First Aid

First AidThe Basics of First AidFirst aid is the immediate care that you give someone with an illness or injury before someone with more advanced training arrives and takes over. First aid may help someone recover, if not completely recover. First aid could be the difference between life or death.First aid is usually given for minor illnesses or injuries, but first aid can also be given for more seriousness such as a heart attack or amputation.When and how to provide First Aid?If providing first aid is part of your job description you must help while you are working. However, if you are not on duty you can choose whether or not to provide First Aid.When providing first aid it is important to introduce yourself as a first aid provider. Then ask the person if you may help them; if they agree proceed with first aid.If a person seems confused or is unable to respond always assume they need your help and proceed with first aid.Supplying a first aid kitA first aid kit is a kit that carries most basic emergency supplies. All first aid kits are different depending on what supplies are chosen to go in them. Some companies carry different supplies than others. The first aid kit needs to be in a waterproof container and clearly labeled. You must always know where the first aid kit is. After the use of the first aid kit, be sure to replace all used items so the kit will be ready for the next emergency.If you work for a company that requires you to do first aid, check the kit every morning before work to check for expired supplies.Victim and Rescuer Safety:Assessing the Scene.Assessing the scene is checking to see if the scene is safe. For example, if the injured or ill person is in a room with poisonous fumes you are not to enter the room. Even though you want to help, if the scene is not safe you cannot. Others may need your help later, and you cannot help anyone if you are injured yourself.

Action to take while Assessing the Scene:As you approach the scene, consider the following:Danger: Look out for danger to you and danger to the injured person. Move the injured person only if they are in danger or if you need to move them to provide first aid or CPR. Move them ONLY if you can do it safely.HELP: Look for people who can help you and look for telephones. Have someone phone your emergency response number. Phone for help yourself if no one else is around.WHO: Who is injured? Figure out how many people are hurt and see if you can tell what happened.Where: Where are you? Be specific. The emergency response team dispatcher will want to know your address, floor, or location in the building or on the property.Victim and Rescuer Safety:Washing HandsWashing your hands is a very effective way to stay sanitary. Always wash your hands with soap and water if your hands are visibly dirty and after taking off gloves. HOW TO WASH HANDS:Wet your hands with clean running water, preferably warm, and apply soap.Rub hands together and rub all surfaces of hand and fingers for at least 20 seconds.Rinse hands with a lot of running water. Dry your hands using a paper towel or air dryer. If possible use a paper towel to turn off the faucet and to open the bathroom door with. If you cannot wash your hands with soap and water use hand sanitizer and let it air dry.Victim and Rescuer Safety:Universal PrecautionsThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with the universal precautions to protect you from all diseases. For best protection, always treat blood like it is infected.Body fluids such as blood, saliva, and urine can sometimes carry germs that cause diseases. Personal protective equipment (PPEs) protect you. PPEs include:Gloves to protect hands from blood or body fluids.Eye protection, if the person is bleeding, to protect eyes from blood and body fluids.Mask to protect you when you give breaths. Actions for Universal Precautions:Wear PPEs if necessary. Place all disposable equipment that has touched blood or body fluids containing blood into a biohazard waste bag, or whatever your company requires).Dispose of the bag however your company requires.Wash your hands with soap and water after taking off your gloves. Because so many have allergies to Latex, never use Latex gloves on the injured. Victim and Rescuer Safety:Exposure to BloodBloodborne diseases are caused by germs. A rescuer may catch a disease if germs in someone elses blood or body fluids get into their mouth, eye, or a cut on their skin. This is why you should always wear PPEs. Some bloodborne diseases are HIV (the virus that causes aids), HepB, and HepC.Actions for Exposure to BloodIf you are wearing gloves, take them off. Immediately wash your hands and the contact area with soap and water. If body fluids have splattered in your eyes, nose, or the inside of your mouth, rinse these areas with lots of water.Tell our companys emergency response program supervisor what happened as soon as possible. Then contact a healthcare professional.Taking off GlovesWhen you give first aid, the outside of your gloves may touch blood or other body fluids. Take your gloves off without touching the outside of the gloves with your bare hands.The steps of how to properly take off gloves:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4gyNAsPCbUVictim and Rescuer Safety: Phoning for HelpThe American Heart Association (AHA) has a Chain of Survival. The first, most important, step to this is phoning your emergency response number.When to phone for help: If someone is seriously injured (heart attack, stroke, poison) or you are not sure what to do. If someone tries to commit suicide or has been assaulted call your emergency response number regardless of the condition.How to phone for help: If alone yell for help and tell them to call. If no one shows, leave the injured person and call yourself while also getting the first aid kit and AED. If you are with others stay with them and have someone else call and proceed with as much first aid as you know.Remember, all companies policies are different. Be sure you know your companies policies for how to phone your emergency response number.Also remember to answer all of the dispatchers questions. Do not hang up until told to. This will not delay the arrival.Victim and Rescuer Safety:Finding the ProblemAfter checking to see id the scene is safe, begin looking for the problem. At first look for life threatening problems, then look for other problems. See how the person responds and watch the persons breathing.ACTIONS:Check if the scene is safe.Shout, ARE YOU OK?Check if the person is breathing. If they are not breathing of if they are gasping for air begin CPR and AED.Look for any obvious signs of injury, such as bleeding, broken bones, burns, or bites.Look for medical information jewelry.If a person cannot respond their muscles in the airway relax causing the tongue to block the airway. Always check the airway.Victim and Rescuer Safety:After the EmergencyWhen giving first aid you will find our private information on the ill and injured person. You may only give this private information out to EMS rescuers and your companys emergency response program supervisor. You may also need to fill our a report for your company. You may not share this information with anyone else. Medical EmergenciesIt is common to give CPR in medical emergencies. Medical emergencies include: Breathing problems, chocking in an adult, allergic reactions, heart attack, fainting, diabetes and low blood sugar, stroke, seizure, and shock. We will learn about each of these.Medical Emergencies:Breathing ProblemsSomeone may develop mild or sever blocking of the aid passages. Someone having a heart attack or stroke may also have breathing problems. Signs: Breathing is very fast or slow, have trouble with every breath, has noisy breathing such as whistling or wheezing, and can only make sounds or speak no more then a few words at a time between breaths. AsthmaIn some cases you may need to help those with asthma if they are having breathing problems and cannot give themselves their own inhaler. Actions:Shake medicine.Put the medicine into the medicine chamber.Remove the cap from the mouthpiece. Attach a spacer if there is one available, and if you know how.Tilt the persons head back slightly and have them breathe out slowly. Put the inhaler or spacer in the persons mouth. Push down on the top of the medicine canister. Have the person breathe in slowly and deeply as you push down. Have the person how their breathe for 10 seconds, and then breathe out slowly. Helping Someone with Breathing ProblemsFollow these steps for someone who is having trouble breathing:Make sure the scene is safe.Ask the person if they have medicine. If they need their medicine but they are too sick to get it, get it for them.Ask the person if you have the right medicine.Assemble and use.Phone your emergency response number if the person has no medicine, doesnt get better after medicine, or the persons breathing gets worse and has trouble speaking or responding.Stay with the person until someone arrives. See if the person needs CPR. If they do, give CPR. Medical Emergencies:Choking in an AdultChoking is when an object gets stuck in the airways. Some choking is mild and some is severe.MILD

If someoneThe block in the airway isAnd you should.Can make soundsCan Cough loudly.MildStand by and let them cough.If worried about their breathing, phone 911.Medical Emergencies:Choking in an AdultSevere Choking:

If someoneThe block in the airway isAnd you shouldCannot breath orHas a cough that has no sound orCannot talk or make a sound orMakes the choking sign.SevereAct quicklyFollow the steps to help a choking adult

Helping a Choking AdultWhen helping a choking adult you are to give inward-upper thrusts right above the navel. This is called the Heimlich Maneuver. This video will provide the steps to help someone who is choking. It also includes pregnant women and larger people. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CgtIgSyAiUIf a person stops responding give the person CPR and check for objects in the throat every 30 compressions.

Medical Emergencies:Allergic reactionsMany allergic reactions are mild, however some reactions that seem mild can turn severe within minutes. People can have allergic reactions from foods, bites, and stings. An epinephrine pen should be given.Again, companies have different policies. Be sure to know if your company allows you to give an epinephrine shot.Steps to use an Epi Pen. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjILFYPE3Uw

Mild and Severe Allergic ReactionsMild Allergic ReactionsSever Allergic ReactionsA stuffy nose, sneezing, and itching around the eyes.Itching of the skin.Raised, red rash on the skin (hives).Trouble breathing.Swelling of the tongue and face.Signs or shock.When helping someone with a severe reaction give them an Epipen and note the time of injection. If needed, give CPR.

If possible, save a sample of what caused the reaction.Medical Emergencies:Heart AttackHeart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. The first minutes of the heart attack are the most important because it is when the person is likely to get worse. If the treatments for a heart attack are given quickly the can be successful.Signs: Chest discomfort, discomfort in other areas around the upper body, shortness of breath, and nausea or light-headedness. However, in women, the elderly, and those with diabetes their signs will be chest pain, heartburn, and indigestion. Actions: Help them stay calm. Call 911. Ask someone to get the first aid kit and AED. If the person is not allergic to aspirin, no major bleeding, and no signs of a stroke, proceed to give 2 baby aspirin or 1 regular. If the person becomes unresponsive and needs CPR, proceed.Medical Emergencies:FaintingFainting is when someone stops responding for less than a minute and them seems fine. This is usually caused by not enough blood going to the brain. Before fainting the person may feel dizzy. Fainting often occurs with the person stands without moving for a long timeespecially is the weather is hot, has a heart condition, suddenly stands after squatting or bending down, and receiving bad news. Actions for FaintingMake sure the scene is safe.Help the person lie flat on the floor.If the person doesnt improve or stops responding, phone 911.

If a person faints and then starts to respond:Ask the person to continue to lie flat on the floor until he can feel normal.If the person fell, look for injuries caused by the fall. Phone 911/Medical Emergencies:Diabetes and Low Blood SugarDiabetes is a disease that affects levels of sugar in the blood. Too much or too little sugar causes problems. Too much insulin can cause low blood sugar.Low blood sugar can occur if the person with diabetes hasnt eaten or is vomiting, not eaten enough food for the level of activity, or injected too much insulin. Signs of low blood sugar can appear quickly and may include a change in behavior, sleepiness or not responding, hunger, thirst, or weakness, swelling and pale skin, and seizures.

Actions for Low Blood SugarIf the person can sit up and swallow give them something that contains sugar to eat or drink. Have them sit quietly or lie down.Phone 911.

Give them fruit juice, sugar, milk, honey, or pop.Medical Emergencies:StrokeStrokes occur when blood stops flowing to a part of the brain. This can happen if there is bleeding or a blocked blood vessel in the brain. The signs of a stroke are usually sudden. New Treatments can reduce the damage from a stoke if given after the first few hours after the signs appear. Signs: Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or legespecially on one side of the body, sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or trouble understanding, sudden trouble seeing out of one or both eyes, sudden trouble walking, and sudden headache with no cause.Actions for StrokeMake sure the scene is safe.Phone or ask someone to phone 911 and get first aid kit and AED.Not the time of stroke.See if the person needs CPR.Medical Emergencies:SeizureA seizure is abnormal activity in the brain. Most seizures stop within a few minutes. Epilepsy often causes seizures but not all seizures are caused by that. Seizures can be caused by head injury, low blood sugar, heat-related injury, and poisons. The person may bite his tongue during a seizure, DO NOT put your fingers or any other object in their mouth to stop this. Treat that injury afterwards. The person may be sleepy and confused after the seizure. Signs: Lose muscle control, fall to the ground, jerk arms, legs, or other parts of the body, and they may stop responding.Actions for SeizureMake sure the scene is safe.Protect the person by moving furniture or other objects out of the way. And placing a small pad or towel under the persons head if it is easy to do so.Call 911.

After a seizure, follow these steps:See if the person needs CPR.Stay with the person.If the person is vomiting or has fluid in their mouth and you think the person doesnt have a head, neck, or spine injury, roll him to his side.Medical Emergencies:ShockShock develops when there is not enough blood flowing through the body. Someone with shock may stop responding. In adults shock is most present if someone loses a lot of blood that you may or may not be able to see, has a sever heart attack, or has a severe allergic reaction. A person in shock may feel weak, faint, dizzy, nauseous, thirsty, have pale skin, act restless agitated or confused, and be cold and clammy to the touch.Actions for ShockMake sure the scene is safe.Phone or send someone to call 911. Get the first aid kit and AED.Help them lie on their back.Cover the person in shock to keep them warm.Give CPR if needed.Injury EmergenciesCPR often needs given. Injury Emergencies include bleeding you can see, wounds, bleeding you cannot see, head, neck, and spine injuries, broken bones and sprains, and burns and electrical injuries.

Injury Emergencies:Bleeding you can seeA lot of the times bleeding seems worse than what it is. When a vessel is cut or torn a lot of blood can be lost in a short amount of time but usually it can be stopped with pressure. Call 911 if the bleeding will not stop, if there is a lot of blood, if the person has a head, neck, or spine injury, signs of shock, or you are not sure what to do.Actions for Bleeding you can seeMake sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Put a dressing on the wound and apply direct pressure. If the bleeding does not stop apply more dressing and pressure.Keep pressure until it has stopped. If you cant keep pressure wrap a bandage firmly around the wound.Use antibiotic cream on small wounds and clean off the small wound, also.BandagingBandages help protect, cover, and put pressure on a would. Steps to bandaging:Make sure scene is safe.Use direct pressure, with gauze dressing if available, to stop any bleeding.Apply the bandage over the dressings.TourniquetsThese are used for sever bleeding and can be painful.Steps: Make sure scene is safe. Call 911 and get the first aid kit and AED.Place 2 inches above wound.Tighten until bleeding stops.Note the time you put it on.Get medical help ASAP.Leave it on until someone arrives. Injury Emergencies:WoundsWounds such as bleeding from the nose or mouth, tooth injuries, eye injuries, penetrating and puncturing objects, and amputation.NosebleedsWith nosebleeds it can be hard to tell how much blood the person is loosing because they often swallow some of their blood causing them to throw up.Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Press both sides of nostrils while the person sits and leans forward.Place constant pressure on both sides of the nostrils for a few minutes until the bleeding stops.If bleeding continues, press harder.Phone 911 if you cant stop the bleeding within 15 minutes, the bleeding is heavy, or if they are having trouble breathing.Bleeding from the mouthUsually bleeding from the mouth can be stopped with pressure. Bleeding from the mouth can be serious if blood or broken teeth are blocking the air way or if you cannot reach the bleeding area. Actions:Make sure that the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.If you can easily reach the bleeding, apply pressure to the area with dressings.Phone 911 if you cannot stop the bleeding of if the person has trouble bleeding.Tooth InjuriesBroken, loose, or knocked out teeth can be very dangerous.Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Check the mouth for any missing, loose, or parts of teeth. Clean the wound with saline or clean water.If a tooth is loose, have the person bite down on a piece of gauze to keep the tooth in place and call a dentist. If a tooth is chipped, gently clean the injured area and call a dentist. Apply pressure with gauze to stop any bleeding at the empty tooth socket.If a tooth has come out, put the tooth in a cup of milk or clean water and immediately take the injured person and tooth to a dentist or emergency department.Tell the person to talk with a dentist if a tooth changed colors after injury.Hold the tooth by the crown, not the roots. This will help reattach the tooth, And keep the tooth out of mouth.Eye InjuriesEye injuries may happen with a direct hit or punch to the side of the head, when a ball or other object directly hits the eye, when a high-speed object hits the eye, when a stick or other sharp object punctures the eye, or when a small object gets in the eye.Signs: Pain, trouble seeing, bruising, bleeding, and redness or swelling.Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Phone 911 if they eye is hit hard of punctured. Tell the person to keep their eye closed. IF there is an irritant in the eye use water to rinse it. If the irritant does not come out or it the person is in extreme pain, phone or ask someone to phone 911 while the person keeps their eye closed.Penetrating and Puncturing ObjectsAn object such as a knife or stick that can penetrate and puncture the skin. Leave the object in place until a healthcare provider arrives.Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first Aid kit and AED.Call 911.Stop any bleeding you can see.Try to keep the injured person from moving.

AmputationIf a part of the body is cut off, save the body part because they may be able to reattach it. You can save a body part at room temperature but it would be best if it remained cool.Actions for the body part:Rinse amputated part with clean water.Cover or wrap he amputated part with a clean dressing.If it will fit, place the amputated part in a watertight plastic bag. Place that bag in another container with ice or ice and water; label with the injured persons name, date, and time.Make sure it is sent to the hospital with that person.Never place the amputated part directly on ice or in water because it may damage it.Actions for AmputationMake sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Call 911.Stop bleeding with pressure. You will have to press for a long time with a lot of pressure to start the bleeding.If you find the amputated part, protect it.Stay with the person until someone arrives.Injury Emergencies:Bleeding you cannot seeBleeding inside the body can be mild or sever. You may not be able to see physical signs of this feeling. Suspect this bleeding if you have been in a car crash, a sports injury, had a hit to the abdomen, shortness of breath, bruising on the stomach, or a knife or gunshot wound.Actions: Make sure scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Call 911.Have the person lie down and keep still.Check for signs of shock.See if the person needs CPR.Head InjuriesSuspect the injury from the following:Fell from heights, was hit in the head, was injured while diving, suffered and electrical injury, or was involved in a car crash.Signs: Does not respond or only moans or movesActs sleepy or confusedVomitsComplains of a headacheHas trouble seeingHas trouble walking or moving any part of the bodyHas a seizure

Neck or Spine InjuriesThe bones of the spine protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord carries messages between the brain and the body. If the spine is damaged the spinal cord may be injured. You may cause further damage to the spinal cord if you bend twist or move the neck. Leave the person alone.Signs:65 or OlderWas in a car or bicycle crashHas fallen from a heightHas tingling or weakness in the extremitiesHas pain or tenderness in the neck or backAppears to be intoxicated or not fully alertHas other painful injuries, especially of the head and neck.Broke Bones or SprainsJoint sprains happen when joints move in directions they are not supposed to go. Without an x-ray, it may be impossible to tell whether a bone is broken. But you will perform the same actions even if you dont know whether the bone is broken. There may be swelling and the joint may turn slightly blue.Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get fist aid kit and AED.Cover any open would with a clean dressing.Put a plastic bag filled with ice and water on the injured area with a towel between the ice and the skin for at least 20 minutes.Phone 911 if there is a large open wound, the injured part is abnormally bent, or if you are not sure what to do.If the injured part hurts the person should avoid using it.SplintingA splint keeps an injured body part from moving and keeps it in tact at one place.Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.To make a splint, use something that will keep the arms or leg from moving.Ideally, plae the splint so that it extends beyond the injured area and supports the joints above and below the injury.Tie the splint to the injured body part so that is supports the injured area. Use tape, gauze, or clothe to secure it.Make sure that the inquired person is checked ny a healthcare provider.You should be able to stick a few fingers between the splint and the skin. BurnsBurns are injures that can be caused by contact with heat, electricity, or chemicals. Heat burns can be caused by contact with fire, a hot surface, a hot liquid, or steam. Use cool water on burns. Ice can damage burned areas. If someone with a burn gets too cold, they can get hypothermia. Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.If the burn area is small, cool it immediately with cold, but not ice cold, water. Run cold water on the burn until is doesnt hurt.You may cover the burn with a dry, nonstick sterile or clean dressing.Phone 911 if there is a fire, the person has a large burn, or you are not sure what to do.Actions for Large BurnsMake sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.IF the person is on fire, put the fire out.Remove jewelry and clothing that is not stuck to the skin.Cover the person with a dry blanket.Check for signs of shock.Cover the person up in case they get cold because they can no longer control their body temperature.Electrical Injuries.Electricty can burn on the inside and the outside. Electricity can stop breathing or cause a deadly abnormal heart rhythm. Electricity may leave small marks on the body. No one can tell how much damage there is inside the body based on the marks outside. Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and PPE.Call 911.When it is sade to touch the injured person, see if he needs CPR .A healthcare should check everyone who has an electronic injury. Stay clear of an electrocuted person because they can electrocute you, too. Does not respond or only moans or movesActs sleepy or confusedVomitsComplains of a headacheHas trouble seeingHas trouble walking or moving any part of the bodyHas a seizureEnvironmental EmergenciesCPR may be given during these emergencies. Such emergencies include bites and stings, heat-related emergencies, cold-related emergencies, and posoin emergencies.Animal and Human BitesAlthough many bites are minor some bites can break the skin causing it to get infected. Always stay away from animals that are acting strange.Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Call 911Clean the wound with water and soapStop any bleeding with pressure and dressingsFor all bites that break the skin call a health care provider.If there is a bruise or selling, place a bag of ice and water wrapped in a towel on the bite for up to 20 minutes.These animals may carry rabies. Call a healthcare provider if you are in the room with a bat.SnakebitesIf a snake bites someone it is always nice to know that snake bit you. Signs: Pain in the bite area that keeps getting worse, swelling of the bite area, and nausea, vomiting, sweating and weakness. Actions:Make sure the scene is safe, Get first aid kit and AED.Call 911Ask the bitten person to be still and calm and to avoid the part of the body that was bitten. Remove any tight clothing or jewelry.Gently wash the area with running water and soap.Watch snakes when going into the area, if it is hurt leave it alone.Insect, Bee, and Spider BitesUsually only cause mild pain, itching, and swelling. Some bites can be fatal if the person has an allergicv reaction or it the insect is poisonous.Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Call 911 if the person has signs of an allergic reaction.If a bee stung the person look for a stinger and scrape it out.Wash the bite or sting with soap and water.Put a bag of ice and water in a towel or cloth over the bite or sting for 20 minutes.Watch the person for at least 30 minute for signs of allergic reaction.Poisonous Spider and Scorpion Bites and StingsSever pain at the sight of bight or stingMuscle crampsHeadacheFeverVomitingBreathing problemsSeizuresLack of response

Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Phone 911Wash the bite with soap and waterIce the bite/stingIf CPR is needed give it

TicksTicks are usually found in the woods. Most ticks are harmless but some carry diseases. Remove ticks as soon as possible.Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Grab the tick by its mouth or head as close to the skins as possible with tweezers or a tick removing device.Lift the tick straight out without twisting or squeezing its body. If you left the tick until the persons skin tents and wait for several seconds the tick may let go.Was the bite with soap and waterSee a health care provider if you are in an are where tick-borne diseases are common. Place the tick in a plastic bag and give it to the health care provider.Heat Related EmergenciesMost of these injures are caused by vigorous exercise. Heat cramps are painful muscle spasms, most often in calves, arms, stomach muscles, and back. Signs of heat cramps include muscle cramps, sweating, and a headache.Action:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Hae the person with heat cramps rest and cool off.Have the person drink something that contains sugar and electrolytes, such as juice or a sports drink, or water if the others are not available.The person will be able to exercise again after working out the muscles and icing for 20 minutes.Heat ExhaustionThis is a serious condition that often turns into a heat stroke. It occurs when someone is out in the heat sweating a lot. Signs of heat exhaustion are sweating, nauseam dizziness, vomiting, muscle cramps, feeliong faint, and fatigue. Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Call 911Have the person lie down in a cool placeRemove as much of the persons clothing as possible.Cool the person with a cool water spray.IF cool water spray is not available, place cool damp cloths on the neck, armpit, and groin area.Have the person drink something that contains sugar and electrolytes, such as a juice or a sports drinks. Water will work.Heat StrokeThis is a very serious condition. It looks similar to heat exhaustion but it is life threatening. You need to act quickly. The key signs of a heat stroke are confusion, passing out, dizziness, and seizures. Other signs are vomiting, nausea, muscle cramps, felling faint, and fatigue. Actions:Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and AED.Call 911Put the person in cool water, up to the neck if possible.See if the person needs CPR.Begin the cooling process immediately. Cool with spray if all else fails. Stop cooling once behavior normals. Only put water on persons skin. If the person can drink get them something. Cold Related Emergencies:FrostbiteFrostbite affects parts of the body that are ecposed to the cold, such as fingers, toes, nose, and ears. Frostbite typically occurs outside in cold weather but it can also occur inside if workers dont have gloves one and handling cold material. The signs of frostbite are the skin is white, waxy, or gray. The area is cold and numb. The area is hard and the skin does not move when you push it.Actions:Move to a warm palceCall 911Remove tight clothing and jewelry from frostbitten areaRemove wet clothing and pat the body dry. Put dry clothes on the person and cover with blanket.Do not try to thaw the frozen part. If you think there may be a chance of refreezing.HypothermiaThis is when the body temperature falls. People can develop hypothermia even when the temperature is above freezing. The signs are cool skin, shivering, confused and drowsy, personality change, stiff muscles. If the body temperature continues to drop the person stops responding, their breathing slows, and they appear to be dead.Actions:Get person out of the cold.Remove wet clothing and pat the body dry.Call 911Wrap the person up with anything you haveclothing, towels, newspapers, etc. Cover the head but not the face.Give CPR if needed.Poison Emergencies A poison is anything someone swallows, breathes, or gets in the eyes or on the skin that causes sickness or death. The number for the American Association of Poison Control Centers is 1-800-222-1222Scene Safety for PosisonIf you think someone has been exposed to a poison be sure the scene is safe.Make sure the scene is safe before you approach.If the scene seems unsafe, do not approach. Tell everyone to move away. Look for signs that warn you that poisons are nearby.Look for spilled or leaking containers. Stay our of the areas with the posing if you see more than 1 victim.If you approach the scene wear appropriate eqipment.Removing poisonGet the poison off as quickly as possible.Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit. Wear PPEs.Help take off contaminated clothing and jewelry.Quickly help the person to a washing station.Brush off any powder or solid substance with gloved hand.Rinse contaminated area with water for 20 minutes.If only one eye is affected rinse with the affected eye closest to the sink. Do not get the other eye contaminated by letting the water run through it.MSDS SheetsWorkplaces should have MSDS sheets. These are called Material Safety Data Sheets. These tell you how poisons can be harmful. However it does not tell you how to treat the poison. Make sure the scene is safe. Get first aid kit and PPEs.Call 911Tell dispatcher the name of the poison if possibleRemove poison, if possible.Move the person from the scene of the poison, if possible.Move the person to fresh air, if possible.Send someone to get the MSDSUse mask if you have to give CPR.Have These Things ReadyWhen you call 911 have these ready:Name of poison. Describe it?How much poison did the person consume? How old is the person?When did poisoning happen?How is the person feeling or acting now?