Final Yr. Resucker rod pumpport-niraj

7/30/2019 Final Yr. Resucker rod pumpport-niraj

1/27

A

P

PLICA

OJECT

IONS

EPORTREQUIR

B

U

DEPA

ND P

SUBMITMEN F

CHELO

ETROL

NIRAJ

ADM

SESSI

DER T

MR.

ASSIS

TMENT O

INDIAN

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OF TE

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BY

KUMAR

O.-2009J

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HE GUI

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ANT P

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SCHOO

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ARTIALWARD

HNOLO

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RAJAK

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DENCE

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UCKE

FULFILF DEG

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INEERIN

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2/27

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3/27

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I pay sincere thanks to Mr. Vinay Kumar Rajak (Assistant Professor, Department of Petroleum

engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad) for providing me with the invaluable opportunity

of undergoing project under him. The project has helped me immensely to enhance my

knowledge about the applications of sucker rod pump and problems arises in this.

I also thanks Dr. A. K. Pathak (Professor and Head of, Department of Petroleum Engineering,

Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad) whose empowering vision, initiatives and constant support

helped me immensely.

I also acknowledge the constant support and encouragement shown by our faculty members

NIRAJ KUMAR RAJAK

2009JE0979

B.TECH, PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES, DHANBAD


4/27

4

CONTENTS

Description Page NoAcknowledgement---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------03

List of figures------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------05

Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------06

Chapter 1: Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------07

Chapter 2: Advantages and Disadvantages---------------------------------------------------10

Chapter 3: Rod Lift--------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

3.1 Insert pumps--------------------------------------------------------------------------11

3.2 Stationary barrel-------------------------------------------------------------------11

3.3 Tubing pumps---------------------------------------------------------------------12

3.4 Barrel assemblies-----------------------------------------------------------------12

3.5 Cages and fitting------------------------------------------------------------------13

3.6 Ball and seats-------------------------------------------------------------------------14

3.7 Plunger assemblies---------------------------------------------------------------14

Chapter 4: Rod pump-------------------------------------------------------------------------------15

Chapter 5: SRP Application-----------------------------------------------------------------------16

Chapter 6: Rod Pumping-------------------------------------------------------------------------18

Chapter7: Problems in SRP------------------------------------------------------------------------19

7.1 Gas interference-------------------------------------------------------------------19

7.2 Fluid dynamics--------------------------------------------------------------------19

7.3 Fluid pond---------------------------------------------------------------------------19

7.4 Inflow behavior problem----------------------------------------------------------21

7.5 Shallow wells--------------------------------------------------------------------------------22

7.6 Sand and corrosion------------------------------------------------------------------22

7.7 Deviated well-------------------------------------------------------------------------22

7.9 Offshore problem-------------------------------------------------------------------22Chapter 8: Tool to eliminate SRP problem-----------------------------------------------------24

Chapter 9: Artificial brain--------------------------------------------------------------------------25

Chapter10: Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------26

References-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27


5/27

5

List of figures

S.No. Description page No

1. Operational structure of SRP-----------------------------------------------072. Subsurface pump at different stages---------------------------------------083. Valve action--------------------------------------------------------------------094. Rod lift--------------------------------------------------------------------------105. Insert pump--------------------------------------------------------------------116. Stationary barrel-------------------------------------------------------------117. Tubing pump-------------------------------------------------------------------128. Barrel assemblies--------------------------------------------------------------13

9. Cages and fittings----------------------------------------------------------------1310.Balls and seats-------------------------------------------------------------------1411.Plunger assemblies-------------------------------------------------------------1412.Rod pump-------------------------------------------------------------------------1513.Rod pumping--------------------------------------------------------------------1814.Gas interference in SRP-------------------------------------------------------2015.Fluid effect----------------------------------------------------------------------2116.Sand problem in SRP----------------------------------------------------------2217.SRP on offshore----------------------------------------------------------------23


6/27

6

ABSTRACT

It is conceived that, the methods of enhanced oil recovery will play a key role to achieve the

world energy demand in future. After primary and secondary recovery processes, there are

several hundred million barrels of oil remain trapped in the discovered reservoirs. This is a big

challenge for the industry to overcome the increasing demand of oil from the depleted oil

reservoirs. One of the attractive choices to enhance this trapped oil is the sucker rod pump

process. Grouped together multiple technological systems and field experienced personnel to

provide the best configurations for any combination of scenarios that you may be facing in field.

rod pump solution is a complete solution for optimizing rod-pumped wells through well siteautomation and data analysis. By integrating rod pump controllers (RPCs), variable speed motor

drives, remote diagnostic software, and communication systems, Weatherford enables operators

to properly optimize rod-pumped wells.

This project presents a comprehensive review on application of Sucker rod pump towards

maximizing oil recovery, techniques and field experience that can help as reference for furtherexploration of this specialized technique in EOR.


7/27

INT

The linwell

A suck

threade

compoabove-

the wel

Worki

rod strimotion

Speed

to oscilbeam b

The ho

so that

polishe

ODUCT

e of sucker

er rod is a

d at both

ents of a rround driv

by a serie

g:- The su

ng. In doiof sucker

eduction i

latory moty means o

se head an

no bearing

rod and s

Fig 1:-c

ION

rods is rep

steel rod,

ends, used

ciprocatine for the w

of interco

face unit t

g this, itod. And it

accomplis

on by mepitman ar

bridle are

movement

uffing box

omplete op

resented in

typically b

in the oil

piston puell pump, a

nected suc

ansfers en

must chanmust reduc

hed at gear

ns of wal. Walking

used to en

is applied

combinatio

erational st

7

this diagra

etween 25

industry t

p installed is conne

ker rods.

rgy for pu

e the rotae the spee

reducer.

ing beam.beam is s

ure that pu

o that part

n is used t

ucture of s

m by the s

and 30 fe

join tog

in an oilcted to the

mping the

ry motionof prime-

nd rotary

The crankpported by

ll on the su

of sucker r

maintain

cker rod p

lid black l

et (7 to 9

ther the s

ell. The pdown hole

well from

of prime-over to s

otion of c

arm is coSamson p

ker rod str

od string a

good liqui

ump

ine in the c

eters) in

rface and

ump jack ipump at th

rime-mov

over to ritable pum

ank shaft i

nected tost and sad

ing is verti

bove stuffi

d seal at th

enter of th

length, an

down hol

the visible bottom o

r to sucke

ciprocatinping speed

s converte

he walkinle bearing

al all time

g box. Th

surface.

.

.


8/27

Here alocation

rods. No

On thtraveling

fluid a

traveling

ross-sectionaof the standi

te also the ch

left-handvalve is o

ove it. At t

valve.

l representatig valve at th

anging pos

Fig 2:-

side of then, and s

is point in t

on of a subsbottom of t

tion of the

ubsurface

figure, ththe standi

e cycle, the f

8

rface pumpe tubing, a

plunger.

ump at di

e plunger ig valve is cl

uid above th

at two differnd the trav

ferent stag

s approachiosed becau

e standing va

ent stages ofling valve

s

g the bottoe it is carr

lve is movin

the pump cat the botto

of its dowing the w

upward thr

cle. Note thof the sucke

stroke. Thight of th

ugh the ope


9/27

On the

beginni

closes.valve an

become

DuringWhen t

valve cl

valves.

there arethe exa

depend

valves),

closed uallows fl

dependsthe gre

withou

anchor i

the annu

right-hand

g to move u

As the plutraveling v

less than th

ach upwarde plunger re

ses and the

ith each str

two points tct top and

n the spacin

nd on the a

til the pressid to pass th

on the freeter the pr

any true

normally in

us before it

side of th

ward. The pl

nger continlve increas

flowing bot

ovement oches the top

ycle repeats

ke, fluid is

note regardbottom of

(the vo

ount of fre

re below theough it into t

gas volumportion o

umping ac

talled on the

ould otherw

e figure, th

nger starts t

es to moves, while th

om hole pre

the plunger,of its stroke,

ts reciprocati

oved up the

ing the pumhe stroke.

ume that exi

gas present

plunger is grhe tubing. T

in the fluithe stroke

tion taking

tubing below

se enter the p

Fig 3:-

9

e plunger

lift the weig

pward, thepressure in t

sure, the sta

wellbore fluiits moveme

ng moveme

tubing towa

cycle. Thehe point in

sts at the bott

in this volu

ater than thee exact point

below thethat is ta

place. For

the pump. T

ump.

Valve acti

as reache

t of the flui

olume in te working b

ding valve o

s are lifted at is reversed

t of the rods

d the surface

valves willthe upstroke

om of the str

e. On the d

pressure aboin the down

valve. Theen up in

wells produ

is device all

n

the botto

d above it,

e working barrel decreas

ens and for

distance equthe travelin

and the ope

. If the produ

not necessat which the

oke, betwee

wn stroke, t

e it. The tratroke at whi

greater thgas expan

ing a reaso

ws the sepa

of the stro

and the tra

rrel betwees. As soon a

ation fluids

al to one fullvalve opens

ing and closi

ced fluid con

arily openstanding val

the traveling

e traveling

eling valve th the travelin

e volumeion and c

able volume

ated gas to b

e and is jus

eling valv

the standinthis pressur

flow upward

stroke length, the standin

ng of the tw

ains free gas

nd close ae opens wil

and standin

alve remain

en opens ang valve open

of free gasmpression

of gas, a ga

produced u

t

.

.

,

l

,,


10/27

ADV

Rod pulow-to-

and can

wells, aequipm

wide ra

space re

ratios, wfor this l

metallur

ROD

Rod limainte

and loc

insert-t

NTAGE

ping systemedium prod

be adapted t

d are one ofent can eas

ge of applic

uirements o

ellbore deviaift method, a

y, the devel

IFT

t is the mance requi

s down in

pe pump i

AND DI

s can be usedction rates.

a wide ran

he most wellily be refur

tions, rod pu

surface pu

ion and deptlthough som

pment of lo

ost commrements. A

o the seati

that it can

ADVAN

to reduce bohey are rela

e of operati

known andbished, an

mping syste

ping units. S

limitationse of these pr

g-stroke pu

n form ofn insert-ty

g nipple a

be easily

10

AGES O

tom hole pretively simple

g conditions

enerally undtends to h

s are mainl

lids producti

ue to suckeblems have

ping units an

artificiale down ho

sembly at t

aintained

Fig 4:-Rod

ROD P

sures to verwith respec

. They accou

erstood systeve high sa

limited to

on, corrosion

rod capabilibeen allevia

d other techn

ift, knownle pump is

he bottom

y pulling o

lift

MPING

low levels, ato design, o

nt for the lar

s in the fiellvage valu

nshore locat

and paraffin

ies have alled due to i

cal advances

for its eaattached t

f the tubin

nly the suc

YSTEM

nd offer greaperation and

e majority

. Surface ans. While the

ons due to t

tendencies, h

een seen asprovements

.

sy operatithe sucke

g. An adva

ker rod stri

flexibility fomaintenance

f artificial li

down holy have a ver

e weight an

igh gas-liqui

roblem areain sucker ro

n and lor rod strin

tage of th

g.

,

t


11/27

INSE

This op

The co

STATI

Contra

assemb

T PUMP

tion for ins

figuration

NARY B

y to the t

ly moves u

ert pumps i

is most use

RREL

aveling ba

and dow

ncludes a

ful in wells

Fig 5:-Ins

rrel, the st

with the

Fig 6:-Sta

11

oving barr

with a sig

ert pump

ationary v

otion of th

tionary bar

el assembl

ificant am

rsion doe

pumping

el

and a stati

unt of "tra

not move

nit.

c plunger a

h," includi

. Instead,

ssembly.

g sand.

he plunge


12/27

TUBI

A tubin

attache

string.

BARR

All proaccord

G PUMP

g-type pu

to the end

L ASSE

esses are cnce with al

p is typical

of the tubi

BLIES

losely monl of Camer

ly used to

g string, a

Fig 7:-Tu

itored at thns HSE a

12

chieve hig

d the plun

ing pump

Iola, Kand quality

er product

er assemb

as, manufassurance p

on rates. T

y attaches

cturing faclicies.

he barrel a

o the suck

lity and ar

sembly

r rod

in


13/27

CAGE

Cages

Hard-li

S AND FI

nd fittings

ed and fo

TINGS

are manufa

r-piece ins

Fig 8:-Ba

ctured in a

rt-guided

Fig 9:-

13

rel assemb

variety of

ages are a

ages and fi

lies

aterials to

ailable.

ttings

match spec

ific well co

nditions.


14/27

BALL

The qu

use dur

certific

averag

PLUN

PlungePin-Enresist b

multipl

AND SE

lity of ball

ng the pu

tion, as w

experienc

ER ASS

assembliePlungersth abrasio

e field con

TS

s and seats

ping cycle

ll as the fa

level of o

MBLIES

are availaith a hardand corro

itions.

is the back

. That is w

t that they

er 10 year

Fig 10:-

le in bothess of Rc

sion. Soft P

Fig 11:-Pl

14

one of the

y we emph

are manufa

.

alls and S

pray metal49-60 andack types c

nger asse

sucker rod

asize the i

ctured by e

ats

and soft-pThermo s

ome in a v

blies

pump, as t

portance o

perienced

ck types.ray hard-sriety of co

ey are con

f API 11A

personnel

pray metalrfaced coafiguration

tantly in

ith an

types haveting tofor


15/27

ROD

The twoworking

Another

outsidefluid sea

fluids in

or bottois used.

UMPS

main typesbarrel, and t

less commo

barrel thatl between th

sandy wells.

of the worasing pump

f rod pumpse traveling

type of rod

telescopebarrels. Be

The casing

ing barrel, pare generall

are the statibarrel pu

ump is the t

own in aause this pu

pump is a s

ovides the flused in larg

Fig 12

15

nary pump, which ha

ree-tube p

oncentric mp does not

ecial type o

id pack-offvolume, sh

:-Rod pum

, which has a moving

mp. This p

anner arounse mechani

rod pump i

etween thellow pumpi

a movingorking barr

ump uses a

a standingal seals, it p

which a pac

orking barreg application

plunger anl and a statio

n inner plu

arrel, thus frforms well

ker, placed at

and the casis.

a stationarnary plunger

ger and a

rming a lonwith abrasiv

either the to

g. No tubin

.


16/27

16

SUCKER ROD PUMP APPLICATIONS

1. Sucker rod pumping (SRP) is widely used artificial lift method for oil production. Tomanage sucker rod pump system, engineers and technicians should be charged with goodknowledge of the corresponding principles and applied equipment. Also, having

knowledge to optimize and design sucker rod pumping system is the main request for a

successful application. To know how to analyze the sucker rod system and identify the

operating conditions are the key prerequisites for efficient operation of SRP system.Special attention is directed towards acquiring the practical knowledge to make a

troubleshooting diagnoses using qualitative and quantitative interpretation of recorded

dynamo grams. Detailed explanations of sucker rod mathematical model provide enough

knowledge to understand the application of real time pump-off and SCADA systems.

DESIGNED FOR

Production engineers who already have basic knowledge of sucker rod application, as well as

technical personnel involved in maintenance, control and monitor of the SRP system.

The principles of sucker road pumping system operation. To select the best equipment according to well and surface conditions.

How to apply system analysis methodology for designing and sensitivity study of SRPsystem.

To design SRP system and select the most appropriate operation parameters. To recognize the problems and to diagnose problem in SRP operation using surface and

down-hole dynamo-graph cards.

COURSE OUTLINE

Sucker rod installationo

Down hole equipmento Surface equipment

Load and stresses in sucker rod system. System analysis

o Sucker rod system analysis procedureo System analysis example

Sucker rod pump system modelingo Pumping unit kinematics model.o Wave equations of sucker road system.

Design methodso Combined analytic/empric method


17/27

17

o API design methodo Design exampleso Design using our in-house software (Sucker Rod Comprehensive Design,

Optimization and Trouble Analysis).

Sucker rod pump system diagnosis using dynamometer cards. Qualitative analysis of surface dynamometer cards. Surface dynamometer cards library. Quantitative surface dynamometer card interpretation. Down hole dynamometer cards. Trouble shooting procedure and analysis.

2. Pump lift is a simple, very efficient and economic artificial lift method suitable especiallyin high gas liquid ratio (GLR) oil wells, gas wells with loading problem and inefficient

application of intermittent lift due to high liquid fallback and gas slippage. The problems,such as paraffin and gas hydrate, can be solved successfully. During the course the

attendants will be introduced with the most important details in plunger lift operation.

Knowing the specific conditions in wells and surface, and using knowledge gained on thecourse, the participants will be able to select the suitable completion scheme, to select

down hole and surface equipment for optimal operation, and finally, to optimize and

design plunger lift. Answers to the questions regarding to inefficient plunger operationand troubles are the main objectives in many cases. The subject of the case studies

analysis session will be how to manage plunger lift operations.

DESIGNED FOR

Production engineers, technical personnel involved on fields where plunger lift is applied orwhere it will be applied.

COURSE OUTLINE

Introduction to plunger lift operation. Down hole equipment and completion. Surface equipment and monitoring. Dynamic models

o Hydrodynamic modelo Mechanical modelo Model for specific applications

Design & Optimizationo Intermittent gas lifto Gas and high GLR wells


18/27


19/27

19

PROBLEMS IN SRP

1. GAS INTERFERENCES IN SRP

Commonly used artificial lift or dewatering system is sucker rod pump and gas interference of

the pump is the biggest issue in the oil and gas industry. Gas lock or fluid pound problems occur

due to the gas interference when the pump has partially or completely unfilled plunger barrel.

There are several techniques available in the form of patents to solve these problems but those

techniques have positive as well as negative aspects. Some of the designs rely on the leakage and

some of the designs rely on the mechanical arrangements etc to break the gas lock. The presentarticle compares the existing gas interference handling techniques.

Type 1 Gas Lock:-

occurs only if the fluid level is greater than 1/3 the total depth to the seating nipple or if a bridge

is present that gives the effect of pumping from below a packer (rare). Expanding gas bubbles

"tickle" the balls and seats (valves), and the well comes to equilibrium pumping at very low

efficiency and with an elevated fluid level. The cure for Type 1 gas lock is to use either as

nubber cage or a backpressure valve.

Type 2 Gas Lock:-

occurs when a volume of gas is trapped between the valves in a pump. In a Type 2 gas lock, the

peak pressure of the trapped gas on the down stroke is insufficient to overcome the hydrostatic

head on the traveling valve. Then, the pressure is not reduced enough on the upstroke to allow

the standing valve to open and admit new fluid. Both valves are effectively stuck in the closed

position and the pump refuses to pump. This is essentially the opposite of the Type I gas lock,but the results appear the same. Using a backpressure valve is not the cure for Type 2 gas locks;

the practice will actually make the problem worse.

2. FLUID DYNAMICS IN SUCKER ROD PUMP

Many persistent problems in sucker rod pumping, including partial pump filling, gas

interference, fluid pound, and compression loading of the valve rod are strongIy influenced by


20/27

the hyd

effects

betweemovem

fluid re

sliding

model.

pumps,

the res

general

wing tr

3. FLU

As exp

the ups

a void

sudden

that, in

the co

raulics of t

are often l

the rodsent due to

sistance in

friction. T

The purpo

which cou

lting flow

fluid mod

deoff stud

ID POUN

rienced in

roke. As t

until the

y transferr

turn, trans

ponents of

e pump. I

mped into

and tubinghydraulic

the thin a

is pump

e of this pr

ld predict f

rates and

l would p

es of pum

a pumping

e down str

plunger h

ng the loa

its a shoc

the pumpi

rod string

pump fric

. Pump friesistance

nulus betw

riction is

oject was t

or any give

pressure d

ovide a be

selection

Fig 14:-

oil well, is

ke begins,

its the flu

from the r

wave thr

g system.

20

design an

tion factor

tion consif fluid flo

een the pl

ften treate

develop a

n pump ge

rops anyw

ter quantit

nd stroke r

as interfer

caused by

the entire

id level in

od string t

ughout the

diagnosti

together

ts of resising throu

nger and t

as a con

general flu

ometry, str

ere in the

tive under

te for a gi

ence in SR

he pump n

luid and ro

the pump

the tubing

pumping

programs

ith other

ance to thgh the pu

e barrel,

stant due t

id model o

ke rate, a

pump thr

standing o

en well.

P

ot complet

string loa

arrel. The

, causing a

ystem. Thi

these pum

effects suc

e plungersps intern

nd any me

o lack of

down hol

d well flui

ughout th

pump fri

ly filling

moves do

traveling v

sharp decr

s shock wa

hydraulic

as frictio

downwarl passages

al to meta

n adequat

sucker ro

propertie

stroke.

tion, a H

ith fluid o

wn throug

alve opens

ase in loa

e damage

,

,


21/27

4. INF

A com

well wi

of fluid

wellsmatche

produc

produc

than th

OW BEH

mon opera

th an instal

entering a

nflow, thes the abilit

d (which

d) or ov

amount o

AVIOUR

ing proble

led beam p

well is co

displacemof the w

means th

r-produced

fluid movi

Fi

ROBLE

in a suc

umping sy

stantly ch

ent of theell to prod

at the ma

(which

ng into the

21

g 15:-Fluid

S

er rod pu

tem that h

nging as t

installed bce fluid.

imum pro

eans that

wellbore).

effect

ping syste

s a fixed

e well pu

eam pumpherefore,

duction ca

he pumpi

is trying

isplaceme

ps down o

ing systemhe well is

pacity of

g system

to match i

t. Because

r is re- cha

almost neusually eit

he well is

isplaceme

flow into

the amoun

rged by th

ver exactler under

not bein

t is greate


22/27

5. ON

As we

wells.

inside

6. NO

Since s

proble

one of

7. PR

Beside

proble

cause tsand b

sucker

sucker

equipm

Y FOR S

now that s

ause usin

eep.so one

FOR DE

cker rod

arises in

he major p

BLEM O

above pro

.by contin

decreasend get de

rod pump.

rod pump,

ent.

ALLOW

ucker rod

for deep

of the mos

IATED

ump uses

case of dev

oblem of s

SAND A

blems also

uous move

fficiencyosited wh

this is very

they get c

WELLS

ump is use

ells flow

problem o

ELLS

straight r

iated wells.

ucker rod p

D CORR

there is no

ment of ro

f sucker roch totally

serious pr

rroded in

Fig 16:

22

only for

ate decrea

f sucker ro

d to pump

it cannot b

ump.

SION

n-operatio

d of sucke

d pump leastop the o

blem. exc

resence o

-Sand prob

hallow we

es, and als

pump is i

inside the

used to pr

al problem

r rod pum

ds to decreeration m

pt this the

any salt

lem in SRP

lls, so it is

o pump ef

limitation

ell to flo

oduce oil i

like sand

sand get

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23/27

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24/27

24

A TOOL TO ELIMINATE COMMON SUCKER ROD PROBLEM

Gas locking and sticking are common problems in sucker rod pumps. To alleviate these

problems, it is a common practice in the oilfield to "bang bottom" to unseat the traveling valve.

The action of "banging bottom" may solve the gas locking and sticking problems, but it also

causes undesirable impact and wear on the pump, sucker rods, tubing, and gear box andeventually the premature failure of the pumping equipment.

A tool was designed to eliminate the necessity of "banging bottom" to alleviate gas lock and

sticking.

DESCRIPTION

The tool, attached to the top of the plunger, uses the hydrostatic head in the tubing to compressthe spring during the upstroke until the stabilizer is in contact with its seat, leaving a one-half

inch space between the contact surfaces as shown in Figure No. 1. During the down stroke in a

gas lock situation, the stabilizer and traveling valve remain seated until the hydrostatic head is

overcome by the compressive gas force in the pump. At that instant, the stabilizer is lifted andthe plunger pin bumps the bottom of the housing. As a result of this impact, the traveling valve is

unseated and, consequently, fluid. Because this bumping action takes place near the travelingvalve, its effect is more pronounced and direct. Because the bumping action of the tool is

controlled, damage to the pump due to the bumping action is dramatically less than in the

common practice of "banging bottom".


25/27

25

ARTIFICIAL BRAIN IS REQUIRED TO SOLVE THE PUMPING

PROBLEM

Basic science has not yet been applied to the problem of sucker-rod pumping. Consequently, the

problem is still unsolved. Defining the problem in terms of the fundamental equations thatgovern the behavior of a sucker-rod pumping system shows that an analogue or a "simulator" is

required to solve the problem. The simulator could be one of several types. Evidence is presented

to show that an electric simulator might be used. Limitations of present procedures for designingsucker-rod systems are described and illustrated; and the benefits that will result from solving the

problem are outlined. The present place of sucker-rod pumping has been achieved by thecontinued effort of the industry to improve the equipment and to obtain a better under standing of

the behavior of the system. There are reasons for believing, however, that the ultimate in thedesign and operation of sucker-rod pumping systems has not been reached and that further

improvement and economy can be effected.

There has been a tremendous amount of time and money spent on various aspects of the sucker-

rod pumping problem. This time and money has largely been spent in making tests and takingmeasurements in the field in an attempt to empirically determine the behavior of the sucker-rod

system. The past approach to the sucker-rod pumping problem has contributed about all that it

can to the design and operation of sucker-rod pumping systems, as evidenced by the fact that

there has been little or no progress along this line in the past 10 years. If progress is to continue,and if the problem of lifting oil from increasingly greater depths is to be intelligently handled, a

more fundamental approach must supplement the empirical procedure of the past. Such progresscannot be made without a better understanding of the basic fundamentals of the sucker-rod

pumping problem.


26/27


27/27

27

REFRENCES

1. M. Algharaib, R. Gharbi, A. Malallah, and W. Al-ghanim, SPE 105071 Parametric

Investigations of a Modified SWAG Injection Technique,Distribution, pp. 1-13, 2007.

2. G. Nadeson, N. Aidil, B. A. Petronas, S. Services, S. Bhd, and A. S. Alberta, SPE 88499

Water Alternating-Gas ( WAG ) Pilot Implementation , A First EOR Development Project in

Dulang Field ,Offshore Peninsular Malaysia, Offshore (Conroe, TX), 2004.

3. T. E. Europe, WORLDWIDE LOOK AT RESERVES AND PRODUCTION, pp. 2-3,

2012.

4. M. K. Zahoor, M. N. Derahman, and M. H. Yunan, Wag Process Design an UpdatedReview,Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 109-121, Jun. 2011.

5. R. Al-mjeni et al., Has the Time Come for EOR ?, Communication, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 16-35,

2011.

6. H. Muggeridge, C. A. Grattoni, and E. Science, SPE 84894 Laboratory Investigations Of

First Contact Miscible Wag Displacement : The Effects Of Wag Ratio And Flow Rate, EarthScience, pp. 1-10, 2003.

7. M. Namani and J. Kleppe, SPE 143297 Investigation Of The Effect Of Some Parameters In

Miscible WAG Process Using Black-Oil And Compositional Simulators, Water, 2011.

8.http://www.spe.org/jpt/print/archives/2009/01/JPT2009_01_14EORFocus.pdf

9. http://maxwellsci.com/print/rjaset/v4-645-648.pdf.

Documents

Final Yr. Resucker rod pumpport-niraj