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Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson , Lund University

Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

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Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice. Daniel Nilsson , Lund University. Our University. Lund University. Our department. Department of Fire Safety Engineering Fires and Human Behaviour. Dr Håkan Frantzich. Daniel Nilsson. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

Daniel Nilsson, Lund University

Page 2: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

Our University

• Lund University

Page 3: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

Our department

• Department of Fire Safety Engineering

• Fires and Human Behaviour

Dr Håkan Frantzich Daniel Nilsson

Page 4: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

Daniel Nilsson, Lund University

Page 5: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Outline

• General

• Pre-movement time

• Exit choice and movement

• Discussion

Page 6: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

General

• Fires and human behaviour

– Fire preparedness

– Fire setting

– Evacuation

– Rescue operations

Page 7: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

General

• When is a building safe for the occupants in case of fire?

Available SafeEscape Time

(ASET)

>

Safe

Required SafeEscape Time

(RSET)

Page 8: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

General• ASET

- Computer simulations

SmokeToxic gasesTemperature

Radiation

Page 9: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

General• RSET - simple model

Detection & Alarm

Pre-movement Travel

Time

Page 10: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

General• RSET - simple model

Detection & Alarm Pre-movement Travel

Time

Page 11: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

General• RSET - simple model

Detection & Alarm

Pre-movementTravel

Time

Page 12: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

General• RSET - simple model

Detection & Alarm

Pre-movementTravel

Time

Page 13: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

General

Page 14: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• Hard to quantify

• Research - experiments– Marks&Spencer (Northern Ireland)– Occupancy (Canada)– Offices (Canada)– Cinema (Sweden - LU)– IKEA (Sweden - LU)– Nuclear power plant (Sweden - LU)

Page 15: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• Is the pre-movement time really that important?

(Sime, Creed, Kimura & Powell, 1992)

”The most important finding of this research is the fact that the start up time (i.e. people’s reaction to an alarm) is as (if not more) important as the time it takes physically to reach an exit”

Page 16: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• Is the pre-movement time really that important?

(Proulx & Sime, 1991)

”If people take a long time to start to evacuate a setting the residual time to reach safety can be dramatically reduced.”

Page 17: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• Nuclear power plant - 2005– Maintenance– Containment– Airlocks– Protective

clothing

Page 18: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• Why don't people start to evacuate immediately?– Do not recognize the cue – False alarm / drill– Investment– Social influence

Page 19: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• Recommendations based on experiments

Pre-movement time

Type of builing Type of alarm

Page 20: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• Social influence

Page 21: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• Latané & Darley, 1970

• Experiment– Students, only male– Interview about urban life– Questionnaire– Smoke!!!– Alone, three subjects or one subject

and two passive confederates

Page 22: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• Results

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time (minutes)

Cumulative proportion reporting smoke

AloneThreeTwo passive

Page 23: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• Why does the student who is alone respond quicker?

• Social Influence

Informational

Normative

Page 24: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• New study of cinema experiments– A. Johansson, TUD– D. Nilsson, LU

• Two types of alarms– Ringing bell– Spoken message

Page 25: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Pre-movement

• Results– Social influence more important for

the ringing bell

Page 26: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

• After pre-movement - choose an exit and move to a safe place

• Emergency exits not always used

• Example - IKEA experiments– Used normal

exit– Only some

emergencyexits

Page 27: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

Page 28: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

• Some exits were used

Page 29: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

• Affiliation theory– Sime

– Move towards familiar exits and people

– Summerlandbuildingcomplex

Page 30: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice• Learned irrelevance

– McClintoc et al

– Learn not to observe signs

– Study with blue flashing lights

Page 31: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

• How can we get people to choose the exits we want?– Flashing lights– Instructive messages

Page 32: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice• Tunnel experiments

– 46 participants

– One at a time

– Smoke and aceticacid

– Filmed with IR camera

– Sound - fan & fire

Page 33: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

Exit 1 Exit 2 Exit 3

Entrance Tunnel exit

35 meters

Page 34: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

PillarsCar

Exit 1 Exit 2 Exit 3

Page 35: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

Measurement of the extinction coefficient

Boiling acetic acid

Page 36: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

Flashing lights

Row of flashing lights

Floor markings

Page 37: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

Page 38: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

• Results– Walls important– Way guidance systems not as

effective as believed– Feeling more than vision

Page 39: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

• Experiments - spring 2006

• Cinema– Flashing green lights– Instructive message

• Office– Flashing lights

Page 40: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Exit choice

• Office - 9 floors, 400 persons

Page 41: Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

General

Exit choice

Discussion

Pre-move

Discussion

• General

• Pre-movement– Experiments (cinema, power

plant, IKEA)

– Social influence

• Exit choice– Tunnel experiment

– Cinema and offices


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