Florida Criminal Law - Carolina Academic PressCrimes Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita 68 2. First Amendment Rights 68 3. Due Process Rights 68 Chapter 6 · Causation 73 6.01 . Generally

Florida Criminal Law

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Florida Criminal Law

Pearl GoldmanNova Southeastern University Shepard Broad College of Law

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

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Copyright © 2016Pearl Goldman

All Rights Reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Goldman, Pearl.Title: Florida criminal law / Pearl Goldman.Description: Durham, NC : Carolina Academic Press, [2016] | Includesbibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2015037791 | ISBN 9781611638165 (alk. paper)Subjects: LCSH: Criminal law--Florida. | Defense (Criminalprocedure)--Florida.Classification: LCC KFF561 .G65 2015 | DDC 345.759--dc23LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015037791

Carolina Academic Press, LLC700 Kent Street

Durham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America.

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For Lyon, Michelle, and KennyWords fail

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Summary of Contents

Table of Cases xxiiiPreface lxvii

Chapter 1 · Introduction to Florida Criminal Law 3Chapter 2 · Interpretation and Constitutionality 13Chapter 3 · Principles of Punishment and Sentencing 37Chapter 4 · Conduct 47Chapter 5 · Mental State 55Chapter 6 · Causation 73Chapter 7 · Homicide 79Chapter 8 · Inchoate Liability 123Chapter 9 · Accomplice Liability 145Chapter 10 · Assault, Battery, Stalking, and Culpable Negligence 159Chapter 11 · Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation of Vulnerable Persons 187Chapter 12 · Sexual Battery and Related Crimes 209Chapter 13 · Kidnapping, False Imprisonment, and Related Crimes 235Chapter 14 · Extortion, Blackmail, and Threat Crimes 255Chapter 15 · Libel and Slander 261Chapter 16 · Theft and Other Property Crimes 267Chapter 17 · Burglary, Trespass, and Related Crimes 303Chapter 18 · Arson and Criminal Mischief 335Chapter 19 · Robbery and Carjacking 347Chapter 20 · Insanity and Other Mental Health Defenses 365Chapter 21 · Justifiable Use of Force in Defense of Self or Others 377Chapter 22 · Entrapment 399Chapter 23 · Necessity and Duress 411Chapter 24 · Statute of Limitations 419Chapter 25 · Other Defenses 431

Index 447

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Detailed Table of Contents

Table of Cases xxiiiPreface lxvii

Chapter 1 · Introduction to Florida Criminal Law 31.01. The Nature of Criminal Law 31.02. Sources of Criminal Law 3A. Common Law 3B. Statutes 5C. Decisional Law and Precedent 6D. Constitutions 6

1.03. Classification and Degrees of Offenses 7A. Crimes Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita 7B. Felonies, Misdemeanors, and Noncriminal Violations 81. Felonies 82. Misdemeanors 93. Noncriminal Violations 9

C. Reclassification of Felonies and Misdemeanors 91.04. Overview of the Elements of a Crime 10A. Conduct 10B. Mental State 10C. Attendant Circumstances 10D. Social Harm 11E. Causation 11

Chapter 2 · Interpretation and Constitutionality 132.01. Introduction 132.02. Statutory Interpretation 13A. The Plain Meaning Rule 13B. Legislative Intent 141. Canons of Construction 14a. In Pari Materia 14b. Ejusdem Generis 15c. Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius 15d. Last Antecedent 16e. Rules of Grammar and Punctuation 16

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2. The Rule of Lenity 163. Legislative History 17

2.03. Constitutional Constraints 18A. The Principle of Legality 18B. Due Process and Statutory Uncertainty 191. The Void- for-Vagueness Doctrine 192. The Overbreadth Doctrine 20

C. Equal Protection 21D. Preemption 22E. Capacity to Commit a Crime 23F. Double Jeopardy 251. Same Episode or Transaction 262. Distinct Acts 273. Separate Offenses 28a. Identical Elements of Proof 28b. Degrees of the Same Offense as Provided by Statute 29c. Elements of Necessarily Lesser- included Offenses are Subsumed by the Greater Offense 30

G. Jurisdiction 312.04. Burden of Proof at Trial 33A. Burden of Production 33B. Burden of Persuasion 34C. Presumptions 341. Permissive Presumptions 352. Mandatory Presumptions 35

Chapter 3 · Principles of Punishment and Sentencing 373.01. Introduction 373.02. Punishment 37A. Defining Punishment 37B. Theories of Punishment 40

3.03. Sentencing 42A. Overview 42B. Sentencing Dispositions 44C. Juvenile Offenders 45D. Post- conviction Relief 46

Chapter 4 · Conduct 474.01. Introduction 474.02. The Voluntary Act Requirement 474.03. Omissions 494.04. Possession 504.05. Vicarious Liability 524.06. Status Crimes 53

Chapter 5 · Mental State 555.01. Introduction 555.02. Mens Rea Terminology 56A. General Intent vs. Specific Intent 56

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B. Intent 581. Definitions 582. Motive 603. Transferred Intent 60

C. Knowledge and Willful Blindness 62D. Malice 64E. Recklessness 64F. Negligence 651. Simple Negligence 652. Culpable Negligence 66

5.03. Strict Liability 67A. Overview 67B. Limitations on Legislative Authority 681. Crimes Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita 682. First Amendment Rights 683. Due Process Rights 684. Legislative Intent 70

Chapter 6 · Causation 736.01. Generally 736.02. Proof of Causation 73A. Cause- in-Fact 73B. Proximate Cause 741. Overview 742. Intervening Causes 75

Chapter 7 · Homicide 797.01. Introduction 79A. Definition of Homicide 79B. Definition of Human Being 80C. The Florida Unborn Victims of Violence Act 82

7.02. The Year- and-a-Day Rule 837.03. Murder 83A. Overview 83B. Premeditated Murder 831. Elements 832. Attempted First- degree Premeditated Murder 86

B. Second- degree Depraved Mind Murder 861. Elements 862. Attempted Second- degree Depraved Mind Murder 89

C. Felony Murder 901. Background 902. Degrees of Felony Murder 91a. First- degree Felony Murder 91b. Second- degree Felony Murder 92c. Third- degree Felony Murder 92

3. Elements of Felony Murder 93a. Victims 93b. Participants 93

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c. Intent to Commit the Predicate Felony 94d. The Predicate Felony 94(1) Conduct 94(2) Qualifying Predicate Felonies 94(3) Conviction 95

e. Causation 97(1) Overview 97(2) The Independent Act Doctrine 98(3) The Res Gestae Doctrine 99

4. Defense of Withdrawal, Renunciation, or Abandonment 1015. Attempted Felony Murder 102a. Background 102b. Statutory Reform 102(1) Attempted Felony Murder as a First- Degree Felony 103(2) Attempted Felony Murder as a Second- Degree Felony 103(3) Outstanding Issues 104(4) Dual Convictions, Double Jeopardy, and the Merger Doctrine 105

7.04. Manslaughter 105A. History of Florida’s Manslaughter Statute 105B. Categories of Manslaughter 1061. Manslaughter by Act 1062. Manslaughter by Procurement 1073. Manslaughter by Culpable Negligence 108

C. Attempted Manslaughter 1111. Attempted Manslaughter by Act or by Procurement 1112. Attempted Manslaughter by Culpable Negligence 112

D. Particular Statutory Forms of Manslaughter 1121. Assisting Self- Murder (Assisted Suicide) 1122. Manslaughter by Driving or Boating Under the Influence 1133. Unnecessary Killing to Prevent an Unlawful Act 1134. Aggravated Manslaughter 114

7.05. Unlawful Killing of an Unborn Child by Injury to the Mother 1157.06. Excusable Homicide 1157.07. Provocation or Heat of Passion 1177.08. Vehicular and Vessel Homicide 1197.09. Double Jeopardy Considerations 120

Chapter 8 · Inchoate Liability 1238.01. Introduction 1238.02. Comparison of Inchoate Crimes 1248.03. Solicitation 125A. Overview 125B. Elements 1251. Conduct 1252. Mental State 127

8.04. Conspiracy 127A. Overview 127B. The Rationale of Conspiracy Law 128C. Elements 131

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1. Conduct 1312. Mental State 132

D. Parties to the Conspiracy 133E. RICO Conspiracies 134

8.05. Attempt 134A. Overview 134B. Elements 1351. Conduct 1352. Mental State 137

8.06. Double Inchoate Crimes 1388.07. Defenses 140A. Abandonment or Renunciation 140B. Impossibility 141

Chapter 9 · Accomplice Liability 1459.01. Introduction 1459.02. Parties to the Crime: Accomplices as Principals 145A. Overview 145B. Elements 1461. Conduct 146a. Nature of the Assistance 147b. Presence at the Scene of the Crime 148c. Amount of Assistance 149d. Timing of the Assistance 149

2. Mental State 150a. Conscious Intent that the Crime Be Committed 150b. Intent to Assist the Primary Party 150c. Knowledge as Intent 150d. Crimes of Recklessness or Negligence 151e. Strict Liability Crimes 151

3. Contributory Link between the Act and the Crime 151C. Independent Act Doctrine 152D. Victims as Accomplices 153E. Liability of the Accomplice in Relation to the Primary Party 153

9.03. Abandonment, Withdrawal, or Renunciation 1549.04. Accessory After the Fact 155A. Overview 155B. Elements 1561. Proof of the Underlying Crime 1562. Conduct 1563. Mental State 157

C. Family Exemption 157

Chapter 10 · Assault, Battery, Stalking, and Culpable Negligence 15910.01. Introduction 15910.02. Assault Crimes 159A. Simple Assault 1591. Overview 1592. Elements of Simple Assault 159

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a. Intentional, Unlawful Threat by Word or Act to Do Violence to the Victim 159

b. Apparent Ability to Carry Out the Threat 160c. An Act That Creates a Well- founded Fear of Imminent Violence 160(1) Overt Act Directed at the Victim 161(2) The Act Must Create a Well- founded Fear of Imminent Violence 161

3. Conditional Threats 162B. Aggravated Assault 1621. Definition and Classification of the Crime 1622. Elements of Aggravated Assault 163a. Assault 163b. Deadly Weapon Without the Intent to Kill 163c. Intent to Commit a Felony 164

10.03. Battery Crimes 164A. Simple Battery 1641. Overview 1642. Elements 165a. Conduct: Injury to or Nonconsensual Contact with the Person of the Victim 165

b. Mental State: Intentional Injury or Intentional Nonconsensual Contact 166

B. Aggravated Battery 1671. Definition and Classification of the Crime 1672. Elements 168a. Battery 168b. Intentionally or Knowingly Causing Great Bodily Harm, Permanent Disability, or Disfigurement in the Commission of a Battery 168(1) Mental State 168(2) Injuries 169

c. Using a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of a Battery 169d. Battery Upon a Pregnant Woman 171

C. Felony Battery 171D. Other Battery Crimes 172

10.04. Offense Reclassification and Sentence Enhancement 172A. Overview 172B. Law Enforcement and Other Officers 1731. Generally 1732. Elements 173

C. Assault or Battery upon Persons 65 Years of Age or Older 175D. Other Victims 176

10.05. Stalking 176A. Overview 176B. Elements 1771. Generally 1772. Conduct 1783. Mental State 180

C. Constitutional Challenges 181

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1. Vagueness and Overbreadth 1812. Double Jeopardy 182

10.06. Culpable Negligence Causing or Exposing Another to Injury 183A. Overview 183B. Elements 184

Chapter 11 · Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation of Vulnerable Persons 18711.01. Introduction 18711.02. Children 187A. Child Abuse 1881. Overview 1882. Mental Injury 1883. Physical Injury 189

B. Aggravated Child Abuse 1911. Overview 1912. Aggravated Child Abuse by Aggravated Battery 1913. Aggravated Child Abuse by Willful Torture, Malicious Punishment, or Willful and Unlawful Caging 191a. Willful Torture 192b. Malicious Punishment 192c. Willful and Unlawful Caging 193

4. Aggravated Child Abuse by Great Bodily Harm, Permanent Disability, or Permanent Disfigurement 194

C. Child Neglect 1941. Overview 1942. Caregiver 1953. Prohibited Conduct 1954. Mental State 197

D. Contributing to the Delinquency or Dependency of a Child 198E. Aggravated Manslaughter of a Child Under 18 Years of Age 199F. Child Support 1991. Failure to Pay Child Support 1992. Misuse of Child Support Funds 200

11.03. Vulnerable Adults 201A. Overview 201B. Abuse and Aggravated Abuse 202C. Willful or Culpable Neglect 202D. Exploitation 204E. Aggravated Manslaughter of a Vulnerable Adult 206

Chapter 12 · Sexual Battery and Related Crimes 20912.01. Introduction 20912.02. Sexual Battery 209A. The Evolution of Sexual Battery Law in Florida 2091. The Common Law Perspective 2092. Statutory Reform 210

B. Prosecuting and Proving Sexual Battery 2111. The Basic Building Blocks of a Sexual Battery Charge 211a. The Victim 211

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b. The Proscribed Conduct 212c. Mental State 213d. Consent 213

2. Reclassification of the Degree of Sexual Battery Charged 214a. Age 214b. Ability to Consent 215(1) Physical or Mental Incapacity 215(2) Physical Helplessness 215(3) Mental Defect 216

c. Relationship Between Victim and Offender: School Authority 218d. Relationship Between Victim and Offender: Familial or Custodial Authority 218

e. Force 219f. Coerced Submission 220

3. Rules of Evidence 221a. Corroboration Rule 221b. Rape Shield Law 221

C. Attempted Sexual Battery 22312.03. Statutory Rape 22512.04. Lewd or Lascivious Offenses 227A. Lewd or Lascivious Offenses on or in the Presence of a Person Less than 16 Years of Age 2271. Overview 2272. Elements of Lewd and Lascivious Offenses 228a. Lewd or Lascivious Battery 228b. Lewd or Lascivious Molestation 228c. Lewd or Lascivious Conduct 229d. Lewd or Lascivious Exhibition 229

B. Lewd or Lascivious Offenses on or in the Presence of an Elderly or Disabled Person 230

12.05. Direct and Collateral Consequences for Offenders 231A. Criminal Sanctions 231B. Regulatory Sanctions 232C. Civil Sanctions 233

Chapter 13 · Kidnapping, False Imprisonment, and Related Crimes 23513.01. Introduction 23513.02. Kidnapping 235A. Overview 235B. Elements Applicable to all Categories of Kidnapping 2361. Conduct 2362. Mental State 238

C. Categories of Kidnappings 2381. Felony Commission or Facilitation Kidnappings 238a. Conduct 238b. Mental State 241

2. Ransom, Reward, Shield, or Hostage Kidnappings 2413. Bodily Harm or Terror Kidnappings 2434. Interference with Governmental or Political Function Kidnappings 244

D. Child Kidnapping 245

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13.03. False Imprisonment 246A. Overview 246B. Elements 2461. Conduct 2462. Mental State 248

13.04. Custody Offenses 248A. Interference with Custody 248B. Removal of a Minor from the State or Concealment of a Minor 249

13.05. Luring or Enticing a Child 25113.06. Human Trafficking 251A. Overview 251B. Legislative Findings 252C. Elements and Definitions 253D. Related Crimes 254

Chapter 14 · Extortion, Blackmail, and Threat Crimes 25514.01. Introduction 25514.02. Threats by Private Individuals 25614.03. Extortion by Officers of the State 25814.04. Written Threats to Kill or to Do Bodily Injury 259

Chapter 15 · Libel and Slander 26115.01. Introduction 26115.02. Libel 261A. Common Law Libel 261B. Statutory Libel 263C. Defenses 264

15.03. Slander 265

Chapter 16 · Theft and Other Property Crimes 26716.01. Introduction 26716.02. Theft 268A. Overview 2681. Grand Theft 2682. Petit Theft 270

B. Elements of Theft 2701. Property Requirements 271a. Types of Property 271(1) Animals 271(2) Real Property, Including Things Growing on, Affixed to, and Found in Land 272

(3) Tangible Personal Property 272(4) Intangible Personal Property 272(5) Labor or Services 272

b. Property of Another 273c. Value of Property 275(1) General Principles 275(2) Proof of Value 276(3) When Value Cannot Be Determined 277

2. Conduct Requirements 279

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3. Mental State Requirements 281a. Basic Principles 281b. Inferences of Mental State 284(1) Circumstantial Evidence of Mental State 284(2) Statutory Inferences of Mental State 284

16.03. Dealing in Stolen Property 289A. Overview 289B. Trafficking in Stolen Property 2891. Definition of Stolen Property 2902. Conduct Requirements 2913. Mental State Requirements 292a. Knowledge that the Property is Stolen 292b. Intent to Traffic in Stolen Property 294

C. Organizing Theft and Traffic of Stolen Property 29416.04. Charging Both Theft and Dealing in Stolen Property 29516.05. Jurisdiction 29616.06. Defenses under the Florida Anti- Fencing Act 297A. Defenses Precluded by Statute 297B. Abandonment or Renunciation 297C. Claim of Right 298D. Consent 299E. Impossibility 300F. Statute of Limitations 300

16.07. Other Crimes Involving Theft or Dishonesty 301

Chapter 17 · Burglary, Trespass, and Related Crimes 30317.01. Introduction 30317.02. Burglary 303A. Overview 303B. Degrees of Burglary 3041. Generally 3042. “Occupied” Premises 3053. Armed Burglary 3064. Burglary with Assault or Battery 308

C. Elements of Burglary 3091. Conduct: Entering or Remaining In 309a. Entering 309b. Remaining In 310

2. Mental State: The Intent to Commit an Offense in the Dwelling, Structure, or Conveyance 312

3. Attendant Circumstances 314a. Ownership 314b. Type of Property Burglarized 314(1) Conveyance 314(2) Dwelling 315(3) Structure 317(4) Curtilage of a Structure or Dwelling 317

D. Consent as an Affirmative Defense 3191. Consent to Enter or Remain 3192. Premises Open to the Public 320

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E. Attempted Burglary 32117.03. Trespass 322A. Overview 322B. Trespass in a Structure or Conveyance 322C. Trespass on Property Other than a Structure or Conveyance 324D. Trespass on School Grounds or Facilities 3271. Overview 3272. First- Degree Misdemeanor 3273. Second- Degree Misdemeanor 328

17.04. Possession of Tools for Use in a Burglary or Trespass 328A. Overview 328B. Elements 3291. Conduct 329a. Possession 329b. Overt Act 329

2. Mental State 330a. Specific Intent 330b. Actual Intent 331

3. Attendant Circumstances: Defining Burglary Tools 331C. Attempted Possession of Burglary Tools 332

17.05. Other Crimes Involving Burglary or Trespass 332

Chapter 18 · Arson and Criminal Mischief 33518.01. Introduction 33518.02. Arson 335A. Overview 335B. Elements 3361. Property Subject to the Arson Statute 3362. Conduct 3383. Mental State 338

18.03. Crimes Relating to Arson 339A. Arson Resulting in Bodily Harm 339B. Preventing or Obstructing Extinguishment of a Fire 339C. False Alarms 340D. Fire Bombs 340E. Non- Structural Burnings 341

18.04. Criminal Mischief 341A. Overview 341B. Degrees of Offense and Penalties 342C. Elements 3431. Conduct 3432. Mental State 344

D. Related Crimes 345

Chapter 19 · Robbery and Carjacking 34719.01. Introduction 34719.02. Robbery 347A. Overview 347B. Elements of Robbery 3481. The Taking of Money or Property from Another 348

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2. The Use of Force, Violence, Assault, or Putting in Fear in the Course of the Taking 349a. Force, Violence, Assault, or Putting in Fear 349(1) Force or Violence 349(2) Assault or Putting in Fear 350

b. In the Course of Taking 3503. The Property Taken Was of Some Value 3524. The Taking Was Done with the Intent to Deprive the Victim of His or Her Right to the Property 352

C. Armed Robbery 3531. “Carrying” a Weapon 3532. Weapons, Deadly Weapons, and Firearms 354a. Weapons 354b. Deadly Weapons 355c. Firearms 356

D. Robbery by Sudden Snatching 3571. Overview 3572. Elements 357

E. Home- invasion Robbery 359F. Attempted Robbery 360

19.03. Carjacking 360A. Overview 360B. Elements 3611. Taking the Vehicle 3612. Use of Force, Violence, Assault, or Putting in Fear in the Course of the Taking 362

3. Intent to Deprive or to Appropriate 363C. Armed Carjacking 363

Chapter 20 · Insanity and Other Mental Health Defenses 36520.01. Introduction 36520.02. Insanity 365A. Overview 365B. Insanity vs. Incompetence to Proceed 366C. Elements of the Insanity Defense 3661. Mental Infirmity, Disease, or Defect 3672. The Defendant’s Cognitive and Moral Abilities 368

D. Insanity and Intoxication 369E. Procedural and Evidentiary Requirements 3701. Notice of Intent to Rely on an Insanity Defense 3702. Trial Procedures 3713. Expert Testimony 3714. Verdicts and Dispositions 373

20.03. Other Mental Health Defenses 374

Chapter 21 · Justifiable Use of Force in Defense of Self or Others 37721.01. Introduction 37721.02. The Evolution of the Duty to Retreat and the

Castle Doctrine in Florida 37821.03. Immunity From Prosecution Under the Stand Your Ground Law 381

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21.04. When the Defendant is Not Immune from Prosecution: The Burden of Proof in Justifiable Use of Force Cases 383

21.05. Availability of the Defense of Justifiable Use of Force 384A. Distinguishing Deadly Force from Non- deadly Force 384B. Justifiable Use of Non- deadly Force 385C. Justifiable Use of Deadly Force 385

21.06. Elements of the Defense of Justifiable Use of Deadly or Non- deadly Force 386

A. Actual Belief That Force is Necessary 386B. Reasonable Belief That Force is Necessary 3871. When the Presumption of Reasonable Fear Applies 3872. When the Presumption of Reasonable Fear Does Not Apply 388

C. Imminent Danger 390D. Unlawful Force 3911. Use of Force Against Law Enforcement 3912. Forcible Felonies 3913. Initial Aggressors 393

E. Proportionality 39421.07 Special Situations 394A. Battered Spouse Syndrome 394B. Use of Force by Law Enforcement and Correctional Officers 396

21.08. Justifiable Use of Force and Transferred Intent 397

Chapter 22 · Entrapment 39922.01. Introduction 39922.02. History of the Entrapment Defense in Florida 39922.03. Subjective Statutory Standard 401A. Overview 401B. Government Inducement 401C. The Defendant’s Predisposition 403D. Jury Question 404

22.04. Objective Due Process Standard 405A. Overview 405B. Incentives Offered to Informants 405C. Government Manufacture of Crime or Its Instrumentalities 407

22.05. Inconsistent Defenses 409

Chapter 23 · Necessity and Duress 41123.01. Introduction 41123.02. Elements 41223.03. Special Situations 415A. Medical Necessity 415B. Escape from Lawful Custody 416C. Possession of a Firearm by a Convicted Felon 417

Chapter 24 · Statute of Limitations 41924.01. Introduction 41924.02. General Statute of Limitations 420A. Crimes with No Limitations Period 420B. General Limitations Periods for Felonies and Misdemeanors 420

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24.03. Offense- Specific Limitations Periods 42124.04. Which Limitations Period Applies 422A. Rules of Construction 422B. When Statutes Extend the Limitations Period 423C. When Statutes Reclassify a Crime 423D. When Lesser- included Offenses Are Time- Barred 423E. When Underlying or Target Crimes Are Time- Barred 424

24.05. Computing and Tolling the Period of Limitations 425A. Computing the Time 4251. Commission of the Crime 4252. Commencement of Prosecution 4263. Reasonable Delay in Serving the Defendant 427

B. Tolling the Time 429

Chapter 25 · Other Defenses 43125.01. Introduction 43125.02. Abandonment 43125.03. Alibi 43225.04. Consent 43425.05. Infancy 43525.06. Intoxication 435A. Overview and Definitions 435B. Florida’s Modern Intoxication Defense 436C. Intoxication and Insanity 438

25.07. Mistake 439A. Mistake of Fact 439B. Mistake of Law 440

25.08. Prescription Defense 44125.09. Recantation 44425.10. Defenses Not Recognized in Florida 445

Index 447

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Table of Cases

Cases discussed in the text are indicated in bold page numbers.

xxiii

AA.A.R. v. State, 926 So. 2d 463 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 445

A.B.G. v. State, 586 So. 2d 445 (Fla. 1stDCA 1991), 148–49

Achin v. State, 436 So. 2d 30 (Fla. 1982),139, 258

Acosta v. State, 884 So. 2d 112 (Fla. 2dDCA 2004), 116

Adams, State v., 600 So. 2d 1302 (Fla. 5thDCA 1992), 403

Adams, State v., 683 So. 2d 517 (Fla. 2dDCA 1996), 112

Adams v. Murphy, 394 So. 2d 411 (Fla.1981), 4, 139

Adams v. State, 310 So. 2d 782 (Fla. 2dDCA 1975), 101

Adams v. State, 341 So. 2d 765 (Fla.1976), 90

Adams v. State, 901 So. 2d 275 (Fla. 5thDCA 2005), 224

Adaway v. State, 902 So. 2d 746 (Fla.2005), 232

Adkins, State v., 96 So. 3d 412 (Fla. 2012),69, 70

Adkins v. State, 576 So. 2d 392 (Fla. 1stDCA 1991), 292, 294

Aguilera v. State, 606 So. 2d 194 (Fla. 1stDCA 1992), 369

A.H. v. State, 151 So. 3d 48 (Fla. 4th DCA2014), 323

Ahlberg v. State, 541 So. 2d 775 (Fla. 3dDCA 1989), 308

Aiello v. State, 390 So. 2d 1205 (Fla. 4thDCA 1980), 129

Aiken v. State, 390 So. 2d 1186 (Fla.1980), 213

Aiken v. State, 425 So. 2d 641 (Fla. 3dDCA 1983), 116

Akins v. State, 838 So. 2d 637 (Fla. 5thDCA 2003), 360

Albernaz v. United States, 450 U.S. 333(1981), 17

Albuguergue v. State, 700 So. 2d 464 (Fla.4th DCA 1997), 384

Alcantaro v. State, 407 So. 2d 922 (Fla. 1stDCA 1981), 416

Alday v. State, 57 So. 2d 333 (Fla. 1952),107, 118

Alfaro v. State, 837 So. 2d 429 (Fla. 4thDCA 2002), 298

Alford v. Finch, 155 So. 2d 790 (Fla.1963), 271

A.L.J. v. State, 12 So. 3d 873 (Fla. 4thDCA 2009), 343

Aljak v. State, 681 So. 2d 896 (Fla. 4thDCA 1996), 414

Allen, State v., 362 So. 2d 10 (Fla. 1978),267, 281, 292, 298

Allen v. State, 137 So. 3d 946 (Fla. 2013),243

Allen v. State, 690 So. 2d 1332 (Fla. 2dDCA 1997), 99

Allwine v. State, 978 So. 2d 272 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 291, 295

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xxiv TABLE OF CASES

Alonso v. State, 447 So. 2d 1029 (Fla. 4thDCA 1984), 257

Alonso v. State, 821 So. 2d 423 (Fla. 3dDCA 2002), 220

Altamura, State v., 676 So. 2d 29 (Fla. 2dDCA 1996), 120

Alvarez v. State, 768 So. 2d 1224 (Fla. 3dDCA 2000), 320



A.M. v. State, 678 So. 2d 914 (Fla. 1stDCA 1996), 315

Amaro, State v., 436 So. 2d 1056 (Fla. 2dDCA 1983), 93, 95

Amlotte v. State, 435 So. 2d 249 (Fla. 5thDCA 1983), 164

Amlotte v. State, 456 So. 2d 448 (Fla.1984), 102

Amos v. State, 711 So. 2d 1197 (Fla. 2dDCA 1998), 275–76

Anders, State v., 596 So. 2d 463 (Fla. 4thDCA 1992), 406

Anderson, State v., 764 So. 2d 848 (Fla. 3dDCA 2000), 14, 15

Anderson v. State, 2 So. 3d 303 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 296

Anderson v. State, 87 So. 3d 774 (Fla.2012), 13

Anderson v. State, 276 So. 2d 17 (Fla.1973), 83

Anderson v. State, 415 So. 2d 829 (Fla. 3dDCA 1982), 310



Andrews v. State, 536 So. 2d 1108 (Fla.4th DCA 1988), 63

Anduar, State v., 899 A.2d 1209 (R.I.2006), 127

Ange v. State, 123 So. 916 (Fla. 1929), 264Annenberg v. Coleman, 163 So. 405 (Fla.1935), 262, 263

Antonacci v. State, 504 So. 2d 521 (Fla.5th DCA 1987), 159

Anucinski v. State, 148 So. 3d 106 (Fla.2014), 295

Archer v. State, 613 So. 2d 446 (Fla. 1993),153

Arias v. State, 593 So. 2d 260 (Fla. 3dDCA 1992), 136–37

Armstrong v. State, 931 So. 2d 187 (Fla.5th DCA 2006), 433

Arnold v. State, 37 So. 3d 963 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 418

Arnold v. State, 83 So. 2d 105 (Fla. 1955),347

Arnold v. State, 689 So. 2d 1234 (Fla. 2dDCA 1997), 301

Arnold v. State, 755 So. 2d 796 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 195, 196, 197

Arroyo v. State, 564 So. 2d 1153 (Fla. 4thDCA 1990), 308

A.S.F. v. State, 70 So. 3d 754 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 150

Ashley, State v., 701 So. 2d 338 (Fla.1997), 93, 95

Ashton v. Kentucky, 384 U.S. 195 (1966),263

Askew v. State, 118 So. 2d 219 (Fla. 1960),209, 213

A.S.P. v. State, 964 So. 2d 211 (Fla. 2dDCA 2007), 328

A.T. v. State, 658 So. 2d 662 (Fla. 3d DCA1995), 184

Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002), 45Aumuller v. State, 944 So. 2d 1137 (Fla.2d DCA 2006), 92

Austin v. State, 699 So. 2d 314 (Fla. 1stDCA 1997), 135, 322

Austin v State, 64 So. 3d 139 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 277

A.W. v. State, 920 So. 2d 845 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 330

Ayotte v. State, 67 So. 3d 330 (Fla. 1stDCA 2011), 442

Azima v. State, 480 So. 2d 184 (Fla. 2dDCA 1985), 184

BBaeza v. State, 489 So. 2d 36 (Fla. 4thDCA 1986), 223

Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394(1980), 417

Bailey v. State, 21 So. 3d 147 (Fla. 5thDCA 2009), 28, 31

goldman 00 f1 2/9/16 8:52 AM Page xxiv

Bailey v. State, 199 So. 2d 726 (Fla. 1stDCA 1967), 352

Bailey v. State, 877 So. 2d 836 (Fla. 4thDCA 2004), 86

Baines v. State, 25 So. 3d 1277 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 100–101

Baker v. State, 377 So. 2d 17 (Fla. 1979),68

Baker v. State, 506 So. 2d 1056 (Fla. 2dDCA 1987), 378

Baker v. State, 622 So. 2d 1333 (Fla. 1stDCA 1993), 310, 313

Baker v. State, 636 So. 2d 1342 (Fla.1994), 313, 317

Baker v. State, 980 So. 2d 616 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 188

Balint, United States v., 258 U.S. 250(1922), 67, 70

Baptiste- Jean v. State, 979 So. 2d 1091(Fla. 3d DCA 2008), 363

Barfield v. State, 613 So. 2d 507 (Fla. 1stDCA 1993), 287

Barfield v. State, 762 So. 2d 564 (Fla. 5thDCA 2000), 152

Barker v. State, 24 So. 69 (Fla. 1898), 210Barnes v. State, 93 So. 2d 863 (Fla. 1957),390

Barnes v. State, 406 So. 2d 539 (Fla. 1stDCA 1981), 389

Barnes v. United States, 412 U.S. 837(1973), 286

Barnum, State v., 921 So. 2d 513 (Fla.2005), 34, 173

Barr v. State, 507 So. 2d 175 (Fla. 3d DCA1987), 444

Barrett v. State, 2 So. 3d 370 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 369, 438

Barrett v. State, 983 So. 2d 795 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 307

Barrios v. State, 75 So. 3d 374 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 282

Barron v. State, 990 So. 2d 1098 (Fla. 3dDCA 2007), 99, 147

Bartee v. State, 401 So. 2d 890 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 63

Barthell, State v., 554 So. 2d 17 (Fla. 3dDCA 1989), 276

Bartlett v. State, 765 So. 2d 799 (Fla. 1stDCA. 2000), 353, 440

Barton v. State, 797 So. 2d 1276 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 309, 315

Bass v. State, 172 So. 2d 614 (Fla. 2d DCA1965), 170

Bates v. State, 465 So. 2d 490 (Fla. 1985),140, 155, 225, 349, 432

Bates v. State, 561 So. 2d 1341 (Fla. 2dDCA 1990), 355

Battle v. State, 365 So. 2d 1035 (Fla. 3dDCA 1978), 126, 133

Battle v. State, 911 So. 2d 85 (Fla. 2005),103

Battles v. State, 288 So. 2d 573 (Fla. 2dDCA 1974), 161

Bauer v. State, 609 So. 2d 608 (Fla. 4thDCA 1992), 56, 440

Bauman, State v., 425 So. 2d 32 (Fla. 4thDCA 1982), 140

Bautista v. State, 863 So. 2d 1180 (Fla.2003), 14, 70, 106

Bavero v. State, 347 So. 2d 781 (Fla. 1stDCA 1977), 417

Bayer v. State, 788 So. 2d 310 (Fla. 5thDCA 2001), 74, 106, 207

Baywood Nurseries Co., Inc., v. Fla. Dep’tof Health (Fla. DOAH May 27,2015), 416

Beachy v. State, 837 So. 2d 1152 (Fla. 1stDCA 2003), 94, 98

Beal v. State, 620 So. 2d 1015 (Fla. 1stDCA 1993), 267

Bean v. State, 728 So. 2d 781 (Fla. 4thDCA 1999), 316

Beard v. State, 842 So. 2d 174 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 168

Beasley, State v., 580 So. 2d 139 (Fla.1991), 441

Beasley v. State, 360 So. 2d 1275 (Fla. 4thDCA 1978), 152

Beattie v. State, 636 So. 2d 744 (Fla. 2dDCA 1993), 404

Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625 (1980), 424Behn v. State, 621 So. 2d 535 (Fla. 1stDCA 1993), 108

Bell v. State, 369 So. 2d 932 (Fla. 1979),399

Bell v. State, 768 So. 2d 22 (Fla. 1st DCA2000), 61

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Benitez v. State, 649 So. 2d 308 (Fla. 4thDCA 1995), 329

Benitez v. State, 901 So. 2d 935 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 163, 350

Benjamin v. State, 77 So. 3d 781 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 26

Bennett, State v., 565 So. 2d 803 (Fla. 2dDCA 1990), 316

Berdecia v. State, 971 So. 2d 846 (Fla. 3dDCA 2007), 86, 110

Berger v. Berger, 466 So. 2d 1149 (Fla. 4thDCA 1985), 257

Bernau v. State, 891 So. 2d 1229 (Fla. 2dDCA 2005), 205

Berrios v. State, 781 So. 2d 455 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 389

Berry v. State, 566 So. 2d 22 (Fla. 1st DCA1990), 339

Berry v. State, 668 So. 2d 967 (Fla. 1996),237, 238, 239, 240

Bertone v. State, 870 So. 2d 923 (Fla. 4thDCA 2004), 294

Berube v. State, 5 So. 3d 734 (Fla. 3d DCA2009), 85

Beyer v. State, 76 So. 3d 1132 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 422

B.H. v. State, 645 So. 2d 987 (Fla. 1994), 4Biber v. City of Miami, 82 So. 2d 747 (Fla.1955), 275

Biggs v. State, 745 So. 2d 1051 (Fla. 3dDCA 1999), 239, 240, 243

Bigham v. State, 995 So. 2d 207 (Fla.2008), 84, 85

Biglow v. State, 683 So. 2d 176 (Fla. 3dDCA 1996), 366

Billeaud v. State, 578 So. 2d 343 (Fla. 1stDCA 1991), 118–19

Billie v. State, 963 So. 2d 837 (Fla. 3dDCA 2007), 87

Billings v. State, 103 So. 628 (Fla. 1925), 248Bilotti v. State, 27 So. 3d 798 (Fla. 2dDCA 2010), 313

Bishop v. State, 46 So. 3d 75 (Fla. 5thDCA 2010), 237, 238

Bishop v. State, 100 So. 3d 1192 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 84

Bist v. State, 35 So. 3d 936 (Fla. 5th DCA2010), 136, 405, 406–7

Black v. State, 95 So. 3d 884 (Fla. 2d DCA2012), 88

Black v. State, 173 So. 2d 166 (Fla. 2dDCA 1965), 164

Blackburn v. State, 83 So. 2d 694 (Fla.1955), 128

Blackmon v. State, 696 So. 2d 918 (Fla. 1stDCA 1997), 357

Blackwell v. State, 86 So. 224 (Fla. 1920),433

Blackwood v. State, 777 So. 2d 399 (Fla.2000), 85

Blanchard v. State, 767 So. 2d 573 (Fla.5th DCA 2000), 316

Blanco, State v., 896 So. 2d 900 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 408

Blanco v. State, 679 So. 2d 792 (Fla. 3dDCA 1996), 355

Blank v. State, 726 So. 2d 854 (Fla. 2dDCA 1999), 270

Blanton v. State, 388 So. 2d 1271 (Fla. 4thDCA 1980), 162

Bledsoe v. State, 764 So. 2d 927 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 308, 312

Blitch v. State, 427 So. 2d 785 (Fla. 2dDCA 1983), 117

B.L.L. v. State, 764 So. 2d 837 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 167, 169

Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299(1932), 25

Blount v. State, 641 So. 2d 447 (Fla. 2dDCA 1994), 292

Blow v. State, 993 So. 2d 540 (Fla. 2dDCA 2007), 193

B.M., In the Interest of, 553 So. 2d 714(Fla. 4th DCA 1989), 326

Bobbitt, State v., 415 So. 2d 724 (Fla.1982), 378

Bobbitt v. State, 415 So. 2d 724 (Fla.1982), 380

Bodden, State v., 877 So. 2d 680 (Fla.2004), 21

Boler v. State, 678 So. 2d 319 (Fla. 1996),121

Boles v. State, 27 So. 2d 293 (Fla. 1946),227

Bolin v. State, 8 So. 3d 428 (Fla. 2d DCA2009), 106

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Bonawitz, State v., 997 So. 2d 460 (Fla.4th DCA 2008), 427

Bonge v. State, 53 So. 3d 1231 (Fla. 1stDCA 2011), 166

Boone v. State, 711 So. 2d 594 (Fla. 1stDCA 1998), 286

Borders v. State, 433 So. 2d 1325 (Fla. 3dDCA 1983), 89

Bostic v. State, 638 So. 2d 613 (Fla. 5thDCA 1994), 166

Bouters v. State, 659 So. 2d 235 (Fla.1995), 179, 181–82

Bowen v. State, 791 So. 2d 44 (Fla. 2dDCA 2001) (Bowen I), 108, 156, 157

Bowen v. State, 868 So. 2d 541 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003) (Bowen II), 157

Bowers v. State, 452 So. 2d 146 (Fla. 2dDCA 1984), 33

Bowles v. State, 14 So. 2d 269 (Fla. 1943),300

Bowman v. State, 760 So. 2d 1053 (Fla.4th DCA 2000), 216, 217

Boyd v. Green, State ex rel., 355 So. 2d789 (Fla. 1978), 371

Boyd v. State, 910 So. 2d 167 (Fla. 2005),84, 237, 238, 243

Boyd v. State, 912 So. 2d 26 (Fla. 4th DCA2005), 152

Bozeman v. State, 931 So. 2d 1006 (Fla.4th DCA 2006), 285, 293

B.P., In the Interest of, 610 So. 2d 625(Fla. 1st DCA 1992), 440

Bradley v. State, 3 So. 3d 1168 (Fla. 2009),354

Bradley v. State, 787 So. 2d 732 (Fla.2001), 84, 131

Brady, State v., 685 So. 2d 984 (Fla. 5thDCA 1997), 112

Brady, State v., 745 So. 2d 954 (Fla. 1999),89

Bragenzer v. State, 582 So. 2d 142 (Fla.5th DCA 1991), 428, 429

Bragg v. State, 371 So. 2d 1082 (Fla. 4thDCA 1979), 310

Bragg v. State, 487 So. 2d 424 (Fla. 5thDCA 1986), 128, 142

Brake, State v., 796 So. 2d 522 (Fla. 2001),251

Brancaccio v. State, 27 So. 3d 739 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010) (Brancaccio II), 370, 439

Brancaccio v. State, 698 So. 2d 597 (Fla.4th DCA 1997), 437

Brannen v. State, 114 So. 429 (Fla. 1927),444

Brannon v. State, 850 So. 2d 452 (Fla.2003), 6

Branton v. State, 86 So. 3d 560 (Fla. 2dDCA 2012), 156

Braverman v. United States, 317 U.S. 49(1942), 129

Brazill v. State, 845 So. 2d 282 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 435

Brea, State v., 545 So. 2d 954 (Fla. 3dDCA 1989), 128

Brennan v. State, 651 So. 2d 244 (Fla. 3dDCA 1995), 273, 324

Bretherick v. State, 135 So. 3d 337 (Fla.5th DCA 2013), 247

Brewer, State v., 767 So. 2d 1249 (Fla. 5thDCA 2000), 42

Brinson v. State, 18 So. 3d 1075 (Fla. 2dDCA 2009), 91, 94, 97, 98, 121

Broers v. State, 606 So. 2d 480 (Fla. 2dDCA 1992), 198

Bronson v. State, 926 So. 2d 480 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 286

Brooks, State v., 17 So. 3d 1261 (Fla. 2dDCA 2009), 196

Brooks v. State, 23 So. 3d 1227 (Fla. 2dDCA 2009), 331

Brooks v. State, 122 So. 3d 418 (Fla. 2dDCA 2013), 413

Brooks v. State, 787 So. 2d 765 (Fla.2001), 130

Brooks v. State, 918 So. 2d 181 (Fla.2005), 96

Brose v. State, 32 So. 3d 144 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 290, 292

Broughton v. State, 528 So. 2d 1241 (Fla.1st DCA 1988), 331

Broward Co. v. La Rosa, 484 So. 2d 1374(Fla. 4th DCA 1986), 7

Brown, State v., 496 So. 2d 194 (Fla. 3dDCA 1986), 353

Brown v. State, 8 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA2009), 51

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Brown v. State, 11 So. 3d 428 (Fla. 2dDCA 2009), 221

Brown v. State, 94 So. 874 (Fla. 1922), 61,397

Brown v. State, 150 So. 3d 281 (Fla. 1stDCA 2014), 67

Brown v. State, 178 So. 153 (Fla. 1938), 129Brown v. State, 414 So. 2d 15 (Fla. 5thDCA 1982), 272

Brown v. State, 454 So. 2d 596 (Fla. 5thDCA 1984), 377

Brown v. State, 550 So. 2d 142 (Fla. 1stDCA 1989), 127, 138


Brown v. State, 629 So. 2d 841 (Fla. 1994),19

Brown v. State, 672 So. 2d 861 (Fla. 3dDCA 1996), 156, 158

Brown v. State, 674 So. 2d 738 (Fla. 2dDCA 1995), 301, 419, 426, 428, 429,430


Brown v. State, 790 So. 2d 389 (Fla. 2000),89, 90

Brown v. State, 848 So. 2d 361 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 358, 359

Brown v. State, 896 So. 2d 808 (Fla. 5thDCA 2005), 307–8

Brumbley v. State, 453 So. 2d 381 (Fla.1984), 424

Brunner v. State, 683 So. 2d 1129 (Fla. 4thDCA 1996), 370, 438

Bruns, State v., 429 So. 2d 307 (Fla. 1983),440

Bryan, State v., 287 So. 2d 73 (Fla. 1973),88

Bryan v. State, 865 So. 2d 677 (Fla. 4thDCA 2004), 174

Bryant v. State, 154 So. 3d 1164 (Fla. 2dDCA 2015), 161

Bryant v. State, 412 So. 2d 347 (Fla. 1982),90, 94, 97, 98–99, 152, 431

Bryson v. State, 42 So. 3d 852 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 423

B.S. v. State, 862 So. 2d 15 (Fla. 2d DCA2003), 22

Buchanan, State v., 189 So. 2d 270 (Fla.3d DCA 1966), 52

Buffett, State v., 397 So. 2d 1060 (Fla. 2dDCA 1981), 282

Buford v. State, 403 So. 2d 943 (Fla.1981), 232

Bullington v. State, 616 So. 2d 1036 (Fla.3d DCA 1993), 213, 214, 216, 434

Bunkley v. State, 882 So. 2d 890 (Fla.2004), 307

Bunney v. State, 603 So. 2d 1270 (Fla.1992), 367, 374

Burch, State v., 545 So. 2d 279 (Fla. 4thDCA 1989), 408

Burke v. State, 48 So. 3d 943 (Fla. 2d DCA2010), 188, 189

Burke v. State, 672 So. 2d 829 (Fla. 1stDCA 1995), 331

Burks v. State, 766 So. 2d 468 (Fla. 5thDCA 2000), 229–30

Burnham v. State, 20 So. 548 (Fla. 1896),265

Burns v. State, 132 So. 3d 1238 (Fla. 1stDCA 2014), 196

Burrage v. United States, 134 S. Ct. 881(2014), 74, 92, 97

Burrell v. State, 601 So. 2d 628 (Fla. 2dDCA 1992), 289, 294–95

Burris, State v., 875 So. 2d 408 (Fla.2004), 70, 353

Burrows, State v., 940 So. 2d 1259 (Fla. 1stDCA 2006), 51

Burrows v. State, 62 So. 3d 1258 (Fla. 3dDCA 2011), 188

Burston, State v., 693 So. 2d 600 (Fla. 2dDCA 1997), 318

Bush v. State, 359 So. 2d 556 (Fla. 4thDCA 1978), 156

Bush v. State, 543 So. 2d 283 (Fla. 2dDCA 1989), 76

Butler v. State, 14 So. 3d 269 (Fla. 1stDCA 2009), 413

Butler v. State, 632 So. 2d 684 (Fla. 5thDCA 1994), 162

Butler v. State, 715 So. 2d 339 (Fla. 4thDCA 1998), 178, 180

Byrd v. State, 297 So. 2d 22 (Fla. 1974),367, 371, 372

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Byrd v. State, 789 So. 2d 1169 (Fla. 3dDCA 2001), 166

CCaamano, State v., 105 So. 3d 18 (Fla. 2dDCA 2012), 377, 396–97

Cabrera v. State, 766 So. 2d 1131 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 404

Calamia v. State, 125 So. 3d 1007 (Fla. 5thDCA 2013), 64, 257

Calderon, State v., 951 So. 2d 1031 (Fla.3d DCA 2007), 423

Calderon v. State, 52 So. 3d 813 (Fla. 3dDCA 2011), 128, 129, 424

Callahan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587(1961), 129

Calliar v. State, 760 So. 2d 885 (Fla. 1999),14, 329, 330

Cam v. State, 433 So. 2d 38 (Fla. 1st DCA1983), 129

Cambell v. State, 37 So. 3d 948 (Fla. 5thDCA 2010), 160, 164

Cameron, United States v., 907 F.2d 1051(11th Cir. 1990), 374

Camp, State v., 596 So. 2d 1055 (Fla.1992), 289, 291

Campbell v. State, 227 So. 2d 873 (Fla.1969), 97, 369

Campbell v. State, 577 So. 2d 932 (Fla.1992), 51

Campbell v. State, 935 So. 2d 614 (Fla. 3dDCA 2006), 129, 408

Campusano v. State, 861 So. 2d 535 (Fla.4th DCA. 2003), 138

Canady v. State, 813 So. 2d 161 (Fla. 2dDCA 2002), 280, 287

Canavan v. State, 38 So. 3d 885 (Fla. 2dDCA 2010), 181

Cannon v. State, 18 So. 3d 562 (Fla. 1stDCA 2009), 99

Capaldo v. State, 679 So. 2d 717 (Fla.1996), 290, 300

Capers v. State, 678 So. 2d 330 (Fla.1996), 15

Capiro v. State, 97 So. 3d 298 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 298

Caraker v. State, 84 So. 2d 50 (Fla. 1955),160, 164

Carlton v. State, 103 So. 3d 937 (Fla. 5thDCA 2012), 136

Carlyle v. State, 945 So. 2d 540 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 222, 223

Carnley v. Cochran, 118 So. 2d 629 (Fla.1960), 41

Carricarte v. State, 384 So. 2d 1261 (Fla.1980), 257

Carrillo v. State, 463 So. 2d 450 (Fla. 2dDCA 1985), 157

Carrizales, State v., 356 So. 2d 274 (Fla.1978), 113

Carroll v. State, 680 So. 2d 1065 (Fla. 3dDCA 1996), 140, 141, 154, 298, 432

Carruthers v. State, 636 So. 2d 853 (Fla.1st DCA 1994), 139

Carter v. State, 23 So. 3d 1238 (Fla. 4thDCA 2009), 363

Carter v. State, 77 So. 3d 849 (Fla. 2dDCA 2012), 277


Carter v. State, 384 So. 2d 1255 (Fla.1980), 444

Carter v. State, 468 So. 2d 370 (Fla. 1stDCA 1985), 240


Carter v. State, 762 So. 2d 1024 (Fla. 3dDCA 2000), 243

Carter v. State, 980 So. 2d 473 (Fla. 2008),436

Caruthers v. State, 721 So. 2d 371 (Fla. 2dDCA 1998), 384

Carver v. State, 560 So. 2d 258 (Fla. 1stDCA 1990), 237

Cash v. State, 628 So. 2d 1100 (Fla. 1993),273

Cashatt v. State, 873 So. 2d 430 (Fla. 1stDCA 2004), 142, 445

Cassady v. Moore, 737 So. 2d 1174 (Fla.1st DCA 1999), 18

Catalano, State v., 104 So. 3d 1069 (Fla.2012), 20

Cave v. State, 476 So. 2d 180 (Fla. 1985),90

Cawthon v. State, 382 So. 2d 796 (Fla. 1stDCA 1980), 413

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C.B. v. State, 810 So. 2d 1072 (Fla. 4thDCA 2002), 57, 166–67, 172

CBS, Inc. v. Garrod, 622 F. Supp. 532(M.D. Fla. 1985), 279

C.C. v. State, 576 So. 2d 951 (Fla. 3d DCA1991), 166

C.D. v. State, 2 So. 3d 994 (Fla. 2d DCA2008), 148

Celeste v. State, 79 So. 3d 898 (Fla. 5thDCA 2012), 444

C.H., State v., 421 So. 2d 62 (Fla. 4thDCA 1982), 158

Chambers, State v., 890 So. 2d 456 (Fla.2d DCA 2004), 418

Chambers v. State, 700 So. 2d 441 (Fla.4th DCA 1997), 318

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S.568 (1942), 262

Chapman, State v., 625 So. 2d 838 (Fla.1993), 120

Chase, State v., 114 So. 856 (Fla. 1927),261, 262, 265

Chase Sec. Corp. v. Donaldson, 325 U.S.304 (1945), 419

Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192(1991), 441

Cheffer v. Judge, Division “S,” 15thJudicial Circuit, 614 So. 2d 632 (Fla.4th DCA 1993), 425

Cherry v. State, 959 So. 2d 702 (Fla.2007), 14

Chesebrough v. State, 255 So. 2d 675 (Fla.1971), 227

Chesnoff v. State, 840 So. 2d 423 (Fla. 5thDCA 2003), 169

Chestnut v. State, 538 So. 2d 820 (Fla.1989), 24, 365, 369, 374, 375

Chicone v. State, 684 So. 2d 736 (Fla.1996), 67, 69, 70

Childers v. State, 782 So. 2d 513 (Fla.1stDCA 2001), 132

Childers v. State, 800 So. 2d 709 (Fla. 2dDCA 2001), 423

Chisolm v. State, 58 So. 3d 304 (Fla. 1stDCA 2011), 190

Christie, State v., 939 So. 2d 1078 (Fla. 3dDCA 2005), 195

Christopher v. State, 416 So. 2d 450 (Fla.1982), 371

Cirack v. State, 201 So. 2d 706 (Fla. 1967),369, 370, 438

C.J.P. v. State, 672 So. 2d 62 (Fla. 1st DCA1996), 157

Cladd v. State, 398 So. 2d 442 (Fla. 1981),314

Clark v. Arizona, 548 U.S. 735 (2006), 368Clark v. State, 783 So. 2d 967 (Fla. 2001),165, 168

Clay v. State, 196 So. 462 (Fla. 1940), 435Clay v. State, 424 So. 2d 139 (Fla. 3d DCA1982), 84

Clement v. State, 895 So. 2d 446 (Fla. 2dDCA 2005), 16

Cleveland v. State, 135 So. 3d 425 (Fla. 1stDCA 2014), 126, 229

Cliett v. State, 951 So. 2d 3 (Fla. 1st DCA2007), 350

Cliff Berry, Inc. v. State, 116 So. 3d 394(Fla. 3d DCA 2012), 299, 440

Clines v. State, 765 So. 2d 947 (Fla. 5thDCA 2000), 188

Clinton v. State, 421 So. 2d 186 (Fla. 2dDCA 1982), 174

Cloyd v. State, 943 So. 2d 149 (Fla. 3dDCA 2006), 22

C.N.W. v. State, 670 So. 2d 1052 (Fla. 2dDCA 1996), 155

C.O. v. State, 785 So. 2d 629 (Fla. 2d DCA2001), 51

Coates v. State, 513 So. 2d 757 (Fla. 4thDCA 1987), 269, 272

Coban, State v., 520 So. 2d 40 (Fla. 1988),43

Cobb v. State, 376 So. 2d 230 (Fla. 1979),113, 114

Cobb v. State, 884 So. 2d 437 (Fla. 1stDCA 2004), 437

Cobb v. Wainwright, 666 F.2d 966 (5thCir. 1982), 114

Cochran v. State, 61 So. 187 (Fla. 1913), 438Coffman, State v., 746 So. 2d 471 (Fla. 2dDCA 1998), 193

Cohen, State v., 409 So. 2d 64 (Fla. 1stDCA 1982), 142

Cohen, State v., 568 So. 2d 49 (Fla. 1990),431

Cohen v. State, 125 So. 2d 560 (Fla. 1960),68

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Cohron, State v., 597 So. 2d 251 (Fla.1992), 417

Coker, State v., 452 So. 2d 1135 (Fla. 2dDCA 1984), 104, 135, 136

Colainni v. State, 245 So. 2d 893 (Fla. 2dDCA 1971), 163

Colbert v. State, 49 So. 3d 819 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 320

Cole v. State, 193 So. 2d 47 (Fla. 1st DCA1966), 394

Cole v. State, 942 So. 2d 1010 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 239, 247

Coleman, State v., 937 So. 2d 1226 (Fla.1st DCA 2006), 189

Coleman v. State, 592 So. 2d 300 (Fla. 2dDCA 1991), 320

Coleman v. State, 956 So. 2d 1254 (Fla. 2dDCA 2007), 31

Coleman v. State ex rel. Carver, 161 So. 89(Fla. 1935), 7, 303

Coleman v. State ex rel. Jackson, 193 So.84 (Fla. 1939), 7

Coles, State v., 91 So. 2d 200 (Fla. 1956),390

Coley v. State, 616 So. 2d 1017 (Fla. 3dDCA 1993), 216

Colletti v. State, 74 So. 3d 497 (Fla. 2dDCA 2011), 277, 281

Collins v. State, 102 So. 880 (Fla. 1925),118

Conahan v. State, 844 So. 2d 629 (Fla.2003), 237, 238

Conde v. State, 860 So. 2d 930 (Fla. 2003),85

Connor v. State, 19 So. 3d 1117 (Fla. 2dDCA 2009), 244, 247

Connor v. State, 361 So. 2d 774 (Fla. 4thDCA 1978), 379

Conrad v. State, 977 So. 2d 766 (Fla. 5thDCA 2008), 313

Converse, State v., 78 So. 3d 78 (Fla. 5thDCA 2012), 38

Coogler v. Rhodes, 21 So. 109 (Fla. 1897),264

Coolen v. State, 696 So. 2d 738 (Fla.1997), 84

Cooper v. State, 453 So. 2d 67 (Fla. 1stDCA 1984), 164

Cooper v. State, 573 So. 2d 74 (Fla. 4thDCA 1990), 384

Cooper v. State, 742 So. 2d 855 (Fla. 1stDCA 1999), 70

Cooper v. State, 905 So. 2d 1063 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 138

Copertino v. State, 726 So. 2d 330 (Fla.4th DCA 1999), 108

Corbin, United States v., 734 F.2d 643(11th Cir. 1984), 133

Cormier, State v., 375 So. 2d 852 (Fla.1979), 327

Corn v. State, 332 So. 2d 4 (Fla. 1976),323

Coronado v. State, 654 So. 2d 1267 (Fla.2d DCA 1995), 243

Corujo v. State, 424 So. 2d 43 (Fla. 2dDCA 1982), 413

Costlow v. State, 543 So. 2d 1259 (Fla. 5thDCA 1989), 250

Coston v. State, 190 So. 520 (Fla. 1939),61

County Court of Ulster County, N.Y. v.Allen, 442 U.S. 140 (1979), 35

Coverdale v. State, 940 So. 2d 558 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 181

Cox v. State, 1 So. 3d 1220 (Fla. 2d DCA2009), 192, 193

Cox v. State, 988 So. 2d 1236 (Fla. 5thDCA 2008), 171

Coxwell v. State, 397 So. 2d 335 (Fla. 1stDCA 1981), 125, 147

C.P.P. v. State, 479 So. 2d 858 (Fla. 1stDCA 1985), 149

Crain v. State, 894 So. 2d 59 (Fla. 2004),236, 238

Crawford v. State, 453 So. 2d 1139 (Fla.2d DCA 1984), 283

Crimins v. State, 113 So. 3d 945 (Fla. 5thDCA 2013), 392

Crittenden v. State, 137 So. 3d 1170 (Fla.1st DCA 2014), 62

Crocker v. State, 752 So. 2d 615 (Fla. 2dDCA 1999), 219

Cruller v. State, 808 So. 2d 201 (Fla.2002), 29

Crumley, State v., 512 So. 2d 183 (Fla.1987), 17

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Cruz v. State, 465 So. 2d 516 (Fla. 1985),400

Cruz v. State, 971 So. 2d 178 (Fla. 5thDCA 2007), 384

Cruz v. State (Fla. 4th DCA May 20,2015), 383, 393

Cueto v. State, 979 So. 2d 1113 (Fla. 3dDCA 2008), 321

Cummings v. State, 514 So. 2d 406 (Fla.4th DCA 1987), 133

Cunnell v. State, 920 So. 2d 810 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 429

Cunningham, State v., 712 So. 2d 1221(Fla. 2d DCA 1998), 226

Cunningham v. State, 385 So. 2d 721 (Fla.3d DCA 1980), 74, 109

Curry v. State, 811 So. 2d 736 (Fla. 4thDCA 2002), 176, 178–79

Curry v. State, 876 So. 2d 29 (Fla. 4thDCA 2004), 409

Curtis v. State, 589 So. 2d 956 (Fla. 3dDCA 1991), 437, 438

Czapla v. State, 957 So. 2d 676 (Fla. 1stDCA 2007), 190–91

DDale v. State, 703 So. 2d 1045 (Fla. 1997),307, 354, 355, 364

Damico v. State, 16 So. 2d 43 (Fla. 1943),320

Daniels v. State, 108 So. 2d 755 (Fla.1959), 60, 83

Daniels v. State, 422 So. 2d 1024 (Fla. 1stDCA 1982), 295

Daniels v. State, 587 So. 2d 460 (Fla.1991), 57, 268, 282, 299, 347, 352

Dankert v. State, 859 So. 2d 1221 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 419, 429

D’Annunzio v. State, 683 So. 2d 151 (Fla.5th DCA 1996), 433

Darling v. State, 81 So. 3d 574 (Fla. 3dDCA 2012), 382

Daugherty v. State, 17 So. 2d 290 (Fla.1944), 445

Davila v. State, 26 So. 3d 5 (Fla. 3d DCA2009) (Davila I), 246

Davila v. State, 75 So. 3d 192 (Fla. 2011)(Davila II), 245–46

Davila v. State, 988 So. 2d 35 (Fla. 3dDCA 2008), 132

Davis v. State, 32 So. 822 (Fla. 1902), 366–67

Davis v. State, 74 So. 3d 1096 (Fla. 1stDCA 2011), 31


Davis v. State, 436 So. 2d 196 (Fla. 4thDCA 1983), 146

Davis v. State, 538 So. 2d 515 (Fla. 2dDCA 1989), 216


Davis v. State, 703 So. 2d 1055 (Fla. 1997),211


Davis v. State, 884 So. 2d 1058 (Fla. 2dDCA 2004), 170


Davis v. State, 928 So. 2d 1089 (Fla. 2005),119

Davis v. State, 988 So. 2d 1125 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 17, 306, 320

Dawson, State v., 681 So. 2d 1206 (Fla. 3dDCA 1996), 403

Dawson v. State, 66 So. 3d 1077 (Fla. 1stDCA 2011), 287

Day v. State, 119 So. 3d 485 (Fla. 1st DCA2013), 442

Day v. State, 977 So. 2d 664 (Fla. 5th DCA2008), 426

Dayes v. State, 869 So. 2d 58 (Fla. 3d DCA2004), 147

D.B.B. v. State, 997 So. 2d 484 (Fla. 2dDCA 2008), 163

D.C. v. State, 436 So. 2d 203 (Fla. 1st DCA1983), 165–66

D.E. v. State, 725 So. 2d 1269 (Fla. 4thDCA 1999), 305

D.E. v. State, 904 So. 2d 558 (Fla. 5thDCA 2005), 64–65

Dean, U.S. v., 506 F. Supp. 2d 1097 (N.D.Fla. 2007), 52

Dean v. State, 82 So. 3d 851 (Fla. 4th DCA2011), 100

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DeAngelo v. State, 616 So. 2d 440 (Fla.1993), 85

Dees v. State, 128 So. 485 (Fla. 1930), 314Delaney v. State, 489 So. 2d 891 (Fla. 1stDCA 1986), 174

Delgado v. State, 19 So. 3d 1055 (Fla. 3dDCA 2009) (Delgado I), 241, 311

Delgado v. State, 71 So. 3d 54 (Fla. 2011)(Delgado II), 241

Delgado v. State, 776 So. 2d 233 (Fla.2000) (Delgado II), 236, 237, 311

Delgado v. State, 948 So. 2d 681 (Fla.2006), 57

Dellinger v. State, 495 So. 2d 197 (Fla. 5thDCA 1986), 89

Denard v. State, 30 So. 3d 595 (Fla. 5thDCA 2010), 160

Dene, State v., 533 So. 2d 265 (Fla. 1988),90, 92, 146

Denhart v. State, 987 So. 2d 1257 (Fla. 5thDCA 2008), 71, 440

Dent v. State, 125 So. 3d 205 (Fla. 4thDCA 2013), 271

Deranger v. State, 652 So. 2d 400 (Fla. 2dDCA 1995), 300

Desilien v. State, 595 So. 2d 1046 (Fla. 4thDCA 1992), 63

Desin v. State, 404 So. 2d 181 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 320

Desin v. State, 414 So. 2d 516 (Fla. 1982),330

D.H., State v., 340 So. 2d 1163 (Fla. 1976),24, 435

Di Stefano v. Langston, 274 So. 2d 533(Fla. 1973), 133

Dial v. State, 799 So. 2d 407 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 404, 409

Diaz v. State, 387 So. 2d 978 (Fla. 3d DCA1980), 389

Dickinson, State v., 370 So. 2d 762 (Fla.1979), 268, 297, 400

Diez v. State, 970 So. 2d 931 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 237

Dillbeck v. State, 643 So. 2d 1027 (Fla.1994), 374

Dinsmore, State v., 308 So. 2d 32 (Fla.1975), 49

District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S.570 (2008), 185 n.286

Dixon v. State, 486 So. 2d 67 (Fla. 4thDCA 1986), 130

Dixon v. State, 559 So. 2d 354 (Fla. 1stDCA 1990), 139, 141, 292, 297

Dixon v. State, 603 So. 2d 570 (Fla. 5thDCA 1992), 170

Dixon v. United States, 548 U.S. 1 (2006),412

D.J. v. State, 67 So. 3d 1029 (Fla. 2011),327

D.J. v. State, 651 So. 2d 1255 (Fla. 1stDCA 1995), 60

D.L.D. v. State, 815 So. 2d 746 (Fla. 5thDCA 2002), 179, 180

D.M.L. v. State, 976 So. 2d 670 (Fla. 2dDCA 2008), 345

Docekal v. State, 929 So. 2d 1139 (Fla. 5thDCA 2006), 223

Dolan v. State, 85 So. 2d 139 (Fla. 1956),110

Dominique v. State, 435 So. 2d 974 (Fla.3d DCA 1983), 116

Donohue v. State, 801 So. 2d 124 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 77

Donovan v. State, 821 So. 2d 1099 (Fla.5th DCA 2002), 224

Dooley v. Coleman, State ex rel., 170 So.722 (Fla. 1936), 150

Doorbal v. State, 983 So. 2d 464 (Fla.2008), 132, 134

Dorminey v. State, 314 So. 2d 134 (Fla.1975), 43

Dorsett, State v., 158 So. 3d 557 (Fla.2015), 50, 59, 120

Dorsey v. State, 149 So. 3d 144 (Fla. 4thCA 2014), 381

Dorsey v. State, 324 So. 2d 159 (Fla. 1stDCA 1975), 314

Douglas v. State, 652 So. 2d 887 (Fla. 4thDCA 1995), 117, 119

Downer v. State, 375 So. 2d 840 (Fla.1979), 323, 324

Doyle v. State, 22 So. 272 (Fla. 1897), 221D.R. v. State, 734 So. 2d 455 (Fla. 1st DCA1999), 319

Drawdy, State v., 136 So. 3d 1209 (Fla.2014), 27

Drew v. State, 773 So. 2d 46 (Fla. 2000),303, 309, 310, 314

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D.R.H. v. State, 761 So. 2d 379 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 274, 291

Driggers v. State, 917 So. 2d 329 (Fla. 5thDCA 2005), 413, 414

Drolet, State v., 549 So. 2d 1172 (Fla. 2dDCA 1989), 403

D.S.S. v. State, 850 So. 2d 459 (Fla. 2003),314

Duan v. State, 970 So. 2d 903 (Fla. 1stDCA 2007), 257

Duba v. State, 446 So. 2d 1167 (Fla. 5thDCA 1984), 243

Duckett v. State, 686 So. 2d 662 (Fla. 2dDCA 1996), 88

Dudley v. State, 139 So. 3d 273 (Fla.2014), 217

Dudley v. State, 634 So. 2d 1093 (Fla. 2dDCA 1994), 256, 257, 260

DuFresne v. State, 826 So. 2d 272 (Fla.2002), 15, 189

Dugger v. Williams, 593 So. 2d 180 (Fla.1991), 19

Duke, State v., 709 So. 2d 580 (Fla. 5thDCA 1998), 136, 224–25

Dukes v. State, 796 So. 2d 1265 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 330

Dumas, State v., 700 So. 2d 1223 (Fla.1997), 120

Duncan v. Moore, 754 So. 2d 708 (Fla.2000), 21

Duncan v. State, 606 So. 2d 1227 (Fla. 4thDCA 1992), 321

Duncan v. State, 986 So. 2d 653 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 51

Dunn v. State, 397 So. 2d 748 (Fla. 2dDCA 1981), 161

Dunnigan v. State, 364 So. 2d 1217 (Fla.1978), 280

Dupree v. State, 615 So. 2d 713 (Fla. 1stDCA 1993), 85

Dupuy v. State, 141 So. 2d 825 (Fla. 3dDCA 1962), 399

Durant v. State, 647 So. 2d 163 (Fla. 2dDCA 1994), 227, 230

Durden v. State, 743 So. 2d 77 (Fla. 1stDCA 1999), 364

Duval v. Thomas, 114 So. 2d 791 (Fla.1959), 4

Dwyer, State v., 332 So. 2d 333 (Fla.1976), 6

Dwyer v. State, 743 So. 2d 46 (Fla. 5thDCA 1999), 389

Dyson v. State, 10 So. 3d 650 (Fla. 5thDCA 2009), 29

EEaddy v. State, 638 So. 2d 22 (Fla. 1994),424

Eberhardt v. Barker, 140 So. 633 (Fla.1932), 261

Edler v. State, 616 So. 2d 546 (Fla. 1stDCA 1993), 61

Edler v. State, 630 So. 2d 528 (Fla. 1993),61

Edwards v. State, 381 So. 2d 696 (Fla.1980), 286

Egal v. State, 469 So. 2d 196 (Fla. 2d DCA1985), 227, 228, 229

Egan, State v., 287 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 1973), 4,14

Eichelberger v. State, 949 So. 2d 358 (Fla.2d DCA 2007), 182–83

Eiland v. State, 112 So. 2d 415 (Fla. 2dDCA 1959), 107, 118

Eldridge v. State, 9 So. 448 (Fla. 1891),262, 265

E.L.F. v. State, 33 So. 3d 760 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 383

Elledge v. State, 06 So. 2d 1340 (Fla.1997), 375

Ellis v. State, 425 So. 2d 201 (Fla. 5thDCA 1983), 312, 321

Ellison, State v., 561 So. 2d 576 (Fla.1990), 108

Elonis v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2001(2015), 160, 260

Enmund, State v., 476 So. 2d 165 (Fla.1985), 94, 121

Enoch v. State, 95 So. 3d 344 (Fla. 1stDCA 2012), 20

Enriguez v. State, 858 So. 2d 338 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 19

Essex v. State, 917 So. 2d 953 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 239

Estevez v. State, 189 So. 2d 830 (Fla. 2dDCA 1966), 329

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Etheridge v. State, 415 So. 2d 864 (Fla. 2dDCA 1982), 140

Evans v. State, 140 So. 2d 348 (Fla. 2dDCA 1962), 367, 369

Evans v. State, 452 So. 2d 1093 (Fla. 2dDCA1984), 173

Evans v. State, 946 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 2006), 374Evans v. State, 985 So. 2d 1105 (Fla. 3dDCA 2007), 131

Everett v. State, 97 So. 2d 241 (Fla. 1957),369

Everett v. State, 831 So. 2d 738 (Fla. 4thDCA 2002), 205

Eversley v. State, 748 So. 2d 963 (Fla.1999), 73, 74, 75, 106

E.W. v. State, 873 So. 2d 485 (Fla. 1stDCA 2004), 328

FFaison v. State, 426 So. 2d 963 (Fla. 1983),236, 238–41, 242, 243–44

Falco v. State, 407 So. 2d 203 (Fla. 1981),377, 379, 386

Falcon v. State (Fla. Mar. 19, 2015), 45Falwell v. State, 88 So. 3d 970 (Fla. 5thDCA 2012), 383

Farley v. State, 848 So. 2d 393 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 402, 404, 408

Farrar v. State, 42 So. 3d 265 (Fla. 5thDCA 2010), 423

Febre v. State, 30 So. 2d 367 (Fla. 1947),118, 118

Feliciano v. State, 937 So. 2d 818 (Fla. 1stDCA 2006), 226, 440

Ferguson v. State, 533 So. 2d 763 (Fla.1988), 239, 240

Ferrara v. State, 19 So. 3d 1033 (Fla. 5thDCA 2009), 316

Ferraro v. State, 149 So. 3d 1157 (Fla. 4thDCA 2014), 84

Ferrer v. State, 69 So. 3d 360 (Fla. 2d DCA2011), 169

Fetzer v. State, 722 So. 2d 279 (Fla. 1stDCA 1998), 197

Fields, State v., 505 So. 2d 1336 (Fla.1987), 427, 428

Fierro v. State, 653 So. 2d 447 (Fla. 1stDCA 1995), 250

Figarola, State v., 788 So. 2d 1109 (Fla. 3dDCA 2001), 190

Figuereo, State v., 761 So. 2d 1252 (Fla. 3dDCA 2000), 406

Figueroa- Santiago v. State, 116 So. 3d 585(Fla. 2d DCA 2013), 21

Filmon v. State, 336 So. 2d 586 (Fla.1976), 108, 445

Filomeno v. State, 930 So. 2d 821 (Fla. 5thDCA 2006), 389

Finch v. State, 156 So. 489 (Fla. 1934), 241Fine v. State, 758 So. 2d 1246 (Fla. 5thDCA 2000), 321

Finkelstein v. State, 157 So. 3d 1085 (Fla.1st DCA 2015), 381

Finno, State v., 643 So. 2d 1166 (Fla. 4thDCA 1994), 403, 407, 408

Firth v. State, 764 So. 2d 734 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 171, 435

Fitch v. State, 185 So. 435 (Fla. 1938), 267Fitzgerald v. State, 203 So. 2d 511 (Fla. 2dDCA 1967), 329

Fitzpatrick v. State, 437 So. 2d 1072 (Fla.1983), 242–43

Fleming v. State, 374 So. 2d 954 (Fla.1979), 102

Fletcher v. State, 866 So. 2d 113 (Fla. 3dDCA 2004), 317

Flo- Sun, Inc. v. Kirk, 783 So. 2d 1029 (Fla.2001), 4

Flores v. State, 853 So. 2d 566 (Fla. 3dDCA 2003), 362, 363

Florida, State v., 894 So. 2d 941 (Fla.2005), 121

The Florida Bar v. Marable, 645 So. 2d438 (Fla. 1994), 125, 126

Flowers v. State, 12 So. 2d 772 (Fla. 1943),433

Floyd, State v., 872 So. 2d 445 (Fla. 2dDCA 2004), 358

Floyd v. State, 707 So. 2d 833 (Fla. 1stDCA 1998), 441

Floyd v. State, 850 So. 2d 383 (Fla. 2002),84

F.M. v. State, 622 So. 2d 71 (Fla. 2d DCA1993), 156

Fonte v. State, 913 So. 2d 670 (Fla. 3dDCA 2005), 389

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Ford v. State, 848 So. 2d 415 (Fla. 5thDCA 2003), 433

Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 (1986),45

Forsythe v. Longboat Key Beach ErosionControl Dist., 604 So. 2d 452 (Fla.1992), 14

Fort, State v., 380 So. 2d 534 (Fla. 5thDCA 1980), 275, 291

Fortner v. State, 161 So. 94 (Fla. 1935), 105Foster v. State, 220 So. 2d 406 (Fla. 3dDCA 1969), 310

Foster v. State, 286 So. 2d 549 (Fla. 1973),331

Foster v. State, 596 So. 2d 1099 (Fla. 5thDCA 1992), 267, 347

Foster v. State, 875 So. 2d 1253 (Fla. 4thDCA 2004), 139

Franchi, State v., 746 So. 2d 1126 (Fla. 4thDCA 1999), 57, 58, 441

Francis v. State, 736 So. 2d 97 (Fla. 4thDCA 1999), 49

Francis v. State, 808 So. 2d 110 (Fla.2001), 19, 319

Franklin v. State, 887 So. 2d 1063 (Fla.2004), 13

Franqui v. State, 699 So. 2d 1312 (Fla.1997), 360

Franzone v. State, 58 So. 3d 329 (Fla. 2dDCA 2011), 24

Fratello v. State, 496 So. 2d 903 (Fla. 4thDCA 1986), 84, 154

Frazier v. State, 664 So. 2d 985 (Fla. 4thDCA 1995), 313

Frazier v. State, 681 So. 2d 824 (Fla. 2dDCA 1996), 377, 380

Frederick v. State, 93 So. 3d 445 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 61

Frederick v. State, 931 So. 2d 967 (Fla. 3dDCA 2006), 239

Freeman v. State, 743 So. 2d 603 (Fla. 4thDCA 1999), 318

Freeman v. State, 969 So. 2d 473 (Fla. 5thDCA 2007), 110

Freeze v. State, 553 So. 2d 750 (Fla. 2dDCA 1989), 193

Frey v. State, 708 So. 2d 918 (Fla. 1998),57, 58

Fridovich v. Fridovich, 598 So. 2d 65 (Fla.1992), 264

Fridovich v. State, 562 So. 2d 328 (Fla.1990), 427

Fripp v. State, 766 So. 2d 252 (Fla. 4thDCA 2000), 445

Fuchs, State v., 769 So. 2d 1006 (Fla.2000), 19, 198

Furlow v. State, 529 So. 2d 804 (Fla. 1stDCA 1988), 212

GGagne, State v., 680 So. 2d 1041 (Fla. 4thDCA 1996), 183

Gaines, State v., 431 So. 2d 736 (Fla. 4thDCA 1983), 127

Gaines v. State, 800 So. 2d 732 (Fla. 5thDCA 2001), 172

Gaiter v. State, 824 So. 2d 956 (Fla. 3dDCA 2002), 348

Galavis v. State, 28 So. 3d 176 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 243

Gammill v. Wainwright, 357 So. 2d 714(Fla. 1978), 53

Garcia, United States v., 405 F.3d 1260(11th Cir. 2005), 132

Garcia v. State, 88 So. 3d 394 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 152

Garcia v. State, 614 So. 2d 568 (Fla. 2dDCA 1993), 351

Garcia v. State, 633 So. 2d 518 (Fla. 4thDCA 1994), 226

Garcia v. State, 899 So. 2d 447 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 146, 286

Gardner v. Johnson, 451 So. 2d 477 (Fla.1984), 19

Garofalo, State v., 453 So. 2d 905 (Fla. 4thDCA 1984), 427

Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64 (1964),262

Garron v. State, 528 So. 2d 353 (Fla.1988), 371, 372

Gartrell v. State, 626 So. 2d 1364 (Fla.1993), 51

G.C. v. State, 407 So. 2d 639 (Fla. 3d DCA1981), 149

G.C. v. State, 560 So. 2d 1186 (Fla. 3dDCA 1990), 280

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G.D. v. State, 557 So. 2d 123 (Fla. 3d DCA1990), 149, 149

Geiger v. State, 532 So. 2d 1298 (Fla. 2dDCA 1988), 427

Gentry v. State, 437 So. 2d 1097 (Fla.1983), 86, 89, 90, 137–38

Gethers, State v., 585 So. 2d 1140 (Fla. 4thDCA 1991), 187, 191

Getsie v. State, 193 So. 2d 679 (Fla. 4thDCA 1966), 110

Gian- Cursio v. State, 180 So. 2d 396 (Fla.3d DCA 1965), 111

Gian- Grasso v. State, 899 So. 2d 392 (Fla.4th DCA 2005), 308–9

Gibbs v. State, 904 So. 2d 432 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 89, 436

Gilbert v. State, 347 So. 2d 1087 (Fla. 3dDCA 1977), 161

Gilbert v. State, 487 So. 2d 1185 (Fla. 4thDCA 1986), 82, 112, 445

Ginn v. State, 26 So. 3d 706 (Fla. 2d DCA2010), 47, 55, 282, 284

Giorgetti, State v., 868 So. 2d 512 (Fla.2004), 47, 55, 67, 69, 70

Glassman, State v., 414 So. 2d 204 (Fla.4th DCA 1982), 52

Glenn v. State, 753 So. 2d 669 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 58, 293, 294

Glosson, State v., 462 So. 2d 1082 (Fla.1985), 405, 406

Glovacz v. State, 60 So. 3d 423 (Fla. 1stDCA 2011), 444

Glover v. State, 863 So. 2d 236 (Fla. 2003),214

Goad v. Florida Dep’t of Corrections, 845So. 2d 880 (Fla. 2003), 40, 41

Goddard v. State, 458 So. 2d 230 (Fla.1984), 267, 289, 294

Goldberg v. State, 351 So. 2d 332 (Fla.1977), 129, 130, 133

Gomez v. State, 496 So. 2d 982 (Fla. 3dDCA 1986), 97, 357

Gonzalez, State v., 467 So. 2d 723 (Fla. 3dDCA 1985), 80, 434

Gonzalez v. State, 84 So. 3d 362 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 443

Gonzalez v. State, 829 So. 2d 277 (Fla. 2dDCA 2002), 374

Gonzalez v. State, 948 So. 2d 892 (Fla. 5thDCA 2007), 290

Goode, State v., 830 So. 2d 817 (Fla.2002), 14

Goodwin v. State, 634 So. 2d 157 (Fla.1994), 121

Goodwin v. State, 734 So. 2d 1057 (Fla.1st DCA 1998), 58

Goosen v. Walker, 714 So. 2d 1149 (Fla.4th DCA 1998), 179

Gorday v. State, 907 So. 2d 640 (Fla. 3dDCA 2005), 28, 30

Gordon v. State, 745 So. 2d 1016 (Fla. 4thDCA 1999), 320

Gordon v. State, 780 So. 2d 17 (Fla. 2001),29

Gore v. Harris, 772 So. 2d 1243 (Fla.), 6Gore v. State, 784 So. 2d 418 (Fla. 2001),348

Goss v. State, 398 So. 2d 998 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 121

Goswick v. State, 143 So. 2d 817 (Fla.1962), 160

Grady v. State, 701 So. 2d 1181 (Fla. 5thDCA 1997), 71, 440

Graham, State v., 238 So. 2d 618 (Fla.1970), 285, 292

Graham, State v., 468 So. 2d 270 (Fla.1985), 246

Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48 (2010), 45Graham v. State (Fla. 3d DCA Mar. 11,2015), 244, 245

Graives v State, 172 So. 716 (Fla. 1936),445

Grant v. State, 138 So. 3d 1079 (Fla. 4thDCA 2014), 92, 100

Granville v. State, 373 So. 2d 716 (Fla. 1stDCA 1979), 337, 338

Graver v. State, 816 So. 2d 835 (Fla. 5thDCA 2002), 324

Graves, United States v., 143 F.3d 1185(9th Cir.1998), 157

Gray, State v., 435 So. 2d 816 (Fla. 1983),20, 71

Gray, State v., 654 So. 2d 552 (Fla. 1995),102, 138

Gray v. State, 731 So. 2d 816 (Fla. 5thDCA 1999), 439

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Gray v. State, 803 So. 2d 755 (Fla. 2d DCA2001), 426

Gray v. State, 939 So. 2d 1095 (Fla. 1stDCA 2006), 247

Green, State v., 400 So. 2d 1322 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 431

Green v. State, 90 So. 3d 835 (Fla. 2d DCA2012), 282

Green v. State, 604 So. 2d 471 (Fla. 1992),332

Green v. State, 655 So. 2d 208 (Fla. 3dDCA 1995), 360

Green v. State, 715 So. 2d 940 (Fla. 1998),84

Green v. State, 828 So. 2d 462 (Fla. 5thDCA 2002), 29

Green v. State, 999 So. 2d 1098 (Fla. 5thDCA 2009), 131

Greene, State v., 348 So. 2d 3 (Fla. 1977),67, 183

Greer v. State, 804 So. 2d 620 (Fla. 3dDCA 2002), 375

Greger v. State, 458 So. 2d 858 (Fla. 3dDCA 1984), 310, 315

Gregory v. State, 937 So. 2d 180 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 431

Gridine v. State (Fla. Mar. 19, 2015), 45Griffin v. State, 41 So. 3d 927 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 111

Griffin v. State, 474 So. 2d 777 (Fla.1985), 84

Griffin v. State, 980 So. 2d 1035 (Fla.2008), 40

Griffith, State v., 561 So. 2d 528 (Fla.1990), 81–82

Griffith v. State, 548 So. 2d 244 (Fla. 3dDCA 1989), 81–82

Grimes v. State, 477 So. 2d 649 (Fla. 1stDCA 1985), 291

Grimes v. State, 724 So. 2d 614 (Fla. 5thDCA 1998), 270

Groneau v. State, 201 So. 2d 599 (Fla. 4thDCA 1967), 104, 135

Grossman v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla.1993), 45

Guarscio v. State, 64 So. 3d 146 (Fla. 2dDCA 2011), 205

Guinto v. State, 693 So. 2d 46 (Fla. 4thDCA 1997), 31

Gurganus v. State, 451 So. 2d 817 (Fla.1984), 372

Gustine v. State, 97 So. 207 (Fla. 1923),135

Guthrie v. State, 407 So. 2d 357 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 169

Gutierrez v. State, 860 So. 2d 1043 (Fla.5th DCA 2003), 121

Guzman v. State, 110 So. 3d 480 (Fla. 4thDCA 2013), 45

HHabie v. Krischer, 642 So. 2d 138 (Fla. 4thDCA 1994), 250

Hacker, State v., 510 So. 2d 304 (Fla. 4thDCA 1986), 91, 98, 100

Haddock v. State, 176 So. 782 (Fla. 1937),118

Hair v. State, 17 So. 3d 804 (Fla. st DCA2009), 382

Hale v. State, 838 So. 2d 1185 (Fla. 5thDCA 2003), 63

Haley v. State, 315 So. 2d 525 (Fla. 2dDCA 1975), 352

Hall v. Florida, 134 S. Ct. 1986 (2014), 14,45

Hall v. State, 109 So. 3d 704 (Fla. 2012),45

Hall v. State, 187 So. 392 (Fla. 1939), 413Hall v. State, 503 So. 2d 1370 (Fla. 4thDCA 1987), 356

Hall v. State, 568 So. 2d 882 (Fla. 1990),34, 365, 439

Hall v. State, 654 So. 2d 253 (Fla. 1st DCA1995), 175

Hall v. State, 826 So. 2d 268 (Fla. 2002),289, 295

Hall v. State, 855 So. 2d 116 (Fla. 2d DCA2003), 86

Hall v. State, 951 So. 2d 91 (Fla. 2d DCA2007), 107, 169, 171

Hallberg v. State, 649 So. 2d 1355 (Fla.1994), 219

Hallman v. State, 633 So. 2d 1116 (Fla. 3dDCA 1994), 64

Hamilton, State v., 388 So. 2d 561 (Fla.1980), 65

Hamilton, State v., 660 So. 2d 1038 (Fla.1995), 303, 318

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Hamilton v. State, 71 So. 3d 247 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 355

Hamilton v. State, 703 So. 2d 1038 (Fla.1997), 155, 432

Hamilton v. State, 732 So. 2d 493 (Fla. 2dDCA 1999), 51

Hamlin, State v., 306 So. 2d 150 (Fla. 4thDCA 1975), 3

Hampton v. State, 103 So. 3d 98 (Fla.2012), 84

Hampton v. State, 135 So. 3d 440 (Fla. 5thDCA 2014), 132

Hanfield v. State, 40 So. 3d 905 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 29

Hansen v. State, 585 So. 2d 1056 (Fla. 1stDCA 1991), 368–69

Hardee v. State, 534 So. 2d 706 (Fla.1988), 307

Harden, State v., 938 So. 2d 480 (Fla.2006), 22

Hardwick v. State, 630 So. 2d 1212 (Fla.5th DCA 1994), 169

Hardy v. State, 716 So. 2d 761 (Fla. 1998),366

Hare v. State, 114 So. 3d 252 (Fla. 5thDCA 2013), 199

Harper v. State, 43 So. 3d 174 (Fla. 3dDCA 2010), 427

Harper v. State, 169 So. 2d 512 (Fla. 2dDCA 1964), 314

Harrell v. State, 765 So. 2d 962 (Fla. 3dDCA 2000), 320

Harrington, State v., 782 So. 2d 505 (Fla.2d DCA 2001), 337

Harris v. Baden, 17 So. 2d 608 (Fla. 1944),322

Harris v. State, 48 So. 3d 922 (Fla. 5thDCA 2010), 310

Harris v. State, 104 So. 2d 739 (Fla. 2dDCA 1958), 386, 390




Hartzog, State v., 575 So. 2d 1328 (Fla. 1stDCA 1991), 174

Harvey, State v., 403 So. 2d 630 (Fla. 2dDCA 1981), 310

Haugabrook v. State, 827 So. 2d 1065(Fla. 2d DCA 2002), 324

Hauser v. Urchisin, 231 So. 2d 6 (Fla.1970), 264

Hawthorne, State v., 573 So. 2d 330 (Fla.1991), 277

Hawthorne v. State, 408 So. 2d 801 (Fla.1st DCA 1982), 394

Hayes, In re, 73 So. 362 (Fla. 1916), 265Hayes v. State, 803 So. 2d 695 (Fla. 2001),

26, 26–27, 28Haynes v. State, 595 So. 2d 289 (Fla. 2dDCA 1992), 121

Hearns, State v., 961 So. 2d 211 (Fla.2007), 15

Hebert v. State, 25 So. 3d 612 (Fla. 1stDCA 2009), 284

Heck v. State, 966 So. 2d 515 (Fla. 4thDCA 2007), 105, 121

Heckman, State v., 993 So. 2d 1004 (Fla.2d DCA 2007), 387

Heddleson v. State, 512 So. 2d 957 (Fla.4th DCA 1987), 57

Hedges v. State, 172 So. 2d 824 (Fla.1965), 378, 379, 380

Heilman v. State, 135 So. 3d 513 (Fla. 5thDCA 2014), 396

Heines, State v., 197 So. 787 (Fla. 1940),111

Helms v. State, 349 So. 2d 726 (Fla. 4thDCA 1977), 157

Helton v. State, 311 So. 2d 381 (Fla. 1stDCA 1975), 416

Henderson, State v., 955 So. 2d 1193 (Fla.4th DCA 2007), 403

Henderson v. State, 135 So. 3d 472 (Fla.2d DCA 2014), 60

Henderson v. State, 919 So. 2d 652 (Fla.1st DCA 2006), 375

Henry v. State, 145 So. 3d 924 (Fla. 4thDCA 2014), 89

Henry v. State, 707 So. 2d 370 (Fla. 1stDCA 1998), 318

Henry v. State 2015 (Fla. Mar. 19, 2015),45

Hentz v. State, 62 So. 3d 1184 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 56

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Herbert v. State, 439 So. 2d 971 (Fla. 1stDCA 1983), 316

Herbert v. State, 526 So. 2d 709 (Fla. 4thDCA 1988), 193

Herman v. State, 472 So. 2d 770 (Fla. 5thDCA 1985), 50, 111

Hernandez v. State, 17 So. 3d 748 (Fla.5th DCA 2009), 408

Hernandez v. State, 851 So. 2d 892 (Fla.3d DCA 2003), 312

Hernandez v. State, 915 So. 2d 667 (Fla.2d DCA 2005), 426

Herrera v. State, 594 So. 2d 275 (Fla.1992), 34, 401, 403

Herron, State v., 70 So. 3d 705 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 312

Heston v. State, 484 So. 2d 84 (Fla. 2dDCA 1986), 184–85, 307

Hestor v. State, 363 So. 2d 26 (Fla. 4thDCA 1978), 139

Heuring v. State, 513 So. 2d 122 (Fla.1987), 420

Heydel v. State, 583 So. 2d 1051 (Fla. 4thDCA 1991), 406, 407

Hickman, State v., 189 So. 2d 254 (Fla. 2dDCA 1966), 419

Hicks, State v., 421 So. 2d 510 (Fla. 1982),319

Hicks v. State, 41 So. 3d 327 (Fla. 2d DCA2010), 88, 121

Hicks v. United States, 150 U.S. 442(1893), 150

Hickson, State v., 630 So. 2d 172 (Fla.1993) (Hickson II), 389, 395, 396

Hickson v. State, 589 So. 2d 1366 (Fla. 1stDCA 1991) (Hickson I), 395

Higgins, State v., 437 So. 2d 180 (Fla. 4thDCA 1983), 275

Higgins v. State, 565 So. 2d 698 (Fla.1990), 337, 338

Higgs v. State, 139 So. 3d 411 (Fla. 5thDCA 2014), 326

Hill v. State, 688 So. 2d 901 (Fla. 1996),391, 413

Hill v. State, 839 So. 2d 865 (Fla. 4th DCA2003), 313

Hill v. State, 846 So. 2d 1208 (Fla. 5thDCA 2003), 197

Hill v. State, 958 So. 2d 549 (Fla. 4th DCA2007), 147

Hill v. State, 979 So. 2d 1134 (Fla. 3dDCA 2008), 390

Hines v. State, 227 So. 2d 334 (Fla. 1stDCA 1969), 89

Hinkle v. State, 355 So. 2d 465 (Fla. 3dDCA 1978), 274

Hoag v. State, 511 So. 2d 401 (Fla. 5thDCA 1987), 121

Hodak v. State, 555 So. 2d 1326 (Fla. 5thDCA 1990), 212

Hodge v. State, 866 So. 2d 1270 (Fla. 4thDCA 2004), 70–71, 226

Hodges v. State, 386 So. 2d 888 (Fla. 1stDCA 1980), 223

Hodges v. State, 661 So. 2d 107 (Fla. 3dDCA 1995), 76

Hodges v. State, 885 So. 2d 338 (Fla.2004), 367

Hoefert v. State, 617 So. 2d 1046 (Fla.1993), 85

Holcomb, State v., 627 So. 2d 127 (Fla.5th DCA 1993), 291

Holden v. State, 415 So. 2d 39 (Fla. 2dDCA 1982), 417

Holland v. State, 302 So. 2d 806 (Fla. 2dDCA 1974), 4

Holland v. State, 319 So. 2d 577 (Fla. 1stDCA 1975), 352

Holland v. State, 773 So. 2d 1065 (Fla.2000), 138, 224

Hollis v. State, 9 So. 67 (Fla. 1891), 210Holloway v. State, 755 So. 2d 169 (Fla. 4thDCA 2000), 275

Hollywood v. Mulligan, 934 So. 2d 1238(Fla. 2006), 23

Holmes v. State, 842 So. 2d 187 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 212

Holton v. State, 573 So. 2d 284 (Fla.1990), 85

Holzendorf v. Bell, 606 So. 2d 645 (Fla.1st DCA 1992), 7

Hooker v. State, 497 So. 2d 982 (Fla. 2dDCA 1986), 88

Hooper v. State, 703 So. 2d 1143 (Fla. 4thDCA 1997), 19

Hopkins v. State, 105 So. 3d 470 (Fla.2012), 176

Horsley v. State (Fla. Mar. 19, 2015), 45Hosnedl v. State, 126 So. 3d 400 (Fla. 4thDCA 2013), 384

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Houck v. State, 634 So. 2d 180 (Fla. 5thDCA 1994), 15

House v. State, 831 So. 2d 1230 (Fla. 2dDCA 2002), 93, 95, 101

Houser v. State, 474 So. 2d 1193 (Fla.1985), 120, 121

Howard v. State, 400 So. 2d 1329 (Fla. 4thDCA 1981), 320

Howard v. State, 545 So. 2d 352 (Fla. 1stDCA 1989), 93, 99, 101



Howell, State v., 629 So. 2d 213 (Fla. 2dDCA 1993), 404

Howell v. State, 877 So. 2d 697 (Fla.2004), 110

Hubbard, State v., 751 So. 2d 552 (Fla.1999), 73

Hudson v. State, 745 So. 2d 997 (Fla. 2dDCA 1999), 136, 142

Hudson v. State, 939 So. 2d 146 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 217

Huff v. State, 646 So. 2d 742 (Fla. 2d DCA1994), 441

Hufham v. State, 400 So. 2d 133 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 211, 213, 220

Hughes v. State, 36 So. 3d 816 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 313–14

Hull v. State, 686 So. 2d 676 (Fla. 3d DCA1996), 219

Hunter, State v., 586 So. 2d 319 (Fla.1991), 399, 403, 405, 407

Hunter v. State (Fla. Apr. 30, 2015), 44Hutchinson v. State, 315 So. 2d 546 (Fla.2d DCA 1975), 124, 138

Hutchinson v. State, 816 So. 2d 1186 (Fla.2d DCA 2002), 355

H.W. v. State, 79 So. 3d 143 (Fla. 3d DCA2012), 161

Hysell, State v., 569 So. 2d 866 (Fla. 5thDCA 1990), 320

IIbarrondo v. State, 1 So. 3d 226 (Fla. 5thDCA 2008), 35

In re [Party Name]. See [Party Name], In reIn the Interest of [Party Name]. See[Party Name], In the Interest of

Ingleton, State v., 653 So. 2d 443 (Fla. 5thDCA 1995), 90

Ingram v. State, 198 So. 464 (Fla. 1940),433

Insko v. State, 969 So. 2d 992 (Fla. 2007),5, 229

Isenhour v. State, 952 So. 2d 1216 (Fla.5th DCA 2007), 273, 280

I.T. v. State, 694 So. 2d 720 (Fla. 1997),299

Ivey v. State, 47 So. 3d 908 (Fla. 3d DCA2010), 121, 122

JJ.A. v. State, 593 So. 2d 572 (Fla. 3d DCA1992), 110

J.A.C. v. State, 374 So. 2d 606 (Fla. 3dDCA 1979), 76

Jackson v. State, 18 So. 3d 1016 (Fla.2009), 152

Jackson v. State, 23 So. 3d 206 (Fla. 4thDCA 2009), 275

Jackson v. State, 26 So. 3d 642 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 321–22

Jackson v. State, 37 So. 3d 370 (Fla. 2dDCA 2010), 147

Jackson v. State, 513 So. 2d 1093 (Fla. 1stDCA 1987), 95, 415, 424

Jackson v. State, 575 So. 2d 181 (Fla.1991), 433

Jackson v. State, 736 So. 2d 77 (Fla. 4thDCA 1999), 285

Jackson v. State, 858 So. 2d 1211 (Fla. 3dDCA 2003), 134

Jacobs v. State, 41 So. 3d 1004 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 318

Jacobs v. State, 184 So. 2d 711 (Fla. 1stDCA 1966), 151

Jacobs v. State, 396 So. 2d 713 (Fla. 1981),98

Jacobs v. State, 396 So. 2d 1113 (Fla.1981), 94, 436, 438

Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540(1992), 399, 402, 404

Jamarillo v. State, 576 So. 2d 349 (Fla. 4thDCA 1991), 406

James, State v., 867 So. 2d 414 (Fla. 3dDCA 2003), 379

James v. State, 706 So. 2d 64 (Fla. 5thDCA 1998), 161

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Jane v. State, 362 So. 2d 1005 (Fla. 4thDCA 1978), 247

J.A.S. v. State, 705 So. 2d 1381 (Fla. 1998),226

J.A.S. v. State, 952 So. 2d 638 (Fla. 2dDCA 2007), 313

J.A.S.R. v. State, 967 So. 2d 1050 (Fla. 5thDCA 2007), 174–75

J.B. v. State, 6 So. 3d 659 (Fla. 3d DCA2009), 283

J.C. v. State, 695 So. 2d 765 (Fla. 1st DCA1997), 337

J.C.D., In the Interest of, 598 So. 2d 304(Fla. 4th DCA 1992), 110

J.C.S. v. State, 613 So. 2d 574 (Fla. 1stDCA 1993), 328

J.D. v. State, 604 So. 2d 936 (Fla. 3d DCA1992), 323

Jean- Phillipe v. State, 913 So. 2d 1264(Fla. 4th DCA 2005), 293

Jefferies v. State, 849 So. 2d 401 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 169, 171, 172

Jefferson v. State, 298 So. 2d 465 (Fla. 3dDCA 1974), 164

Jenerette v. State, 898 So. 2d 1144 (Fla.5th DCA 2005), 126

Jenkins v. State, 898 So. 2d 1134 (Fla. 1stDCA 2005), 274

Jenkins v. State, 942 So. 2d 910 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 378, 380, 383

Jenks v. State, 582 So. 2d 676 (Fla. 1stDCA 1991), 415–16

J.E.P. v. State, 561 So. 2d 10 (Fla. 3d DCA1990), 275

Jeter v. McNeil (N.D. Fla. Aug 11, 2009),405

Jewell, United States v., 532 F.2d 697 (9thCir. 1976), 63–64

Jews For Jesus, Inc. v. Rapp, 997 So. 2d1098 (Fla. 2008), 262

J.G., In the Interest of, 655 So. 2d 1284(Fla. 4th DCA 1995), 62, 344

J.G. v. State, 114 So. 3d 1078 (Fla. 2d DCA2013), 326

J.H., In re, 579 So. 2d 897 (Fla. 4th DCA1991), 274–75

J.H. v. State, 625 So. 2d 883 (Fla. 1st DCA1993), 328

J.H. v. State, 868 So. 2d 1237 (Fla. 4thDCA 2004), 287

Jimenez v. State, 715 So. 2d 1038 (Fla. 3dDCA 1998), 129, 131

J.I.S. v. State, 930 So. 2d 587 (Fla. 2006),42

J.J.D. v. State, 973 So. 2d 1254 (Fla. 2dDCA 2008), 313–14

J.L. v. State, 57 So. 3d 924 (Fla. 5th DCA2011), 318

J.L. v. State, 566 So. 2d 1383 (Fla. 1st DCA1990), 299, 440

J.M., State v., 824 So. 2d 105 (Fla. 2002),422

J.M. v. Gargett, 101 So. 3d 352 (Fla. 2012),174

J.M.C. v. State, 962 So. 2d 960 (Fla. 4thDCA 2007), 326

Johnson, State v., 561 So. 2d 1321 (Fla.4th DCA 1990), 124, 126, 142, 292

Johnson, State v., 676 So. 2d 408 (Fla.1996), 178, 181

Johnson v. Brooks, 567 So. 2d 34 (Fla. 1stDCA 1990), 161

Johnson v. Moore, 472 F. Supp. 2d 1344(M.D. Fla. 2007), 222

Johnson v. State, 4 So. 2d 671 (Fla. 1941),108

Johnson v. State, 25 So. 3d 662 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 147

Johnson v. State, 36 So. 3d 170 (Fla. 3dDCA 2010), 152

Johnson v. State, 59 So. 894 (Fla. 1912),77

Johnson v. State, 293 So. 2d 71 (Fla.1974), 348, 440


Johnson v. State, 486 So. 2d 657 (Fla. 4thDCA 1986), 84



Johnson v. State, 597 So. 2d 798 (Fla.1992), 28

Johnson v. State, 602 So. 2d 1288 (Fla.1992), 5, 17–18

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Johnson v. State, 637 So. 2d 3 (Fla. 3dDCA 1994), 238, 245



Johnson v. United States, 559 U.S. 133(2010), 237

Johnson v. Youden, 1 K.B. 544 [1950], 151Johnston v. State, 863 So. 2d 271 (Fla.2003), 85

Jones, State v., 501 So. 2d 753 (Fla. 5thDCA 1987), 337

Jones, State v., 678 So. 2d 1336 (Fla. 5thDCA 1996), 182, 183

Jones, State v., 771 So. 2d 1137 (Fla.2000), 310

Jones v. Dugger, 518 So. 2d 295 (Fla. 2dDCA 1987), 83

Jones v. State, 4 So. 3d 687 (Fla. 1st DCA2009), 284

Jones v. State, 128 So. 2d 754 (Fla. 2dDCA 1961), 433

Jones v. State, 286 So. 2d 29 (Fla. 3d DCA1973), 389

Jones v. State, 478 So. 2d 493 (Fla. 5thDCA 1985), 219–20


Jones v. State, 569 So. 2d 1234 (Fla. 1990),211



Jones v. State, 640 So. 2d 1084 (Fla. 1994),434

Jones v. State, 648 So. 2d 1210 (Fla. 4thDCA 1995), 354

Jones v. State, 652 So. 2d 346 (Fla. 1995),348, 349, 351

Jones v. State, 666 So. 2d 960 (Fla. 3dDCA 1996), 280, 299

Jones v. State, 790 So. 2d 1194 (Fla. 1stDCA 2001), 319





Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354(1983), 373

Jordan v. State, 438 So. 2d 825 (Fla. 1983),139

Jordan v. State, 694 So. 2d 708 (Fla. 1997),121

Jordan v. State, 802 So. 2d 1180 (Fla. 3dDCA 2001), 178

Joseph v. State, 103 So. 3d 227 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 388

Joseph v. State, 956 So. 2d 1232 (Fla. 4thDCA 2007), 274, 290

Joshua v. City of Gainesville, 768 So. 2d432 (Fla. 2000), 38

Joyce, State v., 361 So. 2d 406 (Fla. 1978),66

J.P. v. State, 681 So. 2d 1183 (Fla. 2d DCA1996), 270

J.S. v. State, 925 So. 2d 438 (Fla. 5th DCA2006), 173

Judd v. State, 839 So. 2d 830 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 27

Julius v. State, 953 So. 2d 33 (Fla. 2d DCA2007), 190

J.V. v. State, 763 So. 2d 511 (Fla. 4th DCA2000), 49

J.W. v. State, 467 So. 2d 796 (Fla. 3d DCA1985), 149

J.W. v. State, 807 So. 2d 148 (Fla. 2d DCA2002), 163

J.W. v. State, 849 So. 2d 1111 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 308

J.W.C. v. State, 573 So. 2d 1064 (Fla. 5thDCA 1991), 212

J.W.S. v. State, 899 So. 2d 1276 (Fla. 2dDCA 2005), 343

KKadet, State v., 455 So. 2d 389 (Fla. 5thDCA 1984), 113–14

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Kane v. State, 698 So. 2d 1254 (Fla. 2dDCA 1997), 101, 432

Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346 (1997),38, 39

Kaplan v. State, 451 So. 2d 1386 (Fla. 4thDCA 1984), 222, 223

Karp v. State, 698 So. 2d 577 (Fla. 3dDCA 1997), 330, 332

Kasischke v. State, 991 So. 2d 803 (Fla.2008), 16

K.C. v. State, 49 So. 3d 841 (Fla. 4th DCA2010), 356

Kee v. State, 580 So. 2d 796 (Fla. 3d DCA1991), 174

Keel v. State, 438 So. 2d 850 (Fla. 1st DCA1983), 139

Keen v. State, 456 So. 2d 571 (Fla. 2dDCA 1984), 214

K.E.H. v. State, 802 So. 2d 395 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 162

Keith v. State, 163 So. 136 (Fla. 1935),235, 241, 242

Kelley v. State, 83 So. 909 (Fla. 1920), 154Kelly v. State, 126 So. 366 (Fla. 1930), 60Kelly v. State, 397 So. 2d 709 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 295

Kelly v. State, 593 So. 2d 1060 (Fla. 4thDCA 1992), 407

Kelly v. State, ex rel. Rosowsky, 55 So. 2d561 (Fla. 1951), 49

Kelso v. State, 961 So. 2d 277 (Fla. 2007),5, 25, 276

Keltner v. State, 650 So. 2d 1066 (Fla. 2dDCA 1995), 89

Kent v. State, 479 So. 2d 866 (Fla. 5thDCA 1985), 417

Kent v. State, 704 So. 2d 121 (Fla. 1stDCA 1997), 403

Keys v. State, 949 So. 2d 1080 (Fla. 2dDCA 2007), 330

K.H. v. State, 8 So. 3d 1155 (Fla. 3d DCA2009), 174

Khan v. State, 704 So. 2d 1129 (Fla. 4thDCA 1998), 250

Khianthalat v. State, 935 So. 2d 583 (Fla.2d DCA 2006), 209

Khianthalat v. State, 974 So. 2d 359 (Fla.2008), 209, 213

Kilbee v. State, 53 So. 2d 533 (Fla. 1951),440

Kiley v. State, 860 So. 2d 509 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 439

Killingsworth v. State, 105 So. 834 (Fla.1925), 152

Kimbrough v. State, 356 So. 2d 1294 (Fla.4th DCA 1978), 184

King, State v., 282 So. 2d 162 (Fla. 1973),422, 426

King v. State, 104 So. 2d 730 (Fla. 1957),132, 133

King v. State, 267 So. 2d 351 (Fla. 4thDCA 1972), 128

King v. State, 339 So. 2d 172 (Fla. 1976),139

King v. State, 779 So. 2d 466 (Fla. 2d DCA2000), 184–85, 307, 308

King v. State, 903 So. 2d 954 (Fla. 2d DCA2005), 189

Kirby v. State, 625 So. 2d 51 (Fla. 3d DCA1993), 210, 221

Kirby v. State, 863 So. 2d 238 (Fla. 2003),42

Kirksey v. State, 433 So. 2d 1236 (Fla. 1stDCA 1983), 16

Kish v. State, 145 So. 3d 225 (Fla. 1st DCA2014), 195

Kist v. State, 787 So. 2d 106 (Fla. 2d DCA2001), 284

Kito v. State, 888 So. 2d 114 (Fla. 4thDCA 2004), 198

Kittles v. State, 897 So. 2d 517 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 287

Klinger v. State, 816 So. 2d 697 (Fla. 2dDCA 2002), 77

K.M. v. State, 763 So. 2d 472 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 340

K.M.B. v. State, 69 So. 3d 311 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 326

Knight v. State, 392 So. 2d 337 (Fla. 3dDCA 1981), 390, 390

Knight v. State, 983 So. 2d 64 (Fla. 3dDCA 2008), 306

Knighten v. State, 568 So. 2d 1001 (Fla. 2dDCA 1990), 338

Knighton v. State, 603 So. 2d 71 (Fla. 4thDCA 1992), 80

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Knipp v. State, 67 So. 3d 376 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 443

K.O. v. State, 673 So. 2d 47 (Fla. 4th DCA1995), 146

Kobel v. State, 745 So. 2d 979 (Fla. 4thDCA 1999), 126

Kocaker v. State, 119 So. 3d 1214 (Fla.2013), 84

Kocol v. State, 546 So. 2d 1159 (Fla. 5thDCA 1989), 128

Koenig v. State, 757 So. 2d 595 (Fla. 5thDCA 2000), 199

Koontz v. State, 204 So. 2d 224 (Fla. 2dDCA 1967), 412, 413, 414

Kovaleski v. State, 103 So. 3d 859 (Fla.2012), 220

K.P. v. State, 327 So. 2d 820 (Fla. 1st DCA1976), 435

K.P.M. v. State, 446 So. 2d 723 (Fla. 2dDCA 1984), 320

Krantz v. State, 553 So. 2d 746 (Fla. 5thDCA 1989), 336

Krischer v. McIver, 697 So. 2d 97 (Fla.1997), 112, 112

Krulewitch v. United States, 336 U.S. 440(1949), 129

Krupkin v. State, 119 So. 3d 1267 (Fla. 1stDCA 2013), 441

K.W. v. State, 983 So. 2d 713 (Fla. 2d DCA2008), 276, 277

Kyser v. State, 533 So. 2d 285 (Fla. 1988),95

LLa Tour v. Stone, 190 So. 704 (Fla. 1939),4, 258

Labrador v. State, 13 So. 3d 1070 (Fla. 3dDCA 2007), 427

Ladd v. State, 714 So. 2d 533 (Fla. 1stDCA 1998), 249

Lafferty v. State, 114 So. 3d 1115 (Fla. 2dDCA 2013), 29

Lafleur v. State, 661 So. 2d 346 (Fla. 3dDCA 1995), 245

Lahurd, State v., 632 So. 2d 1101 (Fla. 4thDCA 1994), 273

Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225(1957), 68–69

LaMorte v. State, 984 So. 2d 548 (Fla. 2dDCA 2008), 426

Lancaster v. State, 369 So. 2d 687 (Fla. 1stDCA 1979), 294

Lane v. State, 388 So. 2d 1022 (Fla. 1980),31, 32

Langford v. State, 149 So. 570 (Fla. 1933),400

Lanier, State v., 979 So. 2d 365 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 189, 196

Lanzo v. State, 73 So. 3d 817 (Fla. 5thDCA 2011), 313

LaPolla v. State, 504 So. 2d 1353 (Fla. 4thDCA 1987), 131

Lareau v. State, 573 So. 2d 813 (Fla. 1991),167

Larimore v. State, 2 So. 3d 101 (Fla.2008), 15

Larzelere, State v., 979 So. 2d 195 (Fla.2008), 146, 151, 154

Latimore v. State, 753 So. 2d 690 (Fla. 4thDCA 2000), 329

Latona, State v., 75 So. 3d 394 (Fla. 5thDCA 2011), 442

Laverde v. State, 933 So. 2d 1289 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 426

Law, State v., 559 So. 2d 187 (Fla. 1989),131, 284

Law v. State, 824 So. 2d 1055 (Fla. 5thDCA 2002), 31

Lawson v. State, 720 So. 2d 558 (Fla. 4thDCA 1998), 239

Lawson v. State, 969 So. 2d 222 (Fla.2007), 42

Lawton v. State (Fla. Apr. 9, 2015), 45Le Prell v. State, 124 So. 2d 18 (Fla. 1stDCA 1960), 124, 128

Lebron, State v., 954 So. 2d 52 (Fla. 5thDCA 2007), 120

Lebron v. State, 127 So. 3d 597 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 404

Lee, State v., 41 So. 2d 662 (Fla. 1949),271

Leet v. State, 595 So. 2d 959 (Fla. 2d DCA1991), 184, 197

Leicht, State v., 402 So. 2d 1153 (Fla.1981), 21

Leigh v. State, 967 So. 2d 1102 (Fla. 4thDCA 2007), 131

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Leon, In re, 440 So. 2d 1267 (Fla. 1983),445

Lescher v. Fla. Dep’t of Highway Safetyand Motor Vehicles, 985 So. 2d 1078(Fla. 2008), 40

Lester v. State, 737 So. 2d 1149 (Fla. 2dDCA 1999), 77

Leverenz v. State, 586 So. 2d 1155 (Fla. 2dDCA 1991), 425

Lewis v. State, 34 So. 3d 183 (Fla. 1st DCA2010), 96

Lewis v. State, 50 So. 3d 86 (Fla. 4th DCA2010), 239

Lewis v. State, 197 So. 120 (Fla. 1940), 271Lewis v. State, 318 So. 2d 529 (Fla. 2dDCA 1975), 57, 417

Lewis v. State, 591 So. 2d 922 (Fla. 1991),223

Lewis v. State, 817 So. 2d 933 (Fla. 4thDCA 2002), 172, 436

Lewis v. State, 932 So. 2d 357 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 326

Leyva v. State, 925 So. 2d 393 (Fla. 4thDCA), 27

Light v. State, 841 So. 2d 623 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 88, 89

Linehan v. State, 442 So. 2d 244 (Fla. 2dDCA 1983) (Linehan I), 56, 57, 338,436

Linehan v. State, 476 So. 2d 1262 (Fla.1985) (Linehan II), 435, 436, 438

Linsley v. State, 101 So. 273 (Fla. 1924),378

Liotta v. State, 939 So. 2d 333 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 387

Lippwe v. State, 152 So. 3d 782 (Fla. 1stDCA 2014), 294

Lipsey v. State, 16 So. 2d 439 (Fla. 1944),108

Little v. State, 111 So. 3d 214 (Fla. 2dDCA 2013), 382, 388

Little v. State, 293 So. 2d 775 (Fla. 2dDCA 1974), 145

Livingston v. State, 847 So. 2d 1131 (Fla.4th DCA 2003), 181

L.J. v. State, 971 So. 2d 942 (Fla. 3d DCA2007), 445

Llopis, State v., 257 So. 2d 17 (Fla. 1971),49

Lofton v. State, 416 So. 2d 522 (Fla. 4thDCA 1982), 339

Logan v. State, 592 So. 2d 295 (Fla. 5thDCA 1991), 108

Long v. State, 689 So. 2d 1055 (Fla. 1997),34

Longval v. State, 914 So. 2d 1098 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 141, 297–98

Lopez, State v., 908 So. 2d 484 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 406

Lopez, United States v., 662 F. Supp. 1083(N.D. Cal. 1987), 154

Lopez v. State, 864 So. 2d 1151 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 125

Losey v. Willard, State ex rel., 54 So. 2d183 (Fla. 1951), 24, 52

Louis v. State, 764 So. 2d 930 (Fla. 4thDCA 2000), 212

Love v. State, 144 So. 843 (Fla. 1932), 338Lovett v. State, 781 So. 2d 466 (Fla. 5thDCA 2001), 362

Lovette v. State, 636 So. 2d 1304 (Fla.1994), 94, 98, 149, 152

Lowe v. State, 32 So. 956 (Fla. 1902), 299Lowe v. State, 40 So. 3d 789 (Fla. 5th DCA2010), 230

Lowery, State v., 419 So. 2d 621 (Fla.1982), 94

L.S. v. State, 120 So. 3d 55 (Fla. 4th DCA2013), 286

Lucas v. State, 718 So. 2d 905 (Fla. 3dDCA 1998), 429

Lucky v. State, 25 So. 3d 691 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 277

Lukehart v. State, 776 So. 2d 906 (Fla.2000), 121

Lumarque, State v., 44 So. 3d 171 (Fla. 3dDCA 2010), 60

Luzardo v. State, 147 So. 3d 1083 (Fla. 3dDCA 2014), 64, 120

Lynn v. State, 567 So. 2d 1043 (Fla. 5thDCA 1990), 355

Lyons v. State, 711 So. 2d 71 (Fla. 2d DCA1998), 296–97

MMack, State v., 637 So. 2d 18 (Fla. 4thDCA 1994), 428

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Mackerley v. State, 754 So. 2d 132 (Fla.4th DCA 2000), 237, 240

Mackerley v. State, 777 So. 2d 969 (Fla.2001), 237, 240

Maddox v. State, 38 So. 2d 58 (Fla. 1948),284

Maddox v. State, 923 So. 2d 442 (Fla.2006), 14

Madera v. State, 943 So. 2d 960 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 409

Magnotti v. State, 842 So. 2d 963 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 350

Maguire v. State, 453 So. 2d 438 (Fla. 2dDCA 1984), 424

Mahaun v. State, 377 So. 2d 1158 (Fla.1979), 93, 95

Mahn v. State, 714 So. 2d 391 (Fla. 1998),351

Malczewski v. State, 444 So. 2d 1096 (Fla.2d DCA 1984), 165

Maldonado Melendez v. State, 51 So. 3d624 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011), 244

Mancuso, State v., 652 So. 2d 370 (Fla.1995), 69, 120

M.A.P. v. State, 755 So. 2d 802 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 330

Marasa v. State, 394 So. 2d 544 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 109

Marcel, State v., 67 So. 3d 1223 (Fla. 3dDCA 2011), 233

Marcolini v. State, 673 So. 2d 3 (Fla.1996), 35

Marcum v. State, 379 So. 2d 974 (Fla. 5thDCA 1979), 93

Marcus, United States v., 560 U.S. 258(2010), 19

Marinelli v. State, 706 So. 2d 1374 (Fla. 2dDCA 1998), 183

Mark Marks, P.A., State v., 833 So. 2d 249(Fla. 4th DCA 2002), 444

Marles v. State, 937 So. 2d 720 (Fla. 5thDCA 2006), 212

Marr v. State, 494 So. 2d 1139 (Fla. 1986),221, 223

Marreel v. State, 841 So. 2d 600 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 402

Marrero v. State, 71 So. 3d 881 (Fla.2011), 278, 343

Marrero v. State, 516 So. 2d 1052 (Fla. 3dDCA 1987), 418

Marsh v. State, 546 So. 2d 33 (Fla. 3dDCA 1989), 240

Marshall v. Tucker, 2012 WL 9570403(S.D. Fla. Dec. 31, 2012), 438

Martin v. State, 110 So. 3d 936 (Fla. 1stDCA 2013), 431

Martin v. State, 377 So. 2d 706 (Fla.1979), 92

Martin v. State, 488 So. 2d 653 (Fla. 1stDCA 1986), 130

Martinez, State v., 790 So. 2d 520 (Fla. 2dDCA 2001), 427

Martinez v. State, 413 So. 2d 429 (Fla. 3dDCA 1982), 129, 133

Martinez v. State, 561 So. 2d 1279 (Fla. 2dDCA 1990), 160

Martinez v. State, 700 So. 2d 142 (Fla. 5thDCA 1997), 318

Martinez v. State, 933 So. 2d 1155 (Fla. 3dDCA 2006) (Martinez I), 392

Martinez v. State, 981 So. 2d 449 (Fla.2008) (Martinez II), 383, 392–93

Mason v. State, 665 So. 2d 328 (Fla. 5thDCA 1995), 29

Matthews v. State, 363 So. 2d 1066 (Fla.1978), 256

Maxwell v. State, 110 So. 3d 958 (Fla. 4thDCA 2013), 203

Mayes v. Moore, 827 So. 2d 967 (Fla.2002), 18

Mayle, State v., 406 So. 2d 108 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 339

M.C. v. State, 677 So. 2d 1382 (Fla. 3dDCA 1996), 328

McAllister v. State, 859 So. 2d 611 (Fla.1st DCA 2003), 318

McClain v. State, 709 So. 2d 136 (Fla. 1stDCA 1998), 131

McCloud, State v., 67 So. 2d 242 (Fla.1953), 419

McCloud v. State, 335 So. 2d 257 (Fla.1976), 349

McClover v. State, 125 So. 3d 926 (Fla. 4thDCA 2013), 298, 432

McCormick v. City of Fort Lauderdale,333 F.3d 1234 (11th Cir. 2003), 169

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McCoy v. State, 56 So. 3d 37 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 442

McCoy v. State, 277 So. 2d 845 (Fla. 2dDCA 1973), 169

McCoy v. State, 723 So. 2d 869 (Fla. 1stDCA 1998), 319

McCoy v. State, 789 So. 2d 489 (Fla. 2dDCA 2001), 308

McCray v. State, 358 So. 2d 615 (Fla. 1stDCA 1978), 355

McCreary v. State, 371 So. 2d 1024 (Fla.1979), 64, 120

McCubbins, State v., 817 So. 2d 966 (Fla.2d DCA 2002), 427

McDaniel v. State, 620 So. 2d 1308 (Fla.4th DCA 1993), 89

McFarlane v. State, 593 So. 2d 305 (Fla.3d DCA 1992), 93

McGee v. State, 792 So. 2d 624 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 152

McGriff v. State, 160 So. 3d 167 (Fla. 1stDCA 2015), 381

McGuinness v. State, 120 So. 3d 175 (Fla.2d DCA 2013), 283

McIlwain v. State, 402 So. 2d 1194 (Fla.5th DCA 1981), 216

McInnes, State v., 153 So.2d 854 (Fla. 1stDCA 1963), 257

M.C.J. v. State, 444 So. 2d 1001 (Fla. 1stDCA 1984), 75

McKay v. State, 925 So. 2d 1133 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 121

McKee v. State, 715 So. 2d 1010 (Fla. 5thDCA 1998), 256

McKenna v. State, 161 So. 561 (Fla. 1935),272

McKernan v. State, 967 So. 2d 966 (Fla.4th DCA 2007), 276

McKinney v. State, 66 So. 3d 852 (Fla.2011), 28, 30, 31

McKinnon v. State, 712 So. 2d 1259 (Fla.1st DCA 1998), 181

McKnight v. State, 492 So. 2d 450 (Fla.4th DCA 1986), 169

McLaughlin v. State, 15 So. 2 872 (Fla. 2dDCA 2009), 427

McLaughlin v. State, 721 So. 2d 1170 (Fla.1998), 16

McLean v. State, 754 So. 2d 176 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 223

McLean v. State, 934 So. 2d 1248 (Fla.2006), 219

McMichael v. State, 152 So. 3d 821 (Fla.2d DCA 2014), 175

McMillian v. State, 566 So. 2d 291 (Fla.1st DCA 1990), 281

McNally, State v., 336 So. 2d 713 (Fla. 2dDCA 1976), 438

McNarrin v. State, 876 So. 2d 1253 (Fla.4th DCA 2004), 205

McNeil v. Canty, 12 So. 3d 215 (Fla.2009), 37

M.D.S. v. State, 982 So. 2d 1282 (Fla. 2dDCA 2008), 280, 285

M.D.V. v. State, 469 So. 2d 944 (Fla. 5thDCA 1985), 149

M.E., In the Interest of, 370 So. 2d 795(Fla. 1979), 314, 325

Meacham, United States v., 626 F.2d 503(5th Cir. 1980), 138

Medlin, State v., 273 So. 2d 394 (Fla.1973), 71

Meigs v. State, 114 So. 448 (Fla. 1927), 52Mejias v. State, 731 So. 2d 728 (Fla. 3dDCA 1999), 318

Melahn v. State, 843 So. 2d 929 (Fla. 5thDCA 2003), 156

Mendel v. State, 903 So. 2d 1027 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 404

Mendoza v. State, 941 So. 2d 523 (Fla. 3dDCA 2006), 122

Menefee v. State, 980 So. 2d 569 (Fla. 5thDCA 2008), 22–23

Mercer v. State, 347 So. 2d 733 (Fla. 4thDCA 1977), 360

Mesenbrink v. State, 231 So. 2d 852 (Fla.3d DCA 1970), 329, 331

Meshell, State v., 2 So. 3d 132 (Fla. 2009),27

Metales v. State, 963 So. 2d 989 (Fla. 4thDCA 2007), 319, 320

Meyers, State v., 708 So. 2d 661 (Fla. 3dDCA 1998), 14

M.G. v. State, 989 So. 2d 705 (Fla. 1stDCA 2008), 445

M.H. v. State, 936 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 3d DCA2006), 57, 62, 86, 312, 330, 344

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Michael v. State, 51 So. 3d 574 (Fla. 5thDCA 2010), 316

Michel v. State, 752 So. 2d 6 (Fla. 5thDCA 2000), 147

Michel v. State, 989 So. 2d 679 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 384

Michelson v. State, 805 So. 2d 983 (Fla.4th DCA 2001), 88, 93, 95

Michelson v. State, 927 So. 2d 890 (Fla.4th DCA 2005), 120

Mickell v. State, 41 So. 3d 960 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 411

Mickenberg v. State, 640 So. 2d 1210 (Fla.2d DCA 1994), 128, 129, 131

Middleton v. State, 426 So. 2d 548 (Fla.1982), 84

Mikenas v. State, 367 So. 2d 606 (Fla.1978), 92, 93

Milazzo v. State, 377 So. 2d 1161 (Fla.1979), 139

Miller, State v., 581 So. 2d 641 (Fla. 2dDCA 1991), 428

Miller v. Alabama, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012),45

Miller v. Coleman, State ex rel., 178 So.157 (Fla. 1938), 62

Miller v. State, 4 So. 3d 732 (Fla. 1st DCA2009), 180

Miller v. State, 42 So. 3d 204 (Fla. 2010),84

Miller v. State, 124 So. 3d 395 (Fla. 1stDCA 2013), 237

Miller v. State, 170 So. 2d 319 (Fla. 2dDCA 1964), 52

Miller v. State, 430 So. 2d 611 (Fla. 4thDCA 1983), 125

Miller v. State, 503 So. 2d 929 (Fla. 3dDCA 1987), 155, 298, 432

Miller v. State, 613 So. 2d 530 (Fla. 3dDCA 1993), 384

Miller v. State, 636 So. 2d 144 (Fla. 1stDCA 1994), 57

Miller v. State, 733 So. 2d 955 (Fla. 1998),320

Miller v. State, 770 So. 2d 1144 (Fla.2000), 85

Miller v. State, 805 So. 2d 885 (Fla. 2dDCA 2001), 369, 438

Miller v. State, 971 So. 2d 951 (Fla. 5thDCA 2007), 22

Millian v. State, 758 So. 2d 1271 (Fla. 4thDCA 2000), 320

Mills v. State, 476 So. 2d 172 (Fla. 1985),96

Mills v. State, 822 So. 2d 1284 (Fla. 2002),168

Milton v. State, 24 So. 60 (Fla. 1898), 47,55

Milton v. State, No. SC11- 1338 (Fla. Nov.20, 2014), 103

Mincey, State v., 672 So. 2d 524 (Fla.1996), 65–66

Minus v. State, 901 So. 2d 344 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 222

Mitchell v. Moore, 786 So. 2d 521 (Fla.2001), 21

Mitchell v. State, 25 So. 2d 73 (Fla. 1946),419, 422

Mitchell v. State, 135 So. 3d 538 (Fla. 2dDCA 2014), 275

Mitchell v. State, 407 So. 2d 343 (Fla. 4thDCA 1981), 161


Mitchell v. State, 734 So. 2d 1067 (Fla. 1stDCA 1999), 337

Mitchell v. State, 830 So. 2d 944 (Fla.5thDCA 2002), 105


Mixson v. State, 857 So. 2d 362 (Fla. 1stDCA 2003), 28

Mizell, State v., 773 So. 2d 618 (Fla. 1stDCA 2000), 375, 389

Mizner v. State, 154 So. 3d 391 (Fla. 2dDCA 2014), 136

M.J.S. v. State, 453 So. 2d 870 (Fla. 2dDCA 1984), 315

M.K. v. State, 143 So. 3d 428 (Fla. 4thDCA 2014), 277

M.M. v. State, 391 So. 2d 366 (Fla. 1stDCA 1980), 163

M.N. v. State, 16 So. 3d 280 (Fla. 2d DCA2009), 193

M’Naghten’s Case, 8 Eng. Rep. 718(1843), 366

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Mobley v. State, 132 So. 3d 1160 (Fla. 3dDCA 2014), 382

Mobley v. State, 409 So. 2d 1031 (Fla.1982), 242

Mohansingh v. State, 824 So. 2d 1053(Fla. 5th DCA 2002), 166

Molfetto v. State, 955 So. 2d 1153 (Fla. 2dDCA 2007), 270

Moncrief v. State, Com’r of Ins., 415 So.2d 785 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982), 441

Montanez v. State, 24 So. 3d 799 (Fla. 2dDCA 2010), 382, 386, 389, 390

Montanez v. State, 377 So. 2d 980 (Fla. 2dDCA 1979), 272

Montero v. State, 996 So. 2d 888 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 437

Montgomery, State v., 39 So. 3d 252 (Fla.2010), 107

Moore v. State, 790 So. 2d 489 (Fla. 5thDCA 2001), 196

Moore v. State, 932 So. 2d 524 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 336, 343

Moore v. State, 983 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 1stDCA 2008), 93, 96

Morales v. State, 785 So. 2d 612 (Fla. 3dDCA 2001), 121

Mordica v. State, 618 So. 2d 301 (Fla. 1stDCA 1993), 61, 62, 167

Morehead v. State, 556 So. 2d 523 (Fla.5th DCA 1990), 135

Morgan v. State, 453 So. 2d 394 (Fla.1984), 371

Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246(1952), 4, 55, 70

Morris v. State, 789 So. 2d 1032 (Fla. 1stDCA 2001), 228

Morris v. State, 869 So. 2d 1264 (Fla. 3dDCA 2004), 11

Morton v. State, 988 So. 2d 698 (Fla. 1stDCA 2008), 19

Mosansky v. State, 33 So. 3d 756 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 383

Mounce, State v., 866 So. 2d 132 (Fla. 5thDCA 2004), 17

M.S. v. State, 774 So. 2d 777 (Fla. 3d DCA2000), 313

Munao v. State, 939 So. 2d 125 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 189

Municipal Auto Sales, Inc., State v., 222So. 2d 278 (Fla. 1969), 52

Munoz v. State, 629 So. 2d 90 (Fla. 1993),400, 401, 403, 404, 405

Munoz v. State, 937 So. 2d 686 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 315, 316

Muro v. State, 445 So. 2d 374 (Fla. 3dDCA 1984), 416, 417

Murray v. State, 491 So. 2d 1120 (Fla.1986), 111

Murray v. State, 937 So. 2d 277 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 383

Mussika, State v., 37 Fla. Supp. 2d 144(Fla. 17th Cir. Ct. Dec. 28, 1988), 415

Muszynski v. State, 392 So. 2d 63 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 121

Myers v. State, 788 So. 2d 1112 (Fla. 2dDCA 2001), 229

NNadeau v. State, 683 So. 2d 504 (Fla. 4thDCA 1995), 402, 404

Nash v. State, 766 So. 2d 310 (Fla. 4thDCA 2000), 165

Nation v. State, 17 So. 2d 521 (Fla. 1944),42

Navarro v. State, 19 So. 3d 1180 (Fla. 3dDCA 2009), 300, 425

Nazario, State v., 726 So. 2d 349 (Fla. 3dDCA 1999), 372

N.C. v. Anderson, 882 So. 2d 990 (Fla.2004), 167

Neal v. State, 697 So. 2d 903 (Fla. 2d DCA1997), 428

Negron Gil De Rubio v. State, 987 So. 2d217 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008), 129

Nelson v. State, 43 So. 3d 20 (Fla. 2010),375

Nelson v. State, 853 So. 2d 563 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 397

Nelson v. State, 853 So.2d 563 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 61

Nephew v. State, 580 So. 2d 305 (Fla. 1stDCA 1991), 86

Nesta, State v., 617 So. 2d 720 (Fla. 2dDCA 1993), 291

Netherly v. State, 804 So. 2d 433 (Fla. 2dDCA 2001), 430

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Nettles v. State, 850 So. 2d 487 (Fla.2003), 17

Neumann v. State, 156 So. 237 (Fla.1934), 147

New York Cent. & H.R.R. Co. v. UnitedStates, 212 U.S. 481 (1909), 52

Newland v. State, 117 So. 3d 482 (Fla. 2dDCA 2013), 277

Newsome v. State, 355 So. 2d 483 (Fla. 2dDCA 1978), 164

Nguyen v. State, 858 So. 2d 1259 (Fla. 1stDCA 2003), 169

Nichols v. State, 559 So. 2d 104 (Fla. 2dDCA 1990), 43

Nichols v. State, 927 So. 2d 90 (Fla. 1stDCA 2006), 358

Nicholson v. State, 33 So. 3d 107 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 51

Nicholson v. State, 600 So. 2d 1101 (Fla.1992), 192

Nicholson v. State, 748 So. 2d 1092 (Fla.4th DCA 2000), 71

Nickels v. State, 106 So. 479 (Fla. 1925),222

Nicolosi v. State, 783 So. 2d 1095 (Fla. 5thDCA 2001), 10

N.K.D. v. State, 799 So. 2d 428 (Fla. 1stDCA 2001), 338

Nodar v. Galbreath, 462 So. 2d 803 (Fla.1984), 264

Norris v. State, 784 So. 2d 1188 (Fla. 2dDCA 2001), 428

Norton v. State, 709 So. 2d 87 (Fla. 1997),84, 85

Nowlin, State v., 50 So. 3d 79 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 195

Nozza v. State, 288 So. 2d 560 (Fla. 3dDCA 1974), 49, 110–11

N.R. v. State, 452 So. 2d 1052 (Fla. 3dDCA 1984), 343

Nslson v. State, 753 So. 2d 648 (Fla. 3dDCA 2000), 173–74

Nunez v. State, 721 So. 2d 346 (Fla. 2dDCA 1998), 413

OOakes v. State, 85 So. 3d 526 (Fla.1st DCA2012), 247

O’Connor v. State, 590 So. 2d 1018 (Fla.4th DCA 1991), 133

O.D. v. State, 614 So. 2d 23 (Fla. 2d DCA1993), 161

O’Leary v. State, 109 So. 3d 874 (Fla. 1stDCA 2013), 256, 260

Oliver v. State, 977 So. 2d 673 (Fla. 5thDCA 2008), 219

Orme v. State, 896 So. 2d 725 (Fla. 2005),56, 213

Ortiz v. State, 36 So. 3d 901 (Fla. 4th DCA2010), 278

Oviedo v. State, 879 So. 2d 682 (Fla. 4thDCA 2004), 313

Owen v. State, 986 So. 2d 534 (Fla. 2008),368, 372

Owen v. Wainwright, 806 F.2d 1519 (11thCir. 1986), 406

Owens v. State, 289 So. 2d 472 (Fla. 2dDCA 1974), 169

Owens v. State, 866 So. 2d 129 (Fla. 5thDCA 2004), 298, 352

Oxx, State v., 417 So. 2d 287 (Fla. 5thDCA 1982), 7, 67, 68, 69

PPadgett v. State, 378 So. 2d 118 (Fla. 1stDCA 1980), 294

Paey v. State, 943 So. 2d 919 (Fla. 2d DCA2006), 42

Pagano v. State, 387 So. 2d 349 (Fla.1980), 139

Page, State v., 418 So. 2d 254 (Fla. 1982),380

Pallas v. State, 636 So. 2d 1358 (Fla. 3dDCA 1994), 179, 180, 182

Pallas v. State, 654 So. 2d 127 (Fla. 1995),180

Palmore v. State, 838 So. 2d 1222 (Fla. 1stDCA 2003), 89

Palumbo v. State, 52 So. 3d 834 (Fla. 5thDCA 2011), 212

Paramore v. State, 238 So. 2d 604 (Fla.1970), 221

Pardo v. State, 596 So. 2d 665 (Fla. 1992),6

Parker v. State, 389 So. 2d 336 (Fla. 4thDCA 1980), 161

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Parker v. State, 458 So. 2d 750 (Fla. 1984),99

Parker v. State, 478 So. 2d 823 (Fla. 2dDCA 1985), 349

Parker v. State, 570 So. 2d 1048 (Fla. 1stDCA 1990), 92, 100

Parker v. State, 641 So. 2d 369 (Fla. 1994),91, 99

Parker v. State, 799 So. 2d 282 (Fla. 2dDCA 2001), 315

Parkin v. State, 238 So. 2d 817 (Fla. 1970),372

Parrish v. State, 66 So. 3d 1030 (Fla. 1stDCA 2011), 308

Parrish v. State, 97 So. 2d 356 (Fla. 1stDCA 1957), 77

Parrish v. State, 113 So. 2d 860 (Fla. 2dDCA 1959), 390

Partch v. State, 43 So. 3d 758 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 25, 27

Patel v. State, 679 So. 2d 850 (Fla. 1stDCA 1996), 126

Patrick v. State, 117 Fla. 432 (1934), 112Patrick v. State, 104 So. 3d 1046 (Fla.2012), 436

Patten v. State, 467 So. 2d 975 (Fla. 1985),367

Patton v. State, 878 So. 2d 368 (Fla. 2004),375

Paul, State v., 934 So. 2d 1167 (Fla. 2006),26, 28

Paulk, State v., 946 So. 2d 1230 (Fla. 4thDCA 2007), 419, 426, 428, 429, 430

Paz v. State, 777 So. 2d 983 (Fla. 3d DCA2000), 118

P.B.P. v. State, 955 So. 2d 618 (Fla. 2dDCA 2007), 174

Peacock v. State, 498 So. 2d 545 (Fla. 1stDCA 1986), 140, 155, 298, 432

Pearce v. State, 880 So. 2d 561 (Fla. 2004),98, 152

Pearson v. State, 867 So. 2d 517 (Fla. 1stDCA 2004), 430

Peel, State v., 111 So. 2d 728 (Fla. 2d DCA1959), 154

Peel v. State, 291 So. 2d 226 (Fla. 1st DCA1974), 108

Pell v. State, 122 So. 110 (Fla. 1929), 379Pelt v. State, 50 So. 832 (Fla. 1909), 118

Pena v. State, 17 So. 3d 788 (Fla. 5th DCA2009), 188

Pena v. State, 829 So. 2d 289 (Fla. 2d DCA2002), 92

Pena v. State, 901 So. 2d 781 (Fla. 2005),92

Penton v. State, 548 So. 2d 273 (Fla. 1stDCA 1989), 75

Peoni, United States v., 100 F.2d 401 (2dCir. 1938), 150

People v. Saephanh, 94 Cal. Rptr. 2d 910(Ct. App. 2000), 127

Peoples v. State, 760 So. 2d 1141 (Fla. 5thDCA 2000), 283–84

Pepitone v. State, 846 So. 2d 640 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 312, 321

Perez, State v., 72 So. 3d 306 (Fla. 2d DCA2011), 301

Perez, State v., 382 So. 2d 731 (Fla. 2dDCA 1980), 92, 93

Perez, State v., 952 So. 2d 611 (Fla. 2dDCA 2007), 428

Perez- Ortiz v. State, 954 So. 2d 1256 (Fla.5th DCA 2007), 85

Perez v. State, 479 So. 2d 266 (Fla. 5thDCA 1985), 216

Perez v. State, 711 So. 2d 1215 (Fla. 3dDCA 1998), 99

Perez v. State, 856 So. 2d 1074 (Fla. 5thDCA 2003), 403

Perez v. State, 951 So. 2d 859 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 31

Perkins v. State, 576 So. 2d 1310 (Fla.1991), 392

Perkins v. State, 630 So. 2d 1180 (Fla. 1stDCA 1994), 315, 316

Perkins v. State, 682 So. 2d 1083 (Fla.1996), 315

Perry v. State, 57 So. 3d 910 (Fla. 1st DCA2011), 244

Perry v. State, 801 So. 2d 78 (Fla. 2001),84, 348

Petersen v. Mayo, 65 So. 2d 48 (Fla. 1953),257

Peterson v. State, 24 So. 3d 686 (Fla. 2dDCA 2009), 351

Peterson v. State, 765 So. 2d 861 (Fla. 5thDCA 2000), 49, 115, 203

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Petrucelli v. State, 855 So. 2d 150 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 319

Peugh v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2072(2013), 19

Pflaum v. State, 879 So. 2d 93 (Fla. 4thDCA 2004), 413

Pforr, State v., 461 So. 2d 1006 (Fla. 1stDCA 1984), 61, 397

Phantom of Brevard, Inc. v. BrevardCounty, 3 So. 3d 309 (Fla. 2008), 23

Philippe v. State, 795 So. 2d 173 (Fla. 3dDCA 2001), 93

Phillips v. State, 289 So. 2d 447 (Fla. 2dDCA 1974), 75

Phillips v. State, 289 So. 2d 769 (Fla. 2dDCA 1974), 108

Phippen v. State, 389 So. 2d 991 (Fla.1980), 113

Pinder v. State, 8 So. 837 (Fla. 1891), 61Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640(1946), 128, 129, 133

Pino v. State, 573 So. 2d 151 (Fla. 3d DCA1991), 131

Pittman v. State, 47 So. 2d 691 (Fla.1950), 224

Pittman v. State, 498 So. 2d 592 (Fla. 2dDCA 1986), 166

Pizzo v. State, 910 So. 2d 287 (Fla. 2dDCA 2005), 134

Pizzo v. State, 945 So. 2d 1203 (Fla. 2006),31

Plummer v. State, 455 So. 2d 550 (Fla. 1stDCA 1984), 139

Poindexter v. Springer, 898 So. 2d 204(Fla. 2d DCA 2005), 178

Polite v. State, 454 So. 2d 769 (Fla. 1stDCA 1984), 139

Polk v. State, 825 So. 2d 478 (Fla. 5thDCA 2002), 309

Pomaski v. State, 989 So. 2d 721 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 295–96

Ponds v. State, 693 So. 2d 685 (Fla. 5thDCA 1997), 364

Pontius v. State, 932 So. 2d 618 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 420

Poole v. State, 30 So. 3d 696 (Fla. 2d DCA2010), 89

Pope, State v., 569 So. 2d 1371 (Fla. 1stDCA 1990), 445

Pope v. State, 94 So. 865 (Fla. 1923), 129,133

Potts v. State, 430 So. 2d 900 (Fla. 1982),153

Powell, State v., 674 So. 2d 731 (Fla.1996), 133

Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968), 53P.P. v. State, 466 So. 2d 1140 (Fla. 3d DCA1985), 444

P.P.M. v. State, 447 So. 2d 445 (Fla. 2dDCA 1984), 336, 337

Pratte v. State, 946 So. 2d 1184 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 369

Pray v. State, 571 So. 2d 554 (Fla. 4thDCA 1990), 95, 162

Pressley v. State, 395 So. 2d 1175 (Fla. 3dDCA 1981), 60

Price v. State, 816 So. 2d 738 (Fla. 3dDCA 2002), 361

Pride v. State, 511 So. 2d 1068 (Fla. 1stDCA 1987), 212

Priestley v. State, 537 So. 2d 690 (Fla. 2dDCA 1989), 168

Prince v. State, 979 So. 2d 1212 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 283

Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U.S. 242 (1976), 44Proko v. State, 566 So. 2d 918 (Fla. 5thDCA 1990), 57, 247

Provenzano v. State, 497 So. 2d 1177 (Fla.1986), 60, 61

Pruitt v. State, 363 So. 2d 552 (Fla. 1978),174

Pugh v. State, 624 So. 2d 277 (Fla. 2dDCA 1993), 124

Pugh v. State, 626 So. 2d 1011 (Fla. 2dDCA 1993), 95

Purvis v. State, 377 So. 2d 674 (Fla. 1979),198

QQuarterman v. State, 401 So. 2d 1159(Fla. 3d DCA 1981), 300

Quesada v. State, 707 So. 2d 808 (Fla. 4thDCA 1998), 406

RRadillo v. State, 582 So. 2d 634 (Fla. 3dDCA 1991), 117

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Raford v. State, 828 So. 2d 1012 (Fla.2002), 190, 193

Ragan v. State, 599 So. 2d 276 (Fla. 2dDCA 1992), 112, 445

Ralston v. State, 350 So. 2d 791 (Fla. 3dDCA 1977), 434

Ramirez v. State, 125 So. 3d 171 (Fla. 4thDCA 2013), 442

Ramos, State v., 632 So. 2d 1078 (Fla. 3dDCA 1994), 404

Ramos, State v., 975 So. 2d 638 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 427

Rampersad v. State, 752 So. 2d 94 (Fla. 3dDCA 2000), 319

Ramsaran v. State, 664 So. 2d 1106 (Fla.4th DCA 1995), 433

Ramsey v. State, 154 So. 855 (Fla. 1934),64

Rancourt v. State, 766 So. 2d 1071 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 237

Randall v. State, 760 So. 2d 892 (Fla.2000), 85

Randall v. State, 919 So. 2d 695 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 126, 229

Rasley v. State, 878 So. 2d 473 (Fla. 1stDCA 2004), 383

Ratliff v. State, 682 So. 2d 556 (Fla. 1996),316

Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135(1994), 441

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377(1992), 11

Rawls, State v., 649 So. 2d 1350 (Fla.1994), 219

Ray v. State, 522 So. 2d 963 (Fla. 3d DCA1988), 311

Ray v. State, 755 So. 2d 604 (Fla. 2000),94, 98, 99

R.C. v. State, 481 So. 2d 14 (Fla. 1st DCA1986), 273

R.C.R. v. State, 916 So. 2d 49 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 343

R.E. v. State, 13 So. 3d 97 (Fla. 4th DCA2009), 344

Reagan v. Mallory, 429 Fed. App’x 918(11th Cir. 2011), 382

Reaves v. State, 942 So. 2d 874 (Fla. 2006),375

Reaves v. State, 979 So. 2d 1066 (Fla. 1stDCA 2008), 75, 76

Redden, State v., 269 So. 2d 415 (Fla. 2dDCA 1972), 111

Redden, State v., 269 So. 2d 415 (Fla. 2dDCA 1975), 109

Redondo v. State, 380 So. 2d 1107 (Fla. 3dDCA 1980), 380

Reed v. State, 114 So. 3d 969 (Fla. 5thDCA 2012), 414

Reed v. State, 470 So. 2d 1382 (Fla. 1985),341, 344

Reed v. State, 837 So. 2d 366 (Fla. 2002),64, 87

Reese v. State, 869 So. 2d 1225 (Fla. 2dDCA 2004), 352

Reeves v. State, 493 So. 2d 78 (Fla. 4thDCA 1986), 352, 358

Reid, State v., 886 So. 2d 265 (Fla. 5thDCA 2004), 146

Reidy v. State, 965 So. 2d 1177 (Fla. 5thDCA 2007), 305

Reilly v. State, Dep’t of Corr., 847 F. Supp.951 (M.D. Fla. 1994), 259

Reimel v. State, 532 So. 2d 16 (Fla. 5thDCA 1988), 377

Rembert v. Dugger, 842 F.2d 301 (11thCir. 1988), 424

Remor v. State, 991 So. 2d 957 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 332

R.E.S. v. State, 396 So. 2d 1219 (Fla. 1stDCA 1981), 310

Reynolds v. State, 842 So. 2d 46 (Fla.2002), 70

Reynolds v. State, 983 So. 2d 1192 (Fla. 3dDCA 2008), 51

Rhames v. State, 473 So. 2d 724 (Fla. 1stDCA 1985), 128

Rice, In re, 62 So. 2d 911 (Fla. 1953), 264Rich v. State, 21 So. 3d 842 (Fla. 1st DCA2009), 211

Richards, State v., 639 So. 2d 680 (Fla. 2dDCA 1994), 106

Richards v. State, 738 So. 2d 415 (Fla. 2dDCA 1999), 212

Richardson v. State, 875 So. 2d 673 (Fla.1st DCA 2004), 240

Richardson v. State, 947 So. 2d 1219 (Fla.1st DCA 2007), 7

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Ridenour v. Bryson, State ex rel., 380 So.2d 468 (Fla. 2d DCA 1980), 425

Rider, State v., 449 So. 2d 903 (Fla. 3dDCA 1984), 211, 214

Ridgeway v. State, 128 So. 3d 935 (Fla. 1stDCA 2013), 351, 354

Rife, State v., 733 So. 2d 541 (Fla. 5thDCA 1999), 219

Rife, State v., 789 So. 2d 288 (Fla. 2001),219

Rife v. State, 446 So. 2d 1157 (Fla. 2dDCA 1984), 295, 296

Rigal v. State, 780 So. 2d 256 (Fla. 3dDCA 2001), 273

Rios, State v., 409 So. 2d 241 (Fla. 3dDCA 1982), 141–42, 290, 300, 445

Rivera v. State, 29 So. 3d 1139 (Fla. 1stDCA 2009), 107

Rivera v. State, 992 So. 2d 361 (Fla. 5thDCA 2008), 312

Rivero v. State, 871 So. 2d 953 (Fla. 3dDCA 2004), 384

Riveron v. State, 723 So. 2d 845 (Fla. 3dDCA 1998), 427

Rivers v. State, 78 So. 343 (Fla. 1918), 118Rivers v. State, 458 So. 2d 762 (Fla. 1984),372

Robbins v. State, 891 So. 2d 1102 (Fla. 5thDCA 2004), 389

Roberson v. State, 841 So. 2d 490 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 312

Roberts v. State, 4 So. 3d 1261 (Fla. 5thDCA 2009), 98

Roberts v. State, 425 So. 2d 70 (Fla. 2dDCA 1982), 107

Roberts v. State, 510 So. 2d 885 (Fla.1987), 223

Robichaud v. State, 658 So. 2d 166 (Fla.2d DCA 1995), 402, 404

Robinson, State v., 873 So. 2d 1205 (Fla.2004), 41

Robinson, State v., 936 So. 2d 1198 (Fla.1st DCA 2006), 311

Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660(1962), 53

Robinson v. State, 153 So. 3d 313 (Fla. 1stDCA 2014), 430

Robinson v. State, 257 So. 2d 300 (Fla. 3dDCA 1972), 286

Robinson v. State, 263 So. 2d 595 (Fla. 3dDCA 1972), 104, 135

Robinson v. State, 462 So. 2d 471 (Fla. 1stDCA 1984), 237

Robinson v. State, 610 So. 2d 1288 (Fla.1992), 131

Robinson v. State, 686 So. 2d 1370 (Fla.5th DCA 1997), 64, 340, 344

Robinson v. State, 692 So. 2d 883 (Fla.1997), 349, 357

Robinson v. State, 840 So. 2d 1138 (Fla.1st DCA 2003), 181

Robles v. State, 188 So. 2d 789 (Fla. 1966),96

Rocker v. State, 122 So. 3d 898 (Fla. 2dDCA 2013), 148

Rockmore v. State, 140 So. 3d 979 (Fla.2014), 351

Rodriguez, State v., 71 So. 3d 154 (Fla. 3dDCA 2011), 147

Rodriguez- Cayro v. State, 828 So. 2d 1060(Fla. 2d DCA 2002), 178, 425

Rodriguez- Jimenez, State v., 439 So. 2d919 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983), 133

Rodriguez v. State, 29 So. 3d 310 (Fla. 2dDCA 2009), 324


Rodriguez v. State, 378 So. 2d 7 (Fla.1979), 53

Rodriguez v. State, 441 So. 2d 1129 (Fla.3d DCA 1983), 31


Rodriguez v. State, 837 So. 2d 1177 (Fla.3d DCA 2003), 386



Rogers, State v., 955 So. 2d 1213 (Fla. 4thDCA 2007), 372

Rogers v. State, 660 So. 2d 237 (Fla. 1995),224, 237–38

Rolle, State v., 560 So. 2d 1154 (Fla.1990), 35

Romanyuk v. State, 141 So. 3d 749 (Fla.2d DCA 2014), 442

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Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S 551 (2005),45

Rosa v. State, 847 So. 2d 495 (Fla. 3d DCA2003), 165

Rosado v. State, 650 So. 2d 681 (Fla. 2dDCA 1995), 371

Rose v. State, 68 So. 3d 377 (Fla. 5th DCA2011), 360

Rosemond v. United States, 134 S. Ct.1240 (2014), 60

Rosen v. State, 940 So. 2d 1155 (Fla. 5thDCA 2006), 227

Ross v. State, 876 So. 2d 684 (Fla. 4thDCA 2004), 230

Rostano v. State, 678 So. 2d 1371 (Fla. 4thDCA 1996), 433

Roush v. State, 413 So. 2d 15 (Fla. 1982),268, 280

Rozier v. State, 402 So. 2d 539 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 323, 324

Rubin v. State, 390 So. 2d 322 (Fla. 1980),419, 423, 427

Rudolf v. State, 851 So. 2d 839 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 58

Ruiz, State v., 863 So. 2d 1205 (Fla. 2003),311–12, 313

Rumph v. State, 544 So. 2d 1150 (Fla. 5thDCA 1989), 351

Rusaw v. State, 451 So. 2d 469 (Fla. 1984),8, 420

Rushing, State v., 532 So. 2d 1338 (Fla.4th DCA 1988), 76, 110

Russ v. State, 830 So. 2d 268 (Fla. 1stDCA 2002), 273

Rygwelski, State v., 899 So. 2d 498 (Fla. 2dDCA 2005), 35

SSagner v. State, 791 So. 2d 1156 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 168–69

Saidi v. State, 845 So. 2d 1022 (Fla. 5thDCA 2003), 259

Salas v. State, 972 So. 2d 941 (Fla. 5thDCA 2007), 90, 413, 414

Salgat v. State, 630 So. 2d 1143 (Fla. 1stDCA 1993), 135, 322

Sallomi v. State, 629 So. 2d 969 (Fla. 5thDCA 1993), 404

Salomon v. State, 126 So. 3d 1185 (Fla.4th DCA 2012), 63, 151

Sammons, State v., 889 So. 2d 857 (Fla.4th DCA 2004), 196

Sams v. State, 600 So. 2d 1297 (Fla. 5thDCA 1992), 95

Sanborn, State v., 533 So. 2d 1169 (Fla.1988), 246, 248

Sanchez, State v., 133 So. 3d 1038 (Fla.4th DCA 2014), 16

Sanchez v. State, 101 So. 3d 1283 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 277

Sanchez v. State, 909 So. 2d 981 (Fla. 5thDCA 2005), 62, 344, 349

Sanders v. State, 77 So. 3d 914 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 296

Sanders v. State, 905 So. 2d 271 (Fla. 2dDCA 2005), 239–40, 247

Sanders v. State, 944 So. 2d 203 (Fla.2006), 30

Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510(1979), 35, 36

Santarelli v. State, 62 So. 3d 1211 (Fla. 5thDCA 2011), 109

Santiago v. State, 497 So. 2d 975 (Fla. 4thDCA 1986), 349

Santiago v. State, 874 So. 2d 617 (Fla. 2dDCA 2004), 91, 94, 99

Santiago v. State, 900 So. 2d 710 (Fla. 3dDCA 2005), 308

Santilli v. State, 570 So. 2d 400 (Fla. 5thDCA 1990), 351

Santo, State v., 693 So. 2d 139 (Fla. 2dDCA 1997), 281

Sapp v. State, 913 So. 2d 1220 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 108, 109

Savage v. State, 38 So. 2d 47 (Fla. 1948),394

Sawyer v. State, 132 So. 188 (Fla. 1931),336

Scannapieco, United States v., 611 F.2d619 (5th Cir. 1980), 147–48

Schepman v. State, 146 So. 3d 1278 (Fla.5th DCA 2014), 161

Schevling v. State, 426 So. 2d 580 (Fla. 1stDCA 1982), 272

Schimele v. State, 784 So. 2d 591 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 217

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Schirmer v. State, 837 So. 2d 587 (Fla. 5thDCA 2003), 86

Schlicher v. State, 13 So. 3d 515 (Fla. 4thDCA 2009), 128, 131, 132

Schmitt v. State, 590 So. 2d 404 (Fla.1991), 227

Schrack v. State, 793 So. 2d 1102 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 320

Schraffa v. State, 508 So. 2d 755 (Fla. 4thDCA 1987), 193

Schramm v. State, 374 So. 2d 1043 (Fla.3d DCA 1979), 157

Schulterbrandt v. State, 984 So. 2d 542(Fla. 2d DCA 2008), 31

Schuster v. State, 21 So. 3d 117 (Fla. 5thDCA 2009), 301, 422

SCM Glidco Organics Corp., State v., 592So. 2d 710 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991), 4

Scobee v. State, 488 So. 2d 595 (Fla. 1stDCA 1986), 286

S.D. v. State, 11 So. 3d 401 (Fla. 3d DCA2009), 174

S.D. v. State, 882 So. 2d 447 (Fla. 4th DCA2004), 57, 166, 167

S.D.W. v. State, 746 So. 2d 1232 (Fla. 1stDCA 1999), 167

Seagrave v. State, 802 So. 2d 281 (Fla.2001), 212

Seckington v. State, 424 So. 2d 194 (Fla.5th DCA 1983), 166

Sedia, State v., 614 So. 2d 533 (Fla. 4thDCA 1993), 220

Sedia v. State, 614 So. 2d 533 (Fla. 4thDCA 1993), 216

Seese v. State, 955 So. 2d 1145 (Fla. 4thDCA 2007), 180

Segal v. State, 98 So. 3d 739 (Fla. 4th DCA2012), 283

Seitz v. State, 867 So. 2d 421 (Fla. 3d DCA2004), 179

Sellers v. State, 838 So. 2d 661 (Fla. 1stDCA 2003), 277

Selwach, State v., 883 So. 2d 864 (Fla. 1stDCA 2004), 290, 293

Severance v. State, 972 So. 2d 931 (Fla.4th DCA 2007), 170

Sexton v. State, 898 So. 2d 1187 (Fla. 1stDCA 2005), 109

Seybel v. State, 693 So. 2d 678 (Fla. 4thDCA 1997), 177

S.G. v. State, 29 So. 3d 383 (Fla. 5th DCA2010), 62, 167

Shamrani, State v., 370 So. 2d 1 (Fla.1979), 198

Shank, State v., 795 So. 2d 1067 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 11, 262, 263–64

Shaw v. Fletcher, 188 So. 135 (Fla. 1939),3

Shaw v. State, 824 So. 2d 265 (Fla. 4thDCA 2002), 99

Shedd v. State, 137 So. 3d 456 (Fla. 4thDCA 2014), 442

Shedd v. State, 350 So. 2d 1085 (Fla. 1stDCA 1977), 274

Shellman v. State, 620 So. 2d 1010 (Fla.4th DCA 1993), 61

Shelton v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 802 F.Supp. 2d 1289 (M.D. Fla. 2011), 69

Shenfeld v. State, 44 So. 3d 96 (Fla. 2010),18

Sheridan v. State, 799 So. 2d 223 (Fla. 2dDCA 2001), 96

Sheriff v. State, 780 So. 2d 920 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 132, 133

Sherman, United States v., 200 F.2d 880(2d Cir. 1952), 403

Sholl, State v., 18 So. 3d 1158 (Fla. 1stDCA 2009), 31

Shouse, State v., 177 So. 2d 724 (Fla. 2dDCA 1965), 24, 52

Shreiteh v. State, 987 So. 2d 761 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 389

Siegel, State v., 778 So. 2d 426 (Fla. 5thDCA 2001), 283

Sieniarecki v. State, 756 So. 2d 68 (Fla.2000), 67, 114, 203–4

Sigler, State v., 967 So. 2d 835 (Fla. 2007),95

Sikes v. State, 711 So. 2d 250 (Fla. 4thDCA 1998), 147

Silvestri v. State, 332 So. 2d 351 (Fla.1976), 139

Simmons v. State, 10 So. 2d 436 (Fla.1942), 67, 71

Simmons v. State, 780 So. 2d 263 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 163

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Simmons v. State, 790 So. 2d 1177 (Fla.3d DCA 2001), 166, 168

Sims v. State, 140 So. 3d 1000 (Fla. 1stDCA 2014), 394

Singh v. State, 545 So. 2d 517 (Fla. 3dDCA 1989), 290

Singleton v. Sec’y Dep’t of Corr. (M.D.Fla. Apr. 9, 2009), 444

Siplin v. State, 972 So. 2d 982 (Fla. 5thDCA 2007), 282

Skanes v. State, 821 So. 2d 1102 (Fla. 5DCA 2002), 85

Skipper v. State, 537 So. 2d 1138 (Fla. 5thDCA 1989), 223

Slack v. Kling, 959 So. 2d 425 (Fla. 2dDCA 2007), 179

Slay v. Singletary, 676 So. 2d 456 (Fla. 1stDCA 1996), 7

Slicker v. State, 941 So. 2d 1191 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 372

Slocum v. State, 757 So. 2d 1246 (Fla. 4thDCA 2000), 64, 193

Sluyter v. State, 941 So. 2d 1178 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 370, 439

Small v. State, 608 So. 2d 829 (Fla. 3dDCA 1992), 433

Small v. State, 710 So. 2d 591 (Fla. 4thDCA 1998), 316, 317

Small v. State, 889 So. 2d 862 (Fla. 1stDCA 2004), 170

Smalls v. State, 18 So. 3d 606 (Fla. 1stDCA 2009), 316

Smiley v. State, 966 So. 2d 330 (Fla. 2007),378, 380

Smith, State v., 240 So. 2d 807 (Fla. 1970),160


Smith, State v., 348 So. 2d 637 (Fla. 2dDCA 1977), 162

Smith, State v., 401 So. 2d 1126 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 209, 211



Smith, State v., 840 So. 2d 987 (Fla. 2003)(Smith I), 248

Smith v. California, 361 U.S. 147 (1959),68

Smith v. Chase, 109 So. 94 (Fla. 1926),262

Smith v. McClelland, 126 So. 292 (Fla.1930), 261, 262

Smith v. State, 28 So. 3d 838 (Fla. 2009),436

Smith v. State, 65 So. 2d 303 (Fla. 1953),108

Smith v. State, 85 So. 911 (Fla. 1920), 315Smith v. State, 239 So. 2d 284 (Fla. 2dDCA 1970), 221

Smith v. State, 314 So. 2d 226 (Fla. 4thDCA 1975), 372

Smith v. State, 424 So. 2d 726 (Fla. 1982),101, 154, 155, 298, 432

Smith v. State, 532 So. 2d 50 (Fla. 2d DCA1988), 257, 259, 260

Smith v. State, 548 So. 2d 755 (Fla. 5thDCA 1989), 8, 43



Smith v. State, 778 So. 2d 329 (Fla. 2dDCA 2000), 324, 326

Smith v. State, 785 So. 2d 623 (Fla. 5thDCA 2001) (Smith II), 248

Smith v. State, 955 So. 2d 1227 (Fla. 5thDCA 2007), 270, 275


Smith v. State, 969 So. 2d 452 (Fla. 1stDCA 2007), 169, 170

S.M.M. v. State, 569 So. 2d 1339 (Fla. 1stDCA 1990), 275, 276, 277

S.N.J. v. State, 17 So. 3d 1258 (Fla. 2dDCA 2009), 326

Snyder, State v., 807 So. 2d 117 (Fla. 3dDCA 2002), 71, 434

Snyder v. State, 564 So. 2d 193 (Fla. 5thDCA 1990), 192

Sobel v. State, 437 So. 2d 144 (Fla. 1983),154

Soberon v. State, 545 So. 2d 490 (Fla. 3dDCA 1989), 394

Sobrino v. State, 471 So. 2d 1333 (Fla. 3dDCA 1985), 147

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Sochor v. State, 619 So. 2d 285 (Fla.1993), 57, 238

Solomon v. State, 436 So. 2d 1041 (Fla.1st DCA 1983), 298

Sorakrai, State v., 543 So. 2d 294 (Fla. 2dDCA 1989), 67, 440

Sorge v. State, 834 So. 2d 268 (Fla. 1stDCA 2002), 368

Sorrells v. United States, 287 U.S. 435(1932), 399–400, 402

Soukup v. State, 760 So. 2d 1072 (Fla. 5thDCA 2000), 215, 216

Sowell v. State, 738 So. 2d 333 (Fla. 1stDCA 1998), 416

S.P. v. State, 884 So. 2d 136 (Fla. 2d DCA2004), 343

Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447 (1984),424

Speights v. State, 414 So. 2d 574 (Fla. 1stDCA 1982), 341

Spellman v. State, 529 So. 2d 305 (Fla. 1stDCA 1988), 356

Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla.1993), 44

Spencer v. State, 645 So. 2d 377 (Fla.1994), 85

Spencer v. State, 842 So. 2d 52 (Fla. 2003),375

Spencer v. State, 889 So. 2d 868 (Fla. 2dDCA 2004), 366

Spicer v. State, 22 So. 3d 706 (Fla. 5thDCA 2009), 383

Sponheim v. State, 416 So. 2d 54 (Fla. 2dDCA 1982), 258

S.P.S. v. State, 801 So. 2d 951 (Fla. 3dDCA 2001), 278

St. Fort v. State, 943 So. 2d 314 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 176–77

St. Mary’s Hosp. v. Ramsey, 465 So. 2d666 (Fla. 4th DCA 1985), 112

Stallworth v. State, 538 So.2d 1296 (Fla.1st DCA 1989), 295

Stanfill v. State, 384 So. 2d 141 (Fla.1980), 6

Stanley v. State, 112 So. 3d 718 (Fla. 2dDCA 2013), 247

Stanley v. State, 626 So. 2d 1004 (Fla. 2dDCA 1993), 310

Stanley v. State, 757 So. 2d 1275 (Fla. 4thDCA 2000), 354, 355

Stannard v. State, 113 So. 3d 929 (Fla. 5thDCA 2013), 411

Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600(1994), 67

Starling v. State, 677 So. 2d 4 (Fla. 5thDCA 1996), 274

Starling v. State, 799 So. 2d 425 (Fla. 5thDCA 2001), 427

State ex re. v. [Opposing Party andRelator]. See [Opposing Party andRelator], State ex rel. v.

State v. [Opposing Party]. See [OpposingParty], State v.

State v. Soebhag, No. 2D13- 4974 (Fla. 2dDCA Apr. 29, 2015), 430

Staten v. State, 519 So. 2d 622 (Fla. 1988),145, 147, 150, 151, 155, 156

Stephens, State v., 601 So. 2d 1195 (Fla.1992), 309, 310, 312, 313

Stevens v. State, 265 So. 2d 540 (Fla. 2dDCA 1972), 352

Stevens v. State, 397 So. 2d 324 (Fla. 5thDCA 1981), 413

Stieh v. State, 67 So. 3d 275 (Fla. 2d DCA2011), 383

Stinnett v. State, 935 So. 2d 632 (Fla. 2dDCA 2006), 344

Stockton v. State, 544 So. 2d 1006 (Fla.1989), 79, 106

Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607(2003), 419, 423

Stoute v. State, 915 So. 2d 1245 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 86, 167

Strachn v. State, 661 So. 2d 1255 (Fla. 3dDCA 1995), 329

Straitwell v. State, 834 So. 2d 918 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 58

Stramaglia v. State, 603 So. 2d 536 (Fla.4th DCA 1992), 281

Stringer v. State, 783 So. 2d 1153 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 247

Stuckey v. State, 972 So. 2d 918 (Fla. 5thDCA 2007), 351

Studdard v. State, 214 So. 2d 767 (Fla. 3dDCA 1968), 163, 170

Sturdivan v. State, 419 So. 2d 300 (Fla.1982), 429

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Sturdivant, State v., 94 So. 3d 434 (Fla.2012), 14, 96, 191

Stutts v. State, 42 So. 51 (Fla. 1906), 265Suarez, State v., 13 So. 3d 72 (Fla. 3d DCA2009), 427, 430

Suarez- Mesa, State v., 662 So. 2d 735 (Fla.2d DCA 1995), 314, 319

Suggs v. State, 72 So. 3d 145 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 260

Suit v. State, 901 So. 2d 986 (Fla. 4th DCA2005), 355–56

Sullivan v. State, 898 So. 2d 105 (Fla. 2dDCA 2005), 161, 162

Summerlot, State v., 711 So. 2d 589 (Fla.3d DCA 1998), 280

Sundin v. State, 27 So. 3d 675 (Fla. 2dDCA 2009), 51

Surace v. State, 378 So. 2d 895 (Fla. 3dDCA 1980), 210

Swan v. State, 322 So. 2d 485 (Fla. 1975),77

Swift v. State, 973 So. 2d 1196 (Fla. 2dDCA 2008), 160, 164

Sykes, State v., 434 So. 2d 325 (Fla. 1983),139, 281, 431

Sykes v. State, 67 So. 121 (Fla. 1914), 380

TT.A.C.P., In re, 609 So. 2d 588 (Fla. 1992),80, 81

Tai Van Le, State v., 553 So. 2d 258 (Fla.2d DCA 1989), 379, 390

Tarawneh v. State, 562 So. 2d 770 (Fla. 4thDCA 1990), 124, 132–33

Tate v. State, 864 So. 2d 44 (Fla. 4th DCA2003), 24, 188, 435

Tatum v. State, 857 So. 2d 331 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 287, 288

Tavares v. State, 871 So. 2d 974 (Fla. 5thDCA 2004), 373

Taylor v. State, 46 So. 2d 725 (Fla. 1950),108

Taylor v. State, 120 So. 3d 540 (Fla. 2013),6

Taylor v. State, 425 So. 2d 1191 (Fla. 1stDCA 1983), 276

Taylor v. State, 444 So. 2d 931 (Fla. 1983),112, 138

Taylor v. State, 601 So. 2d 1304 (Fla. 4thDCA 1992), 171

T.B. v. State, 990 So. 2d 651 (Fla. 4th DCA2008), 178, 179

T.D.W. v. State, 42 So. 3d 959 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 299, 353

Teal v. State, 658 So. 2d 603 (Fla. 4th DCA1995), 99

Tedesco v. State, 62 So. 3d 1252 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 38

Teemer v. State, 615 So. 2d 234 (Fla. 3dDCA 1993), 222

Telesz, State v., 873 So. 2d 1236 (Fla. 2dDCA 2004), 300

T.G., State v., 800 So. 2d 204 (Fla. 2001),42

T.H. v. State, 658 So. 2d 1161 (Fla. 2dDCA 1995), 332

Thayer v. State, 335 So. 2d 815 (Fla.1976), 15

Theophile v. State, 78 So. 3d 574 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 148

Thomas, State v., 362 So. 2d 1348 (Fla.1978), 329, 332

Thomas v. Hertz Corp., 890 So. 2d 448(Fla. 3d DCA 2004), 279

Thomas v. State, 36 So. 3d 853 (Fla. 3dDCA 2010), 349

Thomas v. State, 78 So. 3d 644 (Fla. 1stDCA 2011), 45

Thomas v. State, 362 So. 2d 1348 (Fla.1978), 142–43

Thomas v. State, 380 So. 2d 1299 (Fla. 4thDCA 1980), 121

Thomas v. State, 526 So. 2d 183 (Fla. 3dDCA 1988), 352–53

Thomas v. State, 531 So. 2d 708 (Fla.1988), 321, 329, 330, 331, 331–32,332

Thomas v. State, 584 So. 2d 1022 (Fla. 1stDCA 1991), 299, 352, 353

Thomas v. State, 614 So. 2d 468 (Fla.1993), 23


Thomas v. State, 837 So. 2d 443 (Fla. 4thDCA 2002), 121


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Thomas v. State, 918 So. 2d 327 (Fla. 1stDCA 2005), 377, 379

Thomas v. Walker, 450 So. 2d 346 (Fla. 2dDCA 1984), 427

Thompson, State v., 4 So. 3d 689 (Fla. 1stDCA 2009), 163

Thompson v. State, 695 So. 2d 691 (Fla.1997), 173

Tillman v. State, 471 So. 2d 32 (Fla. 1985),111

Tillman v. State, 842 So. 2d 922 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 108, 110, 120

Tillman v. State, 934 So. 2d 1263 (Fla.2006), 173, 174

Tindall v. State, 45 So. 3d 799 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 240

Tindall v. State, 997 So. 2d 1260 (Fla. 5thDCA 2009), 309, 317

Tipton v. State, 97 So. 2d 277 (Fla. 1957),116

T.L.M. v. State, 755 So. 2d 749 (Fla. 4thDCA 2000), 282, 283, 299

T.M. v. State, 784 So. 2d 442 (Fla. 2001),22

Todd v. State, 594 So. 2d 802 (Fla. 5thDCA 1992), 75

Todd v. State, 643 So. 2d 625 (Fla. 1stDCA 1994), 342

Tomas, State v., 370 So. 2d 1142 (Fla.1979), 290

Tomblin, State v., 400 So. 2d 1012 (Fla.5th DCA 1981), 337

Tomblin v. State, 616 So. 2d 1209 (Fla. 2dDCA 1993), 271

Tookes v. State, 842 So. 2d 1063 (Fla. 4thDCA 2003), 357

Toole v. State, 472 So. 2d 1174 (Fla. 1985),312

Tooley v. State, 675 So. 2d 984 (Fla. 5thDCA 1996), 225

Toussie v. United States, 397 U.S. 112(1970), 419

Townsley v. State, 443 So. 2d 1072 (Fla.1st DCA 1984), 287

Tran v. State, 965 So. 2d 226 (Fla. 4thDCA 2007), 40

Travaglia v. State, 864 So. 2d 1221 (Fla.5th DCA 2004), 436, 438

Trejo, State v., 555 So. 2d 1321 (Fla. 2dDCA 1990), 423

Tribbitt v. State, 984 So. 2d 624 (Fla. 2dDCA 2008), 354

Troy v. State, 948 So. 2d 635 (Fla. 2006),436

T.S. v. State, 675 So. 2d 196 (Fla. 4th DCA1996), 148, 149

T.S. v. State, 965 So. 2d 1288 (Fla. 2d DCA2007), 57, 168, 172

Tucker v. State, 459 So. 2d 306 (Fla. 1984),419, 423, 424

Tukes v. State, 346 So. 2d 1056 (Fla. 1stDCA 1977), 315

Tunsil v. State, 338 So. 2d 874 (Fla. 3dDCA 1976), 77

Tuttle v. State, 137 So. 3d 393 (Fla. 2dDCA 2014)., 31

T.W., In re, 551 So. 2d 1186 (Fla. 1989), 6T.W.G. v. State, 438 So. 2d 943 (Fla. 1stDCA 1983), 275, 291

Tyson v. State, 646 So. 2d 816 (Fla. 1stDCA 1994), 183

Tyus v. State, 845 So. 2d 318 (Fla. 3d DCA2003), 75

UUnion v. State, 642 So. 2d 91 (Fla. 1stDCA 1994), 76, 445

Unis v. State, 717 So. 2d 581 (Fla. 4thDCA 1998), 379

United States v. [Opposing Party]. See[Opposing Party], United States v.

VValassakis v. State, 190 So. 520 (Fla. 1939),61

Valdes, State v., 599 So. 2d 1046 (Fla. 3dDCA 1992), 402

Valdes v. State, 3 So. 3d 1067 (Fla. 2009),25, 26, 29–30, 121

Valdez v. State, 492 So. 2d 750 (Fla. 3dDCA 1986), 293

Valencia v. State, 597 So. 2d 372 (Fla. 3dDCA 1992), 116

Van Horn, State v., 528 So. 2d 529 (Fla. 2dDCA 1988), 372

Vargas v. State, 34 So. 3d 44 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 293

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Vargas v. State, 101 So. 3d 1269 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 84

Vargas v. State, 751 So. 2d 665 (Fla. 3dDCA 2000), 320

Vazquez v. State, 953 So. 2d 569 (Fla. 4thDCA 2007), 183

V.B. v. State, 959 So. 2d 1252 (Fla. 3dDCA 2007), 326

Velasquez v. State, 9 So. 3d 22 (Fla. 4thDCA 2009), 382

Velazquez v. State, 561 So. 2d 347 (Fla. 3dDCA 1990), 74, 76

Velazquez v. State, 648 So. 2d 302 (Fla.5th DCA 1995), 214–15

Verdult v. State, 645 So. 2d 530 (Fla. 4thDCA 1994), 298

Victorino v. State, 23 So. 3d 87 (Fla.2009), 130

Viglione v. State, 906 So. 2d 1158 (Fla. 5thDCA 2005), 57

Village of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside,Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489(1982), 181

Villella v. State, 833 So. 2d 192 (Fla. 5thDCA 2002), 85, 89, 106, 117

Vilme v. McNeil (S.D. Fla. Feb. 05, 2010),101, 140, 154, 298, 432

Virgil, State v., 410 So. 2d 528 (Fla. 2dDCA 1982), 373

V.M. v. State, 729 So. 2d 428 (Fla. 1stDCA 1999), 57, 62, 167, 171

V.M. v. State, 766 So. 2d 280 (Fla. 4thDCA 2000), 61, 397

Vogel v. State, 365 So. 2d 1079 (Fla. 1stDCA 1979), 332

Von Deck, State v., 607 So. 2d 1388 (Fla.1992), 184

Von Edwards v. State, 377 So. 2d 684 (Fla.1979), 310

Vonador v. State, 857 So. 2d 323 (Fla. 2dDCA 2003), 43

Vostre v. State, 195 So. 151 (Fla. 1940), 24Vroom v. State, 48 So. 3d 82 (Fla. 2d DCA2010), 282

WWagner v. State, 88 So. 3d 250 (Fla. 4thDCA 2012), 443

Wagner v. State, 921 So. 2d 38 (Fla. 4thDCA 2006), 99, 100

Walborn, State v., 729 So. 2d 504 (Fla. 2dDCA 1999), 226, 440

Waldron v. State, 979 So. 2d 449 (Fla. 2dDCA 2008), 286

Walker v. State, 154 So. 3d 448 (Fla. 3dDCA 2014), 344

Walker v. State, 896 So. 2d 712 (Fla.2005), 286

Walker v. State, 933 So. 2d 1236 (Fla. 3dDCA 2006), 359

Walker v. State, 957 So. 2d 560 (Fla.2007), 85

Walker v. State, 965 So. 2d 189 (Fla. 3dDCA 2007), 105, 121

Wall, State v., 445 So. 2d 646 (Fla. 2dDCA 1984), 339

Wallace v. State, 766 So. 2d 364 (Fla. 3dDCA 2000), 369

Ward, State v., 374 So. 2d 1128 (Fla. 1stDCA 1979), 48

Ward v. State, 12 So. 3d 920 (Fla. 1st DCA2009), 393

Ward v. State, 40 So. 3d 854 (Fla. 4thDCA 2010), 286

Ward v. State, 79 So. 699 (Fla. 1918), 386Ward v. State, 446 So. 2d 267 (Fla. 2dDCA 1984), 139

Ward v. State, 730 So. 2d 728 (Fla. 1stDCA 1999), 29

Warren v. State, 572 So. 2d 1376 (Fla.1991), 19

Warren v. State, 724 So. 2d 607 (Fla. 4thDCA 1998), 147

Washington v. State, 11 So. 3d 980 (Fla.5th DCA 2009), 319

Washington v. State, 130 So. 3d 735 (Fla.2d DCA 2014), 295

Washington v. State, 873 So. 2d 1268 (Fla.4th DCA 2004), 90–91

Waskin, State v., 481 So. 2d 492 (Fla. 3dDCA 1985), 127

Waters, State v., 436 So. 2d 66 (Fla. 1983),284, 313, 321

Watford v. State, 353 So. 2d 1263 (Fla. 1stDCA 1978), 417

Watkins, State v., 685 So. 2d 1322 (Fla. 2dDCA 1996), 427

Watkins v. State, 48 So. 3d 883 (Fla. 1stDCA 2010), 212

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Watkins v. State, 197 So. 2d 312 (Fla. 4thDCA 1967), 379

Watson v. State, 95 So. 3d 977 (Fla. 2dDCA 2012), 201

Watson v. State, 200 So. 2d 270 (Fla. 2dDCA 1967), 433

Weaver v. State, 220 So. 2d 53 (Fla. 2dDCA 1969), 87–88, 118

Weaver v. State, 981 So. 2d 508 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 279, 280, 283

W.E.B. v. State, 553 So. 2d 323 (Fla. 1stDCA 1989), 120

Webb v. State, 724 So. 2d 646 (Fla. 5thDCA 1999), 424

Webber v. State, 718 So. 2d 258 (Fla. 5thDCA 1998), 140, 154, 298, 432

Weber v. State, 776 So. 2d 1001 (Fla. 5thDCA 2001), 316

Weeks v. State, 832 So. 2d 954 (Fla. 2dDCA 2002), 197

Weiand v. State, 732 So. 2d 1044 (Fla.1999), 379, 380, 389

Weightman v. State, 990 So. 2d 590 (Fla.5th DCA 2008), 177

Weir v. State, 777 So. 2d 1073 (Fla. 4thDCA 2001), 117

Weiss v. State, 67 So. 3d 1133 (Fla. 1stDCA 2011), 358

Welborn, State v., 676 So. 2d 56 (Fla. 4thDCA 1996), 65

Welsh v. State, 850 So. 2d 467 (Fla. 2003),214–15

W.E.P., Jr. v. State, 790 So. 2d 1166 (Fla.4th DCA 2001), 389

Werhan v. State, 673 So. 2d 550 (Fla. 1stDCA 1996), 109

Werner, State v., 609 So. 2d 585 (Fla.1992), 229

Wess v. State, 67 So. 3d 1133 (Fla. 1stDCA 2011), 358

West Palm Beach, City of, v. Chatman,112 So. 3d 723 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013),20

West v. State, 191 So. 771 (Fla. 1939), 151West Valley Estates, Inc. v. State, 286 So.2d 208 (Fla. 2d DCA 1973), 24, 53

Westerheide v. State, 831 So. 2d 93 (Fla.2002), 21, 39

Wetzler v. State, 455 So. 2d 511 (Fla. 1stDCA 1984), 63

Wheeler v. State, 344 So. 2d 244 (Fla.1977), 367, 369, 375

Whidden v. State, 59 So. 561 (Fla. 1912),117, 118

White, State v., 72 So. 3d 208 (Fla. 5thDCA 2011), 107

White, State v., 324 So. 2d 630 (Fla. 1975),161

White v. State, 633 So. 2d 472 (Fla. 1stDCA 1994), 160

White v. State, 993 So. 2d 611 (Fla. 1stDCA 2008), 58

Whitfield v. State, 923 So. 2d 375 (Fla.2005), 438

Whorley v. State, 33 So. 849 (Fla. 1903),157

Wilburn v. State. 763 So. 2d 353 (Fla. 4thDCA 1998), 216–17

Wilchcombe v. State, 842 So. 2d 198 (Fla.3d DCA 2003), 161

Wilcox v. State, 783 So. 2d 1150 (Fla. 1stDCA 20), 224

Wiley v. State, 60 So. 3d 588 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 89

Wilkerson v. State, 556 So. 2d 453 (Fla. 1stDCA 1990), 49

Wilkinson, State v., 724 So. 2d 614 (Fla.5th DCA 1998), 142, 325

Willams v. State, 967 So. 2d 735 (Fla.2007), 101

Willard v. State, 386 So. 2d 869 (Fla. 1stDCA 1980), 160

Williams, State v., 10 So. 3d 1172 (Fla. 3dDCA 2009), 171, 384

Williams, State v., 254 So. 2d 548 (Fla. 2dDCA 1971), 93

Williams, State v., 442 So. 2d 240 (Fla. 5thDCA 1983), 290, 292, 300

Williams, State v., 623 So. 2d 462 (Fla.1993), 405, 407–8

Williams, State v., 776 So. 2d 1066 (Fla.4th DCA 2001), 90, 91, 99

Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78 (1970),433

Williams v. Mayo, 172 So. 86 (Fla. 1937),347

Williams v. State, 34 So. 3d 768 (Fla. 2dDCA 2010), 98, 153

Williams v. State, 85 So. 3d 1185 (Fla. 5thDCA 2012), 442

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Williams v. State, 90 So. 3d 931 (Fla. 1stDCA 2012), 105

Williams v. State, 123 So. 3d 23 (Fla.2013), 111

Williams v. State, 132 So. 186 (Fla. 1930),335, 336, 337

Williams v. State, 154 So. 3d 426 (Fla. 4thDCA 2014), 51

Williams v. State, 517 So. 2d 681 (Fla.1988), 306–7

Williams v. State, 651 So. 2d 1242 (Fla. 2dDCA 1995), 355


Williams v. State, 727 So. 2d 1062 (Fla.4th DCA 1999), 384

Williams v. State, 863 So. 2d 1257 (Fla.4th DCA 2004)., 362–63

Williams v. State, 937 So. 2d 771 (Fla. 1stDCA 2006), 392, 413

Williams v. State, 967 So. 2d 735 (Fla.2007), 98, 135, 137, 213

Williams v. State, 987 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 2008),99, 100


Williamson v. State, 111 So. 245 (Fla.1926), 77

Willis v. State, 968 So. 2d 1061 (Fla. 2dDCA 2007), 29

Wilson, State v., 128 So. 3d 946 (Fla. 5thDCA 2013), 127

Wilson, State v., 483 So. 2d 23 (Fla. 2dDCA 1985), 154

Wilson v. State, 11 So. 556 (Fla. 1892),379

Wilson v. State, 122 So. 110 (Fla. 1929),380

Wilson v. State, 159 So. 3d 316 (Fla. 2dDCA 2015), 239

Wilson v. State, 577 So. 2d 1300 (Fla.1991), 409, 410

Wilson v. State, 744 So. 2d 1237 (Fla. 1stDCA 1999), 193

Wilson v. State, 884 So. 2d 74 (Fla. 2dDCA 2004), 285, 286, 294

Wilson v. State, 901 So. 2d 885 (Fla. 4thDCA 2005), 356

Wilson v. State, 971 So. 2d 963 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 389

Winship, In re, 397 U.S. 358 (1970), 34Winters, State v., 346 So. 2d 991 (Fla.1977), 65

Winters v. State, 475 So. 2d 1025 (Fla. 1stDCA 1985), 360

Wise, State v., 664 So. 2d 1028 (Fla. 2dDCA 1995), 260

Wise v. State, 580 So. 2d 329 (Fla. 1stDCA 1991), 48

Witchard v. State, 68 So. 3d 407 (Fla. 4thDCA 2011), 18

Witt v. State, 780 So. 2d 946 (Fla. 5thDCA 2001), 71, 187

Wittemen v. State, 735 So. 2d 538 (Fla. 2dDCA 1999), 121

W.L.H. v. State, 702 So. 2d 1347 (Fla. 4thDCA 1997), 110

W.M. v. State, 34 So. 3d 146 (Fla. 3d DCA2010), 166

Wolfram v. State, 568 So. 2d 992 (Fla. 5thDCA 1990), 71

Woodley, State v., 695 So. 2d 297 (Fla.1997), 102

Woodley v. State, 676 So. 2d 54 (Fla. 4thDCA 1996), 240

Woods, State v., 624 So. 2d 739 (Fla. 5thDCA 1993), 323

Woods v. State, 733 So. 2d 980 (Fla.1999), 84

Woods v. State, 969 So. 2d 408 (Fla. 1stDCA 2007), 373

Woodward v. State, 274 So.2d 246 (Fla.1st DCA 1973), 109

Wooldridge v State, 38 So. 3 (Fla. 1905),445

Worley v. State, 848 So. 2d 491 (Fla. 5thDCA 2003), 403

Wright, State v., 379 So. 2d 96 (Fla. 1979),92

Wright v. State, 363 So. 2d 617 (Fla. 1stDCA 1978), 77

Wright v. State, 402 So. 2d 493 (Fla. 3dDCA 1981), 411

Wright v. State, 626 So. 2d 299 (Fla. 5thDCA 1993), 278


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Wright v. State, 402 So.2d 493 (Fla. 3dDCA 1981), 413

W.W. v. State, 993 So. 2d 1182 (Fla. 4thDCA 2008), 49

Wyche v. State, 619 So. 2d 231 (Fla. 1993),20, 23

Wynn, State v., 433 So. 2d 1341 (Fla. 2dDCA 1983), 300

Wynn, State v., 794 So. 2d 642 (Fla. 2dDCA 2001), 196

YYarbrough v. State, 540 So. 2d 267 (Fla.1st DCA 1989), 275

York, United States v., 578 F.2d 1036 (5thCir. 1978), 135, 322

Young v. State, 13 So. 3d 537 (Fla. 3dDCA 2009), 312

Young v. State, 140 So. 2d 97 (Fla. 1962),24, 375

Young v. State, 141 So. 3d 161 (Fla. 2013),316, 363

Young v. State, 784 So. 2d 1249 (Fla. 1stDCA 2001), 419

Youngker v. State, 215 So. 2d 318 (Fla. 4thDCA 1968), 279

Youngs v. State, 736 So. 2d 85 (Fla. 4thDCA 1999), 293

ZZamora v State, 361 So. 2d 776 (Fla. 3dDCA 1978), 367, 368

Zile v. State, 710 So. 2d 729 (Fla. 4th DCA1998), 148, 192

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Preface

This text focuses on the study of substantive criminal law in Florida, which in turn isconcerned with the elements of crimes and defenses. Although there is no shortage ofseparate materials discussing these topics, this book is the first to collect and summarizedetailed information on Florida criminal law in one comprehensive text. It is written pri-marily for law students, to supplement their criminal law studies in law school and barreview courses. It is also suitable for use in undergraduate criminal law classes and paralegalprograms. Finally, it will serve as a desk book for judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys,legal scholars, and legislators, who will benefit from the extensive source materials in thefootnotes.

The goal of this book is to capture and simplify the complexities and contours ofFlorida criminal law for these various audiences while considering the priorities of Florida’scourts and proactive legislators in today’s social and political climate. To this end, it coverstopics unique to Florida criminal law, including the state’s Stand Your Ground law, its Un-born Victims of Violence Act, and its attempted felony murder statute.

It would have been impossible to complete this work without the generous support ofNova Southeastern University Shepard Broad College of Law. I also owe a debt of gratitudeto my students, Daniel Lewin, Esmeralda Negron, and Danielle Gittlin, for their tirelessand dedicated research assistance.

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Documents

Florida Criminal Law - Carolina Academic PressCrimes Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita 68 2. First Amendment Rights 68 3. Due Process Rights 68 Chapter 6 · Causation 73 6.01 . Generally