Flow of Processes

8/9/2019 Flow of Processes

1/16

Flow:

1) Natural Glass Quartz Reading Stone2) Invention of Glass who/when !h" not #an #ade Glass$) Find out #ore a%out how glass started %eing used %" &enetian 'rafts#an() **li+ation of lenses

a, -agnif"ing glassi, .eo*le used it to start re

%, 0"e Glasses) S+ienti+ .rin+i*les %ehind 0"e Glasses

a, Refra+tioni, Show ti#eline for dis+overies leading u* to refra+tion

1, ight travelling in straight line2, ight %ends/travel at di3erent s*eeds in di3erent

#ediu#sii, 4iagra#s on how refra+tion wor5s while using e"eglasses


2/16

1) Natural Glass 6 Quartz htt*://www,i(ulenses,+o#/histr",ht#

%out 1777 "ears ago ver" few *eo*le had the need or a%ilit" to read and

write, -ost of the# were #on5s, s the" grew older reading and writing in not

ver" well lighted roo#s %e+a#e ver" di8+ult 9due to what we now +all.R0S;he =Reading Stones= were a se+tion of a s*heri+al +lear and *olished natural

Glass 9?uartz), I#agine a *ing6*ong %all #ade of trans*arent and *olished glass:if "ou +ut the %all in two e?ual se+tions "ou have two reading stones or a+tuall"

what we now +all PLANO-CONVEX#agnif"ing lenses,

" trial and error the #on5s realized that larger stones ones with a largers*heri+al radius would give less #agni+ation than s#aller stones and the @at

*art of the stone did not have to %e the #iddle of the s*here,

It is *ossi%le that the #on5s used a si#ilar a**roa+h, First a +la" +onveA *lug

was +reated on a *otters wheel 9eas" to #a5e with an a**ro*riate wood

te#*late) and red, NeAt using the +la" *lug a %ronze 'on+ave =la**ing= toolwas +asted, " using so#e t"*e of grinding #aterial %etween the la**ing tool

and the ?uartz stone the" were a%le to #a5e reading stones,
http://www.i4ulenses.com/histry.htmhttp://www.i4ulenses.com/histry.htm


3/16

htt*://1,%*,%logs*ot,+o#/6g2B%%C4"DB+/>e


4/16

2) Invention of Glass who/when !h" not #an #ade Glass

Archaeologists have found evidence of man-made glass which dates back to 4000 BC; this took the

form of glazes used for coating stone beads. It was not until !00 BC that the first hollow glass

container was made b" covering a sand core with a la"er of molten glass.

#lass blowing became the most common wa" to make glass containers from the $irst Centur" BC.

However, the glass made during this time was highly coloured due to the impurities of the raw

material. It was not until the First Century AD when colourless glass was produced and then

coloured by the addition of colouring materials.

htt*://www,%ritglass,org,u5/histor"6of6glass

Early glassmaking was slow and costly, and it required hard work,

Glass %lowing and glass *ressing were un5nown furna+es were s#all the +la"*ots were of *oor ?ualit" and the heat was hardl" su8+ient for #elting, utglass#a5ers eventuall" learned how to #a5e +olored glass ewelr" +os#eti+s

+ases and tin" ugs and ars, .eo*le who +ould a3ord the#the *riests and

the ruling +lasses+onsidered glass o%e+ts as valua%le as ewels, Soon#er+hants learned that wines hone" and oils +ould %e +arried and *reserved

far %etter in glass than in wood or +la" +ontainers,

>he %low*i*e was invented a%out $7 ,', *ro%a%l" along the eastern

-editerranean +oast, >his invention #ade glass *rodu+tion easier faster and

+hea*er, s a result glass %e+a#e availa%le to the +o##on *eo*le for the

rst ti#e, Glass #anufa+ture %e+a#e i#*ortant in all +ountries under Ro#anrule, In fa+t the rst four +enturies of the 'hristian 0ra #a" ustl" %e +alledthe First Golden Age of Glass.>he glass#a5ers of this ti#e 5new how to #a5e

a trans*arent glass and the" did o3hand glass %lowing *ainting

and gilding9a**li+ation of gold leaf), >he" 5new how to %uild u* la"ers ofglass of di3erent +olors and then +ut out designs in high relief, >he +ele%rated

.ortland vase whi+h was *ro%a%l" #ade in Ro#e a%out the %eginning of the'hristian 0ra is an eA+ellent eAa#*le of this art, >his vase is +onsidered one

of the #ost valua%le glass art o%e+ts in the world,

he !iddle Ages"ittle is 5nown a%out the glass industr" %etween the de+lineof the Ro#an 0#*ire and the 1277Os, Glass #anufa+ture had develo*ed in

&eni+e %" the ti#e of the 'rusades 9,4, 17K612D7) and %" the 127Os an

ela%orate guild s"ste# of glasswor5ers had %een set u*, 0?ui*#ent wastransferred to the &enetian island of -urano and the Second Golden Age of

Glass%egan, Venetian glass #lowers created some o$ the most delicateand grace$ul glass the world has e%er seen" hey

&er$ected Cristalloglass, a nearly colorless, trans&arent glass, which

could #e #lown to e'treme thinness in almost any sha&e, Fro# 'ristallothe" #ade intri+ate la+ewor5 *atterns in go%lets ars %owls +u*s and vases, In

the 1177Os and 1277Os the art of #a5ing stained6glass windows rea+hed its

height throughout 0uro*e,htt*://www,teAasglass,+o#/glassHfa+ts/histor"HofHGlass,ht#
http://www.britglass.org.uk/history-of-glasshttp://www.texasglass.com/glass_facts/history_of_Glass.htmhttp://www.britglass.org.uk/history-of-glasshttp://www.texasglass.com/glass_facts/history_of_Glass.htm


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6/16

$) Find out #ore a%out how glass started %eing used %" &enetian 'rafts#an

The 13th century Venetians glass blowers are known to have produced reading

stones made of solid glass that was put into hand-held, single lens-type

framesmade of horn or wood. These reading stones were similar to hand-held

magnifying lenses of today.

htt*://www,glasseshistor",+o#/

Venetian craftsmen known for their work in glass were making "disks for the eyes." Thefinely ground glass disks were given the name lenses by the Italians because of their

similarity in shape to lentil beans. For hundreds of years thereafter, lenses were calledglass lentils.

Read more http!!www.discoveriesinmedicine.com!n#$%o!yeglasses.html&i'##()*+m'-o

-agnif"ing glasses %e+a#e +o##on in the thirteenth +entur" %ut these are

+u#%erso#e es*e+iall" when one is writing, 'rafts#en in &eni+e %egan#a5ing s#all dis5s of glass +onveA on %oth sides that +ould %e worn in afra#e66s*e+ta+les,

htt*://galileo,ri+e,edu/s+i/instru#ents/teles+o*e,ht#l

() **li+ation of lensesa, -agnif"ing Glass

Glass of reasona%le ?ualit" had %e+o#e relativel" +hea* and in the

#aor glass6#a5ing +enters of &eni+e and Floren+e te+hni?ues forgrinding and *olishing glass had rea+hed a high state of develo*#ent,

Now one of the *erennial *ro%le#s fa+ed %" aging s+holars +ould %e

solved, !ith age the e"e *rogressivel" loses its *ower toa++o##odate that is to +hange its fo+us fro# farawa" o%e+ts to

near%" ones, >his +ondition 5nown aspresbyopia,%e+o#es noti+ea%lefor #ost *eo*le in their forties when the" +an no longer fo+us on

letters held at a +o#forta%le distan+e fro# the e"e, -agnif"ing glasses

%e+a#e +o##on in the thirteenth +entur" %ut these are +u#%erso#ees*e+iall" when one is writing,

htt*://galileo,ri+e,edu/s+i/instru#ents/teles+o*e,ht#l

The Romans were probably seeing through the glass and discovered that the objects

looked larger. They experimented with distinct shapes and found that glass that was

thicker at the center and thinner on the exterior magnified the object that was being

observed. They also discovered that the suns rays could be concentrated sufficiently

to start a fire.
http://www.glasseshistory.com/http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Enz-Ho/Eyeglasses.html#ixzz3C5ANmx8ohttp://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Enz-Ho/Eyeglasses.html#ixzz3C5ANmx8ohttp://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/telescope.htmlhttp://www.glasseshistory.com/http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Enz-Ho/Eyeglasses.html#ixzz3C5ANmx8ohttp://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Enz-Ho/Eyeglasses.html#ixzz3C5ANmx8ohttp://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/telescope.html


7/16

htt*://light#i+ros+o*e#agni+ation,%logs*ot,sg/2712/11/#agnif"ing6

glass6short6histor",ht#l

htt*://$,%*,%logs*ot,+o#/6v4NiJoHCg-/>$i>*G2*I/w/g1n>


8/16

htt*://www,gilai,+o#/i#ages/ite#s/1M2(H%ig,*g

htt*://i,5ina6i#g,+o#/gaw5er6#edia/i#age/u*load/s66

4gF$t'B$66/+Ht@H*rogressive?HM7wHK$K/1Mnu2K(1go1e*g,*g
http://www.gilai.com/images/items/1824_big.jpghttp://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--DgF3tCZ3--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/18nu26419go1ejpg.jpghttp://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--DgF3tCZ3--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/18nu26419go1ejpg.jpghttp://www.gilai.com/images/items/1824_big.jpghttp://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--DgF3tCZ3--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/18nu26419go1ejpg.jpghttp://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--DgF3tCZ3--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/18nu26419go1ejpg.jpg


9/16

htt*://i,5ina6i#g,+o#/gaw5er6#edia/i#age/u*load/s66

hoD$7-s66/+Ht@H*rogressive?HM7wHK$K/1Mnu2ih"Kon+d*g,*g

%, 0"eglasses

After the %th centur"& e"eglasses were built with either conve' or concave

lens st"les& which effectivel" cured either m"o(ia )nearsightedness* or

h"(ero(ia )farsightedness*. +hile near and far-sightedness were the most

(revalent e"e conditions& man" still suffered from astigmatism and (resb"o(ia

)both near and far-sightedness*.

htt*://o*ti+al,+o#/e"eglasses/histor"6of6e"eglasses/

) S+ienti+ .rin+i*les of 0"eglasses

a, Refra+tioni, ight >ravelling in a straight line

~300

BC

Euclid (Alexandria) In his Opticahe noted that light travels in straight lines

and described the law of reflection. He believed that vision involves rays going

from the eyes to the object seen and he studied the relationship between the

apparent sies of objects and the angles that they subtend at the eye.

Probab

ly

between

100 BC

and

150 AD

Hero (also !nown as Heron) of Alexandria. In his Catoptrica" Hero showed by

a geometrical method that the actual path ta!en by a ray of light reflected from

a plane mirror is shorter than any other reflected path that might be drawn

between the source and point of observation.
http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ho7930Ms--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/18nu2ihy6oncdjpg.jpghttp://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ho7930Ms--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/18nu2ihy6oncdjpg.jpghttp://optical.com/eyeglasses/history-of-eyeglasses/http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ho7930Ms--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/18nu2ihy6oncdjpg.jpghttp://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ho7930Ms--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/18nu2ihy6oncdjpg.jpghttp://optical.com/eyeglasses/history-of-eyeglasses/


10/16

http#$$www.duc!sters.com$science$experiment%light%travel.gif

http#$$www.excellup.com$seven%science$seven%science%image$&%science%light

%propagation.png
http://www.ducksters.com/science/experiment_light_travel.gifhttp://www.excellup.com/seven_science/seven_science_image/7_science_light_propagation.pnghttp://www.excellup.com/seven_science/seven_science_image/7_science_light_propagation.pnghttp://www.ducksters.com/science/experiment_light_travel.gifhttp://www.excellup.com/seven_science/seven_science_image/7_science_light_propagation.pnghttp://www.excellup.com/seven_science/seven_science_image/7_science_light_propagation.png


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12/16

ii, ight >ravelling at di3erent s*eeds/%end in di3erent #ediu#s

~140

AD

'laudius tolemy (Alexandria). In a twelfthcentury latin translation from the

arabic that is assigned to tolemy" a study of refraction" including atmospheric

refraction" was described. It was suggested that the angle of refraction isproportional to the angle of incidence.

965-

1020

IbnalHaitham ( also !nown as Alhaen) (b. *asra). In his investigations" he

used spherical and parabolic mirrors and was aware of spherical aberration. He

also investigated the magnification produced by lenses and atmospheric

refraction. His wor! was translated into +atin and became accessible to later

European scholars.

~1220

,obert -rosseteste (England).Magister scholarumof

the niversity of/xford and a proponent of the view that theory should be

compared with observation" -rosseteste considered that the properties of light

have particular significance in natural philosophy and stressed the importance of

mathematics and geometry in their study. He believed that colours are related to

intensity and that they extend from white to blac!" white being the purest and

lying beyond red with blac! lying below blue. 0he rainbow was conjectured to

be a conse1uence of reflection and refraction of sunlight by layers in a 2watery

cloud2 but the effect of individual droplets was not considered. He held the view"shared by the earlier -ree!s" that vision involves emanations from the eye to the

object perceived.

~1267

,oger *acon (England). A follower of -rosseteste at /xford" *acon extended

-rosseteste2s wor! on optics. He considered that the speed of light is finite and

that it is propagated through a medium in a manner analogous to the

propagation of sound. In his /pus 3aius" *acon described his studies of the

magnification of small objects using convex lenses and suggested that they

could find application in the correction of defective eyesight. He attributed thephenomenon of the rainbow to the reflection of sunlight from individual

raindrops.


13/16

htt*://u*load,wi5i#edia,org/wi5i*edia/+o##ons/M/M/Refra+tionH*hoto,*ng

htt*://es*iritusu##er*h"si+s,%logs*ot,sg/

%) 4iagra#s on how refra+tion wor5s while using e"eglasses

+s e'plained by Franciscus onders /0-0-$0--12,a utch physiologist, the cause of

farsightedness is that the eyeball is tooshallow and that the image actually focuses beyondthe eye. To correct hyperopia, conve' corrective lenses are used to make the light raysconverge or come together on the retina. 3ome people suffer from myopia

or nearsightedness, in which the image is focused in front of the retina so that onlynearob4ects can be seen clearly. )oncave lenses can be worn to diverge the lightrays and

permit light from far away ob4ects to focus directly on the retina.+ condition calledpresbyopia occurs when the lens of the eye loses it elasticity and it can no longer change
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Refraction_photo.pnghttp://espiritusummerphysics.blogspot.sg/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Refraction_photo.pnghttp://espiritusummerphysics.blogspot.sg/


14/16

shape. The condition is usually associatedwith age and becomes evident after 56. 7resbyopiacauses people to be somewhat farsighted. 3ometimes this is corrected by wearing bifocals, oreyeglassesthat have a second lens below the top lens. + person with presbyopia can

lookthrough the bottom lens while reading and use the top lens for distant ob4ects.

Read more http!!www.fa8s.org!health!topics!**!yeglasses$and$contact$lenses.html&i'##()*+9o:(

A significant develo(ment in the making of e"eglasses was the introduction

of the concave lenses& solving the (roblem of nearsightedness )distance

vision*.

,"eglasses for distance vision have what is called inus ower /enses

these lenses move the focal (oint from the front of the retina onto the retina

itself.

It is (ossible that the first inus ower /enses were what we now

call FLATPlanoConcavelenses
http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/55/Eyeglasses-and-contact-lenses.html#ixzz3C5A6Do73http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/55/Eyeglasses-and-contact-lenses.html#ixzz3C5A6Do73http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/55/Eyeglasses-and-contact-lenses.html#ixzz3C5A6Do73http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/55/Eyeglasses-and-contact-lenses.html#ixzz3C5A6Do73


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htt*://$,%*,%logs*ot,+o#/6

zQ>-B"wIiuo/L-v"-N>hClI/0AQ/


16/16

htt*://www,how6to6draw6+artoons6online,+o#/i#age6les/+artoon6+andle,gif

htt*s://resear+htheto*i+,wi5is*a+es,+o#/le/view/lightHra"s,*g/2MKM/lightHra"s,*g
http://www.how-to-draw-cartoons-online.com/image-files/cartoon-candle.gifhttps://researchthetopic.wikispaces.com/file/view/light_rays.jpg/258595968/light_rays.jpghttps://researchthetopic.wikispaces.com/file/view/light_rays.jpg/258595968/light_rays.jpghttp://www.how-to-draw-cartoons-online.com/image-files/cartoon-candle.gifhttps://researchthetopic.wikispaces.com/file/view/light_rays.jpg/258595968/light_rays.jpghttps://researchthetopic.wikispaces.com/file/view/light_rays.jpg/258595968/light_rays.jpg

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Flow of Processes