Presented ByDr. R.K. KHANDAL

DIRECTOR

WATER: SOURCES AND SUSTAINABILITY

SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH19, UNIVERSITY ROAD, DELHI-110 007

Email : sridlhi@vsnl.com Website : www.shriraminstitute.org

UNICEF WORKSHOP

PROFILE

Where does the water come from?

Where does it go to?

Natural cycle of water

Properties of water

Uses of water

Availability of water

Sustainability of water

UNICEF WORKSHOP

Comes from no where

Exists every where

Exists in different forms

Flow from place to place

Stays safe if stuck

Where does water come from?

Macro Level

UNICEF WORKSHOP

1 OF 46 4

Where does water come from?

Macro Level

Sources of water mean availability of large quantity of water

Sources are formed due to collection and containment

All sources may not be exploitable

Water has to be made available from different accessible sources

UNICEF WORKSHOP

Protect Preserve Conserve

1 OF 46 5

Where does water come from?

Micro Level

UNTREATED FORM

RAINS CANALS

RIVERS

PONDS

LAKES

UNDER GROUND

UNICEF WORKSHOP

1 OF 46 6

Where does water come from?

UNICEF WORKSHOP

Treatment for making it free from hazardous impurities, undesirable substances & pathogenic microbes

Untreated form Treated form

Municipality

Private Agencies

Civil Supplies

Micro Level

1 OF 46 7

Where does water come from?

All neat forms may not require treatment

All treated water must comply with minimum quality standards

Quality would vary with the source

UNICEF WORKSHOP

Monitoring quality is the key !

Where does it go to?

Goes to Process

AtmosphereUnder groundMountains( Snow)RiversOceansPlantsWaste Stream

Goes to Everywhere

Evaporation PercolationPrecipitationGravityGravityPhotosynthesis Industrial House HoldUNICEF WORKSHOP

UNICEF WORKSHOP

Water : Natural Cycle

EARTH AS A BASE

RIVERS

RAINS

OCEANS WATER

CLOUDS

Snow

Su

rfa

ce

s

Gravitational

flow

UNDER GROUND WATER

Evaporation

Mo

ve

me

nt Pr

essu

re

Tem

pera

tur

e

Precipitation

ATMOSPHERE

Percolation

Gravitational

flow

1 OF 46 10

Reusing of earth’s water in altered forms

Same water goes around and around

Atmospheric water is much cleaner as compared to

water that exists on earth subject to air pollution level

All kinds of human activities, different microbes,

industrial effluent are major causes of water pollution

forms on earth

UNICEF WORKSHOP

Water : Factors Affecting Cycle

1 OF 46 11

Water : Factors Affecting Cycle

Factors: Temperature, Winds and Winds Speed, Surface

activities

Driving Force: Pressure difference, Temperature

gradient, Weather.

Stabilizing forces: Vegetation, forests, flora and fauna,

marine life

UNICEF WORKSHOP

Protection of the cycle can be achieved through stabilizing forces

Properties of Water

Physical Properties

Neutral pH

Colourless

Odorless

• Acquires colour of the dissolved entity

• Acquires odour of the dissolved entity

• Acquires taste of the dissolved entity

• Can be mixed with any component without affecting the taste of that component

Tasteless

UNICEF WORKSHOP

• Dissolved impurities may change it pH

1 OF 46 13

Properties of Water

Polar

All above properties of water make it vulnerable for its purity

Eventhough non-reactive, inert and stable, tendency to turn into waste is very high

Solvent

: Dissolves various salts & hydrotropes

: Picks up solids, liquids & gases

Stable : Holds substances including pollutants without reacting with them

Nutrient : Microbial growth

1 OF 46 14

Properties of Water

Chemical Properties

Free FlowingFinds its way by itself Takes everything along

Specific Heat: 4180 J/Kg.K

Specific Gravity: 1

Boiling Point: 100°C

Freezing Point :0°C

Reference for measurements of properties of other substances

UNICEF WORKSHOP

Universal Solvent Medium for dissolution

Industrial uses

1 OF 46 15

Properties of Water

Coexists in all the three forms at the same time i.e.

Only solvent that

SOLIDLIQUID

GAS

UNICEF WORKSHOP

Ocean

Land

Arctics

Direction of equilibrium decides sustainability of water availability

Other metals

Nutrients & Micronutrients

Water

Transition metals

IV group

Cationic impurities Depending upon the counter ions, metallic ions get dissolved Pollutants are of concern for health safety Impurities with adverse effect are critical for industrial and other applications

V groupAlkali

Alkaline Earth

III group

Imp

uri

ties

Ad

vers

e ef

fect

Imp

urities

Po

sitive effect

Pollutants

Water : Interaction with Metals

1 OF 46 17

Organic Liquid

Water

Soluble

Polar compounds

Solution of Polar compounds

Moderately non-polar

UNICEF WORKSHOP

EmulsionsDispersions

Highly insolubleMiscible

Separation

Soluble organic compounds:easy to remove even if they form azeotropes Insoluble liquids leave residues : real cause of concern

Highly non-polar

Sedimentation Creaming

Insoluble

Water : Interaction with Organic Liquids

1 OF 46 18

Solids

Water

Soluble

Dissolved

Solution of salts Miscible

UNICEF WORKSHOP

Non-miscible

Colloidal dispersion

Insoluble

SettledSuspended

Micro dispersion

Sediment

Total Solids: Solubles + Insolubles

Water : Interaction with Solids

Anionic impurities Need to be monitored as per the requirements of application Critical for suitability for various application including for drinking purposes

Water Gas Polluted water

Water

NO2

NO2-

NO3

NO3-

NH3

NH4+

CO2

CO3-2 SO3

SO4-2

SO2

SO3-2

I2 I-

Br2 Br-

Cl2

Cl-

He

H2

N2O2 N

ob

le

ga

ses

Non

Pol

lutin

g

Water : Interaction with Gases

Polluting

Uses of Water

Humans, Animals, Industries are major sources of waste water: Major Drawers!

Transportation Partial waste water: Minor drawers

Flora

Water

Life-Support systems

Animals Humans

Atmosphere Underground

Lower plants Higher plants

Transportation

InfrastructureIrrigationIndustries

Sustainability of Environment•Uses •Wastes

PlantHumansAnimalsLife support systems Infrastructure Irrigation Industries Transportation

Waste Waste Waste

Waste Waste Waste Waste

Drinking Water : Availability

Estimate of the share of people in developing countries with access to drinking water

Water Stress

Water withdrawal to availability ratio: Water stress indicator

UNICEF WORKSHOP

Water withdrawalWater Resources

Total Renewable sources= Water Stress

Deterioration of fresh water resources

Quantity Quality

Over-exploitation of water bodiesDry rivers

Eutrophication

Saline intrusion etc.Organic Matter pollution

Availability of water for drinking: Factors affecting quality

IndustrializationMedical waste

Deforestation

Improper sanitation

Transportation

Household products

BOD, COD, Oil & grease, H/C, Phenolics, Dyes, metals, VOCsDrugs, Antibiotics

Microbes, bacterials, viruses

Metals Mining

CO2, Green House gases

Agrochemicals & fertilizers

Residual pesticides

CFCs, Solvents, VOCs, detergents, etc.

Oil & grease, PAH, Pet. H/C

Recreation

Anions, Surfactants

Deterioration of water quality

UNICEF WORKSHOP

1 OF 46 24

WASTE

Sustainability: Understanding

WATER WASTE WATER

ENVIRONMENT

NET LOSS

Replenishment

Net Gain

Eva

po

rati

on

Evaporation

USERS

CLOUDS

Pre

cip

itat

ion

Draw

l

Was

tage

Precip

itation

USERS

Drawers: Animal KingdomHumans & human activities

Replenishers: PlantsMicrobes

Waste water > Replenishment Not sustainable Waste water = Replenishment Long-term sustainability Waste water < Drawl Short-term sustainability

Under-developed countries

Needing supportDeveloping countries

With High growth rate

Needing hand-holding

Needing focus

Developing countriesWith Low growth rate

Needing prioritization

Developed countries

Wa

ter

Re

so

urc

e M

an

age

me

nt

Pra

ctic

es

Industrialization

Sustainability: Global Dynamics

Managing resources means: Assured growth Sustenance of Life-Support systems Societal Development

THANK YOU