FM 10-115

QUARTERMASTER WATER UNITS

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DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

FM 10-115

CHAPTER 1 COMMANDER AND UNIT

Section I UNIT COMMANDER’S OPERATIONS

This chapter is for the unit commander.

RESPONSIBILITIESAs commander, you exercise authority and direc-tion over your unit to perform the mission.Analyzing, planning, directing, and supervisingpersonnel and operations are part of your respon-sibilities. Command leadership and managementare essential factors needed to carry out the unitmission. DA Pamphlet 5-2 explains the integra-tion of these factors and the techniques you andyour supervisors can use to manage the uniteffectively. The Army has issued a number ofhandbooks for unit personnel. These publicationsgive concise overviews of areas affecting yourunit. Table 1-1 lists some of these publications.Under your direction, your headquarters isresponsible for the following: • • • •

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Operations (mission accomplishment).Training.Unit supply and maintenance (AR 735-5).Command information communications(AR 360-81).Physical training program.Safety.Communications and security.General welfare of the troops.Military justice and discipline.

ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT At the unit level, personnel and administrativetasks are handled by the first sergeant or unit

clerk. The battalion S1 supervises the PAC whichprovides support to the units. The PAC does asmany administrative tasks as possible to reducethe work load at the unit level. As unit commander,you are responsible for developing administrativemanagement procedures. Use FM 12-3-1 andArmy regulations in the 340 series for guidance.Other administrative management actions andreferences are listed in Table 1-2.

FIELD KITCHEN Your food service sergeant is responsible for fieldkitchen operations. Table 1-3 lists forms that areused in peacetime or in field training exercises.Table 1-4 lists some useful references.

SUPPLIESYour supply sergeant is responsible for super-vising unit supply operations. His duties includereceiving, storing, protecting, and issuing unitsupplies; processing requests and turn-ins;maintaining hand receipts; providing laundryexchange; and training personnel in supply opera-tions. DA Pamphlet 710-2-1 and FM 10-14 containprocedures for unit supply operations. Infor-mation on maintaining the PLL can be found inDA Pamphlet 710-2-1.

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Table 1-2. Administrative management actions and references

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Table 1-4. References used for field kitchen operations

Section IIDEFENSE

THREATAs unit commander, you are responsible for the may include airborne and heliborne units; radio-security and defense of your personnel and equip-ment. Combat units will probably be locatedbetween your unit and the enemy. However, thisdoes not mean that there is no chance that yourunit will be attacked by threat forces. There isalways a major element of threat to rear opera-tions. This threat includes cells and networks ofagents; special-purpose forces; reconnaissanceunits; and rocket, missile, and air strikes. Also, it

electronic combat operations; and nuclear, bio-logical, or chemical warfare. More information onthreat tactics and equipment can be found inFMs 100-2-1, 100-2-2, and 100-2-3. The three levelsof threat activity are shown in Table 1-5.

AIRLAND BATTLE AirLand battle is the Army’s basic operationalconcept for fighting the next war. AirLand battle

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doctrine emphasizes the need for coordinated airand ground actions. It includes plans for threesimultaneous operations-deep, close, and rear.The four principles of AirLand battle are initia-tive, depth, agility, and synchronization. SeeFM 100-5. Water supply companies can supportthe battle by—

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Ensuring continuing water support.Being prepared to shift support to differentuser units.Participating in and reacting to any rearoperations threat.

BASE DEFENSE OPERATIONS Each unit in the rear is responsible for its ownsecurity and protection. In order to better defendan area, combat support and combat servicesupport units usually form a base or a base cluster.

BaseA base is a small area with a defined perimeterand established access control. It providesenhanced security to units while they continue tosupport combat forces. A base is made up of one ormore Army, other services, or host nation units.Each unit in the rear will establish a base or will beassigned to one by the rear operations officer. Thesenior officer in the base area will become the basecommander. You may be designated as a base

Table 1-5. Levels of threat activity

commander. Each base establishes a base defenseoperations center to plan, coordinate, and super-vise base defense operations. The base must beable to protect itself against a Level I enemyincursion. In a Level II or Level III attack, the basemust be able to engage and delay enemy forcesuntil supporting forces arrive.

Base ClusterA base cluster comprises several bases. It usuallycovers a larger area than a base and has nodefined perimeter. The base cluster commanderestablishes a base cluster operations center thatprovides command, control, and supervision ofthe base cluster. FM 90-14 provides more details onbase cluster functions.

Base or Base Cluster CommanderA base or base cluster commander plans, preparesfor, and supervises the internal defense of the baseor base cluster. He reports directly to the rearoperations center. For more on the commander’sresponsibilities, see FM 90-14.

REAR OPERATIONS Units in the rear must be prepared to secure anddefeat the threat while continuing their primarymissions. They are primary targets for enemyattacks because the units provide vital support tothe combat forces involved in the main battle.

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FMs 100-5, 100-15, and 100-16 address rear opera-tions at each echelon. FM 90-14 also providesdetails on rear defense.

NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL OPERATIONS

The enemy has the means to conduct operationsinvolving nuclear, biological, and chemicalweapons. Your unit must be able to survive anattack and continue its mission in a contaminatedenvironment. The nuclear, biological, and chemi-cal threat includes an arsenal of offensiveweapons, such as tubed artillery, missiles, rockets,

Table 1-6. Topics for defense training

multiple-rocket launchers, and aircraft capable ofdelivering nuclear and chemical warheadsagainst your troop concentration.

TRAININGDefense training, including on-the-job training,should be given a high priority. Make sure yourpersonnel are familiar with the unit defense planand are trained in the specific duties assigned tothem as part of the plan. Table 1-6 containssuggested defense topics and helpful informationthat you should consider in developing yourdefense training programs.

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CHAPTER 2 HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS DETACHMENT,

WATER SUPPLY BATTALION

Section I HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS DETACHMENT

This section is for the detachmentcommander.

MISSION AND ORGANIZATION HHD, water supply battalion (TOE 10116*) is the battalion is designed to meet mission require-headquarters and control agency for water units. ments in arid environments. It will be employed inThe battalion provides command, administrative, the corps or COMMZ near lines of communication.technical, and organizational control for assigned Battalion personnel plan and supervise the supplyor attached units. These units include water of potable water and coordinate efforts to operatesupply (TOE 10468) and transportation medium and maintain the water distribution systems. Thetruck (water) (TOES 55727 and 55728) companies. organizational structure provides for a battalionWater purification teams (TOE 10570) will be headquarters and a headquarters detachment.attached when necessary. See Figure 2-1. The See Figure 2-2.

*TOE 10116 is scheduled to be converted to TOE 10466L in the near future. This change occured after final preparations for printingthis manual had been made.

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The HHD is organic to the water supply battalion.The battalion is normally assigned to a petroleumgroup or a COSCOM. When no petroleum group isassigned to a major command, the battalion maybe assigned to a TAACOM.

CAPABILITIESAt full strength (TOE Level 1), the HHD, watersupply battalion may command and control fromtwo to six water supply companies, TOE 10468L;water purification detachments, TOE 10469L;transportation medium truck (water) companies,TOEs 55727L and 55728L; and, as appropriate,water teams, TOE 10570. TOE Strength Level 2reduces operational capabilities to about90 percent. Strength Level 3 reduces capabilities toabout 80 percent. The HHD can transport18,500 pounds (1,416 cubic feet) of TOE equipmentwith organic vehicles. It has 7,782 pounds(438 cubic feet) of TOE equipment requiring trans-portation. It performs maintenance on organic

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ASSIGNMENT AND ALLOCATION equipment and communications-electronics equip-ment organic to assigned or attached units.

REQUIRED SUPPORTThis unit depends on the water supply companyfor maintenance support of equipment, exceptcommunications-electronics equipment. Mechan-ics are provided to augment the maintenancecapabilities of the unit. Engineer organizationsare responsible for finding surface water sourcesand sites on which to drill wells. Well-drillingteams that are organic or attached to nondivi-sional engineer units drill the wells. Engineers areresponsible also for constructing and repairingrigid storage tanks and pipelines, making improve-ments at the water point site, and constructingand maintaining permanent and semipermanentwater utilities at Army installations. Preventivemedicine organizations approve water sourcesand provide routine surveillance to ensurewater quality.

This section is for the detachmentcommander.

FM 10-115

Section II HEADQUARTERS DETACHMENT OPERATIONS

MISSIONThe headquarters detachment provides admin-istration, organizational supply, security, foodservice, and training activities. As detachmentcommander, you direct all battalion supportactivities.

PERSONNELYour most valuable resources are your soldiers. Touse them effectively, you must know their duties.Table 2-1 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of yoursection by position, grade, MOS, and duties.

OPERATIONSThe detachment is the headquarters and controlagency for units involved in water supply. Per-sonnel in the detachment may command andcontrol up to six units at Strength Level 1.Personnel in the detachment headquarters—

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Plan and supervise the supply of potablewater and coordinate the efforts of the units.Maintain and support the water supplysystem so that personnel, equipment, andfacilities are used to their best advantage.Control the supply of potable water throughthe water supply branch.Provide the technical and operational super-vision for the battalion water purification,supply, and distribution functions throughthe S2/S3 section.Plan, control, and supervise the employment,deployment, security, and operation of thebattalion, through the security and plansbranch.Provide the communications systems for thebattalion and the assigned units through itscommunications branch in the S2/S3 section.

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SECTION III BATTALION HEADQUARTERS OPERATIONS

This section is for the battalion commander.

MISSIONThe battalion headquarters is the command andcontrol element. The mission of battalion head-quarters is to provide the necessary command andsupervision of the technical operation of thebattalion for its assigned and attached units.Command and control functions are performedthrough an arrangement of personnel, equipment,communications, facilities, and procedures. Thedesignated personnel for the command section arethe battalion commander and his immediate staff.The staff officers supervise the functions of the S1section, the S2/S3 section, and the S4 section.Details on the S2/S3 section are described later inthis chapter.

PERSONNELYour most valuable resources are your soldiers. Touse them effectively, you must know their duties.Table 2-2 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of yoursection by position, grade, MOS, and duties.

COMMAND AND CONTROL You are responsible for the mission of thebattalion. You can delegate authority to yoursubordinates and make them responsible to you,but you are still responsible. The organization ofthe battalion headquarters elements is shown inFigure 2-2. The S2/S3 section is divided into asecurity and plans branch, a communicationsbranch, and a water supply branch.

PREPARATION FOR MOVEMENT The battalion must be ready to move at any timeand by any means. When it moves within thetheater of operations, the battalion most likelywill use motor transport, but it may use air orwater transport. One of the first things you shoulddo after taking command is to see if the battalionhas

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an SOP for moving. An SOP should cover—

Plans for all types of movements, includingmeans of getting vehicles, aircraft, or watertransport.Plans for loading organic vehicles and othermodes of transport which might be used.Instructions for conducting reconnaissanceof the route to be traveled and the new site.Plans for displacing all or part of thebattalion.Procedures for closing out operations at theold area.Plans for the march, such as feeding thetroops, refueling vehicles, performing unitmaintenance en route, and getting roadclearances.Plans for defending the unit.

RECONNAISSANCE AND SITE SELECTION

After the COSCOM or TAACOM commander hasassigned the general area, you or a reconnaissance

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team must check it out. The battalion S2/S3 photographs should be used to aid in the reconnais-usually takes charge of getting a team together sance process. Reconnaissance aids are fieldand making arrangements for the reconnais- reports, geological maps, topographical maps,sance. The team should include you, staff officers, and aerial photographs.the detachment commander and key personnel heselects, and personnel from the water supplybranch.

ReconnaissanceThere are several ways to check out the route andthe new area. Sometimes map reconnaissance isthe only way because of the lack of time orsecurity. If there is no immediate danger fromhostile forces and time is available, the recon-naissance team visits the area. Ground and mapreconnaissance should be used. If available, aerial

This section is for the battalion S1.MISSION

Under your supervision, the S1 section providesthe necessary administrative and personnelmanagement support required throughout thebattalion. This section supervises correspondenceand mail activities for the battalion. S1 sectionpersonnel prepare and provide to higher head-quarters reports on casualties, strengths, andreplacement requirements.

PERSONNEL

Your most valuable resources are your soldiers. Touse them effectively, you must know their duties.

Site SelectionThe reconnaissance team should select anoperating site and an alternate site for thebattalion command post. The S2/S3 and thedetachment commander select the generaloperating areas for the battalion and subordinateunits. As a rule, the detachment headquarterscommander is responsible for setting up thebattalion command post. See FM 55-30 for helpwith motor movements and FMs 55-12 and 55-40for air movements.

Section IVS1 SECTION

Table 2-3 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of yoursection by position, grade, MOS, and duties.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND PERSONNELMATTERS

The S1 section carries out the commander’spolicies on personnel administration. You super-vise personnel management classification andassignment functions that relate to units attachedto the battalion. You maintain liaison with thepersonnel service unit providing personnel serviceto the battalion that operates the automatedSIDPERS. A personnel administration center will

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be established at the battalion level of command PAC. In support of the battalion commander, theand tasked to provide formal administrativesupport to the unit. When this occurs, the com-mander still retains responsibility for the unitreadiness posture of the unit and for ensuring thatassigned soldiers are supported properly. He alsoretains responsibility for military justice and forinformal administrative actions. See FM 12-3-1and TCs 12-6 and 12-16 for more information on

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S1 and the S1 section perform the followingservices.

Prepare Directives or CorrespondenceNormally, unit personnel use handwritten notesor memos within the battalion. When unit com-manders have correspondence which goes outsidethe battalion, PAC personnel type it in the correct

FM 10-115

format. Unit commanders send the PAC ahandwritten draft of the information and instruc-tions on what is needed--a letter, an endorsement,a DF, or a comment. Preprinted letters or formsmay be used for repetitive actions. Policies may beset up to allow the S1 or the personnel staff NCO tosign for the commander when his signature is notrequired. AR 340-15 has information on how todetermine signatory authority. It also containsguidelines for preparing correspondence.

Operate the Battalion Mail ServiceYou serve as the battalion postal officer to providemail service to all battalion units. Unit com-manders appoint a unit mail clerk to take mailfrom their unit to the battalion mail pickup pointand receive mail to take back to their unit. Eachmail clerk must have a DD Form 285 (Appoint-ment of Military Postal Clerk, Unit Mail Clerk, orMail Orderly). The PAC types these forms, givesone copy to the mail clerk, sends two copies to theAG postal division, and files one copy.

Maintain Unit Strength

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•The first sergeants, supervised by the unitcommanders, send a personnel daily summary tothe S1 section. The report includes authorized andactual strength figures, casualty reports, andadministrative gains and losses of personnel.Once you receive the unit element reports, forwardthe information by secure means (radio, telephone,or courier) to the next higher headquarters. SeeTC 12-16 for more information on this. AR 600-8-1and FM 12-15 cover casualty reports.

Administer Personnel ActionsUnit commanders may send oral or writtenrequests for personnel actions through the person-nel staff NCO. The personnel staff NCO withinthe PAC maintains liaison with unit commandersand their first sergeants. The requests mayinclude reclassifications, promotions, reductions,separations, reassignments, reenlistments, andevaluations. Also, they may include routineadministrative tasks such as requests for orpreparation of mail cards, medical forms, iden-tification cards and tags, clearance forms, andrequests for leave, and family or financialcounseling.

Provide Various Services If soldiers need financial help, the unit com-mander or first sergeant coordinates with PAC to

arrange for Army Community Service or otherfinancial assistance agencies to help them. If unitpersonnel have problems with their pay accountor need to make any changes to it, the PAC helpsthem or makes an appointment for them at thesupporting finance activity. Recreational activi-ties are provided in the unit area or rest areas(rest and recreation areas are in the rear area).Religious activities are conducted by the battalionchaplain.

Assist With Discipline, Law, and OrderYou are directly concerned with discipline, law,and order in the battalion. You coordinate with themilitary police and the staff judge advocate whoadministers military justice for the COSCOM orTAACOM. AR 27-10 covers military justice, andAR 600-8-2 covers suspension actions. The PACprovides administrative support for the troopsby–

Preparing paperwork for the unit commanders’signatures. Preparing statements and forms for soldiersand arranging legal counsel for them.Forwarding documents through appropriatechannels for action.Notifying unit commanders of actions takenby higher headquarters.

Prepare Reports The PAC prepares or coordinates accident, readi-ness, casualty, strength, and evaluation reportsand unit rosters. Accident reports are prepared onDA Form 285 (US Army Accident InvestigationReport). Readiness reports are prepared onDA Form 2715-R (Unit Status Report). Proceduresfor preparing casualty reports are in FM 12-15.The division SOP, FM 101-5, and TC 12-6 giveinformation on preparing strength reports.ARs 623-105 and 623-205 give the requirements forevaluation reports.

Prepare Orders The administrative service division of the per-sonnel service company issues written orders. Itrequests the issue of orders for personnel actions.Unit commanders may request the issue of otherorders. The S1 tells the PAC what action isrequired and for whom. The PAC prepares aDA Form 2446 (Request for Orders) and sends it tothe administrative service division. The PACkeeps a copy of the request until the orders arereceived. AR 310-10 has more on preparingmilitary orders.

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Section VS2/S3 SECTION

This section is for the S2/S3.

MISSIONS2/S3 section personnel make sure the tacticalmission of the battalion is carried out. The sectionsupervises technical and military intelligencegathering and formulates plans. It is responsiblefor the training of the battalion units. This sectionis also responsible for the battalion operationorder, the movement and location of battalionunits, and rear operations. Its responsibilities alsoinclude the establishment and operation of thebattalion wire net, radio net, and battalion communi-cations center and the supplies and servicesprovided to supported units.

PERSONNELThe S2/S3 advises the battalion commander onoperations, training, and intelligence. His respon-sibilities include selection of operational sites,coordination, and assignment of tasks. The S2/S3is also the operations security officer. Table 2-4lists TOE-prescribed personnel of the S2/S3 sec-tion by position, grade, MOS, and duties.

PLANS, COORDINATION, AND SUPERVISION

Soldiers in the S2/S3 section advise the battalioncommander on the status of battalion operations,training, intelligence, and security. They alsomake sure that subordinate commanders under-stand and comply with battalion policies anddirectives in those areas. The S2/S3 section staffsall actions dealing with the supplies and servicesprovided to supported units. Personnel in theS2/S3 section—

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Coordinate all services provided to supportedunits.Monitor motor transport operations andrequest additional support for battalion unitswhere needed.Direct and supervise movement of battalionunits.Supervise the gathering and processing ofintelligence information.Coordinate rear operation plans andactivities.Plan and supervise training of battalionunits.

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Coordinate security and plans branch, com-munications branch, and water supplybranch activities.

TRAININGArmy policy gives training responsibilities to thelowest level of command. The S2/S3 is thetraining coordinator for the battalion, and com-manders and key NCOs are the trainers. TheS2/S3 works with staff members and unit com-manders to organize training plans for the bat-talion. Meetings are held regularly (preferablyonce a week) to determine unit missions andtraining needs. The commanders discuss the timeneeded for individual training and for collectivetraining. The S2/S3 provides a schedule and alltraining and evaluation outlines needed to carryout training. There is no set format for theschedule. However, the schedule must include themission and when and where the training is to begiven. Also, it must include notes about trainingand evaluation outlines, other sources and ref-erences, and specific guidance. See FM 25-2 forfurther guidance in training management.

INTELLIGENCEIntelligence and tactical operations functions inthe water supply battalion are consolidated. TheS2/S3 is responsible for major tasks in the area ofintelligence. He is usually assisted by the opera-tions sergeant and the security and plans NCO.Other members of the S2/S3 section give adviceand information on intelligence, tactical opera-tions, and security. S2/S3 section personnel main-tain the operations map. The operations map iscontinuously updated to show the positions of allbattalion units and all known friendly, allied, andenemy forces in the battalion area. Section per-sonnel prepare the intelligence annex to thebattalion SOP, the operation orders, and othernecessary reports. They make data available tobattalion units.

EstimateUnit commanders must make it clear to theirsoldiers that any observations of enemy activity

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or attempted subversion, terrorism, or espionagemust be reported without delay through commandchannels. The S2/S3 section receives informationof intelligence value from battalion elements andsends it to the petroleum group S3 or to the MOVEMENT AND LOCATION OFCOSCOM security, plans, and operations officer BATTALION UNITSfor appropriate action. In the event of an imme-diate security threat, the S2/S3 may mobilize Once the S2/S3 receives an operation order, heforces for support. The intelligence estimate is a tells the battalion units where they must locatecontinuing requirement. Even though intelligence and when they must begin operations. The fol-information may not be immediately important to lowing steps are taken:the battalion or petroleum group, it may beimportant to other higher headquarters. FM 101-5shows the type of information included in anintelligence estimate.

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OperationsTactical and logistic operations are of interest tohigher headquarters. The S2/S3 reports enemycapabilities; areas that have become impassabledue to mines, obstacles, or contamination; and theeffects of weather and terrain. This informationwill be used to update the petroleum group orCOSCOM situation map. Once higher head-quarters processes the information, the S2/S3section is provided with an intelligence report. Theapplicable portion of the report is forwarded by theS2/S3 section to battalion units.

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A warning order is issued to battalion ele-ments to let them know a move is planned.A reconnaissance party is arranged to checkthe route and the new area. See Table 2-5 for achecklist for water reconnaissance. STANAG2885 also has specific guidelines for waterreconnaissance. See Table 2-6 for theseguidelines.The operations NCO in the S2/S3 sectioncoordinates with the petroleum group orCOSCOM headquarters movement controlofficer to make sure transportation is avail-able to support battalion operations.An advance party is organized and sent tothe new area to clear the route of obstacles, tocheck for NBC contaminants, to post routemarkers, and to make hasty defense posi-tions. The advance party also sets up the

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of these details.

command post, lays communications wiresfrom the command post to defensive posi-tions and supply areas, and prepares thekitchen area.

REAR OPERATIONS CONSIDERATIONS The S2/S3 coordinates with the battalion com-mander, other staff members, and company anddetachment commanders to develop rear opera-tions security plans and training for the battalion.The battalion may face a wide range of enemyactions. They vary from covert actions by enemyagents to full-scale attacks by battalions or large,enemy combat forces. Units in the rear must beprepared to respond to the various levels of threat.The levels are described in Table 1-5 in thismanual. Defense information for the units withinthe battalion structure is presented throughoutthis FM.

COMMAND POST AND TACTICAL OPERATIONS CENTER

The S2/S3 manages the tactical mission opera-tions from the TOC, which is the chief componentof the battalion CP. In a built-up area, the CP may

be in the same building with all of the battalionstaff. A separate area of the building should bedesignated for the TOC. The CP may also be intents. In this case, the S2/S3 should have amedium GP tent for the TOC with other staffmembers located next to it in small GP tents. SeeFigure 2-3 for suggested layout and staffing of aTOC.

StaffMost of the time, the TOC has the battalioncommander, the S2/S3, staff members, and com-munications soldiers. The TOC must be staffedand operated 24 hours a day. To do this, the S2/S3may set up two 12-hour shifts. Usually, each shifthas at least one officer, two NCOs, one clerk, andany liaison personnel needed. When the situationdoes not warrant a full staff, at least one personmust be on duty at all times. In this case, the S2/S3may have one fully staffed, 12-hour shift and anofficer or NCO on duty for the next 12 hours. Aduty roster is kept to rotate the duty officer andNCO detail. The operations sergeant can take care

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FunctionsTOC personnel receive reports from battalionunits, requests for assistance from supportedunits, directives from higher headquarters, andother information pertinent to the mission. Theykeep the S2/S3 section informed and keep opera-tions maps and charts posted with the latestinformation. Usually, the operations sergeantkeeps the operations map up to date, and thesecurity and plans NCO makes sure the latestinformation is on the situation map and theweather chart. Using the charts and maps pro-vided, the S2/S3 or the battalion commanderbriefs staff officers and unit commanders regu-larly (usually daily). The commander decides howoften. The communications chief is usually incharge of the net control station in the TOC. Othercommunications personnel may be located in atrailer, tent, or other structure next to the TOC tooperate the wire net and to process messages.

SecurityThe TOC is a restricted area, so the S2/S3 musttake precautions to keep it secure. The CP usuallyhas protective wire or some other protective barrieraround it. If the TOC needs more protection, theS2/S3 may request that wire or barriers be putaround the TOC as well. A guard is posted at theentrance to the TOC. The detachment commander,who is responsible for CP security, assigns theguards. A roster of personnel who have access tothe TOC is published and given to the guard.When a soldier needs to enter the TOC, the guardchecks his identification card against the roster.After the initial check, the guard may admit him.If the soldier is not on the access roster, the guardasks the S2/S3 or one of the staff to see if he shouldbe permitted to enter.

BATTALION WIRE AND RADIO NET OPERATIONS

Communication is an essential part of the bat-talion headquarters mission. The battalion com-mander, with the aid of the staff, receives andinterprets plans, policies, and directives fromhigher headquarters. Communication betweenbattalion units that is not routine is routedthrough the battalion commander. All availablemeans of communication are used to ensure quick,accurate, and reliable dissemination of infor-mation. The S2/S3 has staff supervision of com-munications in a field or combat situation. Moreinformation on operations of the battalion com-munications branch is presented later in this

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chapter. The battalion communications chief runsthe communications system and supervises othercommunications personnel. The system consistsof single-channel radio nets and a mobile radio-telephone system augmented by multichanneltactical satellite radio. Maximum use is made ofsystems that soldiers can carry. The communi-cations chief and soldiers accomplish thefollowing functions.

EquipmentCommunications personnel account for and main-tain all the communications equipment belongingto the battalion. Battalion signal equipment in-cludes FM radios; field telephones; switchboards;teletypewriters; terminal facilities; COMSEC de-vices; and auxiliary equipment, such as batteries,wire, and cables.

Net ControlCommunications personnel establish the netcontrol station for the battalion FM radio net.They monitor and control FM voice communi-cation between battalion units using proceduresgiven in FM 24-18 and the CEOI. The net con-troller opens and closes the net, imposes and liftsradio silence, ensures proper radio-telephone pro-cedures are used, and keeps unauthorized stationsfrom transmitting. Battalion radio net operationsare described later in this chapter.

TeletypeCommunications personnel provide teletype ser-vice to and from divisional units or, through theCOSCOM support signal node, other telecom-munication centers throughout the theater. Thisservice is available to the headquarters detach-ment staff and the staff of subordinate units, asdetermined by the battalion commander. Thetelecommunications center is usually collocatedwith the message center.

SwitchboardThe communications branch provides telephoneand teletype switching service for all battalionelements. Switchboard operators manually con-nect battalion field phones and teletypes forintrabattalion communication. They use a con-nection to the COSCOM support signal node toallow voice communication to all theater elements.

FM RadioSoldiers in the communications branch aid thecommander by laying wires to all subordinateunits and establishing an FM voice net. Thebranch is assisted by elements of the supportingsignal battalion.

OPERATIONS REPORTS The S2/S3 section prepares or processes missionoperations reports and forwards them to thepetroleum group or COSCOM security, plans, and

operations section. The COSCOM, petroleumgroup, or TAACOM SOP should specify when theS2/S3 section submits its reports. These reportsinclude the following:

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Intelligence spot report.Intelligence summary.Situation overlay.Ground surveillance plan.Air reconnaissance surveillance request.

Section VI S4 Section

This section is for the S4.

MISSIONThe S4 section is responsible for providing supplyand maintenance services for the battalionorganic and attached units. S4 section personnel,supervised by the S4, perform the following duties:

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Receive requests for expendable suppliesfrom battalion units, enter them on the docu-ment register, and forward them to the supplymanagement office.Monitor requests from battalion units fornonexpendable supplies.Monitor due-in expendable.Supervise turn-ins of supplies and equipment.Monitor unit maintenance operations.Monitor materiel readiness status of bat-talion units.Prepare logistics reports.

PERSONNELThe S4 supervises internal supply and unit mainte-nance operations of battalion units. Coordinationis made with the S2/S3 for planning area damagecontrol measures. The S4 also serves as battalionmateriel readiness officer. A battalion supplysergeant, two supply specialists, and one equip-ment repair supervisor assist the S4. Table 2-7 listsTOE-prescribed personnel of the S4 section byposition, grade, MOS, and duties.

INTERNAL SUPPLY FUNCTIONSSupplies and equipment must be available forbattalion units when needed. The S4 must keep

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higher headquarters informed on the status ofinternal logistics. Major shortages of equipmentor supplies which affect mission capability are thenumber one priority and should be reportedthrough command channels immediately. The S4initially gives the COSCOM staff advance noticeof battalion requirements of supplies and equip-ment. The S4 bases requirements on the number ofsoldiers in the battalion, past demand experience,current requests, unit supply status reports, andthe unit commanders’ estimates of future needs.Battalion logistics may be divided into threegeneral areas. They are described below.

Internal SupplyInternal supply is the provision of all classes ofsupply in support of battalion personnel, equip-ment, and operations, excluding those supplieswhich are passed on to supported units (missionstocks).

Field ServicesField services are provided to support battalionpersonnel and equipment. They include foodservice, water supply, bath, laundry, reimpreg-nation, clothing exchange, renovation, salvage,decontamination, and graves registration.

MaintenanceMaintenance includes inspection, repair, cali-bration, and modification of battalion equipmentat the unit level.

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UNIT SUPPLY FUNCTIONSS4 section personnel help the S4 monitor thestatus of supply within the battalion and accountfor battalion property. Members of this section aretrained and experienced in unit supply. Theyinspect supply rooms, dining facilities, armsrooms, and motor pools. They resolve any prob-lems in favor of battalion, higher headquarters,and DA policy. The S4 knows how suppliesare classified and how they are accounted for.Table 2-8 explains supply accounting terms. Itemsby classification are explained below.

Expendable ItemsThe unit supply sergeants send requests to thebattalion S4 section. The section keeps a documentregister of requests for expendable items. Sectionpersonnel list each request on the document

register and enter a document number on therequest. Then the requests are sent to the supplymanagement section.

Nonexpendable ItemsThe supply sergeant may prepare requests fornonexpendable items. The requests are forwardedto the property book team at the supply man-agement section where document registers forthese requests are kept. Battalion policy mayrequire the supply sergeant to send the requeststhrough the S4 for information only.

Durable ItemsThe supply sergeant sends requests to the bat-talion S4 section. The section keeps a documentregister for requests for durable items. Requests

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are listed on the document register, and a docu- Helps select the areas for setting up vehiclement number is entered on the requests. Then therequests are sent to the supply managementsection.

SUBORDINATE UNIT SUPPLY RECORDS

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•

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•

One of the missions of the S4 is to take care of thepaperwork for the water supply battalion, which isconsolidated at battalion level. This involvespreparing and processing logistic reports andrecords, such as readiness-related reports; receipt,issue, and turn-in forms; and various propertytransactions and lists. For more detailed infor-mation, refer to FM 10-14-2.

MAINTENANCE •

• •

Unit maintenance is performed under the super-vision of the S4. He is also the battalion materielreadiness officer. As part of his maintenanceduties, the S4—

Organizes maintenance operations asdirected by the battalion commander. Thewater supply companies provide mainte-nance support for the battalion. The S4 andthe battalion motor maintenance sergeantcoordinate with the water supply companiesto make sure support is provided.

maintenance and sees that areas are desig-nated for other equipment maintenance.Inspects facilities and operations frequentlyto see that regulations and battalion policiesare followed. He identifies problem areas andhelps find solutions. FM 29-2 includes sampleinspection checklists.Ensures that repair parts are requestedaccording to regulation and that they arereceived promptly. Also, he checks to see thatrecords are kept correctly.Ensures that liaison is kept with supportingmaintenance activities. Copies of the sup-porting unit’s SOP are given to the main-tenance personnel so that they will use thecorrect procedures for requesting support.Gives maintenance training needs to thebattalion S2/S3 so that they can be includedin the battalion training schedule.Keeps the commander and the other staffmembers advised of the maintenance andmateriel readiness situation.

REAR OPERATIONS PLANNINGThe S4 plans and writes the SOP for area damagecontrol. Coordination is made with the petroleumgroup, the COSCOM G4, the battalion S2/S3, and

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the unit commanders to ensure that plans arecomplete. Commanders should know what theirunits are responsible for and see that equipmentand supplies are available.

MOVEMENT

The battalion S2/S3 is responsible for moving thebattalion in the field. The S4 coordinates logisticssupport for the move and gives the S2/S3 whateverhelp is needed in preparing for the move.

SPECIAL MAINTENANCE TECHNIQUES

Special maintenance techniques with which staffmembers need to be familiar are the same as those

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•

taught to maintenance specialists. Training

This section is for the security and plansofficer.

should include any special handling techniquesrequired in the operational area, using the appro-priate TMs and TCs. Supply and maintenanceoperations in the desert are described in FM 90-3,Chapter 5. Training should be modified accordingto the following:

The MTOE and mission of the unit.The supply situation expected in the area ofoperations.The capabilities of logistic units likely tosupport unit operations. Special attentionshould be given to units not normally foundin conventional operations (well-drillingteams and transportation truck companies,for example).

Section VII SECURITY AND PLANS BRANCH

MISSIONThis branch plans, controls, and supervises thesecurity, deployment, employment, training, andoperation of the water supply battalion and itsassigned or attached units. Branch personnel— •

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•

•

Develop plans and supervise training ofassigned and attached units.Develop and implement training programsfor the headquarters and subordinate units.Develop and implement general educationaldevelopment programs.Plan, direct, coordinate, and superviseintelligence, counterintelligence, and civilaffairs programs.Develop and coordinate plans for security

• • •

•

and defense of the headquarters and subordi-nate units.

PERSONNELYour most valuable resources are your soldiers. Touse them effectively, you must know their duties.Table 2-9 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of yourbranch by position, grade, MOS, and duties.

OPERATIONS This branch operates under the direct supervisionof the S2/S3. Branch operations are similar to

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those of the S2/S3 section of the HHD. As securityand plans officer, you—

Develop policies and guidance for training.Evaluate training.Supervise intelligence, security, and defenseactivities.Prepare broad planning guidance, policies,and programs.

DEFENSE RESPONSIBILITIES You are responsible for the security and defense ofyour personnel and equipment. Unlike combatunits that are designed and equipped to fight theenemy, your unit is designed and equipped for itsprimary mission of providing command, admin-istrative, technical, and operational supervisionand control of the water production and distri-bution system. However, if you are attacked, yourpersonnel must be able to defend themselvesinitially with the assets organic to the unit. Youmust develop a defense plan, assign specificduties, and ensure that your personnel are trainedto perform defense tasks. You will need to developyour defense plan in conjunction with higherheadquarters and adjacent units. See Chapter 1 inthis FM for more information on defense.

FM 10-115

Section VIII COMMUNICATIONS BRANCH

This section is for the security and plansofficer and communications officer.

MISSIONThe communications branch provides teletypeand telephone communication support for thebattalion and detachment headquarters. It alsooperates the battalion communications center.Your mission requires you to provide wire, radio,and telegraph-telephone communications andswitchboard, message center, and net controlstation services.

PERSONNELYour most valuable resources are your soldiers. Touse them effectively, you must know their duties.Table 2-10 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of thecommunications branch by position, grade, MOS,and duties.

OPERATIONS You are responsible for the communications forthe group. You will need to know the wire net plan,the net control station, the switchboard, and theradio communications net as described below. Youare responsible for allocating these assets.Equipment should be allocated as needed toperform the mission.

Wire Net PlanTA-312 PT telephone sets are dispersed throughoutthe battalion. Your personnel should develop awire net plan that shows the location of thesetelephones. See FM 11-50 and FM 24-20. The planshould also identify the terminals to which eachtelephone is connected on the switchboard. The

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plan should show where the wire is buried wire team to coordinate telephone installationunderground or installed overhead. Designate a with the supported units. Have the team identify

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manpower and equipment requirements. wire net is shown in Figure 2-5. Your personnelFigure 2-4 shows a diagram of the HHD wire net. should follow the guidelines in FM 21-3 whenYour section also installs and recovers field wire. establishing the radio net.

Radio Communications Net Messenger

See Table 2-11 for the communications equipment Use unit personnel as messengers as much asauthorized the battalion command. A proposed possible. They provide the most secure method of

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communication. They also help get needed sup-plies at once. You can call ahead to start thesupply process, then send the paperwork with amessenger.

• •

Net Control Station

• • • • • •

The group NCS operates according to the pro-cedures outlined in FM 24-18. Your personnel—

Open and close the net.Control transmissions.Authenticate and clear traffic within the net.Direct the net.Correct errors in operating procedures.Give or deny permission for stations to enteror leave the net.

Impose or lift listening silence.Maintain net discipline.

Switchboard ServiceThe battalion has two SB-22PT switchboards,which are assigned to your section. Personnel inyour section operate them. They should use correcttelephone procedures to answer, connect, anddisconnect incoming calls and to place outgoingcalls. The telephone communications system pro-vides switchboard service on a 24-hour basis.Have your personnel update the switchboardtraffic diagram as required. They should followprocedures outlined in FM 24-20.

Section IXWATER SUPPLY BRANCH

This section is for the operations officer.

MISSIONThe water supply branch provides technical andoperational supervision for up to six waterpurification detachments. The branch also pro-vides this guidance for water supply companiesand transportation medium truck companiesassigned to the water supply battalion.

PERSONNELYour most valuable resources are your soldiers. Touse them effectively, you must know their duties.Table 2-12 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of yourbranch by position, grade, MOS, and duties.

COORDINATION OF COMPANIES AND TEAMS

You are responsible for dispatching operations.You also coordinate water purification and supplyfunctions with the units described below.

Water Purification Detachment and Teams

The water purification detachment producespotable water within the theater. The teamsaugment DS water systems. The teams may alsoaugment the water purification capability organic

to supply and service companies. Water purifi-cation units normally operate out of baseterminals, but they may locate at any large watersource.

Water Supply Companies These companies establish and operate bulkstorage tank farms and tactical water distributionsystems (see Chapter 3). Tank farms, or terminals,also provide water support for units nearby on asupply point basis. Tactical water distributionteams are assigned to water supply companies asrequired to augment capabilities for bulk distri-bution of water throughout theater army andcorps areas.

Transportation Medium Truck Companies

These companies use collapsible fabric tanksmounted on standard cargo semitrailers to trans-port water. This capability is required early in thedevelopment of the theater. It serves as the mainmeans of distribution, pending the emplacementof base terminals, tank farms, and tactical waterdistribution systems. As the theater matures andthe mission changes, it serves as the only means of

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distributing water from corps area tank farms water forward from the corps areas by semitrailer-forward into divisional and brigade storagefacilities.

OPERATIONSYou are responsible for organizing the branch sothat it can function properly. You must monitorwater operations in the battalion so that watersupply will be adequate for all supported units.The operations are described below.

Purification, Storage, and Distribution

Purified water is pumped into the base terminalstorage facility, consisting of collapsible tanks,from purification equipment located onshore andoffshore. It is then distributed to other terminalswithin the theater army area and forward into thecorps areas by tactical water distribution systems.Terminals also provide water on a supply pointbasis to units located nearby. Personnel move

mounted fabric tanks and distribute it to divi-sional and brigade support areas for issue. Largequantities of potable water under field conditionsmay be distributed by pipeline, hose line,semitrailer-mounted fabric tanks, and tank trucks.Smaller quantities will be picked up from storageand distribution points in tank trucks, watertrailers, SMFTs, or 5-gallon water cans. In somesituations, small quantities of water from theForward Area Water Point Supply system may bedelivered by aircraft.

Technical SupportPersonnel in your branch must determine dailyrequirements and available storage space. Theydetermine the quantity of water to be purified andstored at the various terminals. Also, they developgraphs for projected consumption and deliveries.Your branch personnel manage the water qualitysurveillance program and determine sampling

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and testing procedures for potable water supplyaccording to TB Med 577. They determinereporting procedures for supported units. Theyestablish and monitor the transportation,handling, and testing of bulk water supplies.Branch personnel identify sources of potentialcontamination and deterioration of water quality.They provide advisory technical assistance tomilitary activities in the battalion area.

Records and ReportsPersonnel from your branch receive operationsreports from all purification and hose line unitsand storage terminals. The reports provide dailyproduction, storage, and distribution data. Thesedata are used in conjunction with a consumptiongraph and progress chart to coordinate waterpoint operations, safeguard water quality, andimprove water treatment and distribution. Blankcopies of many of the forms used for these recordsand reports can be found in FM 10-52. The formsmay be reproduced locally.Pumping and distribution records. Dailyproduction and distribution data must be recordedon the required logs. These daily records are sentby the purification and distribution units to yourwater inventory specialist. Use these data to makeup a summary report. You should review bothdaily and summary reports to check the status ofthe operation of your units daily. Investigate anydiscrepancy.

Loading schedules. You can use the pumpingand distribution schedules to develop loadingschedules. First, determine the estimated require-ments, availability of transportation, and theneeds of the supported units. Then, developloading schedules from these data.Daily water point reports. The water pointteam chief submits daily reports on productionand distribution of water. Since these reports arethe basis for other water supply records, theyshould be filled out carefully.Water quality reports. Representatives of thecommand surgeon routinely check water points.They use DA Form 5456-R (Water Point Inspec-tion) to report their findings to higher head-quarters. See TB Med 577. They check the chlorinecontent and pH of the water. They also inspect thesanitation of the water point. If they find aproblem, they may recommend that you stopwater production at once. They also take watersamples to be checked for bacteria. Results arereported on DD Form 686 (BacteriologicalExamination of Water). The form is sent to theheadquarters of the unit providing the water. Thetests provide a record of the potability of the water.Summaries. The water point supervisor receivesthe daily production and distribution reports fromthe individual team chiefs. The supervisorcompiles the data and sends the summaries toyour branch.

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CHAPTER 3WATER SUPPLY COMPANY

Section IOVERVIEW

This section is for the company commander.

MISSIONThe mission of the water supply company is tostore and distribute potable water to divisionaland nondivisional units in a combined DS and GSrole. To do this, your company establishes andoperates at least one temporary water storage anddistribution system. It also lays, operates, andretrieves the TWDS and maintains part of thecommand water reserve stocks.

CAPABILITIESYour company’s capabilities are determined bypersonnel strength levels prescribed by TOE10468L. Company personnel also have defenseand maintenance responsibilities.

Full StrengthAt full strength (TOE Level 1) and operating ontwo 12-hour shifts, your company can—

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•

per day when they are operated in tandem.Operated separately, the two TWDSs cantransfer 1,200,000 gallons of water perday. Each section of the TWDs can issue200,000 gallons of water per day.Operate 32 collapsible, bulk water storagetanks. Each tank can hold 50,000 gallons ofwater, so the capacity of your company tanksis 1,600,000 gallons.

Store part of the command water reservestock (up to 1,600,000 gallons).Operate up to eight DS issue points.

Reduced Strength TOE Strength Level 2 reduces the operationalcapability to about 90 percent, and Strength Level 3reduces it to about 80 percent. For more onstrength levels, see AR 220-1.

Attached Strength

When the TWDS teams (TOE 10570LB) areattached to your company, you can operate awater storage and distribution system for up to80 miles. More on TWDS teams can be found laterin this chapter.

DefenseMembers of your company can help in the coordi-nated defense of the company area or installation.More on unit defense is in Chapter 1.

MaintenanceYour company performs unit maintenance on itsequipment, except CE equipment. More on unitmaintenance is presented later in this chapter.

REQUIRED SUPPORTYour company depends on appropriate elementsof the theater army for legal, medical, financial,

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Install and operate two 10-mile TWDSs. TheTWDSs can transfer 600,000 gallons of water

FM 10-115

personnel, and administrative support. It depends you must move. Your company has 29,720 poundson the headquarters and headquarters company (1,940 cubic feet) of TOE equipment. Your com-and the water supply battalion for CE unit pany can move 255,000 pounds (9,412 cubic feet) ofmaintenance and for religious support. It also equipment and supplies in one lift using companydepends on— assets. •

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Additional security forces when physicalsecurity or defense needs exceed capability. ORGANIZATIONWater purification teams or a water purifi- Your company is organized to meet missioncation detachment for potable water (see requirements in an arid environment. As theChapter 4). demand for water increases with the growth ofPreventive medicine personnel to determine the theater, your company may also expand.whether the water supplied by your company Figure 3-1 shows the number of elements in youris potable. company at maximum size. Note that as many as

MOBILITY six tactical water distribution system teams maybe attached to your company. Your company is

The mobility of your company is limited by the employed in the corps or COMMZ area. Normally,number of vehicles you have and the number of the company will be attached to a water supplypersonnel and amount of equipment and supplies battalion.

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Section II COMPANY HEADQUARTERS

This section is for the company commander.

MISSION PERSONNELUsing your company headquarters staff, you Your most valuable resources are your soldiers. Tocommand and control the company. Your head- use them effectively, you must know their duties.quarters is responsible for internal operations of Table 3-1 lists TOE-prescribed personnel by posi-the company. This includes billeting, training, tion, grade, MOS, and duties. Duties of otherdiscipline, communications, administration, and company personnel are described later in thissecurity. Your supply sergeant provides unit chapter.supplies. Food service personnel provide foodservice support.

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Section III SUPPLY CONTROL SECTION

This section is for the water supply officer.

MISSIONThe mission of the supply control section is tocontrol company water supply activities. Yoursection ensures that the company follows direc-tives received from the water supply battalionabout the receipt, storage, and issue of water. Yourpersonnel prepare plans and schedules for waterthat comes in and water that is sent out. Yourpersonnel prepare and forward required reports tothe battalion headquarters and to the companyoperating sections. They coordinate transpor-tation for the delivery of water to the water points.They also establish and maintain water activityrecords.

PERSONNELYour most valuable resources are your soldiers. Touse them effectively, you must know their duties.Table 3-2 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of yoursection by position, grade, MOS, and duties.

LAYOUTBefore your personnel set up operations, youshould develop a layout plan and show it to them.On your plan, show the position of section equip-ment in a medium GP tent. Plan for an administra-tive and records control area, a communicationsarea, and a water testing area. Include a copy ofthe layout in the supply control section of the

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company SOP. Alter the layout to include the useof any space available in permanent buildings.

OPERATIONSThe supply control section is the mission controlelement of the company. It supervises and directsthe company water supply activities. It providesthe necessary personnel to operate as the controlelement of unit mission activities.

ControlYour soldiers coordinate water support activitieswith the battalion headquarters and the operatingplatoons. They inform the battalion headquartersof company transportation needs. The battalionheadquarters manages your water support assets.You receive water directives and documents fromthe battalion headquarters and submit reports toit.

CommunicationYour section must establish and maintain wire netcommunications for the company. Your section isauthorized communications equipment andtelecommunications center operators and tacticalwire operations specialists to operate and main-tain the equipment.Setup. Advance party personnel, including thetactical wire operations specialist, will havealready laid and installed wire for telephones,switchboards, and teletypes according to the wirenet diagram. Wire is the primary means of com-munications provided the company. The organicnet provides telephones and switchboards forinternal communications with higher, subor-dinate, and adjacent units. Teletypewriters andassociated equipment allow quick and urgenttransmission of communications. The teletype-writer also allows receipt of water requirementsand the transmission of reports and advice to andfrom higher headquarters. Wire and radio netdiagrams are shown in Figures 3-2 and 3-3.Operation and maintenance. The water opera-tions sergeant or an assistant should developmanning schedules to ensure adequate operationof communications equipment. Make sure thatcorrect procedures are used and that all personnelfollow COMSEC measures to prevent jamming,interference, and deception. Have supervisorsmake sure that equipment maintenance manualsare complete and up to date for all com-munications items.

RecordsThe water supply control specialist maintainswater activity records in your section. Yoursection has records of all water stored in theoperating sections of the company. They are filedin water point location sequence. Records show bylocation the total water storage capabilities, thetotal water on hand, the total water received, andthe total water issued.Daily reports. Have each of the water sectionssubmit a daily report. Outline the procedures inyour section SOP. Appendix A shows a suggestedformat for a daily report. Use these reports fromthe water sections to manage your water assetsand to report the amount of water to higherheadquarters.DA Form 1717-R. You report the amount ofwater distributed to all units on a daily basis. UseDA Form 1717-R (Water Point Daily DistributionSummary) to do this. Appendix A has a sample ofDA Form 1717-R. This form is also in FM 10-52,Appendix A.

InventoriesMake sure you inventory your water suppliesperiodically. Have your water treatment NCOcoordinate all inventories. However, you areresponsible for scheduling inventories and pro-viding SOP directives for them for the operatingsections.Schedules. Schedule staggered cyclic inven-tories so that all supply sections will not be takinginventory at the same time. You must establishinventory dates and cutoff dates.SOP. Prepare an SOP to be used in inventoryingwater. AR 710-2 and FM 38-741 have informationfor use in preparing the inventory SOP. Theyinclude preinventory procedures, duties of inven-tory personnel, preparation and processing ofinventory adjustment documents, and actionsafter inventory. Once the SOP is set, issue adirective naming inventory team members. As aminimum, the SOP should cover the following:

Receiving section cutoff time and date.Assignment and responsibilities of inventorycount team personnel.Areas not inventoried.Assignment of inventory voucher numbers.Inventory records.Issue during inventory.Correction of water activity records.After-inventory actions.

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TransportationProcedures. The water treatment specialist isresponsible for preparing inventory records andreports. When an inventory is completed, he willtotal the quantities held in different locations,compare inventories with the recorded balanceson water activity forms, and submit the inventorytotal through the battalion to the supportingMMC or petroleum group.

ForecastsEvery 24 hours of operation, the water treatmentspecialists assigned to each of the two platoonheadquarters will consolidate and forward to thesupply control section the status reports receivedfrom each of its two supply sections. In turn, thewater treatment specialist assigned to the supplycontrol section will consolidate and forward tobattalion headquarters the status reports receivedfrom each of the two platoon headquarters every24 hours of operation. Water battalions will thensubmit status reports to their supporting MMC orpetroleum group, which will in turn submit reportsto the theater army MMC. Submission of statusreports will depend on the theater situation andwill be stated in directives, SOPs, or waterdistribution plans. Daily reports provide thecompany water supply officer a source from whichto estimate receipts and issues for the next24 hours of operation. They are of particular valuewhen a company assumes the support of like unitsperforming like missions. It is also from theseestimates that the water supply officer forecastsestimates for transportation requirements. Thedaily status report is an informal report with noset format.

The water supply company is authorized vehiclesfor internal movement only. In order to receiveand issue water by truck, you must rely onsemitrailer-mounted fabric tanks from the trans-portation medium truck company. Since bothcompanies are attached to the water supplybattalion, coordination will be through battalionheadquarters. Exact procedures for requesting thesemitrailers should be stated in both battalion andcompany SOPs. The water treatment supervisorsplan work flow and sequence. They have therequired personnel and equipment on hand forprompt loading and off-loading. Therefore, thewater supply officer or his NCOs will need toinform platoon headquarters (and through theplatoon headquarters a water treatment super-visor in the supply section or his assistant) ofthe—

Quantity of water to be received or issued.Means of transport.Approximate time of arrival at the loading oroff-loading site.

• • •

Quality Control Quality control requires more than periodictesting. It also requires proper handling pro-cedures during storage and during loading andunloading operations. Quality control is not onlydetermining the quality of water but maintainingit so that the water is suitable for its intended use.The water treatment specialists in the supply anddistribution platoon headquarters are responsiblefor quality control. However, you should con-tinually check to make sure they are doing theirjobs. Details on water quality are in FM 10-52,Chapter 1.

Section IVSUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION PLATOON HEADQUARTERS

This section is for the supply and distributionplatoon leader.

MISSIONThe company has two supply and distributionplatoons. The mission of each supply and distri-bution platoon headquarters is to supervise andcontrol platoon activities, reconnoiter and selectoperating sites, and perform quality surveillance.

PERSONNELYour most valuable resources are your soldiers. Touse them effectively, you must know their duties.Table 3-3 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of yoursection by position, grade, MOS, and duties.

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According to the STANAG, the site should meetthe following requirements or be capable ofdevelopment to these:

After a general operating area for the company isdesignated by battalion headquarters, your com-pany commander may ask you to assist inreconnaissance of the area to determine the bestlocation for your platoon. Once the site has beenselected, you and your personnel must establishoperating areas for all elements of the platoon. Itis your responsibility to develop a layout plan.Some important points to consider in establishingyour operating areas and setting up your equip-ment are given in Table 3-4. Site requirements forwater points are presented in STANAG 2885.

LAYOUT •

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Easy and short access to and from a mainroute. One-way traffic past the water point.Waiting area for vehicles near the entrance tothe water point, preferably with naturalcover.A double width road opposite the fillingpoints so that the vehicle being filled does notblock the circuit.Well-drained hardstandings at the standpipes.Ground with good, natural drainage, if pos-sible at a sufficient slope to enable deliveriesto be made by gravity from tanks to vehiclesand from sedimentation tanks to sterilizingtanks if both are being used. The site should

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include even and nearly level spots wheretanks can be erected without too muchexcavation. Where sites permit, pumpingfrom the purification equipment to the vehi-cles thereby bypassing the requirement forstorage tanks should be used if possible.

OPERATIONSA major function of the platoon headquarters is tosupervise and direct the overall operation of theplatoon. You and your water treatment supervisormust assume these responsibilities. Some of theseoperations are described below.

DefensePrepare your personnel to respond to ground andair attacks. Supervise the establishment of theunit defense while subordinate elements arepreparing to occupy their designated areas.

CamouflageSupervise camouflage activities once unit ele-ments have established the defense and theiroperating sites. See FM 5-20, Chapter 8, for detailsabout camouflage activities.

CapabilitiesMake sure the necessary supplies are available toget the job done. Brief the company commander onthe overall capability of the platoon. You shouldemphasize personnel strength and equipmentavailability.

SanitationEnsure that proper sanitation procedures arefollowed and that field sanitation standards

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comply with Army regulations and policies. Formore information on field sanitation operations,refer to FM 21-10 and AR 40-5, Chapter 7.

CoordinationOnce the supply platoon is operational, the pla-toon headquarters must coordinate and monitoroperations performed by platoon personnel. To dothis, you and your water treatment supervisormust—

Assign tasks to the sections as required.Coordinate activities with supported units toensure that the mission is accomplished andcorrect procedures are used.Ensure that plans and operations are carriedout according to correct operating procedures.

ReportsWater point personnel submit daily reports toplatoon headquarters on water distribution tousing units. They use DA Form 1714-R (DailyWater Distribution Log) for this purpose. Head-quarters personnel then consolidate the DA Forms1714-R and submit a DA Form 1717-R to thesupply control section. This summary should beanalyzed to detect any unusual consumption ofwater by using units. DA Form 1715-R (WaterPoint Inspection Report) is completed regularly byrepresentatives of the command surgeon whocheck the chlorine and bacteria content of thewater and the sanitation of the water point.Appendix A shows samples of these forms. Blankforms suitable for reproduction are in FM 10-52.Reproduction of the forms on 8 1/2- by 1l-inchpaper is authorized. Each reproduction mustinclude the form number, the form title, and the

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date of the form. The forms are designed to Supply control section personnel must review allcoordinate the operation of widely separated forms, reports, and records for conflicting infor-water points. They also help to safeguard water mation, omissions, and other errors. They mustquality, improve efficiency of water treatment, correct all errors, distribute documents accordingand decrease equipment maintenance. The forms to FM 10-52, and maintain records according tofurnish supply data for higher headquarters. AR 340 series and local requirements.

Section V SUPPLY SECTION

This section is for the water treatmentsupervisor.

MISSION Each supply and distribution platoon has twosupply sections. Each supply section can store upto 400,000 gallons of potable water at up to fourlocations. (Thus, total storage capacity of thecompany is 1,600,000 gallons.) Each section canstore part of the command water reserve stock(maximum 400,000 gallons) and operate a directsupport issue point.

PERSONNELYour most valuable resources are your soldiers. Touse them effectively, you must know their duties.

Table 3-5 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of yoursection by position, grade, MOS, and duties.

STORAGE FACILITIES Your section’s duties in water supply operationsinclude using the collapsible bulk water storagetanks and storing part of the command waterreserve stock. Storage facilities should be largeenough to meet daily peak demands. This willeliminate long waits at the water point by con-sumers. The 50,000-gallon collapsible tank is thestandard tank available. The tanks are filled with

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chlorinated water. Water is rechlorinated whenwater is pumped from the tanks. Other storageconsiderations are described below.

Drainage

If drainage at storage and distribution sites ispoor, several problems can occur. Leaks and spillsfrom tanks, trucks, treatment units, and dis-tribution systems may keep the area wet andmuddy. Vehicles may get stuck in the mud.Standing water increases the risk of disease byproviding breeding sites for mosquitoes and otherinsects. During cold weather, water may freezeand cause a safety hazard. Avoid these problemsby planning for good drainage at each site. Be suredrainage is directed downstream from the waterpoint.

TrafficThere will be many vehicles coming to and goingfrom the water point. Provisions must be made forthis traffic. For more details, see FM 10-52.

WATER STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The 800,000-gallon water storage and distributionsystem consists of the equipment listed inTable 3-6. The manner in which you lay out thisequipment will be largely determined by theterrain and the mission. The company SOP andAMTP should provide plans on how the system

should be used. A suggested layout is in Figure 3-4.This is not the only possible arrangement. Anyunit that can operate this distribution system candevelop an arrangement to fit unit needs. Equip-ment should be dispersed but not so much that it isdifficult to protect against terrorism and sabotage.The most serious threat you will face will not behaving your site destroyed by fire or attack, but byhaving an infiltrator poison your water. For moredetails on the 800,000-gallon water storage anddistribution system, see TM 5-4320-228-13&P.

50,000-Gallon Collapsible TankThe 50,000-gallon collapsible tank is part of thesystem. It has a hose and valve assembly to helptransfer water. This assembly consists of a 4-inch,wire-reinforced hose assembly (10 feet long) and a4-inch gate valve. The female end of the 4-inchhose assembly is connected to the 4-inch elbowfitting of the filler/discharge assembly on thetank. The male end of the hose assembly is coupledto the 4-inch gate valve. The 50,000-gallon col-lapsible tank is used to store potable water. Tankscan be grouped in modular units or deployedseparately, depending on the terrain. The site isprepared by an engineer unit using scoop loadersor by civilian labor or your personnel using a frontloader or backhoe. The site should be sloped 3 to6 inches toward both the fill port and manifold endof each collapsible tank. Do not setup the tank onan incline. If you do, the tank will start to roll

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when you fill it. If that happens, the only thing youcan do is get out of its way. Setup two posts, one oneach side of the tank, and run a string from onepost to the other. The string should be 5 feet8 inches from the ground. Do not fill the tankabove this line or it will burst. Before moving fromone place to another, empty the tanks. For moredetails on the tank, see TM 5-5430-210-12.

Hypochlorination UnitThe hypochlorination unit chlorinates water auto-matically before it is distributed. Chlorinationdestroys bacteriological contaminants. However,it does not neutralize chemical or mineral contami-nants. Make sure that periodic bacteriological orchlorine residual tests are performed to monitorwater quality. Acceptable levels of chlorineresidual will be set by the theater or corps surgeon.Automatic operation of the hypochlorination unitensures that during periods of changing flow,each gallon of water will receive the same amountof chlorine. This automatic operation is achievedby linking the operation of a water meter througha pilot valve to a hydraulically controlled hypo-chlorinator. This regulates the amount of chlorineinjected into the water passing through the unit.As the flow of water through the meter changes,the amount of chlorine injected into the water alsochanges. The hypochlorination unit has apressure-regulating valve that maintains a pres-sure of at least 10 psi. This ensures properoperation of the hypochlorinator. The unit canautomatically treat from 2 to 400 gallons of waterper minute. A range-adjusting valve is attached to

establish maximum accuracy. The range-adjusting valve should be installed at its maxi-mum setting of 400 GPM and then turned downdepending on results of tests for chlorine residual.The hypochlorination unit is skid-mounted andportable. It can be manhandled into position bythree soldiers. Quick-disconnect coupling valvesenable hookup to the hose network.

350-GPM Pump This pump draws water from the 50,000-galloncollapsible tanks and pumps it through thehypochlorination unit to the loading stations. Ifmaximum RPM are not exceeded, the unit can beoperated indefinitely. The unit does not have theground rod and cable like the 350-GPM petroleumpump. The assembly should be pulled by a vehicleonly when making short positioning moves in theimmediate area. It is not designed to be towed in aconvoy or on a cross-country move. For such amove, a 5-ton cargo truck or a flatbed trailer mustbe used. A forklift is needed to load and off-load theassembly. For more on the 350-GPM pump, seeTM 5-4320-226-14 and FMs 10-20 and 10-69.

125-GPM Pump This pump serves as an auxiliary to the 350-GPMpump. The pump is driven by a 3-horsepowerengine. At an engine speed of 3,600 RPM, thepump delivers 125 gallons of water per minuteagainst a head or elevation gain of 50 feet. Thepump is portable and skid-mounted. It can bemoved over short distances manually by liftingthe ends of the pump frame. See TM 5-4320-208 -12&P for more on the operation of this pump.

Section VI DISTRIBUTION SECTION

This section is for the distribution sectionchief.

MISSIONThe mission of the distribution section is to lay, Table 3-7 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of youroperate, and retrieve 10 miles of collapsible hose section by position, grade, MOS, and duties.line. This hose line is part of a TWDS. Each section OPERATIONSalso operates the water distribution points alongthe TWDS. Your section provides GS water transfer between

PERSONNEL storage facilities and operates up to two DS waterpoints along the TWDS. In an arid or a hot region,

Your most valuable resources are your soldiers. To the lack of fresh surface water and increaseduse them effectively, you must know their duties. water use put great demands on the distribution

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TACTICAL WATERDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

system. If threat forces are able to disrupt water The TWDS is a 10-mile segment of hose line,distribution operations, they may be able tosignificantly affect future operations. The distri-bution of water has to be closely controlled. Do thisby scheduling. In order to set up the distributionschedule, you and the operations officer at thewater supply branch of the water supply battalionneed to work together. To plan your distribution,you need the name and location of units to besupported as well as the amount of water required.After you have this information, plan on how toget the water to the customer.

storage assemblies, pumping stations, and distri-bution units used to transport and distributepotable water throughout the theater of opera-tions. One TWDS can be joined to others to extenddistribution capabilities. Your company has twoTWDSs. However, your company can be aug-mented by as many as six TWDS teams. When thesystem is fully augmented, you can operate thesystem up to 80 miles. The TWDS has fourequipment groups. They are shown in Figure 3-5.The TWDS is intended for use with potable water

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only. If brackish or contaminated water gets into The TWDS can be unpacked, set up, and operatingthe TWDS, it will contaminate the system. At full within 48 hours after delivery to the deploymentperformance, the TWDS can move 600,000 gallons site. Details on the TWDS are in TM 5-4320-303-10.of water per day. This is the same as 10 trips of 10tank trucks in the same period. A typical TWDSinstallation is shown in Figure 3-6. The two TWDS SITE SELECTION

storage assemblies, the two distribution points, Before installing the TWDS, study the terrain.and the pressure-reducing valve may not be Examine and compare charts, contour maps, andneeded. Do not use the TWDS at temperatures photographs. Determine the general route for thebelow freezing. To do so will darnage the TWDS. TWDS hose line. The general locations of the

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TWDS INSTALLATION pumping stations will be determined by theterrain. Establish the distribution points wherethe hose line passes through areas of large troopconcentrations. Take full advantage of naturalcover and the most level and accessible route. As arule, plan the route near and parallel to a road.This will ease the job of transportation, assembly,inspection, operation, and maintenance. Plan tohave enough crossing guards to protect the hoseline where vehicles must cross it. Avoid routesalong stream banks or through ponds or marshes.Floods could disrupt the hose line or make mainte-nance difficult. Lay out the hose line on firm, dry,level ground beyond any drainage ditches andparallel to a roadway. Do not lay the hose line onareas of exposed rock. The abrasive effect ofrubbing against rocks will cause hose line damageand possible failure. Select a route based on theconsiderations in Table 3-8.

Install the pumping stations before you lay thehose line. The distribution points and the storageassemblies have to be installed in conjunctionwith each other.

Pumping StationsAfter determining the best route for the hose line,determine the sites for the pumping stations. Thefirst, or lead pumping station, should be located asnear to the water source as possible. The siteselected should be level with good drainage. Youshould take advantage of natural camouflage.The time required for site preparation will dependon terrain, the expected duration of the operation,the expected enemy action, and the time andequipment available. At a minimum, the pumpingstations require a reasonably level location onfirm soil with good drainage. The boost pumping

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stations are intended to be spaced at approxi-mately 2-mile intervals along the hose line route.This spacing is adequate if the hose line route isreasonably direct and the terrain covered is levelor gradually rolling with an elevation gain of nomore than 50 feet from one pumping station to thenext. If there is a hill higher than 100 feet or if thenext pumping station is more than 50 feet higherthan the previous pumping station, the spacingbetween pumping stations must be shortened.Also, you may have to install one or more pressure-reducing valves. A graphical method of locatingpump stations and pressure-reducing valves isexplained in TM 5-4320-303-10.

Pressure-Reducing ValveThe TWDS includes a pressure-reducing valve.The valve is for use if the hose line route includes ahill with a descent that causes buildup of excessivepressure (greater than 150 psi working pressure)at the bottom of the hill or if there is an elevationloss of more than 75 feet from one pumping stationto the next. The pressure-reducing valve protectsthe hose line and fittings from excessive pressurethat could rupture components. It also protects thepumping stations from receiving a suction pres-sure greater than 120 psi. If water with a pressuregreater than 120 psi arrives at the suction port of aboost pumping station, the station will auto-matically begin to slow down to maintain adischarge pressure of 150 psi. The TWDS pumpingstations are designed to run at normal operatingspeed. Slower speeds are less efficient. To deter-mine whether you need to install a pressure-reducing valve and where to install it, do thecalculations in TM 5-4320-303-10.

Other Components Once the locations for the pumping stations havebeen determined, the trailer-mounted pumps canbe installed. See TM 5-4320-303-10 for installationprocedures. The TWDS includes two storageassemblies. They may not be required dependingon the TWDS mission. If there is a requirement touse one or both of the storage assemblies, they canbe located at any suitable site along the hose lineroute. See TM 5-4320-303-10 for points to considerin site selection and for preparation procedures.Distribution points may not be required. Dis-tribution points, if required, must be used inconjunction with a storage assembly. The distri-bution point components should be unpackedwhere they will be used. The distribution point

components include one 125-GPM pump. Thepump should be unpacked only if required andthen only at the distribution point site.

10-Mile Segment The 10-mile segment includes all other compo-nents necessary to install and operate the TWDS.This equipment group includes 500-foot lengths ofhose line (in flaking boxes), a sling assembly,suspension kits, roadway crossing guards,pressure-reducing valve, suction hose assemblies,and miscellaneous fittings. This group alsoincludes the displacement and evacuation kit, apacking kit, a repair kit, and the spare parts cratefor the TWDS. The best way to unpack and installthe 10-mile segment is to use the area around thelead pumping station site as the staging area forthe unpacking operation. Components that neednot be installed to operate the TWDS and allcrating materials should be retained here. Thehose line is let out from the rear of a moving truckand then physically moved to a position 5 to 10 feetfrom the road. No more than four flaking boxes(2,000 feet of hose line) can be loaded onto a2 l/2-ton flatbed truck. Flatbed semitrailers mayalso be used. Up to 16 flaking boxes (1.5 miles)stacked four high can be loaded on the semitrailer.The hose line is deployed from the side of thevehicle. The 500-foot lengths of hose line areconnected using victaulic couplings on the leadingend of the hose line lengths. At all other con-nections, a swivel joint must be installed. Toinstall the swivel joints, use the victaulic couplingon the leading end of the hose line length and anadditional victaulic coupling to connect the swiveljoint to the trailing end of the next hose linelength. Make sure no dirt or other debris is in thehose sections or couplings. Any bends or kinks inthe hose line must be straightened. The recom-mended speed for laying hose is about 3 miles perhour. Speed will vary depending upon the terrain,available personnel, and how far hose must bemoved. The hose must not be left exposed on anyroadway or track which will be traveled by othervehicles. Due to its lightweight, thin-wall construc-tion, the hose line is easily damaged by roughhandling, abuse, or abrasive contact with rocks.Table 3-9 lists personnel and equipment require-ments for laying or retrieving hose line.

Roadway Crossing GuardsSometimes the hose line must be laid across aroadway or railroad. The hose should be laid

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under an existing bridge or through an existing pension bridges, such as timber, bolts, and nails,culvert. The leading end of the hose may be pulledthrough the culvert with a rope. If no bridge orculvert is usable, roadway crossings may beconstructed using the roadway crossing guardsprovided. The hose line must never be buriedunprotected. The weight of the fill would collapsethe hose, and any sharp rocks in contact with thehose would cause a puncture. A plank should benailed to the bottom of the guard for greater hoseprotection. It may be necessary to lay the hoseunder a railroad bed. Dig a tunnel beneath thegravel of the railbed, and nail a plank to thebottom of the guard. Do not lay the hose directly inthe trench or railbed. The shifting gravel willgradually damage the hose. Install the roadwaycrossing guards as shown in Figure 3-7.

Suspension KitsAerial suspensions are the most effective andreadily installed means of crossing streams anddeep gaps. The displacement ball must be able tomove freely through the hose line. For widecrossings, a suspension bridge should be built toprovide a flat floor which will support the entirehose line length and to eliminate bends whichwould occur if suspension cables were used. If anactively used bridge is available, the hose line maybe installed on it. Before you do so, check with theengineers to ensure the bridge is capable ofsupporting the hose line and its contents. The hoseline should be secured outside the bridge structure.Crossings must be above flood stage. Each hoseline suspension kit provides materiel for one300-foot-wide crossing or two shorter crossings.Additional materials for the construction of sus-

are not included in the kit. They must be obtainedlocally.

TWDS OPERATION Do not completely install the TWDS before youbegin to operate it. Instead, fill and purge the hoseline so that you can begin to distribute water assoon as possible. This will anchor the line and alsohelp you to detect flaws in the system. The linemust be anchored immediately because highwinds will blow it about.

Pumping StationsWhen you start the TWDS, make sure thatoperators at the pumping stations and storageassemblies can communicate with each other andthe crews laying the hose line. Have operatorsmonitor the advance of the water column. Theyshould report anything unusual or problems assoon as they occur. Have operators monitor thesuction and discharge pressures at the pumps.Report low suction or high discharge pressure.Correct problems at once. Make sure anyone whois within 21 feet of an operating pump wearshearing protection. Table 3-10 has tips foroperating the pumps in unusual conditions.

Storage Assemblies The 20,000-gallon collapsible tank (Figure 3-8) isthe standard storage tank. Have storage assemblyoperators announce the start and end of tank-filling operations. They should tell the pumpingstation operators when a tank is filled. Pumpingstation operators can expect a reduction in hoseline pressure. Care should be taken not to fill

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storage tanks at a rate that will cause downlinepumping stations to reduce speed. Table 3-11 hasprecautions to be followed when operating underunusual conditions.

Distribution Points Make sure the water goes through the hypo-chlorination unit before it goes through thebranching hose network. The major componentsof the distribution point are the 125-GPM pump,the hypochlorination unit, and the color com-parator. Table 3-12 has some tips for operatingthem in unusual conditions.

10-Mile Segment The most important part of operating the 10-milehose line is to keep downstream hose line pressureunder 155 psi and pressure at the next pumping

this is to adjust the pressure-reducing valve sothat the outlet pressure is as high as possiblewithout danger of exceeding the upper pressurelimits. Once the valve is adjusted properly, it willautomatically control the downstream pressureregardless of inlet pressure or changing flow rates.There are some precautions you should take inunusual situations. When operating at freezingtemperatures, protect the unit from rain, snow,and moisture. This will help to prevent couplings,stopcocks, and adjustments from freezing. If thepumps stop, disconnect the valve from the hoseline and drain all water. When operating inextreme heat, cover the unit to shade it from thesun. When operating near salt water, remove anyrust or aluminum oxide formations and paint theexposed surface. Protect machine surfaces with afilm of oil. Avoid removing the anodized coating

station between 20 and 120 psi. The best way to do from aluminum fittings.

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TWDS MAINTENANCE Make sure the TWDS is regularly and sys-tematically inspected. Note defects discoveredduring operation. Have them corrected as soon asoperations stop. If you find a defect which woulddamage equipment during continued operations,stop operations at once. Inspect the system dailyfor leaks while it is operating. Leaks are caused byimproper installation, faulty gaskets, damagedsealing surfaces, and defective hoses or fittings.Before you try to repair a leak, isolate the leakingarea. You can do this by installing hose clamps oneither side of the leak or by closing an appropriatevalve. If it will take a long time to repair a leak, youmay have to stop operation of the TWDS. Forexample, if you have to replace a damaged sectionof the hose line, shut down the pumping stationsuntil the repair is finished. This will preventdownline pumps from running dry, which coulddamage them. However, you can replace a faultygasket or correct an improper installation while

the TWDS operates. Connections should beinspected for improper installation before dis-connection. Gaskets can deteriorate or becomedamaged through normal wear and tear. Fittingswhich include gaskets should be checked forserviceability. Nicks, dents, or burrs on the sealingsurface of many parts can also cause leaks. Useemery paper or a file from the repair kit to smooththe sealing surface. Take care not to make anymore scratches or marks while repairing thesurface. If you cannot smooth the surface, replacethe defective fitting or hose assembly. Whenrepair is completed, remove the hose clamps oropen the valves at once. Make sure the repairprocedures have corrected the leak. Defectivehoses or fittings on shorter hose assemblies thatcause leaks must be replaced. Longer hose linelengths can be repaired by replacing defectivefittings or by removing the damaged section ofhose line and splicing the ends together.

Section VII MAINTENANCE SECTION

This section is for the wheeled vehiclemaintenance technician.

MISSIONThe mission of the maintenance section is toprovide the personnel and equipment to performunit maintenance on equipment. This equipmentincludes vehicles, generators, MHE, TWDSs,800,000-gallon water storage and distributionsets, pumps, and compressors.

PERSONNELYour most valuable resources are your soldiers. Touse them effectively, you must know their duties.Table 3-13 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of yoursection by position, grade, MOS, and duties.Supervisors are responsible for the maintenanceof all assigned equipment. Table 3-14 identifieswho is responsible for various pieces of equipment.

OPERATIONSMaintenance operations are divided into threelevels: unit, intermediate (direct and generalsupport), and depot. (See AR 750-1, Chapter 4, fordetails.) Your section is responsible for unit

maintenance. Your primary objective is to ensuremission capability of equipment. You must makesure PMCS is performed regularly. At times yourmaintenance capabilities may be limited due tolack of time, tools, and repair parts. Maintenanceyour section cannot perform is done by a supportactivity through higher headquarters. For infor-mation on effective maintenance management,see DA Pamphlets 738-750 and 750-1 and FM 29-2.

SETUP AND CLOSEDOWN Field situations seldom allow you to operate underideal conditions. However, the areas selected formaintenance must be centrally located, be on ornear a good road, provide concealment, be easilydefended, and be relatively hard-surfaced andwell-drained. To set up a maintenance section inthe field, you need to develop a layout plan, pitchtents, position equipment, and organize foroperations. A sample site layout plan is shown in

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Figure 3-9. See TM 10-8340-211-13 for informationon pitching and striking tents. When it is time tomove, the commander will issue a warning orderand then an operation order. You must then closedown maintenance operations. Assign a detail toload supplies and equipment on trucks and strikethe tents. Perform before-operation maintenancechecks and services. Make sure vehicle operators

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know their responsibilities while on the marchand when in the new bivouac area. See FM 55-30for more on movement.

FUNCTIONSThe primary functions of the unit maintenanceelement include maintenance by operators and

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unit mechanics, repair parts operations, toolmaintenance and accountability, record keeping,dispatching, and recovery and evacuation ofdisabled equipment. These are described below.

Operator and Crew MaintenanceEquipment operators must perform daily PMCSon their equipment. They also make minor repairsidentified by technical manual allocation chartsas being within their capabilities. Operators alsoassist in lubricating equipment according tolubrication orders. While operating equipment,the operator and crew should be alert for unusualnoises or odors, abnormal instrument readings,steering irregularities, or other indications ofmalfunction. After-operation service shouldinclude checking fluid levels, tire pressures,batteries, and electrical wiring. See FM 55-30,Appendix U, for a sample vehicle inspectionchecklist.

Unit MaintenanceDeficiencies discovered before, during, and afteroperation which are beyond the operator’s capa-bility become the responsibility of unitmechanics. Maintenance performed by unitmechanics includes inspecting, servicing, lubri-cating, adjusting, and replacing parts, minorassemblies, and subassemblies. The scope ofrepairs they make is specified in equipment TMs.Repairs beyond the capabilities of your mechanicsare the responsibility of higher-level maintenanceactivities. Normally, your section delivers theunserviceable equipment to the supporting mainte-nance activity. If this is not possible, you mayrequest that a maintenance support team beprovided.

Repair Parts OperationsYou are authorized a PLL or combat PLL tosupport daily maintenance operations. Usually,the PLL is for a prescribed number of days ofsupply based on the average customer wait time.You supervise the PLL clerk and make sure the listis set up and maintained according to require-ments in DA Pamphlet 710-2-1 (TMs in the 38-L32series if your unit is automated). The PLL clerkrequests parts based on supervisors’ anticipatedneeds. Supervisors at each level must anticipateand plan for materiel needs. The PLL clerkrequests parts by national stock number. Toensure requests are submitted in a timely manner,find out the average maximum lead time for itemsrequested. Make daily requests SOP to prevent an

accumulation of requests and to help ensurecontinuous supply. Specify procedures for estab-lishing PLL levels, for using priority designators,and for requesting follow-ups and reportingdelays.

Tools Maintenance and AccountabilityEstablish an effective control system, and inven-tory tools regularly. Account for and replace lost,damaged, or destroyed tools according to AR 735-5.See TM 9-243 for information on use and care oftools.Automotive tool kits. Issue by hand receipt anautomotive tool kit to each mechanic. The tool kitcontains common tools such as wrenches, pliers,hammers, drifts, punctures, chisels, files, andgages. Each mechanic is responsible for ensuringthat assigned tools are properly maintained andstored when not in use. Establish a secure toolstorage area.Unit shop equipment. You are authorized a setof common tools and equipment to perform yourunit maintenance mission. This equipment set isusually mounted on a secured vehicle. One side ofthe vehicle can be used for storing tools and testequipment, leaving the other side to store keyrepair parts. This setup will make displacementquicker and on-site repair easier. Assign a toolkeeper to maintain a tool sign-out register. Makesure equipment is returned at the close of eachworking day.

RecordsDA Pamphlet 738-750 has specific instructions onthe preparation and use of maintenance systemforms. See Table 3-15 for key records that you willuse. The three types of records are operational,maintenance, and historical. Operational recordsare used to control operators and equipment, toplan for maintenance operations, and to makebest use of equipment. Maintenance records con-trol maintenance scheduling, inspection pro-cedures, and repair work loads and provide auniform method of recording corrective actions.They are used to determine equipment readinessand reliability and to determine use and logisticrequirements. Historical records are permanentdocuments formalizing the receipt, operation,maintenance, and disposal of equipment.

DispatchDispatch procedures apply to vehicles, generators,forklifts, engineer equipment, and other items the

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commander designates. The operator contacts thedispatcher with a vehicle requirement. The dis-patcher designates a vehicle. The operator isresponsible for maintenance checks and servicesbefore, during, and after operation of the item.Records are kept on all services performed and themileage or hours related to use of the item.

Recovery and Evacuation It may become necessary to recover equipmentwhich becomes disabled in a location away from

the motor pool. Your soldiers may be unable torepair the disabled equipment. You must makearrangements to evacuate the equipment andhave it serviced elsewhere. To prepare forrecovery, consult TMs for the weight of the itemand for other data. Reconnoiter the area todetermine the best method of anchoring thewrecker vehicle. If the unit cannot recover an item,request evacuation by the supporting mainte-nance activity. FMs 20-22 and 21-305 provideguidance on vehicle and equipment recovery andevacuation.

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Section I THE DETACHMENT

This section is for the detachmentcommander.

MISSIONIn areas where direct support water systems can-not provide enough water, general support unitsare brought in. The water purification detachmentestablishes and operates general support bulkwater purification facilities in arid environments.It is collocated with base terminals. It is capable ofproducing 600,000 gallons of potable water perday from a freshwater source. When required touse saltwater sources, its production rate may bereduced. Your production capability will be basedon the number of ROWPUs allocated your unit.

CAPABILITIESYour detachment’s capabilities are determined bythe personnel strength levels prescribed by TOE10469L. At full strength (TOE Level 1) andoperating on a 24-hour basis, your detachmentcan—

•

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•

•

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Operate up to ten 3,000-gallons-per-hourwater purification units when grouped inbanks with organic equipment at up to fivelocations.Produce 600,000 gallons per day when usinga fresh or brackish water source.Produce 400,000 gallons per day when usinga saltwater source.Store 90,000 gallons of water.Operate up to six bulk water purificationunits when augmented with personnel andequipment. The increase in capability that

this provides depends upon the capabilitiesof the bulk purification units.Assist in coordinated defense of the unit areaas well as the installation.Perform unit maintenance on all organicequipment except communications-electronicequipment.

Operational capabilities are reduced to approxi-mately 90 percent for Strength Level 2 and 80percent for Strength Level 3.

ATTACHED STRENGTH Water purification teams (TOE 10570) may beattached to your detachment when you cannotmeet mission requirements. Your detachment canthen purify, store, and issue more water per dayMore on water purification teams is presentedlater in this chapter.

REQUIRED SUPPORTThis detachment is capable of operating indepen-dently when provided administrative and supplysupport from a higher headquarters element or anadjacent unit. The elements that support the waterpurification detachment are as follows:

Appropriate elements of the theater armyprovide medical, legal, financial, personnel,and administrative services.Preventive medicine teams approve watersources.

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•

•

Appropriate engineer units provide site andfacility preparation and site maintenance.The battalion headquarters and headquartersdetachment provides religious support.

ASSIGNMENT AND EMPLOYMENT The water purification detachment will beassigned to a petroleum group. It normally isattached to a water supply battalion. The detach-ment will be employed in the corps or COMMZarea of operation near main lines of communica-tions to support theater army units. Purified wateris produced by the purification platoon andintroduced into the water distribution systemfrom locations onshore and offshore. The waterpurification detachment operates ten 3,000- gallons-per-day ROWPUS at up to five locations. Thetheater is fully mature when all committed forcesare in place and operating. GS units provide watersupport where DS water systems cannot.Normally, water enters the system through thebase terminal storage facility. Water is distributedto other terminals within the theater army areaand forward into the corps area. The corps struc-ture for water support is not fixed. It depends on

the size of the force needed to support the missionand the specific geographic area of employment.

MOBILITY The mobility of your detachment is determined bythe number of organic vehicles authorized and thenumber of personnel and amount of equipmentand supplies you move. If the whole detachmentmust move at one time, you must arrange for morevehicles. Your detachment has 74,206 pounds(3,979 cubic feet) of TOE equipment requiringtransportation. The unit is capable of trans-porting 33,000 pounds (2,508 cubic feet) of TOEequipment with organic vehicles.

ORGANIZATION The water purification detachment (Figure 4-1) isorganized into a detachment headquarters and awater purification platoon. The headquarters pro-vides command and control. The platoon sets upand operates the assigned water purificationequipment. Your detachment is organized to meetmission requirements in an arid environment.Water purification teams may be attached to yourdetachment when mission requirements exceedyour purification capabilities.

Section II DETACHMENT HEADQUARTERS

This section is for the detachmentcommander.

MISSION Personnel in the detachment headquarters com- unit readiness, site establishment, water recon-mand and control water supply operations. They naissance, unit administration, food services, unitdirect and supervise technical and support activi- supply, unit maintenance, and training. Detach-ties of the detachment. They are responsible for ment headquarters personnel support the water

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purification platoon and, if augmented, the waterpurification teams. See Chapter 1 for more in-depth information on the headquarters functions.

PERSONNEL Your most valuable resources are your soldiers. Touse them effectively, you must know their duties.Table 4-1 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of thedetachment headquarters by position, grade,MOS, and duties.

COMMUNICATIONS A combat communications system provides quick,reliable, and secure interchange of vital informa-tion within and between echelons. The goal is to

maintain communications under all conditions.Two means of maintaining communications arewire and radio.

Wire is the primary means of communicationprovided the detachment. The organic wire netprovides telephones and switchboards for internalcommunications and for entry into the commonuser system. Figure 4-2 shows a proposed detach-ment wire net.

Radio Day-to-day operations require continuous coordi-nation with the headquarters and headquarters

Wire

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detachment, water supply battalion, supported higher headquarters and with the water purifica-and adjacent units. FM radio permits the detach- tion platoon. One AN/VRC 46 is required for thement quick and accurate communication within water purification platoon leader to receive ordersits range. One AN/VRC 46 is required for the from the detachment headquarters. Figure 4-3detachment commander to communicate with shows a proposed radio net.

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Section III WATER PURIFICATION PLATOON

MISSIONThe water purification platoon is responsible foroperating the water purification facilities. Theplatoon can purify salt water pumped directlyfrom the ocean, water from wells in the area,surface water, and water that may be contami-nated. It is responsible for—

Providing potable water for corps or COMMZ

This section is for the platoon leader.

Operating water supply points at up to five •

•locations.Providing storage for up to 90,000 gallons ofpotable water.

PERSONNEL •units in the field. The platoon produces about Your most valuable resources are your personnel.600,000 gallons a day of potable water when To use them effectively, you must know theirall of its water purification equipment is duties. Table 4-2 lists TOE-prescribed personnel ofavailable. the platoon by position, grade, MOS, and duties.

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OPERATIONSYour duties as the platoon leader fall into twogeneral categories—tactical operations and wateroperations. They are described below.

Tactical Operations You reconnoiter sites and develop layout plans,loading plans, and contingency plans for demoli-tion. You also direct the placement and camou-flage of supplies and equipment. One of your mostimportant duties involves determining how to usepersonnel and equipment to accomplish yourplatoon mission. You are also tasked with con-solidating, preparing, and reviewing technical,personnel, and administrative reports. As platoonleader, you must contribute to and update thoseportions of the detachment SOP dealing withplatoon operations.

Water Operations Your duties in water operations include advisingthe detachment commander on the selection of asite for water production. You direct the surveyteam on layout requirements, prepare personneland equipment for movement, and move person-nel and equipment to the operating site. You directthe setting up of an operating site. You must alsocoordinate with the commander of the water sup-ply company operating the supporting water dis-tribution and storage system.

ORGANIZATION FOR OPERATIONS After a general operating area for the detachmentis designated by the battalion headquarters, yourdetachment commander may ask you and yourplatoon sergeant to assist in a reconnaissance ofthe area to determine the best location for yourplatoon activities. It is then your responsibility todevelop a layout plan for the platoon. Below areimportant points you and your platoon sergeantmust consider in establishing your operatingareas and setting up your equipment.

Reconnaissance Preliminary planning is needed for air and groundreconnaissance. If air reconnaissance is used, getinformation about routes of communication,cover, concealment, inclement weather, infiltra-tion, and avenues of attack. The use of aircraft forreconnaissance is limited by adverse weather andsecurity considerations. Ground reconnaissanceis the only positive way of getting accurate infor-mation. Table 4-3 shows ground reconnaissance

FM 10-115

factors to be considered. More information on airand ground reconnaissance is in FM 10-52.

Layout

You should prepare a layout plan for platoonoperations as part of the detachment movementplan. Your first concern is the need to producepotable water as soon as possible. Your site shouldbe reasonably level and well drained. Conceal-ment is important also. The site should have easyaccess to road nets, and at least one road shouldrun through the water supply point. During thepoint reconnaissance, a sketch of the site, keyed tothe map and terrain features, is made. If the watersource requires site improvement, complete block10 of DA Form 1712-R (Water ReconnaissanceReport). The report must be prepared carefully andon time. The data presented must be legible, clear,complete, and concise. Forward a copy of thereport to the S3 at battalion headquarters. Per-sonnel there will send it to the engineer corps forsite or road work required. More on completing areconnaissance report is in FM 10-52. A sample ofthe report may be found in the appendix of thisFM.

WATER PRODUCTION OPERATIONS The water purification platoon establishes andoperates the general support water purificationsites onshore and offshore. The platoon purifiesand stores water, but has very limited distributioncapabilities. The platoon is responsible for install-ing, operating, and performing operator main-tenance on the water purification equipment sets,the water quality analysis set, and other relatedequipment. It is also responsible for maintainingthe ROWPU. When required, the platoon pro-duction capability can be increased by attachingwater teams, TOE 10570.

This subparagraph implementsSTANAG 2885 (Edition One).

Water Points Water supply points are established as far forwardas possible, considering the location of availablewater sources, the location of consuming units,and the commander’s tactical plan. However, in

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arid regions, available water sources are limited tanker off-loading facilities. The platoon will beand widely dispersed. There is little or no surface responsible for purifying water at the base ter-water. The availability of subsurface water varies minals. Water purification teams will operatewithin geographic regions. The lack of water ROWPUs to purify surface or well water when it issources necessitates an extensive purification, available. Each site will have storage tanks and astorage, and distribution system. STANAG 2885 chlorinator. Purified water from these sites may(Edition One) provides the following guidance on be transferred to the tank farms or to the sup-water supply in arid areas: ported divisions by tanker trucks or a TWDS. •

•

Collection of water by unit transport will bemade direct from water points in admin-istrative areas wherever possible, but thescarcity of sources of supply and the longdistances between them will often make thisimpossible. In such cases, distribution willhave to be in cans delivered with the rationsby air or land transport. Distribution in thismanner is not an engineer task.At times it may be necessary to establishwater points where there are no local sourcesof water and to keep these water points filledby bulk road, rail transport, or by pipelines.

Water Purification, Storage, and Distribution

The water purification platoon, equipped with its3,000-gallons-per-hour ROWPUs, will be collocatedwith base terminals. The base terminals serve asthe point of entry for water into the theater. Theyare located in the rear areas near ports or other

Water Documents Water point personnel submit daily reports ontheir water production using DA Form 1713-1-R(Daily Water Production Log--ROWPU). Platoonheadquarters personnel then consolidate the infor-mation on DA Forms 1716-R (Water Point DailyProduction Summary) and send them to theappropriate supply section of higher headquarters.DA Form 1715-R (Water Point Inspection Report)is completed daily by supervisory personnel andpreventive medicine teams who periodically testthe water for chlorine and bacteria content andinspect the water point for sanitation. Theappendix to this FM shows samples of theseforms. Blank forms suitable for reproduction areprovided in FM 10-52. The forms are designed tocoordinate the operation of widely separated waterpoints. Their use also helps to safeguard waterquality, improve efficiency of water treatment,and decrease equipment maintenance.

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Physical and Chemical TestsThe main purpose of field water purification is tomake water safe for humans to drink. The amountand type of treatment depends upon the quality ofthe raw water, the quantity of purified waterneeded, and the degree of purification required.The water must be treated to the degree required tomake it potable. Potable water may still containsome impurities, but only impurities that will notaffect the health of those who drink the water.Water treatment specialists test and analyze theavailable water and measure impurities to deter-mine if they are within established limits accord-ing to TB Med 577. Usually, there are three waterpurification specialists in each water productionsquad. They operate the ROWPU and such relatedequipment as the water quality analysis set andthe chemical agent detector kit. The water qualityanalysis set can detect and quantify selectednaturally occurring contaminants. The chemicalagent detector kit detects agents at or aboveconcentrations that could cause casualties orreduce soldier performance. More on chemicaltests is in TMs 3-6665-319-10 and 5-6630-215-12.See FM 10-52 for tests on different types andsources of water. FM 10-52 also discusses watersupply under NBC conditions. STP 10-77W1-SM

and STP 10-77W24-SM-TG describe water purifi-cation and treatment operations.

Operation and Maintenance of EquipmentThe water treatment specialists at each waterpoint install, operate, and perform operator main-tenance on the water purification equipment sets.The water treatment NCO oversees the waterspecialists in their duties. The platoon sergeantmakes rounds at each water point inspecting thecondition of all the water treatment equipment. Healso inspects supporting storage and housingfacilities and materials-handling and traffic con-trol procedures. Maintenance plays a key part inthe smooth operation of the water purificationunit and the support equipment. The platoonsergeant must inspect the maintenance practicesof the water point personnel. He should—

•

•

•

•

Check the condition of the support equip-ment. This includes checking for strippedthreads, cracks, rips, and broken parts.Check the condition of all support areas andpersonnel at the water point.Recommend appropriate measures for dam-aged equipment on DA Form 2404.Check the water point bivouac area.

Section IVWATER PURIFICATION TEAM

This section is for the water treatmentsupervisor.

MISSIONThe water purification team (TOE 10570) is aspecialized team that produces and issues potablewater in the field. It also provides augmentationcapabilities as required. Usually the team isassigned to the division, corps, or TAACOM.

CAPABILITIES The water purification team, on a two-shift basis,can operate four water purification points. It canproduce up to 240,000 gallons per day when thewater source is fresh water. Use of a saltwatersource reduces the production rate. Productioncapability will be based on the number of

ROWPUs allocated to the team. The team canstore up to 36,000 gallons of potable water and canissue up to 240,000 gallons per day. With organicvehicles, the team can transport 10,000 pounds(604 cubic feet) of TOE equipment. The team has21,172 pounds (1,120 cubic feet) of TOE equipmentthat requires transportation.

PERSONNEL

The water purification supervisor (E7, 77W40)supervises the establishment and operation of thewater purification site. Table 4-4 lists TOE-prescribed personnel of the water purificationteam by position, grade, MOS, and duties.

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OPERATIONS The water purification team issues mainly to units point distribution. When given a GS mission, theat the water supply points. It issues up to 240,000gallons of water per day. If the water team isattached to the water purification detachment, thedetachment platoon leader is responsible fororganizing personnel and equipment in the oper-ating area. He coordinates activities with sup-ported units to ensure that the mission is accom-plished and that correct procedures are used. Healso ensures that plans and operations are carriedout using correct operating procedures. Waterproduction operations for the water purificationteam are the same as those described for the waterpurification platoon.

Water Distribution When the water purification team is assigned a DSmission, the team will provide water by supply

team will feed water to a water supply companyfor distribution. Water is distributed by a systemof hoses, pipes, or pipelines to tanks, trucks, ortrailers. It is normally necessary to provide aseparate water point where water cans may befilled either singly or by the trailer load ortruckload. The water point may consist of adistribution system with hoses. See AR 700-136 fordistribution and management of water resources.Some general considerations for water distribu-tion are described below.Schedule. A schedule should be made giving thetime of distribution for each supported unit. Theschedule should specify the water point to be used.

Containers. New tanks, trailers, or other con-tainers should be cleaned thoroughly before they

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Reportsare used. They should be cleaned with a calciumhypochlorite solution and rinsed with water.

Water cans and trailers. Water containers mustbe kept clean. They should be inspected peri-odically for rust and chips in the internal enamel.Water cans should be filled with water only. Watertrailers must be clean when they arrive at a waterpoint. Cleanliness is a responsibility of the usingunit. Water point supervisors should refuse to fillcontainers that are not clean.

Lead poisoning. Lead is an accumulative poison.Lead-lined tanks or pipes should not be used inwater storage, treatment, or distributionequipment.

The water team submits daily reports on waterproduction and distribution. DA Form 1713-1-R isused by water treatment specialists to determinethe daily water production. This information issubmitted to headquarters personnel for con-solidation on DA Form 1716-R. The water teamalso submits daily reports on its water distributionto using units on DA Form 1714-R. Headquarterspersonnel then consolidate the DA Forms 1714-Rand submit a DA Form 1717-R to higher head-quarters. This summary should be studied todetect any unusual consumption of water by usingunits. Blank forms suitable for reproduction areprovided in FM 10-52. See the appendix in thisFM for samples of DA Form 1714-R andDA Form 1717-R.

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This chapter describes barge and ROWPU later date. For more information, contact USoperations in general terms only. Detailed Army Belvoir Research, Development, andtechnical information is being produced Engineering Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginiaunder contract and will be available at a 22060-5606.

Section IPURPOSE AND FUNCTIONS

MISSION PERSONNELThe mission of the water team on the water The barge water team operates in two 12-hourpurification barge is to produce bulk quantities of shifts. Each shift consists of 10 hours of operationspotable water from any water source. The potable and 2 hours of maintenance. Each shift has awater is pumped through a hose line from the leader who reports to the water treatment super-barge to shore. The water is then transported by a visor. See Figure 5-1. Table 5-1 lists TOE-pre-TWDS to a base terminal storage tank at the water scribed personnel of the barge water team bysupply company or a similar unit. position, grade, MOS, and duties.

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CAPABILITIES The water team (TOE 10570LA) operates at full will be assigned by the terminal battalion instrength at all times. When operating on a 24-hour charge of terminal operations.basis, this team —

Produces 225,000 gallons of potable water per Barge Maintenance •

•

•

•

day. When available, the transportation floating craftStores 15,000 gallons of potable water on maintenance company (TOE 55613) can assistboard. with maintenance for the barge. The company canPerforms maintenance on all barge equip- repair items such as winches, hoists, and bilgement, except CE equipment. pumps.Assists in coordinated defense of the LOTSarea or port facility.

ASSIGNMENT The team may be assigned to a water battalion ora petroleum group. It is usually attached toheadquarters and headquarters detachment,water supply battalion (TOE 10116). It may alsobe attached to a corps support command or otherservice, as required.

REQUIRED SUPPORT The water team on the water purification bargerequires support from other sources. The barge isnot self-propelled. It is not equipped for anymissions other than production and limited distri-bution of water. The team depends on the supportdescribed below.

MovementAppropriate elements of the Military SealiftCommand transport the barge to the theater ofoperations. The barge, when fully equipped,weighs 550 tons.

Positioning and AnchoringTugboats move the barge within the terminaloperational area as required. They also assist withanchoring. Tugboats will probably be from trans-portation corps floating craft companies. Tugs

Water Purification System Maintenance

Intermediate DS and GS maintenance companies(area support group) can provide assistance withmaintenance of water purification systems. Theseinclude the ROWPU, the power-generation equip-ment, and the pumps.

Logistics Logistics support must be arranged through theunit to which the team is assigned or attached.The water supply company (TOE 10468L) or otherservices will provide command and control, foodservice, and unit supply.

COMMUNICATIONS A combat communications system provides rapid,reliable, and secure interchange of vital infor-mation within and between echelons. The goal isto maintain communications under all conditions.

NetBarge personnel communicate with personnel atthe supporting unit on shore, at the terminaloperations center, on tugboats, and on othervessels. Barge personnel also communicate withone another when necessary. A proposed radio netis shown in Figure 5-2.

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EquipmentThe TOE or MTOE prescribes communicationsassets. The barge is equipped with an AN/VRC-47radio set. All components, except the antenna, arelocated in the dayroom within the deckhouse.TMs 11-5820-401-10-2,-20-2, and -20P cover opera-tion and maintenance of this set. The radio is usedto communicate with the harbormaster, withelements in the higher headquarters net, withArmy watercraft, and with other units. A generalannouncing system, equipped with a fog bell and

intercom system, is also located in the dayroom. Itis used to page, to make announcements, and tocommunicate with personnel in the various areasof the barge. The barge is also equipped with twostationary marine band radios for communicationwith other watercraft in the area. One of these islocated on the crew boat. Four portable, marineband, PRC-94 radios are used mainly duringtowing, anchoring, mooring, and hose linedeploying operations.

Section II WATER PRODUCTION OPERATIONS

MOVING THE BARGE The barge can be moved over navigable inlandwaterways or along the coast. This ensures thatpotable water is readily available to the soldiers.

LocationThe barge usually is stored in a rear area until it isneeded in a forward area. Then, all systems aretaken out of the storage configuration and checkedfor operational readiness. Deficiencies are cor-rected before the barge is moved. (There aredifferent start-up procedures for bringing thebarge out of long-term storage.) Since the bargelacks a propulsion system, movement to thetheater of operations will normally be handled bythe Military Sealift Command. Your location inthe theater almost always will be near a watersupply unit.

RelocationYou may need to relocate when your unit missionhas been completed. The barge may also berelocated to evade enemy forces; to escape storms;or to avoid nuclear, biological, or chemical con-tamination. It takes time to move the barge, andyou must rely on other sources to assist in themove. A commercial or military tugboat must bereadily available to move the barge when required.See Figure 5-3. For a long move, the barge willusually be towed. For short moves, the barge willnormally be attached to the side of the tug.Remember, if a tug is moving the barge, the tugmaster is in command. Any movement must becoordinated with the harbormaster, terminalcommander, or port commander. You must also

coordinate with the commander of the watersupply company operating the supporting waterdistribution and storage system. Regardless ofwhere you are located in the theater, you should beprepared to move quickly. Include movementprocedures in your SOP.

SELECTING THE SITEThe barge may operate within a protected harbor,possibly at dockside, or it may operate from thecoastline. A harbor location is best because itoffers protection from storms, allows faster deploy-ment, and ensures more stable water production.You may assist the terminal commander indesignating a location. Several factors should betaken into consideration when selecting the sitefor the barge. Location of support services and seaand beach conditions are important factors.

Support Services AvailabilityIf possible, the barge should be anchored in a portor tied to a dock in a LOTS area. See Figure 5-4.This location provides some protection fromenemy attack. It ensures that powered watercraftare available to move the barge when necessaryand to bring fuel and supplies when needed. Thebarge will almost always be collocated with awater supply unit. It should be located near theunit that will provide personnel support services.The unit to which you are assigned or attachedwill provide food service, billeting, and othersupport functions. The crew boat will be used totransport personnel to shore or to another vesselfor these services.

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Sea and Beach Conditions The barge should be anchored in water withminimum current. The area should providenatural protection from major storms. The bargeshould be in at least 15 feet, but not more than50 feet, of water. Keep in mind that most tugscannot enter water at depths of less than 20 feetand anchors may not hold at depths of more than50 feet. The best depth is between 25 and 35 feet.

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(NOTE: ANCHOR CABLE LENGTH WILLDETERMINE MAXIMUM WATER DEPTH.THE CABLES SHOULD BE 12 TIMES THEDEPTH OF THE WATER TO ENSURESECURE ANCHORING.)

The barge must be positioned within 2,000 feet ofthe shoreline at high tide. Use the tugboat’s radar

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ANCHORING THE BARGE to help determine your distance from shore. Thiswill ensure that the 2,500-foot hose line can reachthe connection to the water distribution facility.The sea bottom should be mud or sand to allow forgood anchoring and to provide a smooth surfaceand suitable resting area for the hose line. Theincline from the distribution facility to the bargelocation should be gradual to allow minimumresistance for water flow. Ideally, the beach areawhere the distribution facility is located shouldhave a flat and hard surface with a sloping area

The barge may be anchored with one, two, or fouranchors. As a rule, four anchors are used. SeeFigure 5-5. The crew boat or other watercraft canassist in setting the anchors. A tugboat will assistin positioning the barge while the anchors are set.The barge must be positioned with the sternclosest to shore. If sea conditions should cause thebarge to turn, it must be anchored again.Anchoring the barge can be a difficult process. Itmay take as long as 24 hours to complete. Lesstime will be required for anchoring the barge if it is

for drainage. located in a harbor.

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DEPLOYING THE HOSE LINEBefore anchors 3 and 4 are set, an LCM-8 orsimilar watercraft should take the 5.9-ton winch tothe shore.

(NOTE: THE SHORE WINCH MUST BELOCATED AT LEAST 10 FEET ABOVE THEMEAN HIGH-WATER LEVEL.)

After the barge is anchored, the drinking waterdischarge system is set up so that water can bepumped ashore. A heavy-duty rope is attached tothe end of the hose line. Crew members attach thefree end of the rope to the shore winch. After thewinch is stabilized, it pulls the rope and unwindsthe hose from the reel on the barge. The hose linesettles on the sea floor. Deployment of the hoseline takes three to five hours, if there are noproblems. However, the process can take as longas 48 hours to complete. If the barge is located in aharbor, fewer problems can be expected.

Section III WATER TREATMENT AND DELIVERY

CRITICAL SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTMission-essential equipment is located in everyarea of the barge. After the barge is positioned, orduring the anchoring process, the major systemsand equipment must be checked and started up.The chlorination system is usually started upwhile anchoring is underway. After the barge isanchored, the beach winch is set up on shore andthe discharge hose line is deployed. Finally, theROWPU systems are started up.

ROWPU SystemThere are two reverse osmosis water purificationunits aboard the barge. They convert seawater todrinking water. See Figure 5-6. The ROWPUsystem filters and desalts the water by pumping itthrough filters and reverse osmosis pressuretubes. This process removes impurities before thewater is chlorinated and held in storage tanks.Figure 5-7 illustrates the purification process.

Chlorination SystemThe chlorination system on the barge produceschlorine and injects it into treated water. Chlorineis used to disinfect the water. The water thenenters the four storage tanks on the vessel. It takesabout four hours to have the chlorination systemin full operation. A chlorine test kit is used to checkthe chlorine content of water being discharged.

Drinking Water SystemDrinking water is temporarily stored on boardbefore it is pumped to the shore. There are four

3,750-gallon storage tanks provided for this pur-pose. There is also a 250-gallon reserve tank thatstores drinking water for use on board. The systemhas pumps that discharge drinking water to theshore discharge system. The water may also bepumped overboard or to another vessel.

(NOTE: BE SURE THE ALARM ANDCASUALTY MONITORING SYSTEM ISOPERATING BEFORE DRINKING WATERIS DISCHARGED. THIS SYSTEM WILLINDICATE IF PRESSURE, SALT CONTENT,AND FLOW RATES OF THE WATER AREINCORRECT.)

Seawater SystemThe seawater system provides cooling water to thegenerators, the heating system, and the airconditioners. It also supplies water to the ROWPU,the chlorination unit, and other equipment. Thesystem supplies water to fill the ballast tank andprovides the mechanism for draining the tankwhen necessary. Before water is used, it is drawnthrough a strainer to remove debris.

Shore Discharge SystemThe shore discharge system conveys treated waterto holding or storage facilities on shore. Thesystem consists mainly of a 2,500-foot hose line, ahydraulic-driven winch, and ashore winch. To set

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up this system, the shore winch must be taken toshore on- an LCM-8 or other suitable utility boat.The terminal commander or the commander of thesupporting unit will assist in securing watercraftfor this purpose. The winch must be located atleast 10 feet above the mean high-water level.After the shore winch has been positioned andanchored on shore, it will pull the hose line fromthe reel located at the stern of the barge. SeeFigure 5-8. The speed of the shore winch must becoordinated with that of the hydraulic winch thatturns the hose reel. When the end of the hose hasbeen connected to the shore distribution facility,the system is ready for use.

(NOTE: EXTREME HEAT OR COLD MAYAFFECT OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM. BESURE TO USE APPROPRIATE LUBRICANTSAT ALL TIMES.)

AUXILIARY SYSTEMSSome auxiliary systems are essential to bargeoperations. These systems provide electricalpower, fuel oil, lights, and other services andequipment.

Electrical PowerThe electrical power system distributes powerfrom one of two 155-kilowatt, diesel generator setsto barge equipment. The system can also distributepower obtained from shore sources. An emergencysystem, powered by a battery bank or the20-kilowatt generator, is used when the mainpower system fails. An emergency powershutdown panel allows personnel to stop majorequipment at any time.

Fuel OilThe fuel oil system provides fuel for the dieselgenerators and high-pressure pump engines. Thesystem can store 7,200 gallons in on-board storage

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tanks and 350 gallons in the day tank. The daytank holds enough fuel to operate the barge foreight hours. As fuel is used from the day tank,more fuel must be transferred to the day tank fromthe storage tanks. The system will provide enoughfuel to operate for seven days if the generators areoperating 24 hours a day. The fuel supply issufficient for 21 days if the barge is operating onlyeight hours a day. Remember to report all fuel oilspills to the US Coast Guard.

Compressed AirThe compressed air system provides air for severalequipment systems on the barge. To preventaccidents, be sure the gages always indicate theproper pressure.

Towing, Mooring, andAnchoring Equipment

The barge is equipped with a towing system that isused when the barge is moved to and from thedeployment site. A four-point anchoring system

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will secure the barge offshore in fairly rough seas(up to sea state 3). The mooring system provides ameans for securing the barge to a pier to othervessels.

LightingThe barge has inside and outside lighting systems.Inside lighting is provided in the deckhouse and inthe voids. Outside, or navigational, lighting isprovided for the deck area.

Other SystemsCommunications equipment is located in thedayroom. Additional barge equipment providesventilation, heating, and air conditioning to thedayroom and workshop. The ventilation systemprovides fresh air to the deckhouse as well as forthe voids and ROWPU space if the barge isoperating. The barge is equipped with a crew boatwhich is used mainly for transporting the crew toand from the shore. Lifesaving and fire fightingequipment and cranes are stored aboard the

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barge. An equipment monitoring system checksthe operations of the water purification units. Itsounds an alarm when something is wrong. Thedeckhouse encloses the dayroom and workshopand the ROWPU space. The dayroom is equippedwith radios, a file cabinet, and equipment designedfor the comfort of the crew. See Figure 5-9. Thedayroom has tables, chairs, berths, a hot plate, acoffee maker, a refrigerator, a sink, and a waterfountain. The workshop has a workbench, anarbor press, a jaw vise, a drill, a grinder, and astorage area. An electrically driven hoist systemon the ceiling of the deckhouse moves engines,generators, pumps, and bulk supplies within thebarge and to and from the side of the barge.

MAINTENANCE OPERATIONSMaintenance is vital to continued operation of theROWPU system. For each 10 hours of operation,two hours are needed for maintenance checks and

services. Maintenance tasks are performed by thecrew to the extent possible. The crew uses theworkshop located next to the dayroom for mainte-nance tasks. Barge equipment can be lifted outand replaced using an electric hoist systemlocated on the ceiling of the deckhouse. Most of thelarge equipment has been designed in modularunits which can be replaced quickly and easily.Enough supplies and spare parts for one year ofoperations are stocked on the barge. Maintenanceprocedures for each piece of equipment are detailedin the commercial manuals. Maintenance formsand records are explained in DA Pamphlet738-750. Be sure to follow instructions carefullywhen completing maintenance forms and records.

CLOSEDOWN PROCEDURESWhen operational orders indicate that the barge isto be moved, water operations must come to a halt.The ROWPU and related elements must be

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stopped, and the system must be flushed out. APIG (Figure 5-10) is sent through the hose linefrom the barge to the shore and back. This clearsthe hose of water. Compressed air is used to propelthe PIG. See Figure 5-11. After the hose is cleared,it is capped. The winch is used to rewind the hoseon the reel. Anchor retrieval is usually the last stepin preparing for movement. The anchor winchesare used to retrieve the four anchors. If the bargewill not be used again for a long time, follow thespecial procedures for long-term storage.

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SAMPLE WATER FORMS

Figures A-1 through A-7 show forms and formats for water reports and records. Blank forms, suitable forreproduction, are in FM 10-52.

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A - 3

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A-4

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A-5

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A-6

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A-7

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REFERENCES

REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS

Required publications are sources that users must read in order to understand or to comply with thispublication.

ARMY REGULATIONS 40-5 Preventive Medicine700-136 Land Based Water Resources Management In Contingency Operations700-138 Army Logistics Readiness and SustainabilityFIELD MANUALS 10-52 Field Water Supply21-10 Field Hygiene and Sanitation*TABLES OF ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT 10116J Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Water Supply Battalion10468L Water Supply Company10469L Water Purification Detachment1057OLA Quartermaster Water Team Barge-Mounted (ROWPU)55613L Transportation Floating Craft Maintenance Company (Direct Support)55727L Transportation Medium Truck Company55728L Transportation Medium Truck Company

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

Related publications are sources of additional information. They are not required in order to understandthis publication.

*Due to a constant flux in Army force structures, the TOE numbers, series, and titles shown for the TOEs cited may notbe the most current. Check your installation’s TOE header list to verify the current status of the TOEs cited.

References- 1

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ARMY REGULATIONS 27-10 Military Justice30-1 The Army Food Service Program105-3 Reporting Meaconing, Intrusion, Jamming and Interference of Electromagnetic

Systems220-1 Unit Status Reporting220-45 Duty Rosters310-10 Military Orders340 series Office Management340-15 Preparing and Managing Correspondence360-81 Command Information Program570-2 Manpower Requirements Criteria (MARC)—Tables of Organization and

Equipment600-8-1 Army Casualty and Memorial Affairs and Line of Duty Investigations600-8-2 Suspension of Favorable Personnel Actions (FLAGS)623-105 Officer Evaluation Reporting System623-205 Enlisted Evaluation Reporting System640-2-1 Personnel Qualification Records710-2 Supply Policy Below the Wholesale Level735-5 Policies and Procedures for Property Accountability750-1 Army Materiel Maintenance PoliciesDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PAMPHLETS 5-2

25-400-2

27-1-127-10600-8-1600-8-20710-2-1

738-750750-1FIELD MANUALS3-33-43-5

Improvement Tools for Soldier Manager, Management Practices in TOE Units(MAP-TOE)Modern Army Recordkeeping System (MARKS) for TOE and Certain OtherUnits of the ArmyProtocols to the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949Military Justice Handbook for the Trial Counsel and the Defense CounselSIDPERS Unit Level ProceduresSIDPERS Handbook for CommandersUsing Unit Supply System (Manual Procedures)The Army Maintenance Management System (TAMMS)Organizational Maintenance Guide for Leaders

NBC Contamination AvoidanceNBC ProtectionNBC Decontamination

References-2

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3-100

5-207-7

10-14

10-14-110-14-210-20

10-2310-23-110-2410-52-110-6010-63-110-6911-5012-3-112-15

20-2220-3221-321-1121-1521-2021-6021-7521-30522-600-2023-9

23-2323-3123-67

24-1824-2025-2

NBC Operations

CamouflageThe Mechanized Infantry Platoon and Squad (APC)

Unit Supply Operations (Manual Procedures)

Commander’s Handbook for Property Accountability at Unit LevelGuide for the Battalion S4Organizational Maintenance of Military Petroleum Pipelines, Tanks, andRelated EquipmentArmy Food Service OperationsCommander’s Guide to Food Service OperationsRation Distribution OperationsCommander’s Handbook for Water Usage in Desert OperationsSubsistence Supply and Management in Theaters of OperationsGraves Registration HandbookPetroleum Supply Point Equipment and Operations

Combat Communications Within the DivisionSeparate Company/Battalion Level Personnel and Administrative DoctrineWartime Casualty ReportingVehicle Recovery OperationsMine/Countermine OperationsSoldier’s Manual of Common Tasks (Skill Levels 2, 3, and 4)First Aid for SoldiersCare and Use of Individual Clothing and EquipmentPhysical Fitness TrainingVisual Signals

Combat Skills of the SoldierManual for the Wheeled Vehicle DriverThe Army Noncommissioned Officer GuideM16A1 Rifle and Rifle Marksmanship

Antipersonnel Mine M18A1 and M18 (Claymore)40MM Grenade Launchers M203 and M79Machinegun, 7.62-MM, M60

Tactical Single-Channel Radio Communications TechniquesTactical Wire and Cable TechniquesUnit Training Management

References-3

FM 10-115

27-1 Legal Guide for Commanders

27-14 Legal Guide for Soldiers29-2 Organizational Maintenance Operations

38-741 Direct Support Unit (DSU) Storage Operations

44-30 Visual Aircraft Recognition

55-12 Movement of Units in Air Force Aircraft

55-30 Army Motor Transport Units and Operations

55-40 Army Combat Service Support Air Transport Operations90-3(HTF) Desert Operations (How to Fight)

90-14 Rear Battle100-2-1 Soviet Army Operations and Tactics

100-2-2 Soviet Army Specialized Warfare and Rear Area Support100-2-3 The Soviet Army Troops Organization and Equipment

100-5 Operations100-10 Combat Service Support100-15(TEST) Larger Unit Operations

100-16 Support Operations: Echelons Above Corps101-5 Staff Organization and Operations

FORMSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY285 US Army Accident Investigation Report

1687 Notice of Delegation of Authority—Receipt for Supplies1712-R Water Reconnaissance Report1713-1-R Daily Water Production Log—ROWPU1714-R Daily Water Distribution Log

1715-R Water Point Inspection Report

1716-R Water Point Daily Production Summary1717-R Water Point Daily Distribution Summary

2028 Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms2063-R Prescribed Load List

2064 Document Register for Supply Actions2401 Organization Control Record for Equipment

2402 Exchange Tag2404 Equipment Inspection and Maintenance Worksheet2405 Maintenance Request Register

2406 Material Condition Status Report (MCSR)

References-4

FM 10-115

2407 Maintenance Request2408-9 Equipment Control Record

2408-20 Oil Analysis Log2409 Equipment Maintenance Log (Consolidated)

2446 Request for Orders

2715-R Unit Status Report3032 Signature Headcount Sheet3033 Headcount Record

3034 Production Schedule3034-1 Sensitive and High Dollar Item Disposition

3318 Records of Demands—Title Insert4697 Department of the Army Report of Survey5456-R Water Point InspectionDEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE285 Appointment of Military Postal Clerk, Unit Mail Clerk, or Mail Orderly

314 Preventive Maintenance Schedule and Record686 Bacteriological Examination of Water

1544 Cash Meal Payment Book1970 Motor Equipment Utilization Record

SOLDIER TRAINING PUBLICATIONS10-77W1-SM Soldier’s Manual, MOS 77W, Water Treatment Specialist (Skill Level 1)10-77W24-SM-TG Soldier’s Manual, Skill Levels 2/3/4 and Trainer’s Guide, MOS 77W, Water

Treatment Specialist

21-1 -SMCT Soldier’s Manual of Common Tasks (Skill Level 1)

*STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENT 2885 Procedures for the Treatment, Acceptability and Provision of Potable Water in

the FieldSUPPLY BULLETIN10-260 Master MenuTECHNICAL BULLETIN Med 577 Occupational and Environmental Health: Sanitary Control and Surveillance of

Field Water Supplies

TECHNICAL MANUALS 3-4240-279-10 Operator’s Manual: Mask, Chemical-Biological: Field, ABC-M17, M17Al, and

M17A2

* Standardization agreement is available from Commander, Naval Publications and Forms Center, 5801 TaborAvenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19120-5000.

References-5

FM 10-115

3-6665-319-10

5-4320-208-12&P

5-4320-226-14

5-4320-228-13&P

5-4320-303-10

5-5430-210-12

5-6630-215-12

9-24310-41210-8340-211-13

11-5820-401 -10-211-5820-401 -20-211-5820-401-20P

38-L32 series

Operator’s Manual for Water Testing Kit, Chemical Agents: M272

Operator’s and Organizational Maintenance Manual Including Repair Partsand Special Tools List for Pump, Centrifugal: Gasoline Engine Driven; FrameMtd; 2-inch, 125 GPM, 50 Foot Head

Operator’s, Organizational, Direct Support and General Support MaintenanceManual for Pumping Assembly, Diesel Engine Jlriven; Wheel Mtd, 350 GPM,275 Ft Head

Operator’s, Organizational and Direct Support Maintenance Manual IncludingRepair Parts and Special Tools List for Pump, Centrifugal: Gasoline EngineDriven; Frame Mtd, 2-Inch, 170 GPM, 50 l?t HeadOperator’s Manual for Tactical Water Distribution Equipment System (TWDS)Set, 10-Mile SegmentOperator’s and Organizational Maintenance Manual for Tank, Fabric,Collapsible, POL, 3,000 gallonOperator’s and Organizational Maintenance Manual for Water QualityAnalysis/Sets: Preventive Medicine

Use and Care of Hand Tools and Measuring ToolsIndex of Recipes: Armed Forces Recipe ServiceOperator’s, Organizational and Direct Support Maintenance Manual: Tent,General Purpose, Small, Medium, and LargeOperator’s Manual: Radio Sets, AN/VRC-12Organizational Maintenance Manual for Radio SetsOrganizational Maintenance Repair Parts and Special Tools List for Radio Sets

Functional Users Manual for Direct Support Unit Standard Supply System(DS4)

TRAINING CIRCULARS 12-6 Wartime Strength Reporting12-16 Personnel and Administration Center (PAC) Drill Book21-22 The Soldier and the Environment

COMMAND PUBLICATIONS

Command publications cannot be obtained through Armywide resupply channels. Determine availabilityby contacting the address shown.TRADOC PAMPHLETS 525-11 US Army Operational Concepts: Near Term Water Resources Management525-32 US Army Operational Concept for Water Support in a Theater of Operations

Obtain from:CommanderTRADOCATTN: ATDO-DFort Monroe, VA 23651-5000

References-6

FM 10-115

PROJECTED PUBLICATIONS

Projected publications are sources of additional information that are scheduled for printing but are not yetavailable. Upon print, they will be distributed automatically via pinpoint distribution. They may not beobtained from the USA AG Publications Center until indexed in DA Pamphlet 25-30.TABLES OF ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT 10466L Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Water Supply Battalion1057OLG QM Tactical Water Distribution (Hose Line)

1057OLC Water Purification Team 12,000 GPHDetailed technical materials for the water purification barge operations are being developed by agovernment contractor. These materials, when available, will contain important information for thebarge water team. For more information contact US Army Belvoir Research, Development, andEngineering Center, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5606.

References-7

PIN: 065424-000