1.Fire SafetyPreparedness By: Jamie Dobson

2. Fires in the United States During 2011Facts - NFPA 1,389,500 fires were reportedin the U.S. during 2011. 3,005 fire deaths One death occurred every two hours and 55 minutes 17,500 fire injuries One injury occurred every 30 minutes $11.7 billion in property damage A fire department responded to a fire every 23seconds 3. Fires in the United States During 2011Facts - NFPA 484,500 structurefires occurred in theU.S. during 2011. 2,640 fire deaths 15,635 fire injuries $9.7 billion in property damage One structure fire was reported every 65 seconds 4. Fires in the United States During 2011Facts - NFPA 219,000 vehicle fires occurredin the U.S. during 2011. 300 fire deaths 1,190 fire injuries $1.4 billion in property damage One vehicle fire was reported every 144seconds 5. Fires in the United States During 2011Facts - NFPA 686,000 outside and otherfires occurred in the U.S.during 2011. 65 fire deaths 675 fire injuries $616 million in propertydamage One outside fire wasreported every 46 seconds 6. Fire Department Responses by Type ofCall, 2011 - NFPA Total Incidents 30,098,000 Medical Aid Responses (Ambulance, EMS, Rescue)19,803,000 All Other Responses (smoke scares, lock-outs, etc.)4,171,500 False Alarms 2,383,000 Fire Incidents 1,389,500 Mutual Aid or Assistance Calls 1,252,000 Other Hazardous Responses (arcing wires, gas leak etc.)720,000 Hazardous Material Responses (Spills, Leaks, etc.) 379,000 7. Fire Department Responses by Type ofCall, 2011 - NFPA 8. Facts More house fires occur in the wintermonths, than at any other time of the year. Cooking is the leading cause of home fires in theUnited States. Frying poses a higher risk of fire than othercooking methods. Young children and older adults face a higherrisk of death from cooking fires, than any otherage groups.(U.S. Fire Administration) 9. Facts Heating appliances are the second leading causeof house fires in the United States. Fires confined to chimneys, flues, fuel boxes orboilers, account for 86% of residential buildingheating fires. In less than 30 seconds, a small flame can getcompletely out of control and turn into a majorfire. Having a working smoke alarm reduces oneschance of dying in a fire by nearly one-half. (U.S. Fire Administration) 10. What We Can Do to PreventHouse Fires Ask your parents where the smoke detectorsare in your house and know what to do if youhear them beep. Make sure there are working smokedetectors, mounted to the ceilings, on alllevels of the house. Do not leave burning candles unattended. 11. What We Can Do to PreventHouse Fires Never walk away from food cooking on thestove. A gas range or oven should not be used as aheater, as this can produce toxic fumes. 12. What We Can Do to PreventHouse Fires Do not use electric space heaters inbathrooms, kitchens or other rooms, wherethey could have contact with water. Keep all electric heaters and fuel burningheaters away from furniture and drapes. Keep trash away from all heat sources. Dont sit too close to a fireplace. The embersfrom the fire can catch on your clothes. 13. What We Can Do to PreventHouse Fires Do not wear loose pajamas or clothingaround electric or gas space heaters. Looseclothing can catch on the heater and burn. Learn how to stop, drop, and roll. This isimportant to know. If your clothes are onfire, it is best to stop, drop to the floor androll around on the floor until the fire is putout instead of running. 14. Preventing HouseFires Dont play with matches or lighters. Thesecan hurt you, and they can start a house oryard fire. Make sure to turn off TVs, stereos, lamps andother equipment before leaving your roomor home. As a family, devise an escape plan, in casethere is a house fire. Practice the plan. 15. Preventing House FiresKnow to call 9-1-1 if there is ever a fire in your home! 16. Definitions (from dictionary.com) (From Dictionary.com)FIRE - a state, process, or instance ofcombustion in which fuel or other material isignited and combined with oxygen, giving offlight, heat, and flame.SMOKE - the visible vapor and gases given off bya burning or smoldering substance, especiallythe gray, brown, or blackish mixture of gasesand suspended carbon particles resulting fromthe combustion of wood, peat, coal, or otherorganic matter. 17. Definitions(from dictionary.com)(From Dictionary.com)HEAT - the state of a body perceived as havingor generating a relatively high degree ofwarmth.FUEL -combustible matter used to maintain fire,as coal, wood, oil, or gas, in order to create heator power. 18. Chemistry of Fire Fire Tetrahedron In order for fire to occur four things must bepresent, Oxygen, Fuel, Heat, and a Chemical ChainReaction. This is represented by the FireTetrahedron. When any of the four items areremoved, the fire will go out. Fire extinguishers function by removing one of thefour components of the Fire Tetrahedron. 19. THE FOUR STAGES OF COMBUSTIONExplosions excepted, most fires have quite humblebeginnings and grow through four stages:Incipient Stage - At this stage, decomposition is occurring at the surface of the fuel due to the influence of some form of heat. Products of combustion given off at this stage are invisible to the eye.Smoldering Stage - At this stage, up to 10% of the decomposing products released at the surface of the fuel are visible. 20. THE FOUR STAGES OF COMBUSTION Flaming Stage - Vapors from the decomposing fuel have ignited and are at the stage where flames are self propagating. Heat Stage - At this stage the burning has progressed to the point where the fire is still small but generating sufficient heat to warm the air immediately around the fire, sending warm products of combustion upwards by convection. 21. THE FOUR STAGES OF COMBUSTION The time required for a fire to developthrough the first two stages is usually quitelong when compared to the last two.Depending on conditions, the timeinvolved going through all stages may beanything from seconds to days. 22. THE CHEMISTRY OF FIRE EXTINCTIONThe principles of fire extinction consist of the elimination or removalof one or more of the four elements. These principles are: COOLING The most commonly used fire fighting medium is water. Water absorbs heat from the fire and cools the fuel to a temperature where it no longer produces flammable vapors. SMOTHERING By excluding the oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere, the fire will be extinguished. 23. THE CHEMISTRY OF FIRE EXTINCTIONSTARVATION Starvation is achieved by removal of the fuel burning inthe fire. Sometimes combustible material can beremoved such as by shutting off gas valves or fuel flows. STOP CHAIN REACTION Stop or interrupt the chain reaction between the fuel, heat and oxygen the fire will be extinguished. Specific methods of extinguishing fires often involve acombination of more than one of the four principles 24. Some causes of FireElectricity Space HeatersHousekeepingConstructionImproper StorageCleaning SuppliesCombustible Liquids Flammable LiquidsEquipment CarelessnessUnattended Cooking Prevention is the best way tofight a fire! 25. 4 classes of fire: Class A Ordinary combustibles or fibrous material, such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and some plastics.Class BFlammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, paint, paint thinners and propane.Class CEnergized electrical equipment, such as appliances,switches, panel boxes and power tools. Class D Certain combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, and sodium. 26. 4 classes of fire:ELECTRICITY Electricity presents a special hazard in a firesituation. Electricity does not burn, itproduces heat which may result in one of theclasses of fire. If the electricity is removed(e.g. by switching off the power), the heatsource is removed and the remaining fireshould be dealt with according to its class. If the source of electricity cannot beeliminated, a non-conductive extinguishingagent should be used. 27. Each of these three elements must be present atthe same time to have a fire. A fire will burn untilone or more of the elements is removed.FuelAny combustible material solid,liquid or gasOxygen HeatThe air we breathe is The energy necessaryabout 21% oxygen to increase the fire needs onlytemperature of fuel to16% oxygen where sufficient vapors are given off for ignition to occur 28. Extinguishment Theory Removing Heat Removing Fuel Reducing Oxygen WILL Inhibit Chemical Chain Reaction 29. Multi-Class RatingsMany extinguishers available today can be used on different typesof fires and will be labeled with more than one designator, e.g. A-B,B-C, or A-B-C.This label shows that this extinguishercan be used on ordinary combustibles(A) or flammable liquids (B). The New Style of Labelingred slash through the last symboltells you that the extinguisher cannotbe used on electrical fires (C).Be advised that most fireOld Style of Labelingextinguishers will function forless than 40 seconds. 30. The P.A.S.S. MethodAim the hoseor nozzle.Pull the pin.Squeeze the lever.Sweep the agent. 31. You are notexpectedto be firefighters! Do not takeunnecessary risks! 32. 10 Tips for Fire Safety 1. Install Smoke Detectors SMOKE DETECTORS should be installed on each level of your homeand outside of each sleeping area. Test smoke detectors monthly and change the batteries twice ayear. Never take the batteries out of your smoke detectors. 33. 10 Tips for Fire Safety2. Plan Your Escape From Fire Make an escape plan with your family. Have two ways out of each room. If you live in an apartment, do not use the elevator. Have a meeting place. Once you are outside, do notgo back in for any reason. Practice your plan. 34. 10 Tips for Fire Safety3. Keep an Eye on Smokers CARELESS SMOKING is the leading cause of fire deaths . Make sure that all smokers use ashtrays. If someone drops a cigarette, check the area to ensurethat there are no embers left behind. 35. 10 Tips for Fire Safety 4.Cook Carefully NEVER LEAVE COOKING unattended. Keep cookingareas clear of combustibles and wear clothes with shortor tight-fitting sleeves when you cook. Turn pot handlesinward on the stove, where you cant bump them andchildren cant grab them. If grease catches fire in a pan,slide a lid over the pan to smother the flames and turnoff the heat source.Keep lid on until pan iscompletely cooled. 36. 10 Tips for Fire Safety 5.Give Space Heaters Space KEEP PORTABLE AND SPACE heaters at least three feetaway from anything that can burn. Keep children andpets away from heaters and never leave heaters onwhen you leave home or go to bed. 37. 10 Tips for Fire Safety 6. Matches and Lighters -Tools, Not Toys IN A CHILDS HAND matches and lighters can be deadly.Matches and lighters are tools, not toys, and should be used only by adults or with adult supervision. Teachsmall children to tell a grownup if they find matches orlighters; older children should bring matches and lightersto an adult immediately. 38. 10 Tips for Fire Safety7. Cool a Burn RUN COOL WATER over a burn for 10 to 15 minutes. Ifthe burned skin blisters or is charred, see a doctor immediately. 39. 10 Tips for Fire Safety 8.Use Electricity SafelyIF AN ELECTRIC APPLIANCE smokes or has an unusualsmell, unplug it immediately, then have it serviced before using it again Replace any electrical cord that iscracked or frayed. Dont overload extension cords or runthem under rugs. 40. 10 Tips for Fire Safety 9. Crawl Low Under Smoke DURING A FIRE, smoke and poisonous gases rise withthe heat. The air is cleaner near the floor. If you mustescape through smoke, crawl on your hands and kneesto the nearest exit, keeping your head 12 to 24 inchesabove the floor. 41. 10 Tips for Fire Safety 10. Stop, Drop, and Roll IF YOUR CLOTHES CATCH FIRE, dont run. Stop whereyou are, drop to the ground, cover your face with your hands, and roll over and over to smother the flames. 42. If you have a fire Leave, close the door, and call 9-1-1 from outside. Report ALL fires to the fire department, even if you think you put them out! Dont ignore alarms! Even if your building has frequent alarms, you need to leave when they go off. Once youre out, STAY OUT! Dont go back inside for possessions or pets. Notify the fire department if anyone is unaccounted for.You never know when it could be a real fire. 43. Escape Routes When the smoke alarmsounds, you may only haveseconds or minutes toescape safely. Have a meeting place foreveryone to gather outside. Plan two ways out, in caseone way is filled with smokeor fire. Know your escape Once you are outside, do notroutes and practice go back in for any reason.them. 44. Summary There are many ways to reduce your risk of fire: Stay focused when youre cooking. Use candles responsibly, or not at all. Dont overload electrical sockets or misuse extensioncords. If someone is smoking in or near your home, check tomake sure that all smoking materials are properlydisposed of. Have a fire safety plan and practice it! Have working smoke and CO alarms. Be responsible.