnance Group (EOD)

The primary functions of this group are theaterEOD planning and EOD command and control. The

detailed below.

Role and Acivities. This group provides commandand control for two to six EOD battalions, each with3 to 10 EOD companies (Figure 1-2, page 1-9).Additionally. the group provides staff planning forEOD operations throughout the entire TO, makingthe group EOD commander the EAC EOD staffofficer.

The duties and responsibilities of the EACEOD staff officer are important to the overall supportcapability of EOD. This officer advises the com-mander on organizing and using EOD assets. He

helps establish work load priorities, but it is thetheater commanders responsibility. through his staff,to prioritize assets and operations. It is also theEOD staff officers responsibility to work with theunit commanders staff to ensure that provisions forEOD support are included in all orders and otherdirectives. Orders and directives should includesuch details as UXO reporting procedures andlocations of EOD companies and their areas ofresponsibility.

The EOD staff officer plays a key role inensuring technical intelligence from the battlefieldreaches EOD units in the TO. In dealing with first-seen ordnance, the EOD staff officer ensures thatcommand procedures are set up to screen EODreports. He works closely with the joint. general, orstaff intelligence officer (J2/G2/S2) to ensure properhandling of the materiel. He must be the point ofcontact for technical intelligence coordination.

The EOD command structure sets up a systemto screen the EOD companys intelligence reports for

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important information about munitions and ordnance ensure that intelligence efforts are not duplicated inevaluation. After prompt and reliable evaluation, the the EOD community, the EOD command passes theEOD command sends the technical intelligence proper information down the chain to each EODreports to the proper agencies for exploitation. To company.

This section implements STANAG 2143. operations officer (G3) on EOD support androutinely interfaces with senior executives from

Structure. The Ordnance Group (EOD) directs andcontrols the activities of the Armys EOD supporteffort. The group exercises command and control ofthe EOD service and special staff within a TACOM.It implements the TACOM commanders prioritiesfor EOD service support of operations within thetheater.

The operations section is responsible for alloperations, plans, training, and intelligence effortswithin the group. This includes the commandwidedissemination of new developments (friendly andenemy) in munitions and the initiation andcoordination of training for all personnel. includingEOD and support personnel. The operations officercoordinates with the supported commands

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DOE, FBI, and USSS. Additionally, he conductsexternal evaluations of subordinate EOD commandsand supervises the security and operations (S2/3)section.

EOD Battalion

The EOD battalion serves a command andcontrol function for EOD units in thecorps/AACOM. Its role, activities, and structureare detailed below.

Role and Activities. The EOD battalion providescommand and control for 3 to 10 EOD companies.An EOD battalion is allotted for each corps and

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TAACOM (Figure l-l). In a fully deployed corps,the EOD battalion has ten EOD companies. In theTAACOM, the EOD battalion has eight EODcompanies. The commander of the EOD battalion isthe EOD staff officer for the corps or TAACOM. Inthe corps, the EOD battalion operates out of the

COSCOM and provides a coordination team to thecorps RCP. The coordination team helps the corpsstaff prioritize and assign categories for UXOincidents by providing technical information to thecorps RCP.

Structure. The commander of an EOD battalion, asthe special EOD staff officer, monitors operationsand develops plans to meet the needs of thebattlefield. These plans are submitted to the corps orTAACOM.

The operations section of the EOD battalioninterfaces with corresponding operational levels ofother units, ensures the priorities of theTAACOM/corps commander are followed, and staysaware of the status of subordinate EOD companiesand the battlefield.

This section of the EOD battalion helps tocoordinate and operate the reporting system atlocations outside the EOD battalion. It helpsestablish EOD reporting procedures. troubleshootsincident reporting breakdowns, and coordinatesEOD support requirements with supporting units.

The section also coordinates EOD operations that areisolated from the EOD battalion. It can set up andoperate a temporary field CP at critical ordnanceincident sites. Finally, the section helps subordinateEOD companies get external support for theiroperations.

Ordnance Company (EOD)

The primary function of the EOD company isto provide support for corps and TAACOM units. Itdoes this in a variety of ways. Its role, activities, andstructure are detailed below.

Role and Activities. EOD companies support corpsand TAACOM units. In the TAACOM, theyprovide DS missions to ASGs. EOD companiescover the ASG's area of responsibility and all unitswithin it. In return, the ASG provides all non-EOD-specific support to the EOD company. Any EOD

company not assigned to the DS support role will betasked by the EOD battalion to provide GS to theTAACOM. EOD companies in the GS role can becollocated with the EOD battalion to protect criticalCSS assets and LOC within the TAACOM.

In the corps, the companies are at the CSG andin the CSBs. Each division in the corps is supportedby a CSB. which will in turn be supported by EOD.The EOD company that supports the CSB can betasked to go forward to support operations in thedivision area. EOD companies not in DS to a CSBare tasked with GS responsibilities within the corps.The CSG or CSB that the EOD company supports inturn supports the company in all classes of supply,messing, billeting, and maintenance above unit level.GS EOD companies perform the following:

Augment other EOD companies when

manpower and time are critical. Perform work on high-priority incidentsthroughout the TAACOM or corps.

Support units and special operations in a DSrole.

Whether in a TAACOM or corps, EODcompanies are assigned according to the needs of thebattlefield as seen by the EOD battalion commanderand, ultimately, the MACOM commander. Theflexibility of the EOD structure using METT-Tpermits the tailoring of EOD assets to support the

commanders scheme of operations.

This section implements STANAG 2389.

Structure. A fully staffed EOD company has a mixof EOD personnel and support personnel. Thecommander of an EOD company has command andcontrol duties of leading the company. He must alsocoordinate and conduct liaison with varioussupported and supporting units, to include civil

authorities and other government agencies. He hasadditional responsibility as an EOD team leader.While his primary function is to command, he mustbe technically qualified to perform the EOD teamleader functions on any type of incident.

Each EOD company has an operations NCO.This NCO monitors EOD operations and helps the

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first sergeant establish and operate the CP. He canperform as an EOD response section NCO or as theEOD team leader, if required.

The EOD response team section NCO is thelink between the individual response teams and thefirst sergeant. This NCO is responsible for all

aspects of the response teams operations,maintenance, and training. He acts as the EODheavy response team leader.

A typical EOD team is usually made up of aSSG as the team leader and one or two assistants.For nuclear incidents. the team leader must be anEOD-qualified officer. The EOD team leaderperforms RSPs on conventional, chemical, andbiological ordnance and on IEDs. Enlisted teamleaders help in the RSP on nuclear incidents as anEOD team member.

The heart of the company consists of heavy andlight response teams. The light response teams canhandle most conventional ordnance incidents. Theseteams can be detached individually for direct supportto requesting units. They can operate independentlyfrom the EOD company for up to 72 hours.Additionally, several light response teams can begrouped together to work on large multi-UXOincidents or other high-priority incidents.

The EOD heavy response team augments thelight response teams as necessary. This teamprovides special tools and equipment and augmentsthe light team with additional manpower as needed.Situations where the EOD heavy response teamwould be used include:

Any incident that involves multi-EOD teams orthat requires special tools and equipment or the one-of-a-kind items not normally carried by the lightresponse teams.

Incidents involving nuclear weapons ormateriel.

Chemical incidents beyond the capabilities ofthe light response team.

EOD LIMITATIONS

EOD units are small and have limited assets(weapons, vehicles, and personnel). This makesthem highly mobile but restricts their capability forsustained operations without support. Whendeployed they will require support above the operator

level in maintenance and in all classes of supply.This support must be provided by the units that aredesignated to support EOD. The only support thatwill come through EOD channels will be for EOD-specific tools and equipment and for replacementpersonnel. Additionally, EOD detachments havevery limited personnel available for base security andother miscellaneous details.

EOD COMMAND AND CONTROL

Command and control of EOD units dependson the geographical location of the units. The

command and control structures for both CONUSand OCONUS units are described below.

CONUS

Command and control of EOD units in theCONUS is exercised by FORSCOM through the 52dOrdnance Group (EOD). The group commands fourEOD battalions which in turn command all EODcompanies in CONUS. The group is designated todeploy to any MRC to support operations. As such,the 52d Ordnance Group (EOD) has defacto

command of all EOD units worldwide.

OCONUS

Command and control of EOD units locatedOCONUS is through the respective MACOMs towhich the units are assigned. Under the MRCconcept. HQDA has divided the world into threethreat areas. These areas can be associated directlywith three current JCS unified commands--MRCWest in the PACOM. MRC East in CENTCOM, andMRC Europe in EUCOM. Ideally, each of thesecommands should have an EOD battalion assigned

to the Army component command that supportsthem (Figure 1-2). The EOD units within thetheater would then be placed under the commandand control of this EOD battalion. The battalioncommander would act as the theater Army EOD staffofficer and ensure proper coordination withappropriate staff elements and commands.

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EOD PLANNING planning are anticipation of future events andpreparation for contingencies. EOD operations

The scope of all military planning covers planning and execution must incorporate agility forOOTW and war. The military may find itself not only combat missions but also those activitiesoperating in both these environments at once. All that happen before and after hostilities.military operational planning begins with theassignment of a mission or with the commanders

recognition of a requirement. It continues until the In the planning process EOD can assist themission is accomplished. The keys to successful commander in developing a risk analysis plan for

UXO that may be encountered in any type ofoperation. Working closely with the J2/G2 sectionand using METT-T. EOD can assess the enemyspotential concerning UXO and develop plans tocounter it. Additionally, EOD can advise on theUXO problems that our own friendly fires cause andthen design strategies to mitigate them. With therisks identified early in the planning process, EODcan provide useful soldier training to reduce furtherthe effects of UXO on operations.

When planning for EOD support, commandersmust ensure that the most effective support isprovided with the limited EOD assets available.

Overall, the factors are the combat environment, theenemy, operational policies, and incidentclassification.

Combat Environment

Meeting the challenges of the combatenvironment includes human and physicalconsiderations. These are discussed in more detailbelow.

Human Factor. More specifically, the humandimension deals with soldiers physiological andpsychological needs and the challenges to leadership

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that these needs pose. Because EOD work isdangerous and exacting, fatigue can causeunnecessary loss of personnel and critical assets.Operational policy gives the EOD commanderultimate responsibility for the safety of the EODresponse teams. During high-density work loads, theEOD commander has to rotate teams to provide rest

periods for them. Supported commanders must alsobe aware of the connection between rest and safety.With this in mind, low-priority UXO incidents mayhave to wait until they can be handled safely.

Physical Factors. The physical dimension consistsof three major elements: geography, weather, andinfrastructure. Each of these is defined below.

Geography. In a TO, the terrain may varysignificantly. In the desert, there may not be manychoke points that could prevent EOD from reachingthe incidents quickly. But in the desert, units can be

dispersed over a large area. This may mean a longdrive to reach some of the incidents. Aconsideration here would be the availability ofaviation assets to reach some high-priority incidentsquickly. The advantage of desert terrain is that itslack of population means units can easily bypassareas with heavy concentrations of UXO. Junglesand mountains cause greater restrictions on mobility.In these types of terrain, especially lacking muchinfrastructure, choke points can easily be exploitedby using obstructions, mines, and booby traps.

Weather. Weather plays an important part inmilitary operations. Commanders may have totailor operations to seasonal changes to preventweather from having a negative impact onoperations. The theater climate must be aconsideration in planning all operations.

Infrastructure. On a European-type battle-field, the Army will be crowded together because ofthe terrain and urban development. This limitsmobility and, with a highly developed infrastructure(with many important facilities), UXO will have agreater impact on operations. The demand for EOD

to "turn off" ordnance will be greater in any type ofbuilt-up or restricted terrain. These factors andenemy interdiction will cause many choke points,which can impact response time.

The Enemy

How well the enemy conducts operations on thebattlefield will affect EOD planning. The availa-

bility of high-technology weapons and the enemysability to deliver them must be integrated into EODplanning. Combine the enemys capabilities with theevaluation of his intentions to determine thedeployment of EOD assets. Other things to considerinclude the following:

How effectively can the enemy launch air strikesor conduct long-range attacks with missiles, rockets,or artillery. If the enemy can, the EOD work loadwill be multiplied many times. With ICMs availableto all the armies of the world, the UXO incidentscenario has changed dramatically.

Does the enemy have special forces in placewith small groups trained to conduct raids andsabotage? For example, in Viet Nam the enemystruck with terrorist methods, using IEDs in suchplaces as restaurants and hotels. They also usedsappers to infiltrate military bases with explosivecharges and booby traps. The lack of technology andother resources combined with the advantage ofrestricting terrain would force some other countriesinto this situation.

Advanced technology in ordnance developmenthas led to "smart munitions" that create an evengreater hazard on the battlefield. These types ofmunitions are rapidly becoming available to allcountries.

Operational Policies

EOD operational policies and planning will beinfluenced by a number of things, including enemyuse of minefield, EOD coordination requirements,and EOD-specific training. These are touched uponbelow.

Minefield. The proliferation and advancingtechnology of area denial submunitions andscatterable mines complicate and blur the differencebetween mines and UXO. EOD units will neutralizearea denial submunitions and scatterable mines(UXO) that threaten the commanders combat power.

While large-scale minefields are not specifically anEOD matter, EOD can provide technical assistancewhen needed. However, all units must be able toapply countermine warfare techniques when facedwith these types of munitions. Any unit that cannotself-extract from scatterable minefield risks beingfixed in place and destroyed. Countering area denialsubmunitions and scatterable mines may require

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support from various units along with EOD to copewith the quantity of scatterable mines expected.Refer to FM 21-16 and FM 20-32 for moreinformation.

Procedures between EOD and other supportingunits need to be established prior to war or conflict.

See Chapter 2 for more information on coordinatingoperations.

EOD Coordination. All levels of command mustcoordinate with EOD staffs. EOD battalions, andEOD companies before hostilities. This will permitthe establishment of a logical and systematicapproach to EOD support. Giving proper considera-tion to the supported commanders scheme ofoperations. EOD can anticipate the plan and providethe most effective support possible.

Training. EOD units must plan and train forbattlefield survival. In doing so, they mustremember that their mission is to preserve thecommanders combat power. EOD does this bycoordinating, planning, and executing their ownmobility, survivability, and intelligence functions.Planning and training should emphasize those tasksthat support these functions. UXO operations andtechnical intelligence on foreign ordnance are thecritical EOD tasks that enhance the commanderscombat power.

Because the UXO threat can be found

anywhere, all soldiers have to be aware of andtrained in the proper procedures to help reduce it.EOD can assist other units in this area, either bytraining soldiers in basic soldier skills or trainingleaders on how to incorporate UXO considerations intheir planning.

This section implements STANAG 2143.

Incident Classification

Because there may be more UXO than availableEOD response teams, incidents must first becategorized by their potential threat and then by thearea commanders priorities. Local and regional orcivil defense officials estimate potential damage ifitems were to detonate. Since these people may notknow the amount of damage that can be expected,their estimates may not be accurate. Still, local civildefense and military commanders use this

information to suggest the categories and prioritiesto be assigned.

Categories. Command decisions categorize EODincidents according to their potential threat.Categories may later be adjusted depending on thetactical situation. the target, any updated

intelligence. or field evaluation feedback from theEOD response team on site. Incident categoriesestablished in Annex E of STANAG 2143 are asdescribed below.

Category A. Category A UXO incidentsprohibit a units maneuver and mission capabilitiesor threaten critical assets vital to the war effort.Category A is assigned to these incidents becausethey constitute a grave and immediate threat. Theseare incidents that can cause mass destruction,widespread contamination, major reduction ofcombat personnel, or loss of critical installations or

facilities. Category A incidents are to be givenpriority over all other incidents, and disposaloperations are to be started immediately regardless ofpersonal risk. This category correlates with theimmediate priority of the UXO report.

Category B. Category B is assigned to EODincidents that constitute an indirect threat. IndirectUXO incidents impair a units maneuver and missioncapability or threaten critical assets important to themission. Items of technical intelligence value arenormally assigned to this category. Before EOD

operations are begun, a safe waiting period may beobserved to reduce the hazard to EOD personnel.This category correlates with the indirect priority ofthe UXO report.

Category C. Category C is assigned toincidents that constitute little threat. Minor UXOincidents reduce a units maneuver and missioncapabilities or threaten noncritical assets of value.These incidents can normally be dealt with by EODpersonnel after Category A and B incidents, as thesituation permits, and with minimum hazard topersonnel. The category correlates with theminorpriority of the UXO report.

Category D. Category D is assigned to EODincidents that constitute no threat at present. TheseUXO incidents have little or no effect on a unitscapabilities or assets. No threat, however, does notmean that the UXO is not dangerous. It means theUXO does not threaten any critical assets importantto the war effort. UXOs in this category are still

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deadly. These incidents may be marked and left fordisposal as time permits. This category correlateswith theno threat priority of the UXO report.

Priorities. Most UXO incidents are routed to acentral operations center which passes theinformation to its supporting EOD company. In the

TAACOM, this operations center is the RTOC of theASGs. In the corps, it is the RTOC of the CSGs.The operations center sets UXO-incident prioritieswithin its area of responsibility. Priorities areessential to keep limited EOD assets from beingwasted. These priorities are then coordinatedthrough the EOD battalion or the EOD company.UXO operations that require support from otherelements. such as the engineers. are coordinated atthis level.

Do not confuse categories with priorities.Categories are determined by both technical and

operational considerations. Priorities are defined byoperational considerations. The operations centermay decide, for example, that ASPs have priorityover POL storage sites because of the tacticalsituation. Therefore, a small projectile in an ASPposing little threat because of its size and distancefrom ammunition stocks would have a lowercategory than a large bomb with a long-delay fuzelocated in a POL storage area.

When there are too many incidents in acategory to handle at one time, they are prioritized inorder of importance. A numbering system is used.For example, Category B-10 stands for the tenthmost important incident in Category B.

Wartime Operations

Todays tempo of operations has quickened.Campaigns during peace, crisis, and war cancoincide, overlap. and merge. OOTW and war itselfcan occur within the same TO. EOD commandersmust be prepared to conduct such operations at thesame time and to synchronize these seeminglydisparate efforts to bring about desired results. EOD

performs a wide variety of tasks across the tacticalbattlefield in close and rear operations and duringOOTW. The EOD commanders objective is toorchestrate all tasks to allow the supportedcommander to accomplish his mission.

Deployment. A key mission of todays Army isforce projection. This calls for units to be preparedfor rapid worldwide deployments in response to any

situation. In planning for deployments, a balance ofEOD assets needs to be programmed into the flow ofunits to the theater. The number of EOD companiesand when they are deployed will depend on theanalysis of IPB and METT-T.

In CONUS, all EOD units fall under

FORSCOM command. While deployed, the unitsfall under the command of the operational theatercommand. In OCONUS, EOD units that are alreadyforward-deployed can be sent to other theaters, asthey were in Operation Desert Storm.

If an EOD staff office is not already inoperation, the operational theater should establishone as soon as possible. This office is to be staffedwith an officer and senior NCO assistants, all of whomust be EOD-qualified. The EOD staff officecoordinates all EOD activities. It should be able toanswer all questions regarding the deployment,utilization, and support requirements of the deployedEOD companies. The office should be establishedregardless of the number of detachments deployed.It is especially important if no EOD command unit,either a EOD battalion or the EOD ordnance group,is deployed. The EOD staff officer should remain asthe main point of contact for all EOD activities untilthe EOD companies have redeployed back to theirhome stations.

Another operational factor to be considered isthat once deploying units have been identified. theymay not be able to provide all the support for OOTWmissions. These missions include supporting thetraining bases and protecting the Army from terroristattacks. To keep this protection going, eithernondeploying EOD companies would take over orEOD Reserve and National Guard units would beactivated. In a fill-scale deployment, the Armymight have to give up EOD support responsibility forCONUS, restricting support to critical strategic basesand assets.

Operations. EOD staffs and unit personnel shouldbe familiar with close operations as well as rearoperations. EOD support for the maneuver andsurvivability functions will be provided throughoutthe TO. UXO reports in the rear area enter EODchannels through the RTOC or the RAOC. UXOreports in the rear area behind the corps enter EODchannels through the ASG RTOC. In the corps area,UXO reports enter EOD channels through the CSBor CSG.

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All EOD command headquarters manage EODoperations in their control areas. The EOD ordnancegroup headquarters operates the same as any groupheadquarters. while the EOD battalion headquartersoperates like a battalion headquarters.

EOD may be tasked to help train ordnance

soldiers (Ammunition Specialists) on ammunitiondemolition procedures. EOD may help with theroutine destruction of ammunition stocks if qualifiedammunition personnel are unavailable. Also, EODmay assist in the emergency destruction ofammunition to prevent it from falling into enemyhands. Commanders must remember, however, thatwhen EOD personnel are used in ammunitiondestruction they are being diverted from other jobs.There will be fewer response teams available tohandle UXO incidents and that could impact onassets or operations. Careful review of priorities isneeded to ensure the most benefit from the limitedEOD assets available. EOD may also be tasked totrain non-EOD soldiers, both US and allied, in

ordnance recognition, safety considerations, andother related tasks dealing with UXO.

Postconflict Considerations

EOD operations continue after the conflictends. EOD activities in support of OOTW may

include intelligence, security, and logistical support.Planning in this environment will require closecoordination with allied forces, other governmentagencies, and other military units. Battlefieldcleanup roles are determined by the US commandauthorities.

OOTW Considerations

The above EOD missions give some of thefactors that need to be examined in planning forEOD support on the battlefield, including somegeneral considerations for OOTW. For missions thatdo not involve the battlefield at all, see Chapter 4.

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CHAPTER 2

COORDINATED COUNTER-UXO OPERATIONS

SCENARIOS

EOD teams of a minimum of two soldiersusually operate independently to respond to UXOincidents scattered across wide areas of thebattlefield. These EOD teams have limited assets andmay require additional support in the clearance ofUXO. Additional personnel and heavy equipmentmay be provided by other units on the battlefield, toinclude engineer and ammunition units, whendirected by appropriate command authorities. Theseunits may provide valuable assets that act as an EODforce multiplier. However, they are not trained toperform the UXO mission.

Likely scenarios for EOD teams are multipleUXO clearances and disposal operations involvingMSRs, airfield recoveries. ASPs, and port facilities.Multiple UXO operations are best defined as thoseinvolving areas saturated with UXOs that threatenthe commanders combat power functions ofmaneuver, mobility, survivability, and logistics.These types of operations are time sensitive andpersonnel intensive and may require external supportfor the responding EOD team or unit. Successfullypreserving the commanders combat power from theeffects of multiple UXO may depend on a

cooperative association between supporting andsupported units. Chapter 5 has more details onmultiple UXO incidents.

EOD RESPONSIBILITIES

The EOD team must positively identify thehazards and provide safety guidance for allsupported units. It must render safe any UXO thatcannot be destroyed by detonation. The EOD teamleader prepares a plan of attack with concurrencefrom the supported unit commander. Before

implementing the plan, the EOD team briefssupported and supporting units on what EOD will bedoing so that everyone knows the safetyconsiderations. The EOD team leader will maintaincommunications with the EOD chain of commandand supported and supporting units OIC andNCOIC to ensure safety is always the first priority.When unsafe activities needlessly expose soldiers todanger, the EOD team leader may revert to a role of

only providing technical assistance. EOD teams andunits will--

Coordinate with the supported unit and developa plan of action.

Conduct an initial reconnaissance of the area.

Provide positive ordnance identification andsafety guidance.

Perform render safe and/or disposal procedures.

Provide a dedicated technical advisor to the on-scene commander.

Provide overall supervision of a consolidatedUXO demolition area that can be moved.

SUPPORTED AND SUPPORTING UNITRESPONSIBILITIES

A large UXO operation will most likely requireaction by the RAOC or the units G3 section.Mission parameters, such as timelines and priorities,have to be defined. While EOD can providetechnical analysis and develop a plan of attack,

supported units will be responsible for overallmission planning and coordinating and executingthe plan.

In many situations the supported unitcommander or his representative is in overallcommand of the operation. The EOD team leaderprovides technical guidance and helps the supportedunit commander develop a plan of action. However,the location of the explosive ordnance, enforcementof safety measures, render safe procedures, andremoval of the explosive ordnance are theresponsibility of the EOD team leader.

Additional assets may be required which cannotbe provided by the EOD team or the supported unit.Multiple UXO incidents could take several days orweeks to complete, threatening critical assets andrestricting the commanders combat power.Supporting units could provide additional personnelto build protective works or remove supplies and

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equipment. They could also provide equipment toassist in the operation. Additionally, host-nationsupport should be considered as a source of possibleassets. Engineers, QASAS personnel, militarypolice, transportation, ammunition, aviation assets,fire department, and medical personnel are somewho could support a large UXO clearance operation.

Supported and supporting units will coordinatewith the EOD operations section and develop a planof action. The plan of action will--

Establish safe areas.

Establish demolition areas as required.

Establish all safety procedures and necessarySOPs.

Identify all logistical requirements. Determine personnel and equipmentrequirements.

Establish a realistic timeline for completion ofthe mission.

Prepare an after-action report and send itthrough the chain of command of all supportingelements.

A supported unit may also provide the on-scene

commander as the situation demands. It may alsoprovide the necessary equipment (such as M-9armored combat equipment and trucks) and coor-dinate all necessary logistical requirements throughthe chain of command.

TYPICAL INCIDENT PROCEDURES

EOD units regularly assist ASPs duringpeacetime operations. For example, they mightsupport the routine destruction of unserviceableammunition by ASP personnel. They might alsosupport the emergency destruction of ASPs orpostattack cleanup. The following scenario showshow an EOD unit might respond to an incident at anASP.

An ASP has been attacked and large amountsof unexploded ordnance are scattered in a relativelysmall area. Substantial quantities of useableammunition remain. However, ASP operations are

severely restricted and existing ammunition stocksare threatened. Since combat power has been

jeopardized because of the reduced ammunition flowto combat units. this incident has been identified asthe number one UXO priority. Therefore, all assetsrequired for the incident should be directed tosupport UXO cleanup at the ASP.

UXO reports are sent to the area commanderthat has EOD in DS. The area commander and staffprocess the reports and analyze the situation and theimpact the UXO problem has on operations. Thecommanders staff, which includes an EODrepresentative, recommends priorities. In deter-mining a course of action, the area commanderselects the highest priority (immediate) because theASP is a critical asset. Immediate priority requiresprompt EOD action to return the ASP to full missioncapability.

After examining the UXO reports from theASP, the EOD staff officer recommends that the areacommander requests additional EOD assets. Theseassets may include the use of other services or host-nation EOD personnel. However, these EOD assetsmay not be available because of other battlefieldUXO incidents. Therefore, other non-EOD assetsmay be required to support rapid recovery of theASP. Once available assets have been identified andtasked to support this counter-UXO operation, youwould concentrate on the actual steps of theoperation as described below.

Establish a RCP. Near the ASP, but outsidethe blast/fragmentation area, establish a RCP. TheRCP will be the support unit base and will act as thecoordinating point for all operations. The RCP is theentry point for access to the area.

Complete a map reconnaissance of the area.Assemble an overall safety plan and brief emergencyactions to all personnel. Then assign EOD teams toa grid for the hasty reconnaissance and immediateaction phases of this operation. Base the grid size on

the number and types of UXO, the overall size of theaffected area, supported unit commanders priorities,type of terrain, the assets threatened by the UXO,and the manpower and equipment available. Takethese actions before any non-EOD personnel proceeddownrange. As the EOD teams start their hastyreconnaissance, the necessary support personnel andequipment should start arriving.

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Perform the hasty reconnaissance andimmediate action phases (EOD operation). EachEOD team proceeds to its assigned grid, conducts areconnaissance, and completes immediate actionprocedures on the ordnance found. When finished,the EOD teams return to brief the RCP. Thesupported and supporting units and EOD then jointly

develop a plan for the disposal phase. Based on theinformation from the EOD teams and the ASPcommanders guidance, the RCP plots and thenprioritizes the ordnance for the render safe/disposalplan. At the same time. the supported unit should dothe following: examine the priorities of the UXO andthe supported and supporting units recoveryoperation, develop (with the recommendations ofEOD) an overall plan of attack to clear the mostimportant areas first, prepare a concept of operationto include safety considerations, and brief allpersonnel. Generally this will be a two-part brief,the supported and supporting units briefing the

concept while EOD briefs safety.

Prepare a plan of attack. The plan of attackmust be flexible. Each situation will be different andmay demand adaptation of methods and proceduresfor the best solution. Unforeseen problems maymean halting the operation and developing a newplan. Depending on the size of the areas to becleared and the priorities of clearance, all the actionscould take place at the same time or in verycontrolled phases. Except where stated, theseprocedures can be accomplished jointly.

Consider what areas to clean up first andwhat is essential to make the ASP operational.Give priority to the roadways and to those bunkers orstacks that are vital to the war effort. Demolition-trained ammunition personnel can be used to help atthe demolition range, under EOD supervision. Theycan also assist UXO destruction-in-place.

Perform hasty reconnaissance in order ofpriority. Each EOD team will conduct a hastyreconnaissance of its assigned area and perform anyimmediate action procedures. Once they havecompleted their reconnaissance they will return tothe RCP to plan the cleanup and disposal phases.

Take action. Build protective works for thoseitems that threaten assets. While building protectiveworks, sweep and mark other areas. Prepare andplace demolition charges upon completion of mark-ing. In another area, an EOD team may be ren-

dering safe UXO that cannot be destroyed bydetonation. Many types of UXO may be destroyedby direct fire techniques using the basic guidelines inFM 90-13-1 and FM 20-32. Take UXO or residuesthat are safe to transport to a consolidated demolitionarea for disposal.

The steps above have been provided to giveguidance and understanding of some of the factorsinvolved when dealing with large, multiple UXOoperations. Every situation will be different, but theprinciples of teamwork, safety, and effectiveness staythe same.

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CHAPTER 3

EOD NBC OPERATIONS, IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES, ANDTECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE

US forces can face many types of ordnance on the modern battlefield. These can include NBC weapons deployedby US, friendly, or threat forces. Unconventional warfare tactics or terrorist attacks may also include NBCmaterial or the use of IEDs. These weapons pose a serious threat to all operations. Usually thesemunitions/devices require immediate response by EOD and other supporting elements. This chapter will help thebattlefield commander choose the proper course of action to preserve combat power.

EOD NBC OPERATIONS

Armies engaged in modern combat will oftenhave access to (or have to deal with) a variety ofnuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. Theseweapons, when introduced on the battlefield, willpresent special handling and disposal problems for

the battlefield commander and for supporting EODpersonnel. Some of these are touched upon below.

Nuclear Weapons

During hostilities, it is possible that US,friendly, or threat forces will have or use nuclearweapons. These weapons may not have functionedas designed or may have been captured from theenemy in various conditions ranging fromundamaged to extensively damaged. There is alsothe chance of a US or allied country nuclear weapontransportation accident in which US Army EOD may

be the first on scene. Whatever the reason, therecovery of a nuclear weapon will require theinvolvement of EOD and supporting elements. Out-lined below are some of the planning factorsinvolved. Refer to AR 50-5 for responsibilitiesinvolving nuclear weapon incidents/accidents.

If the weapon is a threat system, Army EOD isresponsible for preventing nuclear detonation or ahigh-explosive detonation. This includes identi-fication, detection, performing RSP, assisting in thegathering of technical intelligence information, and

preparing complete weapons or components forshipment.

If the weapon is a US system, the responsibleservice, either Navy or Air Force, will be notified.The specific service is ultimately responsible for anyrecovery actions required. Army EOD responsibilityfor the other services weapons is to prevent adetonation or the spread of contamination. Once the

other services EOD personnel arrive, Army EODpersonnel would help as needed and provide an EODliaison between the services.

If it is a weapon system of an ally, Army EODresponsibility is to prevent detonation or the spreadof contamination and to assist the friendly forces as

authorized by command authorities.

The nuclear weapon recovery process couldtake several days and would require support from alarge number of personnel. The area commandermust obtain the initial security and support elements.Refer to Chapter 5 for an in-depth discussion oflarge recovery operations. Some of the supportnecessary for the recovery operation includes:messing, engineer, RADCON and decontamination,transportation, security, aviation, and medical. Coor-dination with the other services and the host nation(if applicable) will also be needed to help in therecovery operation.

Chemical and Biological Weapons

CB weapons are considered weapons of massdestruction. They demand a rapid response by EODand other supporting units to reduce their effects.Army EOD personnel can render safe and dispose ofCB ordnance. The responsibilities of EOD personnelin CB incidents are to prevent the spread ofcontamination; prevent a detonation; and detect,identify, and contain or eliminate explosive and toxichazards. In the discussion that follows, chemicalincidents/accidents are cited because they are morecommon than biological. However, the proceduresare the same for biological, unless noted. For moreinformation on responding to chemical inci-dents/accidents, refer to AR 50-6.

Upon arrival at the site, EOD positions an EODCP to coordinate EOD and supporting unit

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operations. The CP supervisor coordinates with thedesignated area commander or chemical officer forupdated information and mission requirements. TheEOD CP provides information on the expected typeand extent of contamination. In an emergency, anEOD company can decontaminate EOD personneland equipment only. NBC-trained personnel mustsupplement the EOD personnel as soon as possible tocomplete the mission. The area commander mustprovide all decontamination, resupply, medical, andsecurity support.

The supported units commander or chemicalofficer handles the disposition of NBC munitions.This disposition is based on information provided byEOD and on the current tactical situation. Chemical(and biological) weapons of intelligence value mustbe rendered safe and removed to the rear area forexploitation by intelligence agencies. The area

commander must coordinate with requiredsupporting elements to secure the items andtransport them to the designated area for release totechnical escort personnel.

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES

Unconventional warfare or terrorist activities ina TO can include the extensive use of IEDs. TheseIEDs are mostly conventional high-explosivecharges, also known as homemade bombs. However,there is the threat that a CB agent or even nuclearmaterial can be included to add to the destructive

power and psychological effect of the device.

Usually, IEDs are of crude design. However,terrorist groups have been known to producesophisticated devices. Since these devices arenonstandard. there are no specific guidelines forEOD personnel to use to positively identify orcategorize them. Highly sophisticated IEDs havebeen constructed from arming devices scavengedfrom conventional munitions or from easilypurchased electronic components. The degree ofsophistication depends on the ingenuity of thedesigner and the tools and materials available.Todays IEDs are extremely diverse and may containany type of firing device or initiator, plus variouscommercial, military, or contrived chemical orexplosive fillers.

EOD personnel are trained in the render safeand disposal of IEDs. The addition of NBC material

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into an IED will require additional support as statedin the other situations above. As with othermissions. the EOD CP provides the area commanderwith an assessment of the situation and of supportneeded to complete the mission.

This section implements STANAG 2834.

TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE

Munitions captured or found on the battlefieldcan be of intelligence value. Commanders mustallow for the evaluation of unidentified or modifiedmunitions. FM 34-54 outlines the procedures forreporting this information through commandchannels to the intelligence agencies.

EOD personnel are trained to perform technical

intelligence evaluations on first-seen ordnance itemsand to report the required intelligence information.This can include the render safe and transportationof the items to the rear area.

If the mission permits, secure the area untilintelligence personnel or EOD determines what theitems are and what the intelligence interests mightbe. If the mission requires that the area be leftunsecured, certain considerations must be taken intoaccount. Prior to the destruction of capturedammunition to prevent opposing force recapture, apositive identification of the munitions type andfiller should be made by EOD personnel. Destroyingammunition when the contents are unknown canresult in the possible release of nuclear, biological, orchemical contamination. EOD personnel arerequired to do this because it is not always possibleto identify ordnance types by color codes or outsidemarkings. Many countries use various markingsdepending on the type of ammunition involved.Some countries do not use standard markings for anykind of ammunition. Previous intelligence reports orinformation can be of some help. These reports candescribe the type of munitions and may even provide

enemy ammunition marking information.

The mission and current tactical situationdictate the action taken, but the commander mustconsider all factors before destroying unknownammunition. Therefore, the more data that can beamassed about unknown ammunition, the moreinformed will be the decision maker.

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CHAPTER 4

OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR

OVERVIEW

The primary focus for the Army is to fight and winthe nations wars. However. Army forces also functionaround the world in operations other than war. OOTWsupport US interests through the use of political andmilitary actions that serve to deter war, resolve conflict,and promote peace.

OOTW happen in peace and conflict. EODsupports the five combat functions in OOTW both in theTO and in the CONUS. When planning andorganizing EOD service, the following must be kept inmind: the available equipment and soldiers skills, the

area to be covered, and the degree of responsivenessneeded. EOD has various tasks regularly performed inOOTW. Among these tasks are the following:

Providing EOD support to the USSS and otherfederal agencies for presidential and VIP protection.

Advising and assisting civil authorities in theremoval of military ordnance that threatens publicsafety. See AR 75-15 for authorization information.

Examining, identifying, and reporting new andunusual explosive ordnance for technical intelligencepurposes.

Supporting nuclear and chemical weaponsshipments.

Conducting range clearances. EOD supportsrange clearance operations by disposing of UXO onimpact areas.

Destroying ammunition. EOD personnel mayhelp with unit training on demolition procedures for thedestruction of ammunition. An EOD unit may also helpwith the routine destruction of special ammunitionstocks in the absence of qualified ammunitionpersonnel. It may help with emergency destruction ofammunition too, provided the tactical situation demandssuch measures to prevent capture of ammunition by the

enemy and there is a command decision that the EODunit must help.

Neutralizing governrnent-owned ordnance ship-ments. If federal agencies or civil authorities ask forassistance in the interest of public safety, EOD technicalassistance may be provided for the salvage, demolition.neutralization, or other disposition of government-owned shipments in transit. Approval for this supportcomes through command channels.

Responding to IEDs. An EOD unit responds todevices or suspected devices when military or civilianlaw enforcement authorities request help with an

incident that threatens public safety or when ordered todo so by the Army commander.

Removing stuck rounds. For stuck rounds inartillery tubes and other large caliber weapons, the usingunit must first do the downloading procedures stated intheir technical manuals before requesting EODassistance. When explosive methods are used by EODpersonnel to remove stuck rounds, the EOD unit willnot guarantee the weapon will be undamaged.

Advising on mines and minefield clearance.Mines and minefield are not specifically an EOD

matter. In addition, all troops must be able to applyland mine wartime techniques to counter enemy landmines. Even though all branches and services mustclear land mines and booby traps. EOD personnel maygive technical advice and assistance when asked andwhen priorities allow. Large-scale minefield breachingis an engineer function. The proliferation andadvancing technology of area denial submunitions andscatterable mines complicate the issue. As a result,EOD and engineers must combine their skills and assetswhen the situation demands.

Supporting the cleanup of UXO from formerly

used defense sites and active installations. Thesecleanup operations are those conducted under theDERP. EOD support to these cleanup operations isrequired only when an item of UXO is deemed toohazardous to move or when it cannot be blown in placedue to proximity of inhabited areas. In these instancesEOD support is needed to render the UXO item safe sothat it may be transported to a demolition range fordisposal by the cleanup contractor. These cleanup

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contractor personnel are normally ex-EOD personnel.They are authorized to perform normal detection,recovery, and disposal, but as civilian EOD techniciansare not authorized to perform RSPs.

Providing instruction to host or allied nationmilitary or civilian EOD personnel on UXO hazardsand disposal techniques.

EOD ROLE

EOD plays a major role in OOTW, during bothperiods of conflict and peace. During operations inboth peacetime and conflict, EOD participates insecurity and advisory assistance, antiterrorism,counterdrug operations, training, ordnance disposal,arms control, treaty verification, and support todomestic civil authorities. Many of these roles areroutinely performed within CONUS.

Compared to war, the threat to US forces isdiminished during operations involving conflict. TheEOD role during conflict is the same as in operationsduring war. During conflict, EOD maybe engagedwith an increased antiterrorism role, such asresponding to the threat posed by IEDs.

COMMAND AND CONTROL

Command and control of the EOD function andEOD units depends upon their geographical location.The CONUS and OCONUS command and controlstructures are described below.

CONUS

Command and control of EOD units in theCONUS is exercised by FORSCOM through the 52dOrdnance Group (EOD). The group commands fourEOD battalions which in turn command all EODcompanies in CONUS. The structure is set upexactly as stated in Chapter 1. The group isdesignated to deploy to any MRC to supportoperations. As such, the 52d Ordnance Group

(EOD) has defacto command of all EOD unitsworldwide.

OCONUS

Command and control of EOD units locatedOCONUS is through the respective MACOM thatthe units are assigned to. Under the MRC concept,HQDA has divided the world into three areas ofmost likely conflict. These areas can be associated

directly with three current JCS unified commands:MRC West in the PACOM, MRC East inCENTCOM, and MRC Europe in EUCOM. Ideally,each of these commands should have an EODbattalion assigned to the Army component commandthat supports them (Figure 1-2). The EOD unitswithin the theater would then be placed under thecommand and control of this EOD battalion. TheEOD battalion commander would act as the theaterarmy EOD staff officer and ensure propercoordination with appropriate staff elements andcommands.

To ensure ease of transition in wartime, eachOCONUS MACOM should execute an MOU withFORSCOM and the 52d Ordnance Group (EOD) toensure that standardized policies and procedures arefollowed worldwide. This should allow theOCONUS commands to maintain highly trainedunits that know how to fight under the wartimecommand.

Under this doctrine, OCONUS MACOMsretain the capability to provide EOD support forlesser regional contingencies and coordinate MRCresponse with organic EOD assets. Although astovepipe command is not created, close ties with thewarfighting command are established through anMOU.

IED INCIDENTS

The following paragraphs provide informationon handling IED incidents in OOTW settings.Whether the incident is on an Army installation oroff post in support of a local law enforcementagency, the principles remain the same.

Finding IEDs

When a bomb threat has been called in or issuspected, the building supervisor evacuates the areaand coordinates search teams. Refer to FM 19-10 for

threat and search procedures. The designated searchteams for that building or area are responsible forsearching for IEDs. Military police and EODsoldiers do NOT search for reported explosivedevices in barracks. community areas, buildings, andoffices. This is because they are not familiar withthe area and its contents. The individual or group ofindividuals searching should work in that buildingand, if possible, have had training in systematic

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search procedures. (The local EOD company canassist in providing search training.) The EODcompany normally will not respond until a suspectedbomb has actually been found.

Once the search teams find a suspected IED,they should not be touch or handle it in any way. The

person in charge should contact the local civilianpolice if not on a military or federal installation.They will be responsible for contacting the militarypolice who will. in turn, notify the nearest militaryEOD team. The search team leader should remainin the area so that EOD personnel can interview himupon their arrival.

Planning IED Operations

Once the incident is received, the commanderor the company NCO will select a response team.This usually consists of a team leader and an

assistant. More EOD assistants may be added ifneeded. Once the EOD response team arrives at theincident, it must be determined who is to be theincident-scene officer. In the Army, this normally isa command decision. The senior ranking person orhis designated representative is in charge. If theincident is not on a military installation, theincident-scene officer can be the building securityofficer, the office manager, or anybody in authority.The individual designated as the incident-sceneofficer should have training in this subject area. TheEOD team leader can provide technical information

and advice to the incident-scene officerthese matters.

Conducting Operations

When the EOD team arrives, theyon all available information by the incident-scenecommander or senior military police representative.The EOD team leader ensures that a complete andlogical plan is developed according to guidanceoutlined in this manual and applicable EODtechnical manuals. The EOD team leadercoordinates with the area commander, military

police, medical personnel, fire department, andengineers on matters concerning safety, commandand control, and logistical needs. It is recommendedthat the PAO be notified so that he or she canrespond to questions from the media.

Once the incident-scene officer coordinateswith support personnel and the recommendations or

plan of attack is approved, EOD operations maybegin. The EOD response team may make anattempt to use RSP or to move the item by remotemeans in accordance with current Army EODpublications. Since there is a chance during theRSP that the IED may detonate, there must be

extensive coordination between the incident-scenecommander, police, and the EOD team leader. Inparticular. the EOD team leader must includedetonation in his plan and be prepared to minimizedamage and casualties.

Police (military or civilian) will be needed tocontrol the flow of personnel in and out of thehazard area. Their duties may include stoppingtraffic and clearing buildings within the hazard area.Police should provide a 360-degree securityperimeter around the area at a distance of at least300 meters initially (if possible). This fragmentation

zone can be adjusted after the initial reconnaissance.

Once an IED has been rendered safe by theEOD technician, the responsible law enforcementagency may want all of the components associatedwith it. This agency is usually the military police orCID, if the item is on a federal installation.

FORMERLY USED DEFENSE SITES

As US military forces continue to downsize andinstallations close or revert to civilian use, more andmore FUDSs will be identified. This presents achallenge to EOD now and in the future. ManyFUDSs are being cleared by civilian contractors whoare using EOD resources to dispose of ordnanceitems they find. The challenge to EOD is to handleboth the day-to-day EOD mission and the increasingnumber of these FUDSs.

The EOD unit may be called on to handle anytype of ordnance at a FUDS. Most of the ordnancethat is found is old and may not be found in the 60-series TMs. Even if the ordnance is found in thesepublications, there may not be an RSP listed. The

collective experience of the company will have to beused to handle these situations. Many of the FUDSsmay contain chemical ordnance or suspectedchemical ordnance. This makes the problem evenmore complicated because the EOD company isalready dealing with an environmental problem. TheEOD officer must have liaisons with the localenvironmental office, technical escort personnel,local PAO. local law enforcement, and local Army

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command staff. The EOD company shouldremember that it is not just their problem. Theentire community is interested in its resolution. TheEOD officer must keep all concerned personnelinformed of the operation and any problems thatdevelop.

Cleanup of FUDSs will be with EOD for manyyears to come, so EOD must make the solution partof its day-to-day mission.

POSSE COMITATUS ACT

The Posse Comitatus Act defines dealing withcivil authorities or the public when Army EODassistance may involve civil law. United States Code(18 USC 1385 (1964)) states that: "Whoever, exceptin cases and under circumstances expresslyauthorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress,

willfully uses any part of the Army or the Air Forceas posse comitatus (authority of the country) orotherwise to execute the laws shall be fined not morethan $10,000 or imprisoned not more than 2 years,or both."

The term execute the laws includes conductingor assisting in criminal investigations or appre-hending accused persons. The Posse Comitatus Actdoes not apply where such action is authorized by theConstitution or by an Act of Congress. The PosseComitatus Act applies to EOD when the gathering of

evidence is requested for the purposes of a criminalinvestigation. Generally, the act does not apply toEOD when a request regarding safety is involved(for example, for suspected IEDs and the recovery ofhazardous items) as long as it is in the interest ofpublic safety.

Under the Constitution and laws of the US, theprotection of life and property and the maintenanceof law and order within the territorial jurisdiction ofany state are primarily the responsibilities of localand state governments. Authority to enforce thelaws is vested in the authorities of those

governments. This act does not apply in foreigncountries. Congress has authorized a military justicesystem, the UCMJ, for the armed forces. Therefore,law enforcement actions within the UCMJ do notviolate the Posse Comitatus Act. As a generalprinciple therefore, Army personnel do not violatethe act in the performance of properly authorizedduties even if violation may indirectly or by chanceaid federal, state, or local authorities.

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DA policy regarding Army EOD use is to assistpublic safety and law enforcement agencies indeveloping a capability to deal with the IED threatand, when necessary, to provide EOD service in theinterest of public safety. Army EOD personnel willnot participate in bomb or IED search operations

(except for VIP support operations) or assist in theenforcement of civil law. The normal response byUS Army EOD to federal, state, and local requestsfor EOD service is based on the protection of publicsafety. Because of the nature of an IED threat, theEOD service response must be efficient andimmediate to protect public safety effectively. USArmy EOD personnel will respond to such requestswhen a suspected or actual device has been locatedand when the responsible agency has no EODcapability or its capability is overextended. Theymay function as technical consultants or advisorsand assist in or perform disposal of hazardous

residue. Under emergency conditions, EOD mayattempt an RSP (in accordance with AR 75-15). Fora particular situation, the advice and assistance of alegal officer are necessary.

EPA AND OSHA CONSIDERATIONSIN EOD

Many federal, state/local, and host-nation lawsnow hold commanders legally responsible forenvironmental damage caused by inadequateplanning or supervision of operations or training.

This could mean fines and/or imprisonment ifconvicted of environmental violations.

To avoid adverse environmental impact whenplanning or executing operations, refer to TC 5-400and the Commanders Guide to Environmental

Management. Also, be familiar with the provisionsand requirements of ARs 200-1 and 200-2.

Many EOD operations, such as those involvedin supporting civil authorities with IED response orconducting a post range clearance, presentenvironmental and safety challenges, A generaldiscussion of these is provided below. Specificquestions on policy or regulations must be addressedto the appropriate specific agency.

In todays changing world, protection of theenvironment has become a top priority. In the dailypeformance of EOD duties, EOD soldiers are asked

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to eliminate hazards in the community. In theremoval of these hazards, EOD teams may violateenvironmental protection laws. This applies whetherthe military ordnance is picked up and taken to asafe holding area or it is disposed of on site.

It is vital that EOD soldiers understand the

environmental protection laws of the area they areworking in. There are federal as well as state lawsthat must be met. The individual soldier may beheld responsible for his actions under these laws.This means that the individual soldier may be finedand serve time in prison for environmental lawviolations. Many of the actions that EOD took a fewyears ago are now questionable or illegal under EPArules and regulations.

During peacetime, there are two difficultchallenges that EOD units must face. One is toprotect the environment while performing the EODmission. The other is to follow OSHA rules andregulations.

Environmental Protection and Compliance Policy

This section defines Army policy andprocedures for complying with the RCRA (42 USC3251, 21 Oct 76), DOD Directive 7310.1, and AR200-1. Section 6001 of the RCRA states thefollowing: "Each department of the FederalGovernment . . . engaged in any activity resulting inthe disposal or management of solid or hazardous

waste shall be subject to, and comply with, allfederal, state, interstate, and local requirements, bothsubstantive and procedural (including anyrequirements for permits and reporting)."

This section helps explain the requirements forcomplying with the federal requirements of theRCRA and the OSHA Act (29 CFR 1910.120 and1200) as they apply to the management, handling,transportation, storage, and disposal of conventionalexplosive ordnance. AR 200-1, paragraph 6-2, statesin part that all Army activities must be fully aware

of and comply with all applicable Federal, State, andlocal laws and regulations, both substantive andprocedural, for generating, treating, storing,disposing, and transporting solid and hazardouswaste, including the terms and conditions of Stateand Federal solid and hazardous waste permits andproviding reports to Federal. State and localregulatory agencies.

RCRA Compliance

40 CFR 270.1(c) states that a RCRA permit isrequired for the owners and operators of any facilityfor the treatment, storage, and disposal of any solidor hazardous waste. The definitions of solid and

hazardous waste are outlined in 40 CFR 270.2.AR 200-1, paragraph 6-3, requires the

installation commander to enter into complianceagreements and consent orders to achieve RCRAcompliance. Army installations will obtain a RCRApermit to treat, store, and dispose of solid andhazardous waste (paragraph 6-4d). The IC will beconsidered the hazardous waste generator as definedin 40 CFR 260.10 for the purposes of signing RCRAreports and records and for getting an EPAidentification number as outlined in 40 CFR 262.12(paragraph l-25.f(7)).

All personnel involved in solid or hazardouswaste operations or activities must be trained IAW40 CFR 264.16 and 29 CFR 1910.120. This trainingmust be documented and updated at least annually,unless otherwise stated as part of the RCRA permit.Currently, IAW the guidance from DA Office forEnvironment, Safety. and Occupational Health,completion of EOD school meets the requirements of40 CFR 264.16 and 29 CFR 1910.120.

Under RCRA, a generator of a hazardous wasteis responsible for that waste from its cradle to itsgrave. A generator, as defined in 40 CFR 260.10,is any person whose act or process produceshazardous waste identified or listed in 40 CFR 261,or whose act first causes a hazardous waste tobecome subject to regulation.

In accordance with DA policy and guidance of1 November 1993, all generation, transportation,storage, treatment, or disposal of conventionalexpIosive ordnance designated as hazardous waste issubject to RCRA requirements. Conventionalexplosive ordnance will be considered hazardouswaste under the following conditions:

An authorized official records in writing adetermination that the conventional explosiveordnance will be discarded; and

Custodians of the conventional explosiveordnance receive this written determination--that the

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conventional explosive ordnance is to be discardedand. therefore, subject to RCRA regulation.

NOTE: Prior written authorization is notrequired if safety or othe