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8/3/2019 Final Water Analysis Results
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Life by the waterLife by the waterExamining our waterExamining our water
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ThisThis experienceexperience isis aa firstfirstapproachapproach toto thethe laboratorylaboratory
workwork
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Water is an essential resourceWater is an essential resource
for living systems, industrialfor living systems, industrialprocesses, agriculturalprocesses, agriculturalproduction and domestic use.production and domestic use.
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LabLab activityactivity
EachEach country hascountry has takentaken
samplessamples ofof waterwater andand analyzedanalyzedthemthem aa numbernumber ofof parametersparametersusingusing severalseveral easyeasy methodsmethods..
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The principalThe principalfactors that arefactors that are
taken intotaken intoconsideration whenconsideration whendetermining waterdetermining water
quality are:quality are:
TemperatureTemperature pHpH
DensityDensity trace elements suchtrace elements such
as chloride ionas chloride ion ClCl-- ,,calcium ion Cacalcium ion Ca2+2+
turbidityturbidity
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Our waterOur water
Bulgaria:Bulgaria:LakeLake MandraMandra:: LakeLake MandrenskoMandrensko oror LakeLakeMandraMandra isis thethe southernmostsouthernmost ofof thethe BurgasBurgasLakesLakes,, locatedlocated inin thethe immediateimmediate proximityproximity
ofof thethe Black SeaBlack Sea andand closeclose toto BurgasBurgas..
AheloyAheloy riverriver:: TheThe AheloyAheloy RiverRiver oror
AchelousAchelous isis aa riverriver inin easterneastern BulgariaBulgaria.. ItItoriginatesoriginates inin thetheAytosAytos--KarnobatKarnobat mountainmountain,,1.5 kilometres1.5 kilometres fromfrom DryankovetsDryankovets, and, and flowsflowsdirectlydirectly intointo thethe Black SeaBlack Sea southsouth ofof thethe
villagevillage ofofAheloyAheloy..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnobathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnobathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryankovetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryankovetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aheloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aheloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aheloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryankovetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnobathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas_Lakes8/3/2019 Final Water Analysis Results
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SlaveevaSlaveeva riverriver
Black seaBlack sea
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Germany:Germany: Dssel river:Dssel river: River that flows through TheRiver that flows through The
Neandertal valleyNeandertal valley. This small valley belongs to the. This small valley belongs to thearea of the townsarea of the towns Erkrath and MettmannErkrath and Mettmann
Romania:Romania: Coastal Tasaul Lake (area 23.35 kmCoastal Tasaul Lake (area 23.35 km22, max. depth, max. depth
3.75 m) near3.75 m) near Constanta on the Romanian BlackConstanta on the Romanian BlackSeaSea is an important ecosystem changed by ais an important ecosystem changed by acomplex mancomplex man--made canal system from saline intomade canal system from saline intofreshwater and threatened by various pollutersfreshwater and threatened by various polluters
(eutrophication) and fishing over(eutrophication) and fishing over--exploitation.exploitation.
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SiutghiolSiutghiol lakelake ::SiutghiolSiutghiol is ais a lagoonlagoon (a(abody of shallowbody of shallow sea watersea water oror brackishbrackishwaterwater separated from theseparated from the seasea by someby someform of barrier) inform of barrier) in NorthernNorthern DobrujaDobruja,,RomaniaRomania. It extends over 20. It extends over 20 km and haskm and hasa maximum depth of 18 m.a maximum depth of 18 m.
In winter, up to 90% of its surface may beIn winter, up to 90% of its surface may becovered by ice. The name of the lakecovered by ice. The name of the lakecomes from thecomes from the TurkishTurkish StglStgl, meaning, meaning"the milk lake"."the milk lake".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobrujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobrujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobrujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobrujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobrujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon8/3/2019 Final Water Analysis Results
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LakeLake TabacarieTabacarie
Black seaBlack seaWhiteWhite GateGate CanalCanal MidiaMidiaNavodariNavodari
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SpainSpain::GuadalquivirGuadalquivir RiverRiver:: TheThe GuadalquivirGuadalquivir isis
the fifth longest river in thethe fifth longest river in the IberianIberian
peninsulapeninsula and the second widest.and the second widest.
It bordersIt borders DoanaDoana National ParkNational Parkreserve.Thereserve.The Guadalquivir river is the onlyGuadalquivir river is the only
great navigable river in Spain. Currently itgreat navigable river in Spain. Currently itis navigable to Seville, but in Roman timesis navigable to Seville, but in Roman timesit was navigable to Crdoba.it was navigable to Crdoba.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsula8/3/2019 Final Water Analysis Results
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TurkeyTurkey::KizilirmakKizilirmak riverriver ::
Turkish: Kzlrmak, "Red River"), also
known as the Halys River(Ancient Greek: ), is the longestriver in Turkey. It is a source ofhydroelectric power and is not used fornavigation.
YesilirmakYesilirmak riverriver::
TurkishTurkish:: YeilrmakYeilrmak 'Green'Green RiverRiver';';classicalclassical GreekGreek:: ,, IrisIris)) isis aa riverriver ininnorthernnorthern TurkeyTurkey.. FromFrom itsits sourcesource northnorth--easteast ofofSivasSivas,, itit flowsflows pastpast TokatTokat andand
AmasyaAmasya, and, and reachesreaches thethe Black SeaBlack Sea atat
SamsunSamsun afterafter 418 km (260 miles).418 km (260 miles).
http://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%C2%A0Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%C2%A0Greekhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkish_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkish_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Greek_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Greek_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Tokathttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Tokathttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Amasyahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Amasyahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Amasyahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Samsunhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Samsunhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Samsunhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Samsunhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Samsunhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Amasyahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Tokathttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Greek_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkish_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%C2%A0Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%C2%A0Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%C2%A0Greekhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkish_language8/3/2019 Final Water Analysis Results
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Black sea:Black sea:
AnAn inlandinland seasea boundedbounded byby EuropeEurope,,
AnatoliaAnatolia andand thethe CaucasusCaucasus andand isisultimatelyultimately connectedconnected toto thethe AtlanticAtlanticOceanOcean viavia thethe MediterraneanMediterranean andand
AegeanAegean Seas andSeas and variousvarious straitsstraits..TheThe BosphorusBosphorus straitstrait connectsconnects itit totothethe Sea ofSea of MarmaraMarmara, and, and thethe straitstrait
ofof thethe DardanellesDardanelles connectsconnects thatthatseasea toto thethe AegeanAegean SeaSea regionregion ofofthethe MediterraneanMediterranean..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)8/3/2019 Final Water Analysis Results
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TheseThese waterswaters separateseparate easterneastern
EuropeEurope andand western Asiawestern Asia.. TheTheBlack SeaBlack Sea alsoalso connectsconnects toto thetheSea ofSea of AzovAzov byby thethe StraitStrait ofof
KerchKerchSpringSpring waterwater
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe8/3/2019 Final Water Analysis Results
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WeWe areare goinggoing toto comparecompare
thethe datadata obtainedobtained.. FurtherFurtherresearchresearch couldcould bebe donedone withwith
thesethese datadata butbut itit wouldwouldrequirerequire muchmuch longerlonger..
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Black seaBlack sea
Studying:Studying:
TemperatureTemperaturepHpH
DensityDensity
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TemperatureTemperature
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Bulgaria Rumania Turkey
TC 12 16 15
TC
TC
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Temperature influences theTemperature influences theamount of dissolved oxygen inamount of dissolved oxygen inwater which in turn influences thewater which in turn influences thesurvival of aquatic organismssurvival of aquatic organisms(raising the temperature of a(raising the temperature of a
freshwater stream from 20 tofreshwater stream from 20 to3030ooC will decrease the dissolvedC will decrease the dissolvedoxygen )oxygen )
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pHpH In chemistry ,In chemistry , pHpH is a measure of theis a measure of the
acidity oracidity or basicitybasicity of an aqueous solution.of an aqueous solution.
Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pHPure water is said to be neutral, with a pHclose to 7.0 at 25close to 7.0 at 25 C. Solutions with a pHC. Solutions with a pHless than 7 are said to be acidic andless than 7 are said to be acidic and
solutions with a pH greater than 7 aresolutions with a pH greater than 7 arebasic or alkaline.basic or alkaline.
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The acceptable pH rangeThe acceptable pH rangefor most fish species isfor most fish species is
6.86.8--8.58.5
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pp
7,4 7,6 7,8 8 8,2 8,4
Turkey
Romania
Bulgary
Black sea
pH
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DensityDensity
The density of waterThe density of wateris approximately oneis approximately onethousand kilogramthousand kilogramper cubicper cubic meter.meter.MoreMoreprecisely, it isprecisely, it isdependent on itsdependent on its
temperaturetemperature but thebut therelation is not linearrelation is not linear
Temp (C)Density(kg/m3)
+100 958.4
+80 971.8
+60 983.2
+40 992.2
+30 995.6502
+25 997.0479
+22 997.7735
+20 998.2071
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ens yens y
990
995
1000
1005
1010
1015
1020
Bulgaria Rumania Turkey
Density (S.I)
Density (S.I)
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Black seaBlack sea
PresencePresence of:of:
OrganicOrganic mattermatter --MudMudOilOil --WeedWeed
LatherLather --OdourOdour
DeadDead fishfish --GasGas oiloil
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SampleSample OrganicOrganicmattermatter
MuddyMuddy OilOil WeedWeed LatherLather UrbanUrbanrubbishrubbish
OdourOdour DeadDeadfishesfishes
GasGasoiloil
BlackBlackseaseaBulgariaBulgaria nono yesyes nono yesyes nono nono nono nono nono
RomaniaRomania
yesyes nono nono yesyes yesyes nono yesyes nono nonoTurkeyTurkey yesyes yesyes nono yesyes nono nono nono nono nono
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WhyWhy areare thesethese ionsions studiedstudied??
PbPb2+2+
Lead is known toLead is known to be toxicbe toxic,,
mutagenicmutagenic andandcarcinogeniccarcinogenic in humanin humanbeingsbeings
CaCa2+2+
Hard water has highHard water has highconcentrations ofconcentrations ofCaCa2+2+
andand MgMg2+2+ ions. It isntions. It isnt
unhealthyunhealthy
CuCu 2+2+small amountssmall amountsare required forare required forhealth, buthealth, butexcessexcesscopper can generatecopper can generatefree radicals andfree radicals andcause inflammation orcause inflammation or
toxicitytoxicity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium8/3/2019 Final Water Analysis Results
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ClCl --
Ion presents in seaIon presents in sea waterwater.. ItsIts oneone ofof thethe
componentscomponents ofof HaliteHalite oror cookingcooking saltsalt NaClNaCl Many aquatic organisms can only surviveMany aquatic organisms can only survive
in a narrow range of salt concentrationsin a narrow range of salt concentrations
since salt controls their osmotic pressuresince salt controls their osmotic pressure
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HCOHCO33--
ThisThis factorfactor isis aa characteristic ofcharacteristic ofthe source of water and thethe source of water and thenatural processes taking place atnatural processes taking place at
any given time.any given time.
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PresencePresence ofof ionsions::PbPb2+2+ NONO
ClCl-- YESYES
HCOHCO33-- NO/NO/LowLow
CuCu 2+2+ NONOCaCa2+2+ YESYES
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RiversRivers
AheloyAheloy riverriver (Bulgaria)(Bulgaria) SlaveevaSlaveeva riverriver (Bulgaria)(Bulgaria) DsselDssel riverriver ((GermanyGermany)) GuadalquivirGuadalquivir riverriver ((SpainSpain))
KizilirmakKizilirmak riverriver ((TurkeyTurkey))YesilirmakYesilirmak riverriver ((TurkeyTurkey))
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AheloyAheloy riverriver (Bulgaria)(Bulgaria)
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SlaveevaSlaveeva riverriver (Bulgaria)(Bulgaria)
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DsselDssel riverriver ((GermanyGermany))
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GuadalquivirGuadalquivir riverriver ((SpainSpain))
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Kizilirmak river (Turkey)Kizilirmak river (Turkey)
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Yesilirmak river (Turkey)Yesilirmak river (Turkey)
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Our riversOur rivers
StudyingStudying::
TemperatureTemperaturepHpH
DensityDensity
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empera ureempera ure
0
5
10
15
20
25
Aheloy Slaveeva Guadalquivir Kizilirmak Yesilirmak
TC 16 18 25 17 16
TC
TC
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pHpH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Aheloy
Slaveeva
Guadalquivir
Kizilirmak
Yesilirmak
Dssel
pH
pH
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ens yens y
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Aheloy Slaveeva Guadalquivir Kizilirmak Yesilirmak Dssel
Density (S.I)
Density (S.I)
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PresencePresence of:of:
OrganicOrganic mattermatter --MudMudOilOil --WeedWeed
LatherLather --OdourOdour
DeadDead fishfish --GasGas oiloil
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SampleSample OrganicOrganicmattermatter
MuddyMuddy OilOil WeedWeed LatherLather UrbanUrbanrubbishrubbish
OdourOdour DeadDeadfishesfishes
GasGasoiloil
BulgariaBulgaria
AheloyAheloy
Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No
BulgariaBulgariaSlaveevaSlaveeva
Yes No No Yes No No No No No
GermanyGermanyDsselDssel
Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No
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SampleSample OrganicOrganicmattermatter
MuddyMuddy OilOil WeedWeed LatherLather UrbanUrbanrubbishrubbish
OdourOdour DeadDeadfishesfishes
GasGasoiloil
SpainSpain
GuadalquiGuadalquivirvir
nono yesyes nono yesyes nono yesyes nono nono nono
TurkeyTurkeyKizilirmakKizilirmak yesyes nono nono nono nono nono nono nono nono
TurkeyTurkey
YesilirmaYesilirmakk yesyes nono nono NoNo nono nono nono nono nono
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PresencePresence ofof ionsions::Pb2+Pb2+ NONO
ClCl-- NO /YES (NO /YES (Spain,TurkeySpain,Turkey))
HCOHCO33-- LowLow
CuCu 2+2+ NONOCaCa2+2+ YESYES
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LakesLakes
MandraMandra lakelake ((BulgaryBulgary)) TasaulTasaul lakelake ( Romania)( Romania)
SiutghiolSiutghiol lakelake (Romania)(Romania) TabacarieTabacarie lakelake ( Romania)( Romania)
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MandraMandra lakelake
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TasaulTasaul lakelake
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SiutghiolSiutghiol lakelake
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TabacarieTabacarie lakelake
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OurOur lakeslakes
StudyingStudying::
TemperatureTemperaturepHpH
DensityDensity
empera ureempera ure
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empera ureempera ure
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1618
20
Mandra Tasaul Siutghiol Tabacarie
TC 20 14 14 15
TC
TC
pp
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pp
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mandra
Tasaul
Siutghiol
Tabacarie
pH
pH
ens yens y
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ens yens y
Density (S.I)
984
986
988
990
992994
996
998
1000
MandraTasaul
SiutghiolTabacarie
Density (S.I)
Density (S.I)
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PresencePresence of:of:OrganicOrganic mattermatter --MudMud
OilOil --WeedWeed
LatherLather --OdourOdour
DeadDead fishfish --GasGas oiloil
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SampleSample OrganicOrganicmattermatter
MuddyMuddy OilOil WeedWeed LatherLather UrbanUrbanrubbishrubbish
OdourOdour DeadDeadfishesfishes
GasGasoiloil
Bulgaria
Mandra
Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No
RomaniaTassaul
Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No
RomaniaSiutghiol
Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No
RomaniaTabacarie
Yes No No No Yes No No No No
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PresencePresence ofof ionsions::PbPb2+2+ NONO
ClCl-- NO /YES (Romania)NO /YES (Romania)
HCOHCO33-- NoNo
CuCu 2+2+ NONOCaCa2+2+ YESYES
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