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Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice
Daniel Nilsson, Lund University
Our University
• Lund University
Our department
• Department of Fire Safety Engineering
• Fires and Human Behaviour
Dr Håkan Frantzich Daniel Nilsson
Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice
Daniel Nilsson, Lund University
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Outline
• General
• Pre-movement time
• Exit choice and movement
• Discussion
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General
• Fires and human behaviour
– Fire preparedness
– Fire setting
– Evacuation
– Rescue operations
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General
• When is a building safe for the occupants in case of fire?
Available SafeEscape Time
(ASET)
>
Safe
Required SafeEscape Time
(RSET)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General• ASET
- Computer simulations
SmokeToxic gasesTemperature
Radiation
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General• RSET - simple model
Detection & Alarm
Pre-movement Travel
Time
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General• RSET - simple model
Detection & Alarm Pre-movement Travel
Time
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General• RSET - simple model
Detection & Alarm
Pre-movementTravel
Time
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General• RSET - simple model
Detection & Alarm
Pre-movementTravel
Time
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
General
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Hard to quantify
• Research - experiments– Marks&Spencer (Northern Ireland)– Occupancy (Canada)– Offices (Canada)– Cinema (Sweden - LU)– IKEA (Sweden - LU)– Nuclear power plant (Sweden - LU)
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Is the pre-movement time really that important?
(Sime, Creed, Kimura & Powell, 1992)
”The most important finding of this research is the fact that the start up time (i.e. people’s reaction to an alarm) is as (if not more) important as the time it takes physically to reach an exit”
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Is the pre-movement time really that important?
(Proulx & Sime, 1991)
”If people take a long time to start to evacuate a setting the residual time to reach safety can be dramatically reduced.”
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Nuclear power plant - 2005– Maintenance– Containment– Airlocks– Protective
clothing
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Why don't people start to evacuate immediately?– Do not recognize the cue – False alarm / drill– Investment– Social influence
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Recommendations based on experiments
Pre-movement time
Type of builing Type of alarm
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Social influence
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Latané & Darley, 1970
• Experiment– Students, only male– Interview about urban life– Questionnaire– Smoke!!!– Alone, three subjects or one subject
and two passive confederates
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Results
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (minutes)
Cumulative proportion reporting smoke
AloneThreeTwo passive
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Why does the student who is alone respond quicker?
• Social Influence
Informational
Normative
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• New study of cinema experiments– A. Johansson, TUD– D. Nilsson, LU
• Two types of alarms– Ringing bell– Spoken message
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Pre-movement
• Results– Social influence more important for
the ringing bell
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• After pre-movement - choose an exit and move to a safe place
• Emergency exits not always used
• Example - IKEA experiments– Used normal
exit– Only some
emergencyexits
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• Some exits were used
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• Affiliation theory– Sime
– Move towards familiar exits and people
– Summerlandbuildingcomplex
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice• Learned irrelevance
– McClintoc et al
– Learn not to observe signs
– Study with blue flashing lights
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• How can we get people to choose the exits we want?– Flashing lights– Instructive messages
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice• Tunnel experiments
– 46 participants
– One at a time
– Smoke and aceticacid
– Filmed with IR camera
– Sound - fan & fire
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
Exit 1 Exit 2 Exit 3
Entrance Tunnel exit
35 meters
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
PillarsCar
Exit 1 Exit 2 Exit 3
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
Measurement of the extinction coefficient
Boiling acetic acid
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
Flashing lights
Row of flashing lights
Floor markings
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• Results– Walls important– Way guidance systems not as
effective as believed– Feeling more than vision
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• Experiments - spring 2006
• Cinema– Flashing green lights– Instructive message
• Office– Flashing lights
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Exit choice
• Office - 9 floors, 400 persons
General
Exit choice
Discussion
Pre-move
Discussion
• General
• Pre-movement– Experiments (cinema, power
plant, IKEA)
– Social influence
• Exit choice– Tunnel experiment
– Cinema and offices
