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What are the parts of an experiment? Observation Hypothesis Experiment Data Collection Conclusion Retest
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Final Review What are the parts of an experiment?
Observation Hypothesis Experiment Data Collection Conclusion Retest
What are the variables of an experiment?
Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity
of workers.He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns
each group the sametask (in this case, they're supposed to staple a
set of papers). Group A isgiven the special juice to drink while
they work. Group B is not given thespecial juice. After an hour,
Smithers counts how many stacks of papers eachgroup has made. Group
A made 1,587 stacks, Group B made 2,113 stacks. Independent
Variable Special juice Dependent Variable How many stacks are made
Control Variable No special juice given (normal group) What is the
relationship between the variables?
Independent Variable Manipulated by the scientist The scientist
applies this variable to a group Graphed on the X axis Dependent
Variable Measured by the scientist What are you counting? Graphed
on the Y axis Control Variable Used for comparison Usually the
group that received nothing special! What is an experimental
control?
Lisa is working on a science project. Hertask is to answer the
question: "DoesRogooti (which is a commercial hairproduct) affect
the speed of hair growth".Her family is willing to volunteer for
theexperiment. Set up an experiment to test this. What would the
independent variablebe? Whether a family member gets Rogooti ornot.
What would the dependent variable be? Hair growth What would the
control be? The family members that do NOT get Rogooti What is a
conclusion? Lisa is working on a science project. Hertask is to
answer the question: "DoesRogooti (which is a commercial
hairproduct) affect the speed of hairgrowth". Her family is willing
tovolunteer for the experiment. Marge and Homer used Rogooti and
grew14 inches of hair in two weeks. An inch aday. Maggie and Bart
did NOT use Rogooti andgrew 2 cm of hair in two weeks. An answer to
the experimentbased on data obtained. Should be LOGICAL! What is
some evidence that supports the conclusion?
Lisa is working on a science project. Her task isto answer the
question: "Does Rogooti (which isa commercial hair product) affect
the speed ofhair growth". Her family is willing to volunteerfor the
experiment. Marge and Homer used Rogooti and grew 14 inchesof hair
in two weeks. An inch a day. Maggie and Bart did NOT use Rogooti
and grew 2cm of hair in two weeks. What should Lisa conclude? How
would she represent thisinformation? What are trends in
graphs?
Negative (inverse) When one increases, the otherdecreases Positive
(direct) When one increases, the otherincreases OR when one
decreases,the other decreases No relationship One has NO EFFECT on
the other. Why do scientists repeat experiments?
In order to verify results, experiments must beRETESTED! It adds
validity to the findings. How do scientists communicate
findings?
When scientists want to communicate the results oftheir experiment,
they use SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS orother publications! How does society
influence scientific studies?
What do you think? How does scientific study influence
society?
What do you think? What is pure and applied science?
Pure Science Answers questions about phenomenaand mechanisms in the
natural world. Why do you do it? Because we wanted to know! EX.
Studying the ICE MAN Applied Science Application of scientific
knowledge topractical problems. To fight disease, identify
criminals, learnhow to store hazardous wastesetc. What are the
characteristics of life?
1. have cells 2. reproduce 3. have DNA 4. grow and develop 5.
obtain and use energy 6. respond to their environment 7. maintain
homeostasis 8. evolve over time What are the levels of organization
in living things?
From small to LARGE! Atoms Molecules/Compounds Organelle Cells
Tissues Organ Organ system Organism What are the four types of
carbon-based molecules?
What structures in the cell are they a part of? What are the
momomers? What are the polymers? NucleicAcids In the nucleus
nucleotides DNA Proteins Transport proteins in the cell membrane
Amino acids Leucine (protein) Lipids Makes up the majority of the
cell membrane triglycerides Phospholipids Identification chains on
the cell membrane monosaccharides cellulose Carbohydrates What are
Macromolecules?
They are POLYmers made of many smaller unitscalled MONOmers
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids They are ORGANIC That
means they all haveCARBON! What are the building blocks of
macromolecules?
The MONOmers of eachof the macromoleculesare: Carbohydrates are
madeof MONOSACCHARIDES Lipids are made ofTRIGLYCERIDES Proteins are
made ofAMINO ACIDS Nucleic acids are madeof NUCLEOTIDES What
macromolecule makes the cell membrane?
Lipids What are the characteristics of enzymes?
1. They are PROTEINS! 2. They SPEED UP the RATE of chemical
reactions by LOWERING ACTIVATION ENERGY 3. They are REUSABLE. They
can be used over and over again. 4. They are SPECIFIC. An enzyme
only works on very specific substrates What is the cell theory? 1.
All organisms are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of
structure and function in living things. 3. All cells come from
pre-existing cells. What technology lead to the cell theory?
MICROSCOPES!!!! What are prokaryotes? Pro= EARLY Karyo= NUT
They lack a nucleus and othermembrane bound organelles. Are single
celled Bacteria and Archaea What are eukaryotes? Eu = GOOD Karyo =
NUT
They have a nucleus andmembrane boundorganelles. They can be single
celledor multicellular They are plants andanimals What is the
difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
More primitive Has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Lacks a
nucleus and membrane bound organelles Multicellular Plant and
Animal Cells Unicellular Bacteria and Archaea DNA scientists
Griffiths:bacteria transforming principle cameup with idea that DNA
was transforming principle Avery: furthered Griffiths work said DNA
wasgenetic material Hershey and Chase:Worked bacteria phages
Wilkins and Franklin:x-ray diffraction images Watson and
Crick:built DNA double helix model Chargaff:discovered base pairing
Hooke:discovered cells What are the cells organelles and their
functions?
Nucleus Control center of the cell,contains DNA Smooth
EndoplasmicReticulum Creates lipids, detoxifies thecell, and
involved in cellmetabolism Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Creates
proteins for use bythe body and cell. What are the cells organelles
and their functions?
Ribosomes Assist in the assembly of proteins Involved in DNA
translation and transcription Golgi Apparatus Packages and modifies
proteins for export Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Creates ATP
Lysosome Is the stomach of the cell, breaks down molecules
Programmed for cell death What is another name for the cell
membrane?
FluidMosaicModel What is the function of water in a plant
cell?
Maintainsthe cellshape What is the difference between the
mitochondria and chloroplast?
Present in PLANTS and ANIMALS Present in PLANTS ONLY Where CELLULAR
RESPIRATION takes place Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS takes place Has a
MATRIX, CRISTAE, and a DOUBLE MEMBRANE Has GRANA, THYLAKOIDS, and
CHLOROPHYLL What is the structure and function of the cell
membrane?
Lipid bi-layer (made of fats) Has tags that allow white blood cells
to identify itas part of the body Controls what enters and leaves
the cell Is the bouncer of the cell Cell Transport Transport
against the concentration gradient
Passive Transport Active Transport Transport down theconcentration
gradient Does not requireenergy Transport against theconcentration
gradient Requires energy - ATP What are some mechanisms of cellular
transport?
Osmosis Passive Transport Does NOT requireenergy Active Transport
Requires Energy(ATP) What is diffusion? Passive Transport Simple
diffusion
Requires NO ENERGY Simple diffusion Down a concentration gradient
Solutes automatically diffuse from HIGH to LOWconcentration
Facilitated diffusion Solutes diffuse from HIGH to LOW
concentration Solutes USE A PROTEIN to help them cross the lipid
bi- layer Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport Aided by atransport protein What are the special
properties of water?
Water is POLAR The molecule has a positive and negative side.
Oxygen is anelectron hog, and will be slightly negative. Water is a
UNIVERSAL SOLVENT With time, water can dissolve almost any
substance. Water has CAPILLARY ACTION It can move up a narrow tube
AGAINST the force of gravity Water has ADHESION and COHESION
Adhesion water and other substance (like glass) clingtogether
Cohesion water and water cling together What is osmosis? The
diffusion of wateracross a semi-permeablemembrane Is passive
diffusion Requires NO energy Water will go from an areaof LOW
soluteconcentration to HIGHsolute concentration Think of a tea bag
in water What are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic
solutions?
Solute concentration isthe same inside andoutside the cell. Water
moves equallyinto and out of thecell. Normal Cell What are
isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?
Solute concentrationoutside the cell is LOWERthan solute
concentrationinside the cell. Water is moving INSIDEthe cell Cell
swells and burst cytolysis What are isotonic, hypotonic, and
hypertonic solutions?
Solute concentrationoutside the cell is HIGHERthan solute
concentrationinside the cell. Water is moving OUTSIDEthe cell. Cell
shrinks plasmolysis What are some energy storing molecules?
Plants useSTARCH Animals useGLYCOGENandTRIGLYCERIDES Sugar and fat
What is photosynthesis?
A process to capture energy from sunlightto make sugars. Takes
place in the CHLOROPLASTS Uses the light capturing
moleculechlorophyll Includes the Light Reaction Photosystem II
Photosystem I Includes the Dark Reaction Calvin Cycle 6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6+ 6O2 Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen What is made
during photosynthesis?
sugar glucose Oxygen What is cellular respiration?
Releases chemical energy from sugars andother carbon based
molecules to make ATP Takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA Both PLANTS
& ANIMALS undergo cellular respiration Includes Glycolysis,
Krebs Cycle, and the ElectronTransport Chain Can include
Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation in Animals Alcoholic
Fermentation in plants C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O a sugar + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water What is made during cellular
respiration?
Carbon Dioxide Water What is the difference between photosynthesis
and cellular respiration?
Organelle for Process Chloroplast Mitochondria Reactants CO2 and
H2O Sugar (C6H12O6) and O2 Electron Transport Chain Proteins in the
chloroplast Proteins in the mitochondria Cycle of Chemical
Reactions Calvin Cycle builds the sugar molecule (C6H12O6) Krebs
Cycle breaks down the sugar molecule (C6H12O6) Products Sugar
(C6H12O6) and O2 CO2 and H2O What does anaerobic and aerobic
mean?
An = not Aerob = uses oxygen Processes or organisms that do not
require oxygen Ex. Glycolysis and fermentation Aerobic Processes or
organisms that do require oxygen Ex. Cellular Respiration What is
Interphase? G1 S G2 Cell grows
During G0, the cell does itsjob S Cell replicates its DNA G2 Cell
grows again ALL of these areINTERPHASE! What are the purposes and
processes of Mitosis?
Division of the nucleus Used for repair and growth Only happens in
EUKARYOTIC cells Includes 4 steps Prophase Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase Results in: TWO genetically IDENTICAL daughtercells What
are the purposes and processes of Meiosis?
Produces gametes (egg or sperm) Includes 8 steps Prophase I
Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II
Anaphase II Telophase II Results in: 4 genetically DIFFERENT
HAPLOID daughtercells. What is the difference between mitosis and
meiosis? What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
# of divisions 1 2 # of daughter cells 2 4 Genetically Identical
Yes No Chromosome # 46 (diploid) 23 (haploid) Where Somatic (body)
cells Germ cells When Throughout life After puberty Role Growth and
repair Sexual reproduction What does haploid and diploid
mean?
Di = two Ploid = chromosomes Having two chromosomes for each trait
In humans 46 (normal body cells) Haploid Hap = half or one Having
one chromosome for each trait In humans 23 (gamete; egg or sperm)
Who identified the structure and function of DNA?
Fredrick Griffith wasexperimenting with two forms ofbacteria (S and
R form). After heat-killing S bacteria, andmixing it with R
bacteria, he foundthat the R bacteria had transformedinto S
bacteria. He called this the transformingprinciple. Avery, Hershey,
and Chaseconfirmed that the transformingprinciple was DNA. Who
identified the structure and function of DNA?
Rosalind Franklinand MauriceWilkins Took x-ray photosof DNA James
Watson andFrancis Crick Interpreted photosto figure out thatDNA was
a twisteddouble helix What is the function of DNA?
Stores genetic information Contains instructions for making
PROTEINS What are the components of DNA?
DNA is a polymer made ofnucleotides. The nucleotides have a
phosphate,sugar, and nitrogenous base. There are four different
types ofnitrogenous bases. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine How do
you get from DNA to chromosomes to genes?
DNA has ALL geneticinformation DNA is coiled intochromosomes
duringreplication Chromosomes containgenes that will becometraits
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
Purpose Carries genetic information Assists in reading the
information on DNA Structure Double stranded Single stranded Sugar
Deoxyribose Ribose Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Adenine Guanine
Cytosine Uracil Bases What are genetics? The science of heredity
and the interaction betweengenes and the environment.