First Aid Workbook

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SURF LIFE SAVING AUSTRALIA

First Aid Workbook

PUAEME001A

First Aid HandbookSurf Life Saving Australia

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NSW Department of Education and Training (DET) 2001

All rights reserved. This work is copyright to DET.

It is obtainable at cost recovery, but permission is given to trainers and teachers tomake copies by photocopying or other duplicating processes for use within their own

training organisations, or in a workplace where training is being conducted.

This permission does not extend to the resale of this material to third parties, themaking of copies for use outside the immediate training environment for which theyare made, and the use of the materials for hire.

Outside these guidelines, all material is subject to copyright under the Copyright Act1968 (Commonwealth) and permission must be obtained in writing from the NSWDepartment of Education and Training.

Disclaimer

The views in this work do not necessarily represent the views of the NSW Department

of Education and Training. The NSW Department of Education and Training does notgive warranty nor accept any liability in relation to the content of this work.

Acknowledgement

This work has been produced initially with the assistance of funding by the NSWDepartment of Education and Training, Training Development Unit, through theIndustry Skills Training Program advice from the Project Steering Committee

Project Team

Project Steering Committee

Further copies of this resources are available from


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Introduction to First Aid

First aid knowledge and skills are invaluable.

Can you think of a time when you wished you had more first aid

knowledge?

There are four aims of First Aid can you think of an example for eachone?

Promote a safe environment

Example:

Preserve life

Example:

Prevent injury or illness becoming worse (cause no harm)

Example:

Provide reassurance and comfort to the ill or injured

Example:


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Calling for medical aid

One of a first aiders responsibilities is to contact or arrange contact forfurther assistance. Read the following case study and answer thequestions.

CASE STUDY

Calsita and Harrison had been out at a cocktail party. Driving homealong a deserted part of the coast they came across a car accident.There were three people involved. One was lying still on the road withno obvious injuries, another was trapped in a car bleeding andscreaming and another was inside a car but hardly visible and the cardoor was jammed shut. Calista has a mobile phone.

How could she describe where the accident was?

How would she describe each patients condition?

Is there any other information she would need to tell emergencyservices?

What is the first thing Calista and Harrison should consider?

Personal Protection

Personal protection is the first concern of anyone dealing with anemergency situation. Sketch a poster that could be used to educatethe public about the three lines of defence. Include information about:

Immunisation Personal Protection HygienePrecautions

Communicable disorders Needle Stick Injuries SharpsContainers


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Cleaning of First Aid Rooms Management of blood and bodysubstances


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First Aid Documentation

Documenting all incidents is vital, it provides protection for the injuredperson, the first aider and anyone else who might be involved in theincident. Read the following case study and answer the questions.

Case Study

Ben and Jennifer were working on a film set for a new music video. Benslipped over on some spilled water and hurt his ankle. Jennifer appliedher first aid skills and assisted Ben until medical assistance could getthere. Ben need extensive rehabilitation to get full movement andstrength back into his ankle and due to his injury missed out on alucrative contract.

Why would it be important for Jennifer to have documented this

incident?

How would she go about documenting it?

What details would she need to include?

Who would she give copies of her documentation to?

There are a number of relevant legislative and procedural documentsthat may impact on an emergency or first aid situation. How would Benand Jennifers incident be effected by:

Occupational Health and Safety Act?

Code of Practice?


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Duty of Care?

Negligence?

Protection against litigation?

Referral to appropriate care?

Hand over?

Anatomy and Physiology

The circulatory systemThe circulatory system is made up of the heart and blood vessels.When providing first aid it is vital that the first aider can skillfully feelfor a pulse.

With a partner practice finding a pulse at the following points:

The carotid artery

The radial artery

The brachial artery

Why are some arteries easier to find than others?

Why might it be easier to find a pulse in some people than in others?


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The skeletal system

The skeletal system is made up of many things. Match the body partwith the injury

Joints Sprains

Ligaments Fractures

Muscles and Tendons Strains

Bones Dislocations

The cervical spine is the area of the spinal column that is mostvulnerable. There are a number of reasons for this. Tick the reasonsthat are correct:

It is a narrow canal

It is where people wear a lot of jewellery

It is easily sunburned even when wearing a long sleeve shirt

Lack of extra support

It supports a heavy skull and brain

It is a hard area to exercise and strengthen

The respiratory system

The respiratory system is made up of many parts lots of which havecomplicated sounding names. For each of the following write down anyalternative name the part is known by, what it does and where it islocated in the body.

The upper section

The lower section

The oropharynx


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The trachea

The larynx

The main bronchus

The bronchi

The oesophagus

The cardiac sphincter

The lungs

The nervous systemThe nervous system is the control center of our bodys. Different partsof it are responsible for different actions and reactions. In the followingexamples which part of the nervous system is likely to be responsiblethe cerebellum/cerebrum (c) or the brain stem (b).

Kicking a goal c or b

Vomiting after drinking too much c or b

Breathing c or b

Digesting food c or b

Picking up a potato chip c or b


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The integumentary system

The skin is the largest organ in the body.

What are some things that can go wrong with your skin?

The digestive system

The digestive system is responsible for what happens to the food weeat.

Where do you think the saying you are what you eat comes from?

The urinary system

The urinary system is responsible for filtering he blood and regulatingfluid and electrolytes, excreting or reabsorbing as required.

Why do you think it is recommended that we drink at least 8 glasses ofwater a day?


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Resuscitation and CPR

In these topics you will learn about ways of responding to emergencysituations. One of the most important things is knowing what to donext. Read the text in the manual and watch and practice EAR and

CPR. Then respond to the following situations.

DRABCD

The principles of DRABCD apply in all first aid cases. How would theyapply in the following case studies?

CASE STUDY

Charles is a man in his mid fifties who has a highly stressful job, inrecent years he has had many family problems. His friend Camilla

arrives at his house to find him lying in the shower seeminglyunconscious.

D

R

A

B

C

D


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CASE STUDY

Victorias 4 year old son Brooklyn has fallen off his bike, he comes intothe house with grazes on his knees crying and seems unsteady on hisfeet, Victoria is heavily pregnant.

D

R

A

B

C

D

CASE STUDY

Phoebe has walked into the bathroom and found her friend Monicalying on the floor with a hair dryer next to her hand.

D

R


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A

B

C

D

Principles of Management

RICEThe principles of RICE are employed to deal with any soft tissue injury.How would you apply them in the following situations?

CASE STUDY

Dwight has tripped over a team mate playing touch football on thebeach. There is no first aid kit.

R

I

C

E

CASE STUDY


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Wesley is playing basketball in the school yard and he falls badly,landing heavily and hurting his shoulder.

R

I

C

E

CASE STUDY

Christina is dancing in very high heels in a night club she falls andbadly hurts her ankle and her wrist trying to catch herself.

R

I

C

E

Body Checks

In pairs practice body checks.

Do not forget to look for things which may cause discomfort such askeys or glasses in pockets, tight clothing etc


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Wound Dressing, Bandages, Triangular Bandages, RollerBandages, Reef Knots, Splints, Slings, Pressure andImmobilisation.

You will learn about and practice these dressings and bandages in

class. Think of an example where you may need to use each one.

Wound Dressing

Bandages

Triangular Bandages

Roller Bandages

Reef Knots

Splints

Slings

Pressure and Immobilisation


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Basic First Aid

Bleeding and cuts and abrasions

The standard procedure for treating a seriously bleeding patient is

listed in the manual. Explain how you would apply it in the followingscenario.

CASE STUDY

You walk into a bathroom in a hotel on a Friday night. One of the otherpatrons is bleeding profusely from an open wound on their leg. Theblood flow is brisk, spurting and bright red.

What do you do?

Shock

The person in shock is in danger and needs immediate treatment.

What types of situations might send someone into shock?


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Fainting

Fainting is fairly common but can still be a distressing experience forthe person involved.

Find out if anyone in the class has fainted, ask them how it felt.

Needle Stick Injury

Needle stick injuries are no longer only experienced by health care

workers they are becoming more of a problem for the community atlarge.

In Surf Life Saving we are very careful to document and report anyneedle stick injuries. Why do you think this is?

Sunburn

What are some strategies that you can employ to prevent sunburn?


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Senior First Aid

Care of the unconscious patient

There are many causes of unconsciousness. Can you think of anyscenarios in your work or home life that may cause unconsciousness toyourself, colleagues or family?

Internal bleeding

Internal bleeding can be hard to diagnose. What types of events might

cause internal bleeding?

Bleeding from ear

Bleeding from the ear is considered a very serious symptom. Why doyou think I is taken so seriously?

Tooth avulsions

In order to transport a tooth to the dentist it is suggest that it is put inthe patients mouth between the cheek and the teeth. Can you think ofany hazards that may be associated with this course of action?

What could you do to minimize these hazards?

Eye Injuries


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Eye injuries are relatively common. What type of activities are likely tocause injury to the eye?

Why is it particularly distressing for a patient with an eye injury?

What could you do to alleviate some of this distress?

Amputations

It is important to transport amputated body parts with a patient to givethe best possible chance of reattachment.

What hazards to yourself might present themselves in the collectionand transportation of the amputated body part?

What could you do to minimize these risks?

Soft Tissue Injuries, Fractures and Dislocations

In pairs practice identifying and treating


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Sprains

Strains

Fractures

Dislocations

Head, Neck and Spinal Injuries

What is the difference between a spinal injury and a neck injury?

Why do you think it is that many people who suffer from neck injuriesare young people in situations where alcohol is involved?

Why, in the unconscious patient do we always treat it as a suspectedspinal injury?

How would you deal with the following situation?

CASE STUDY

Murray, Anthony, Jeff and Greg are at a beach party, they are having a

great time drinking and dancing. Jeff challenges Greg to a swimmingrace from the jetty into the shore. Both men dive into the water andstart swimming. When they get to shore Jeff complains he hit his head.A little while later he starts complaining that he has a weakness in oneside of his body and he is getting pins and needles. His friends laugh itoff as an effect of the alcohol he has been drinking. Murray is worried


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though and he knows you know first aid. He comes and tells you thestory.

What do you do?

Cardiovascular Emergencies

Cardiovascular emergencies always involve the heart and are thereforeserious incidents.

What is the difference between:

Angina

Heart Attack

Chronic Heart Failure

When would you take someone to hospital?


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Respiratory Emergencies

AsthmaAsthma is a common but serious disorder. Most asthma sufferers areaware of their condition and carry appropriate medication. Read this

case study and answer the question.

CASE STUDYTom and Penelope were at Friday night drinks at their local hotel. Tomstarted to have trouble breathing. He sat down on a bar stool but it didnot help. He started coughing and wheezing.

What should Penelope do?

ChokingChoking is a particular issue with young children. Why do you thinkthat is?

Smoke/Gas inhalationSmoke or Gas inhalation can been a problem in some work places. Inyour work place or home where do you think there is a potential fo thisbecoming a problem?

How could you minimize these risks?

HyperventilationHyperventilation is usually a reaction to an emotional situation. Whattypes of situations can you think of that might inspire such a reaction?


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BurnsThere are many causes of burns, sketch a poster that could be used inthe home, school or workplace to alert people to the dangers andtreatment of burns.


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Chest and Abdominal Injuries

Collapsed lungs and fractured ribs can be a result of many differenttypes of activites. Are there any activities that you engage in thatcould put you at risk of these conditions?

Extremes of Temperature

Hypothermia and Heat Exhaustion/Heat Stroke

Match the treatment to the condition:

Douse the patient with water

Give the patient warm, sweet drinksHypothermia

Rest the patient in a cool, shaded place

Loosen clothing Heat Exhaustion

Curl up in a ball

Body warmth from a companion Heat Stroke

Cool the patient with fans


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Poisons

List some common poisons found around the home, school yard andworkplace:

How could you minimise the risk of these poisons being inhaled or

ingested?

Bites and stings

Bites and stings need to be treated differently depending on the typeof creature that inflicted the wound. How would you treat the followingbites of stings?

Bee sting

Stone fish injury

Stingray sting


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Mosquito bite

Chironex box jellyfish sting

Snake bite

Red back spider bite

Sea snake bite

Medical Emergencies

List the types of situation you may encounter people suffering from thefollowing conditions

Diabetic emergency?

Allergic reaction?

Stroke?

Epilepsy?

Diving Injury?


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Documents

First Aid Workbook