First GURME Air Quality Forecasting Workshop for Latin American project

Santiago, Chile 13-16 October 2003

Pedro Oyola, CONAMA

GoodGood to RegularRegularBadCritical

Meteorological Conditions

Air Pollution = Emission + Ventilation

The ventilation indicators for Santiago are

Meteorological Conditions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Ventilation Conditions during Critical Episods

Bad Critical

90

66

7568

53

92 90

PM10 REDUCTION WINTER PERIOD AT MACAM NETWORK

Material Particulado PM10 Comparación Período Invernal 1997-2003

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Pudahuel Cerrillos Parque OH La Florida La Paz El Bosque Las Condes

Ind

ice

IC

AP

1997 2003

43%

35%31% 34% 44%

8%

36%

0

10

20

30

40

Nu

mb

er

of

Ep

iso

de

s

Comparison between observed episodes1997 vs 2003

1997

2003

1997 38 37 17

2003 21 4 0

Alert Pre Emergency Emergency

Less Exposure

PM10 Episodes at Pudahuel

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

ICA

P In

dex

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Location of the stations

Conchalí

Renca

Parque

Usach

Maipú

Santiago campaign 2002

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Enero

Febre

ro

Mar

zoAbr

il

May

oJu

nio Julio

Agosto

Septie

mbr

e

Octubr

e

Noviem

bre

Diciem

bre

MP

2,5

(ug

/cm

3 )

Pudahuel

Parque

Las Condes

2001

PM2,5

Increase in PM during winter

MP(10-2,5) 20010

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Enero

Febre

ro

Mar

zoAbr

il

May

oJu

nio

Julio

Agosto

Septie

mbr

e

Octubr

e

Novie

mbr

e

Diciem

bre

MP

(10-

2,5)

Parque

Pudahuel

Most of the increase is due to PM2,5

PM(10 – 2,5)

Comparison of a between the monioring stations

Junio

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0,14

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hora

Co

ef.

de

Ab

s. (

1/k

m)

Usach

Parque

Julio

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hora

Co

ef.

de

Ab

s. (

1/k

m)

Usach

Parque

Renca

Conchalí

Agosto

0

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0,07

0,08

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hora

Co

ef.

de

Ab

s.

(1/k

m)

Usach

Parque

Renca

Conchalí

Maipú

USACH and Parque have similar levels

Conchalí, Renca and Maipú have lower levels

Area with high EC pollution is confined to

downtown and the west of the city

Conchalí

Renca

Parque

Usach

Maipú

Transport of pollution from Parque to Pudahuel ?

Parque O'Higgins, 2000

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time

Ra

tio

(P

M2

,5/P

M1

0)

ENERO FEBRERO MARZO

ABRIL MAYO JUNIO

Pudahuel, 2000

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time

Rat

io (

PM

2,5/

PM

10)

ENERO FEBRERO MARZO

ABRIL MAYO JUNIO

Conclusions

An explanation for the increasing of particle matter in Pudahuel is due to airborne transport of PM2,5 from downtown

The area with high levels of particle matter at night is located in a sector between Pudahuel, Usach and Parque, excluding Renca, Maipú o Conchalí.

This is a consequence of poor ventilation and topographical conditions of the valley

Site ICAP Quality

1 SANTIAGO ORIENTE- PROVIDENCIA 43 Good

2 INDEPENDENCIA- RECOLETA 61 Good3 LA FLORIDA-MACUL- PEÑALOLÉN 74 Good4 LAS CONDES- VITACURA 16 Good5 SANTIAGO SUR 87 Good6 PUDAHUEL-LO PRADO-CERRO 349 Critical7 CERRILLOS- MAIPÚ 85 Good8 EL BOSQUE- LO ESPEJO-SAN 100 Good9 C° NAVIA (Estación Móvil de Apoyo) 260 Bad

Sunday JULY 14th, 2002ICAP : Particle Air Quality Index at 10 hrs (GMT - 4)

http://www.sesma.cl/

Histórico Diario

MACAM Network 2

Parque O’Higgins

2001 and 2003

Pudahuel2000, 2002 and 2003

AIM To characterize and compare the Secondary Inorganic Aerosol Fraction at two different stations in Santaago

IN PM 2.5: -Nitrate-Nitrite-Sulphate-Chloruride-Ammonia-Potassium (2003)- Calcium (2003)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

27.0

6/18

:00

28.0

6/18

:00

29.0

6/18

:00

30.0

6/18

:00

01.0

7/18

:00

02.0

7/18

:00

04.0

7/18

:00

05.0

7/18

:00

06.0

7/18

:00

07.0

7/18

:00

08.0

7/18

:00

11.0

7/18

:00

12.0

7/18

:00

13.0

7/18

:00

14.0

7/18

:00

15.0

7/18

:00

16.0

7/18

:00

17.0

7/18

:00

18.0

7/18

:00

19.0

7/18

:00

20.0

7/18

:00

PM

2.5

Co

mp

on

en

ts [

µg/m

3 ]

0

50

100

150

200

250

PM

2.5

[µg

/m3 ]

anions + NH4+CorgCelemPM 2.5

Night

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

27.0

6/06

:00

28.0

6/06

:00

29.0

6/06

:00

30.0

6/06

:00

01.0

7/06

:00

02.0

7/06

:00

03.0

7/06

:00

05.0

7/06

:00

06.0

7/06

:00

07.0

7/06

:00

08.0

7/06

:00

09.0

7/06

:00

12.0

7/06

:00

13.0

7/06

:00

14.0

7/06

:00

15.0

7/06

:00

16.0

7/06

:00

17.0

7/06

:00

18.0

7/06

:00

19.0

7/06

:00

20.0

7/06

:00

PM

2.5

Co

mp

on

ents

[µg

/m3 ]

0

50

100

150

200

250

PM

2.5

[µg

/m3 ]

Corg

Celem

anions + NH4+

PM 2.5

Day

Diurnal Sampling06:00 to 18:00 h

Overnight Sampling18:00 a 6:00 h

Pudahuel (June 22 – July 31, 2002)

NIGHT

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

27.0

6/18

:00

28.0

6/18

:00

29.0

6/18

:00

30.0

6/18

:00

01.0

7/18

:00

02.0

7/18

:00

04.0

7/18

:00

05.0

7/18

:00

06.0

7/18

:00

07.0

7/18

:00

08.0

7/18

:00

11.0

7/18

:00

12.0

7/18

:00

13.0

7/18

:00

14.0

7/18

:00

15.0

7/18

:00

16.0

7/18

:00

17.0

7/18

:00

18.0

7/18

:00

19.0

7/18

:00

20.0

7/18

:00

an

ion

s a

nd

N

H4

+ [µg

/m3 ]

0

50

100

150

200

250

PM

2.5

[µg

/m3 ]

Cl- NO3-

SO4= NH4+

PM 2.5

DIURNO

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

27.0

6/06

:00

28.0

6/06

:00

29.0

6/06

:00

30.0

6/06

:00

01.0

7/06

:00

02.0

7/06

:00

03.0

7/06

:00

05.0

7/06

:00

06.0

7/06

:00

07.0

7/06

:00

08.0

7/06

:00

09.0

7/06

:00

12.0

7/06

:00

13.0

7/06

:00

14.0

7/06

:00

15.0

7/06

:00

16.0

7/06

:00

17.0

7/06

:00

18.0

7/06

:00

19.0

7/06

:00

20.0

7/06

:00

an

ion

es y

NH 4

+ [µg

/m3 ]

0

50

100

150

200

250

PM

2.5

[µg

/m3 ]

Cl- NO3-

SO4= NH4+

PM 2.5

Day

Cl-2%

NO3-21%

SO4=9%

NH4+9%Corg

40%

Celem19%

Over Night

Otros22%

Cl-2%

NO3-8%

SO4=4%

NH4+3%

Celem20%

Corg40%

PM 2.5= 41.2 µg/m3 PM 2.5= 76,3 µg/m3

Pudahuel (June 22 – July 31, 2002)

Diurnal Sampling06:00 to 18:00 h

Overnight Sampling18:00 a 6:00 h

Concentraciones de K+, PM 2.5 y PM 10, Parque O'Higgins, 25 de junio al 20 de julio de 2003

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

25.0

6.03

/18:

00

26.0

6.03

/18:

00

27.0

6.03

/18:

00

28.0

6.03

/18:

00

03.0

7.03

/06:

00

04.0

7.03

/06:

00

05.0

7.03

/06:

00

06.0

7.03

/06:

00

09.0

7.03

/18:

00

10.0

7.03

/18:

00

11.0

7.03

/18:

00

12.0

7.03

/18:

00

13.0

7.03

/18:

00

17.0

7.03

/06:

00

18.0

7.03

/06:

00

19.0

7.03

/06:

00

20.0

7.03

/06:

00

K+ µ

g/m

3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

µg

/m3 P

M 2

.5 y

PM10

K+ PM2,5 (P. O'Higgins)PM10( P. O'Higgins)

Concentraciones de K+, PM 2.5 y PM 10, Pudahuel 25 de junio al 20 de julio de 2003

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

K+ µ

g/m

3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

µg

/m3 P

M 2

.5 y

PM

K+ PM2,5 (Pudahuel)PM10 (Pudahuel)

Parque O’Higgins

PUDAHUEL

PM10, PM2.5 and Potassium

June 25 to July 20, 2003

Wet Deposition

• Rain regime show important variation at the Metropolitan Region (MR).

• Dew water i.s an important cleaning factor to remove pollutants from the MR atmosphere.

• The dew water is strong mineralize in comparison with rain water at the MR atmosphere

VALUES OF IONS CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN RAIN AND DEW WATERS

1995-2002 ( Concentrations in microequivalent/L)

DEW WATER

YEARNº VolumenpH NO2-NO3

-SO4-2Cl- NH4

+Ca Na K Mg R2O2pesadossamplesmL Cu,Fe,Pb, Mn

1995 36 6570 5.4 78 77 435 28 419 505 128 80 45 2,5-43-0,81996 19 1510 5.5 47 238 901 86 538 703 77 26 921997 22 3210 6.2 105 137 337 85 445 485 34 7 103 2.2 2,0-111998 35 2950 6.2 177 117 438 84 718 364 41 16 40 1.71999 14 1695 6.6 122 93 177 56 748 284 15 10 25 2.32000 26 3170 6.9 205 81 302 86 570 398 103 43 38 0,7-3,72001 27 3075 6.6 151 91 199 72 193 30 149 38 5.1 0.5-4.9-, 3.12002 35 3982 6.7 323 217 259 333 253 352 161 27 3.0 0-22

RAIN WATER

1995 13 3075 3.7 0.9 40 86 22 27 53 13 3 31996 7 2430 4.8 1 67 134 24 34 51 21 4 26 5.01997 11 5400 5.8 16 35 14 67 54 3 2 12 5.4 1,5-4,61998 3 280 5.1 1.51999 11 1652 5.5 2 15 31 8 106 28 2 1 4 4.22000 11 5852 5.5 LD 5 16 LD 30 2 2 1 12001 15 7.22002 2.1

Composición Química de Rocíos. Santiago

Studies under development

• Dew chemical composition.

• Surface effects.

• Kinetically decomposition of peroxides.

• Depositions profiles and y re-evaporation.

• HONO re-evaporation efficiency.

• Relation between gas phase and dew water concentrations.

Dew Water Chemical Composition

• Neutral pH and clearly alkaline.

• Concentrations reach mM levels.

• nitrite >> nitrate

HONO Re-evaporation

• Between 60 - 95 % of the nitrite is re-emited by the evaporation of the dew.

• A layer of 100 meters high will contribute by aprox. 2.4 ppb. An equivalent amount of HO* radicals are produce at early mornings hours.

• This re-evaporation has an important role in the photochemical process at the Metropolitan Area (early ozone formation)

PAN/OZONE

• There is a strong correlation between PAN and Ozone.

Max value - 22 ppb at 12-13 hours.

• Night < 1 ppb

• PAN is a critical issue

00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:000

20

40

60

80

100

1215

Hrs86 ppb

O3

O3 pp

b

Horas

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1200

Hrs5.9 ppb

PAN 19/12/02

PA

N p

pb

00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:000

20

40

60

80

100

120

1427

Hrs104 ppb

O3

pp

b

X Axis Title

O3

0

2

4

6

8

1220

Hrs6.6 ppb

PAN 08/01/03

PA

N p

pb

PAH Santiago 1 P.O´Higgins 2 P.O´Higgins 2 Pudahuel 2 Pudahuel 2

Agosto-98 Agosto-01 Prom. 2001 Agosto-02 Prom. 2002Nombre comp./Concent. ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3Acenaftileno s.i. n.d 2.34 15.87 13.72Acenafteno s.i. 1 3.11 11.03 8.98Fluoreno 15.8 6.54 14.39 20.45 11.94Fenantreno 27.95 18.44 13.97 86.11 62.88Antraceno 3.1 6.43 6.53 9.12 11.1Fluoranteno 7.2 2.56 3.04 10.91 5.78Pireno 8.42 3.73 3.27 12.13 11.16Benz(a)antraceno 8.52 1.93 1.37 3.20 6.16Criseno s.i. 2.01 1.35 2.19 3.29Benzo(b)F+ Benzo(k)F 36.42 18.12 26.86 459.32 441.73Benzo(a)pireno 10.89 1.19 3.3 3.69 3.72Dibenz(a,h)antraceno s.i. 0.82 2.08 2.85 1.96Benzo(g,h,i)perileno 37.78 n.d 0.27 0.54 0.68Indeno (1,2,3 c,d)pi 9.67 1 1.49 0.76 0.61SUMA TOTAL DE HAP 165.76 63.86 83.38 638.15 583.71

HAPs meses y período completo (Jun-Oct) en ng/m3 considerando Filtro + PUF

1 Tsapakis, M., Lagoudaki, E., Stephanou, E.G., Kavouras, I.G., Koutrakis, P., Oyola, P. and von Baer, D.: Study of the Composition and Sources of PM2,5 Organic Aerosol in Urban Areas of Chile

2 F. Cereceda-Balic, et al: Monitoreo en Parque O´Higgins, campaña 2001

PAH Concentration in ng/mPAH Concentration in ng/m33

(filter +PUF) in 1998, 2001 y 2002(filter +PUF) in 1998, 2001 y 2002

% of the total PAHs % of the total PAHs v/s (BBF+BKF) y PHENv/s (BBF+BKF) y PHEN

PUF14%

74%

12%

PHEN BBF+BKF demás HAPs

Filtro2%15%

83%PHEN BBF+BKF demás HAPs

Filtro + PUF

11%13%

76%

PHEN BBF+BKF demás HAPs

• A direct correlation between observed critical episodes and A direct correlation between observed critical episodes and PAHs concentrations was observedPAHs concentrations was observed

Results Results

BAP average concentrations in [ng/mBAP average concentrations in [ng/m33],], Filters and PUFs Filters and PUFs (Jun-Oct, 2001)(Jun-Oct, 2001)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

CO

NC

EN

TR

AC

ION

(n

g/m

3)

21.0

610

.07

07.0

813

.08

14.0

816

.08

17.0

918

.09

19.0

926

.09

02.1

0

BENZO(a)PIRENO

Filtro PUF

Corresponding to National festivities Corresponding to National festivities September 17, 18 y 19September 17, 18 y 19

Critical episode starting with alert Critical episode starting with alert going to pre-emergencygoing to pre-emergency

Acknowledgements