Fire and Explosion Hazard Risk in Work Place

7/28/2019 Fire and Explosion Hazard Risk in Work Place

1/94

FIRE & EXPOLSION

HAZARD AND RISK

IN

WORK PLACE

TPgB GOH THEAN LAI

DEPUTY FIRE SUPERINTENDENT

KETUA BAHAGIAN PENYIASATAN KEBAKARAN ZON PERAI


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7/94

WHY MANAGE FIRE ???

MANAGEMENT CARE ABOUT YOUR

SAFETY

MANY PEOPLE ARE UNNECESSARILYINJURED BY FIRE AT WORK EACH YEAR

THE LAW SPECIFICALLY REQUIRES

EMPLOYERS TO TRAIN ITS STAFF IN FIRESAFETY

TO LIMIT DAMAGE TO COMPANY ASSET


8/94

THE LAW


9/94

LEGAL OBLIGATIONOccupational Safety & Health Act 1994

SEC 15(1)

EMPLOYERS OBLIGATION TO CONDUCT RISK

ASSESSMENT OF HIS WORKPLACE.

SEC 15(2)(d)

ACCESS TO AND EGRESS FROM A PLACE OF

WORK IS SAFE AND WITHOUT RISK


10/94

LEGAL OBLIGATIONOccupational Safety & Health ACt 1994

SEC 17(1) & (2)

GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS & SELF

EMPLOYED PERSONS TO PERSONS OTHERTHAN THEIR EMPLOYEES

SEC 18(1) & (2)

DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS OF A PLACE OF WORK

TO PERSONS OTHER THAN HIS EMPLOYEES


11/94

SEC 19

A PERSON WHO CONTRAVENES THE

PROVISIONS OF SEC 15, 16, 17, 18 SHALL BEGUILTY OF AN OFFENCE AND SHALL ON

CONVICTION BE LIABLE TO A FINE NOT

EXCEEDING FIFTY THOUSAND RINGGIT OR

TO IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT

EXCEEDING TWO YEARS OR TO BOTH.

NON- COMPLIANCE


12/94

FIRE SERVICE ACT & REGULATIONS 1988

SEC 27 SEC 36 REG. 1/2002THERE MUST EXISTS ADEQUATE LIFE

SAFETY, FIRE PREVENTION, FIREPROTECTION AND FIRE-FIGHTING

FACILITIES

FIRE CERTIFICATE FOR DESIGNATED

PREMISES


13/94

SEC 58

ANY PERSON GUILTY OF AN OFFENCE

UNDER THIS ACT FOR WHICH NO PENALTYIS EXPRESSLY PROVIDED SHALL, ON

CONVICTION, BE LIABLE TO A FINE NOT

EXCEEDING FIVE THOUSAND RINGGIT OR

TO IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT

EXCEEDING THREE YEARS OR TO BOTH.

NON- COMPLIANCE


14/94

PROVISION FOR MEANS OF ESCAPE IN CASE OF FIRE

PROVISIONS FOR EARLY WARNING FIRE DETECTION,

CONTROL & SUPPRESSION IN CASE OF FIRE

STRUCTURAL STABILITY

FIRE-RESISTANCE OF ELEMENTS AND STRUCTURE

BUILDING REGULATION REQUIREMENT

UNDER UBBL 1984


15/94

COMPARTMENTATION TO INHIBIT FIRE SPREAD

REDUCTION OF SPREAD OF FLAME OVER

SURFACES OF WALLS AND CEILINGS

SPACE SEPARATION BETWEEN BUILDINGS TO

REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE SPREAD

ACCESS FOR APPLIANCES AND ASSISTANCE

TO THE FIRE BRIGADE

BUILDING REGULATION REQUIREMENT

UNDER UBBL 1984


16/94

DELAYED AWARENESS OF FIRES;

EXITS LOCKED, BARRED OR BLOCKED

OCCUPANTS UNAWARE OF ALTERNATIVE

ESCAPE ROUTES;

ESCAPE ROUTES INADEQUATE INNUMBER, SIZE OR DESIGN;

ESCAPE ROUTES UNTENABLE DUE TO

SMOKE LOGGING

COMMON CAUSES OF FATAL FIRES


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COMMON CAUSES OF FATAL FIRES(cont)

OCCUPANTS UNABLE TO HELP ONESELF

DELAY DEPARTURE

OCCUPANTS WALKING INTO THE PATH OFFIRE OR SMOKE

SUDDEN EXPLOSION OR TOXIC RELEASE

INDIRECT OR SECONDARY CAUSESATTRIBUTED TO FIRE


18/94

LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE


19/94

FIRE STATISTICS

YEAR AMOUNT SAVE

(RM)

LOSSES (RM)CASES

2010

2011

1,957

1,903 72,834,029.00 1,573,892,217.14

66,158,099.80 3,688,105,608.00

172,169,052.80 7,070,258,930.725,654

JABATAN BOMBA DAN PENYELAMAT MALAYSIA

NEGERI PULAU PINANG

2012 1,794 33,176,924.00 1,808,261,105.58


20/94

A fire is a complex chain reaction where afuel hazard and a heat source hazard are

permitted to come together in the presence

of oxygen to generate heat, smoke, and

light.

Byproducts: smoke, soot, ash, and new

chemicals formed in the reaction.

THERMAL RADIATION

What is Fire?.....


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ORIGIN OF FIRE

Physical Causes Of Fire

An Act Of God or Providential

Origin

An Accidental Origin

An Incendiary Origin


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FIRE CHEMISTRY


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FIRE TRIANGLE


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FIRE TETRAHEDRON


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HEAT SOURCE HAZARD

ENDOTHERMIC TYPE OF

REACTION IN WHICH ENERGY IS

ABSORBED WHEN THE REACTION

TAKES PLACE

EXOTHERMIC TYPE OF

REACTION THAT WILL RELEASEOR GIVE OUT ENERGY


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HEAT SOURCE HAZARD

OPEN FLAMES

HOT SURFACE

ELECTRIC ARCS & SPARKS

STATIC ELECTRICITY MECHANICAL SPARKS

LIGHTNING

FRICTION

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

PRESSURE/COMPRESSION


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FUEL SUPPLY HAZARD

WATER-REACTIVE MATERIALS REACT WITH WATER,

OFTEN VIOLENTLY, TO RELEASE HEAT, A FLAMMABLE

OR TOXIC GAS, OR A COMBINATION OF THE TWO e.g

MAGNESIUM

AIR-REACTIVE MATERIALS, SOME WILL IGNITE IN AIR

e.g. POTASSIUM, WHITE PHOSPHOROUS MUST BE

STORED UNDERWATER TO PREVENT ITS IGNITION

OXIDIZERS(OXIDIZING AGENTS) PRESENT SPECIALHAZARDS BECAUSE THEY REACT CHEMICALLY WITH A

LARGE NUMBER OF COMBUSTIBLE ORGANIC

MATERIALS e.g OILS, GREASES, SOLVENTS, PAPER

CLOTH AND WOOD


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FUEL SUPPLY HAZARD

ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLE SOLIDS

FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE

LIQUIDS COMBUSTIBLE GASES

COMBUSTIBLE DUSTS

CHEMICALS

PLASTICS

METALS


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WOOD

PYROLYSIS

FUEL VAPOUR2

FLAMMABLE MIXTURE

IGNITION SOURCE


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WOOD

RADIATION FEEDBACK

EXPEDIATES PYROLISIS

ACCELARATES FLAME GENERATION

SELF REINFORCING

FUEL VAPOUR

O2


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CHAIN REACTION

RADIATION FEEDBACK

CONTINUOUS

REINGNITION

IGNITION SOURCE

OXYGEN DIFFUSION

VAPOUR

LIQUID FUEL

AMBIENT HEAT

FLAMMABLE LIQUID

AMBIENT HEAT

CHAIN REACTION OF LIQUID FIRES

O2

O2


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IGNITION PROPERTIES

MATERIAL IGNITION POINT

PLYWOOD 360

PLYWOOD(FR) 620HARDBOARD 400

FOAM,RIGID(2.54 CM) 435

POLYSTYRENE 630

POLYCARBONATE 528

CARPET 465

GYPSUM BOARD 565

LIQUID -40 TO 400 C

COMMON IGNITABLE LIQUIDS -40 TO 90 C

HEAVY LIQUIDS (i.e OILS) 205 TO 320 C

SOLIDS 270 TO 450 C

NON-FRE RETARDANT PLASTICS 270 TO 360 CWOOD-BASED PRODUCTS 330 TO 375 C

FIRE-RETARDANT SOLIDS 400 C 0R MORE


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SOURCES AND SCENARIOS


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F

L

A

S

H

O

V

E

R

HE

A

T

DECAYFULLY

DEVELOPED

INCIPIENT GROWTH

TIME

FIRE DEVELOPMENT

FULLY DEVELOPED FIRE

Phases of Fire Development


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Incipient Phase

When a fire ignites as a small fire.

The earliest of the four phases of a fire.

During this phase, the products of combustion

may be minimal.


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Incipient Phase

The changes in the surrounding atmosphere

maybe difficult to observe (only some smoke,

no detectable flame), and the amount of heat

generated will not significantly affect the

surrounding area.

The incipient phase can last a few moments

(i.e., ignition of a combustible liquid), hours, or

even days (i.e., the exothermic reaction seen inspontaneous combustion).


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Growth Phase

Gases from pyrolyzation are produced at an

increasing rate.

Gases at upper compartment level heats upthrough radiation and convection.

Air flow in and out increases with the increase in

fire size.

Flame length from the base fire increases.


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Growth Phase

Temperature of room increases.

Smoke layer descends as more fire gases are

produced.

The phase of fire development where the fire has

moved from the point of origin and has begun to

involve other fuels. Thermal layering take place(cooler air is pushed downward, hotter air rises).


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Fully Developed Phase

Tongues of flame are seen in smoke layer

temperature of room increased.

A fire is fully developed phase when a fire froma localized location changes to a total room

involvement immediately upon a flashover.

A fire is said to fuel-control led when fuelsource is the determining factor in the fire

size.


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Fully Developed Phase

A fire is to be vent i lat ion-control ledwhen air

flow is the determining factor in the fire size.

The Pulsation Cycle occurs when fire gasproduction is the point when the gases fill the

volume of compartment blocking the inflow of

air. Gas goes out and air flow goes in and the

cycle repeats itself. This isvent i lat ion-

contro l led f ire.


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Decay Phase

When the combustible or air supply is used up,

energy output is reduced and this is when the decay

phase starts.

Fuel source where all fuel source have been

consumed.

Air supply where air flow to the enclosure isrestricted.


43/94

COMMON FIRE GASES

Plastic

Ammonia

Aldehydes

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Cyanides

Hydrogen Chloride

Nitrogen Oxide

Wood, Cotton, Paper And

Newsprint

Acetic Acid

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Formaldehyde

Formic Acid

Nitrogen Oxide

Wool And Silk

Hydrogen Cyanides

Hydrogen Sulphide

Sulphur Dioxide

Rubber Product

Carbon Monoxide

Hydrogen Chloride

Hydrogen Sulphide

Ammonia

Sulphur Dioxide Hydrogen Cyanide

Petroleum Products

Acrolein

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Polyvinyl Chloride

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Hydrogen Chloride


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FIRE TERMINOLOGY


45/94

FLASH POINT

IS MINIMUM FUEL TEMPERATURE ATWHICH ENOUGH VAPOURS ARE PRESENTABOVE TO IGNITE OR FLASH BUT DOESNOT CONTINUE TO BURN

FIRE POINT

IS LOWEST FUEL TEMPERATURE ATWHICH FUEL PRODUCES VAPOUR THATCAN SUSTAIN CONTINUOUS FLAME


46/94

EXPLOSIVE RANGE

IS RANGE OF CONCENTRATIONS OF THEMATERIALS IN THE AIR, WHICH PREMITTHE MATERIALS TO BURN

LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT

UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT

IS LOWEST IGNITABLE CONCENTRATIONOF A SUBSTANCE IN AIR

IS HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF ASUBSTANCE IN AIR THAT WILL IGNITE


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FLASHOVER

Point between growth phase and fullydeveloped phase

All combustible materials in a roomignite at once.

Temperatures can reach 1000F.

Flashovers are deadly!


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BACKDRAFT

Explosion thatoccurs whenoxygen is suddenlyadmitted to aconfined area thatis very hot andfilled with

combustiblevapors


49/94

B.L.E.V.EBoiling Liquid, Expanding Vapor Explosion

Occurs when a tank storing liquid fuel under

pressure is heated excessively

Sequence:Tank is heated

Internal pressure rises beyond ability to vent

Tank fails catastrophically

Liquid fuel at or above boiling point is released

Liquid immediately turns into a rapidly expanding

cloud of vapor

Vapor ignites into a huge fireball


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METHODS OF FIRESPREAD


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FIRE SPREAD MECHANISM

CONDUCTIONThe transfer of energy in the form of heat by direct contact throughthe excitation of molecules and/or partivles driven by a temperature

difference


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CONVECTIONHeat transfer by circulation within a medium such as a gas or a

liquid


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RADIATION

Heat transfer by way of electromagnetic energy (wave)


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DIRECT BURNING



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Factors Affecting Fire Spread

Building design and structural condition.

Surface spread of flame over finish & furnishes.

Geometric Configuration and arrangement of

building contents.Thermal conductivity of building contents (fire

load).

Availability of air supply surrounding the

building contents (fire load).Sufficient balance between building contents

and air flow that sustains combustion.


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METHODS OFEXTINGUISHMENT


58/94

SMOTHERING

- Cut Oxygen Supply


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STARVING- Cut of fuel Supply, Close

Valve, Removal

Combustible materials

COO G


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COOLING

- Removal Heat. Water

absorbs heat readily thus

cooling the fuel

BREAKING CHEMICAL REACTION CHAIN


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BREAKING CHEMICAL REACTION CHAIN


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FIRE EXPLOSION


63/94

An explosion is a sudden, intense releaseof energy that often produces a loud noise,

high temperatures, and flying debris, and

generates a pressure wave.

Primary Hazards:

thermal radiation,

overpressure,

hazardous fragments (flying debris)

What is Explosion?.......


64/94

Smoke Gas Explosion

Fire gases escaping fromthe place of origin andcollecting in other parts ofbuilding and by mixing withair forms an explosivemixture & explodes incontact with a heat source.


65/94

Overpressure

Overpressure also called a blast wave,refers to the sudden onset of a pressure

wave after an explosion.

Blast waves can damage buildings or even

knock them flatoften injuring or killing the

people inside them.

The sudden change in pressure can also

affect pressure-sensitive organs like the

ears and lungs65


66/94

Overpressure Levels of Concern

LOC is a threshold level of pressure from a

blast wave, usually the pressure above

which a hazard may exist.

In a vapor cloud explosion scenario, threedefault LOC values:

Red: 8.0 psi (destruction of buildings);

Orange: 3.5 psi (serious injury likely); and

Yellow: 1.0 psi (shatters glass).

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67/94

Hazardous Fragments

Hazardous fragments come from twoprimary sources:

container fragments

debris from the surrounding area.

If an explosion is likely to occur, first

responders must be aware of the possibility

of hazardous fragments and take necessaryprecautions to shield responders and others

from the potentially fatal fragments

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68/94

Broad trends that responders should keep in

mind

80% of fires that lead to container rupture result inmissiles (e.g., hazardous fragments);

80% of fragments from liquid petroleum gas (LPG)accidents travel less than 200 meters (660 feet);

Spherical containers produce more missiles thancylindrical containers, spheres average 8.3missiles and cylinders average less than 4missiles;

End tubes from cylindrical containers travel further

than other types of fragments; Smaller vessels project fragments furtherthan

larger ones;

Missiles tend to export fire with them;68


69/94

Types of fire and explosion scenarios

The five types of fire and explosion

scenarios that are most frequently

associated with chemical releases:

Jet Fires,

Pool Fires,

BLEVEs,

Flammable Areas

Vapor Cloud Explosions

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70/94

Jet fires

Occurs when a flammable chemical is rapidlyreleased from an opening in a container and

immediately catches on firemuch like the

flame from a blowtorch.

Primary hazard: Thermal radiation.

Heat from the jet fire may weaken the tankand cause it to fail completelyin which

case, a BLEVE may occur.

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71/94

BLEVEs (Boiling Liquid Expanding

Vapor Explosion)

A common BLEVE scenario happens when a

container of liquefied gas is heated by fire,

increasing the pressure within the container

until the tank ruptures and fails.

. Example: Propane; Since the ambient

temperature is almost always significantly

above propane's boiling point of -43.7 F, the

tanks are highly pressurized.

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72/94

Pool fire

Occurs when a flammable liquid forms a

puddle on the ground and catches on fire.

Thermal radiation is the primary hazard

associated with a pool fire.

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73/94

Fireball.

If the chemical is above its boiling point when thecontainer fails, some or all ofthe liquid will flash-boilthat is, instantaneously become a gas. If thechemical is flammable, a burning gas cloud called afireball may occur if a significant amount of thechemical flash-boils.

When you model a BLEVE, the amount ofchemicalin the fireball is 3 times the amount of chemical thatflash boils. Any liquid that does not participate in thefireball will form a pool fire.

The primary hazard associated with a fireball isthermal radiation.

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74/94

Explosion and hazardous fragments.

In a BLEVE, a high-pressure explosion

typically causes the container to fragment.

As the container breaks apart, it may strike

objects in the surrounding area and createadditional debris. The container fragments

and other debrishazardous fragments

are swept up in the explosion and rapidly

propelled by the explosion over a widearea.

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75/94

Flash Fires

When a flammable vapor cloud encounters anignition source, the cloud can catch fire andburn rapidly in what is called a flash fire.

Potential hazards associated : thermalradiation, smoke, and toxic byproducts fromthe fire.

If the chemical vapor comes into contact withan ignition source, it will burn only if its fuel-airconcentration is between the LEL and theUEL

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76/94

Vapor Cloud Explosions

When a flammable chemical is released into theatmosphere, it forms a vapor cloud that will disperse as it

travels downwind.

If the cloud encounters an ignition source, the parts ofthe cloud where the concentration is within the flammable

range (between the LEL and UEL) will burn.

The speed at which the flame front moves through the

cloud determines whether it is a deflagration or a

detonation. In some situations, the cloud will burn so fast

that it creates an explosive force (blast wave).

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77/94

Vapor cloud explosions

The severity of a vapor cloud explosion

depends on the chemical, the cloud size at

the time of ignition, the type of ignition, andthe congestion level inside the cloud.

The primary hazards are overpressure and

hazardous fragments.

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78/94

Deflagration And Detonation

The destructive blast force of a vapor cloud explosion depends inpart on how quickly the explosion spreadsthat is, the rate at which its

flame front travels.

For most accidental explosions, the flame front will travel relatively slowly

in what is called a deflagration. For example, a typicaldeflagration flame

front (for hydrocarbon combustions) travels about2.2 miles per hour, or 1

meter per second.

For intentional explosions, the flame front travels rapidly in what is called a

detonation. A typicaldetonation flame front (for hydrocarbon combustions)

travels about 5,600 miles per hour, or 2,500 meters per second.

Deflagration

Flame

Congestion&

Confinement

Detonation

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79/94

FIRE SAFETY IN THEWORK PLACE


80/94

NATION

WORKERS

OWNERS

ENVIRONMENT

FIRE

EFFECT

FIRE SAFETY SCENARIO


81/94

The principal aim of Fire Safety is to protect peopleand property by reducing the incidence of fire andthe effects of fire should it occur. This activity issupported by legislation, which sets standards forbuilding design and management.

Primary considerations under this legislation

include the following.1) Adequate means of escape in the event of a fire.

2) Physical controls to prevent the spread of fire and

smoke.

3) Adequate warning and alarm systems should a fireoccur.

4) Adequate means of tackling a fire.


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GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

AND PREVENTING FIRE


83/94

PREVENTIVE STRATEGY

CONTROL

REMOVE

ISOLATE

ELIMINATE

SUBSTITUTE


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CONTROL STRATEGIES

PLANNED ACTION

TRAINED PERSONNEL

ADEQUATE FACILITIES

DYNAMIC TECHNIQUE

STRATEGIC SITING

MAINTAIN FIRE EQUIPMENTS

REGULAR EXERCISE


85/94

WORK STATION RESPONSER -A -C -E -R -

Raise the alarmAttackCallEvacuate

the buildingRoll call


86/94

THE RESPONSE TO ANY EMERGENCY

SHOULD BE DIRECTED TOWARDS:-

SAVING LIFE;

CARING FOR THE INJURED;

PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT;

LIMITATION OF DAMAGE TO ASSET;

DEFENCE OF THE CORPORATE IMAGE.


87/94

ESCAPE STRATEGIES LOCKED YOUR CONFIDENTAL FILES/BRING IT OUT;

SWITCH OFF ALL ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

CLOSED ALL GRILLS AND DOORS;

LEAVE THE BUILDING IMMEDIATELY USING EXIST

DOORS, LOBBY, PROTECTED STAIRCASE IN YOUR

AREA;

USE THE NEAREST EXIT


88/94

DO AND DONT:-

DO NOT USE LIFT.

WALK IN-LINE;

DO NOT PANIC AND STAY CALM;

DO NOT RUN AND CUT QUE;

ASSIST/AID WHO NEEDED;

ESCAPE STRATEGIES


89/94

DO AND DONT:-

ASSEMBLE IN THE DESIGNATED ASSEMBLY AREA

ACCORDINGLY TO YOUR GROUPS/FLOORS;

MAKE ATTENDENCE ROLL-CALL;

EVERY UNIT HEADS/FLOORS WARDEN MUST REPORT

TO CHIEF WARDEN ;

LET THE FIRE AND RESCUE DEPARTMENT KNOW IF ANY

OCCUPANT/STAFF TRAP;

ESCAPE STRATEGIES


90/94

EMERGENCY CALL

CALL 999 OR YOUR LOCAL FIRE STATION PHONE

NUMBERS;

GIVE INFORMATIONS AS FOLLOW:-

TYPES OF INCIDENT/FIRE ;

ADDRESS/LOCATION OF THE FIRE;

CALLER NAME AND PHONE NUMBER


91/94

WORD OF CAUTIONIT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT THE

FIRE & RESCUE DEPARTMENT, CANNOT

RESPOND UNTIL YOU HAVE TAKEN SOME

ACTION TO SAVE YOURSELF AND THAT

ACTION MAY INCLUDE INSTALLING ANEARLY WARNING FIRE DETECTION

SYSTEMS, A COMPREHENSIVE FIRE

PROTECTION PLAN AND A PRE-PLANNED

ESCAPE PATTERN.


92/94

WORDS OF WISDOMIN PEACE PREPARE FOR WAR, IN WAR

PREPARE FOR PEACE

SMOKE KILL IN SECOND, FIRE

SPREADS IN MINUTES

PLAN YOUR DRILL, DRILL YOUR PLAN

GET EVERYBODY OUT AND STAY OUT

GET THE FIRE & RESCUE SERVICE OUT

FIRE


93/94

Q & A


94/94

THANK YOUBahagian Penyiasatan Kebakaran,

Jabatan Bomba Dan Penyelamat Malaysia,

Negeri Pulau Pinang,

Jalan Perusahaan,13600 Perai

Email:- [email protected] No:- 04-3978791

H/Phone No:- 012-2845213
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

Documents

Fire and Explosion Hazard Risk in Work Place