Final Exam I1. During its first few years, Jamestown suffered from

A. the total absence of leadershipB. insufficient reinforcementsC. the debilitating effects of malariaD. a location that was too dryE. a lack of aristocratic gentlemen

2. Following the Stuart Restoration, Charles II

A. issued charters for four new colonies in North AmericaB. lost his crown and his head in conflicts with ParliamentC. resumed the search for quick profits from the New WorldD. appointed Catholic governors in New EnglandE. encouraged private companies to launch new colonies

3. Prior to 1640, the English had settled all of the following colonies except

A. MassachusettsB. ConnecticutC. New YorkD. MarylandE. Virginia

4. For James, the Duke of York, to take possession of the colony granted to him by his brother, Charles II,he had to use military force against

A. the DutchB. the IroquoisC. the FrenchD. the SpaniardsE. the Massachusetts Bay colony

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5. Of the following settlements, the one that was not established by dissenters leaving the MassachusettsBay colony was

A. HartfordB. SalemC. ExeterD. New HavenE. Providence

6. Bacon's Rebellion began as

A. a revolt by easterners against western control of the governmentB. a fight between Indians and frontiersmen over western landsC. a democratic movement in the tidewater regionD. an effort by landowners to force former indentured servants to leave the settled areasE. a struggle over what faction would dominate the slave trade

7. William Berkeley came to be seen as an autocratic ruler of Virginia when he

A. sided with the Roundheads in the English Civil WarB. refused requests to sponsor exploration of the Blue Ridge MountainsC. removed Lord Baltimore from office without consulting the peopleD. restricted the right to vote to wealthy landownersE. opposed immigration that resulted from the headright system

8. Before Europeans settled in the New World, western and southern Africans

A. did not tolerate the institution of slavery in their societyB. had no trade with the outside world and relied on hunting and fishing for their livelihoodC. had no widespread religions, just local ones based on nature worship or ancestor worshipD. were unable to use natural resources wiselyE. did not have the extreme degree of sexual inequality found in most European countries

9. Before the arrival of Columbus, all Native American tribes assigned women the tasks of

A. tending to the fieldsB. caring for childrenC. controlling the social organization of the tribeD. controlling political decisionsE. performing farming chores

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10. By 1500, the incentives for Europeans to engage in overseas exploration included all of the followingexcept

A. a significant growth in their populationB. the return of the bubonic plagueC. more powerful and united governmentsD. an increased prosperity and desire for commerceE. a belief in fulfilling a divine mission

11. Henry VIII started the English Reformation because he

A. required a divorce in order to remarryB. needed absolute control of the ChurchC. wanted to change English ChristianityD. converted to Protestant idealsE. believed Catholicism was a pagan faith

12. Before the coming of Europeans, the peoples who lived in what is now the United States had notdeveloped

A. a common languageB. complex agricultural systemsC. large, permanent settlementsD. elaborate religious practicesE. division of labor

13. When Christopher Columbus made his famous voyages to the New World, he

A. believed that he had reached the Far EastB. refused to search for goldC. acted out of strictly religious motivesD. explored much of the North American coastlineE. obtained his financing from the Portuguese queen

14. The majority of English Puritans were religious dissenters who

A. were content with the reformed Church of EnglandB. desired an end to the English civil warC. wished to purify Anglican forms of worshipD. hoped to return the English Church to the Roman Catholic ChurchE. wanted to leave the Church of England

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15. The first American-born child of an English settler was

A. John WhiteB. Humphrey GilbertC. Walter RaleighD. Virginia DareE. Elizabeth Tudor

16. When the Europeans arrived in the Americas, they brought with them all of the following thingsexcept

A. a strong yearning for silver and goldB. new crops that the natives had not seen beforeC. new domestic livestock that the natives had never seenD. the practice of human sacrifice for religious practices that the natives had not known beforeE. diseases to which that the Native Americans had little immunity

17. The first European country to launch long ocean voyages of exploration was

A. PortugalB. ItalyC. SpainD. HollandE. England

18. In an effort to subjugate the Native Americans, the Spanish engaged in all of the following practicesexcept

A. killing Indian leaders, including warriors and priestsB. installing Spaniards in positions of political powerC. prohibiting marriage between Spanish men and Indian womenD. destroying records and documents of the native political systemsE. forcing natives to work for Spaniards for little or no pay

19. During the 1600s, the rapid growth of Virginia's population led to the

A. domination of the House of Burgesses by frontier settlersB. increased immigration controlsC. violation of Indian treaties and frequent border conflictsD. promotion of anti-immigration lawsE. extension of the right to vote to all white men

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20. The English colonization of North America

A. failed to establish a significant cash cropB. succeeded due to large gold reserves in VirginiaC. resolved economic differences with European rivalsD. resulted in the empowerment of Native AmericansE. established trading centers in cities on the eastern seaboard

21. The witchcraft hysteria in Salem and other New England towns was

A. aimed solely at West Indian immigrantsB. a reflection of economic strains within the communityC. the result of a belief thought to be merely superstitionD. focused mainly on young girls in the townsE. the result of zealous religious practices

22. Characteristics of early colonial life in North America included

A. a low percentage of African-Americans in the SouthB. a mild and easily manageable physical environmentC. a dominant culture of French tastes and stylesD. a native population that outnumbered EuropeansE. less diversity of culture compared with Britain

23. Roughly one-fourth of indentures in the Chesapeake were

A. womenB. of African descentC. Puritan SeparatistsD. malesE. English royalty

24. One problem with early American industries was

A. a failure of small companies to competeB. a tendency to enforce too many rules of tradeC. the lack of an elaborate coastal tradeD. there was no commonly accepted currencyE. England's lack of concern for making a profit

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25. The system of temporary servitude in the New World

A. led to a lack of social unrest in the Chesapeake regionB. was appealing to North American property-holders in the mid-1600sC. did not compose a significant percentage of the colonial labor forceD. was not widely used in the British coloniesE. included a labor force that never volunteered to come to the colonies

26. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, some Americans were growing troubled by

A. a decline in the colonial population that reduced the labor poolB. a huge increase in Catholic immigration from IrelandC. the overwhelming amount of new taxes imposed by BritainD. an apparent decline in religious piety in their societyE. the lack of fertile soil in the Middle Colonies

27. The Great Awakening of the 1700s

A. healed the divisions that had grown up between existing congregationsB. had little impact in the coloniesC. achieved its greatest success in northern citiesD. came in response to a decline in religious pietyE. depended exclusively on powerful evangelists from England

28. By the early eighteenth century, Africans in North America

A. refused to have children who would be born into servitudeB. experienced more humane treatment in slave codesC. were still viewed as indentured servants, rather than as slavesD. lived mostly in cities on the northeastern seaboardE. began more commonly to be seen as inferior by whites

29. The Enlightenment encouraged people to seek guidance in their lives and to shape society by looking to

A. leading educatorsB. government leadersC. themselvesD. the Puritan ElectE. the clergy

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30. The American who least subscribed to the ideas of the Enlightenment was

A. James MadisonB. Jonathan EdwardsC. Thomas PaineD. Thomas JeffersonE. Benjamin Franklin

31. During the 1600s and 1700s, the southern economy was characterized by all of the following conditionsexcept

A. a reliance on tobacco in the Chesapeake regionB. the development of a merchant classC. expansion of planters' landholdingsD. the dominance of cash crop agricultureE. boom-and-bust economic cycles

32. In his policy toward the American colonies, Prime Minister George Grenville maintained that thecolonists should be

A. taxed less than in the pastB. treated fairly, as his brother-in-law, William Pitt, had suggestedC. allowed to take a greater share in governing themselvesD. urged to extend slavery into New EnglandE. compelled to pay part of the cost of administering and defending the empire

33. After 1763, the British imperial design changed from emphasizing trade to

A. supporting the expansion of colonial manufacturingB. abandoning colonies that were losing moneyC. acquiring land, population, and imperial splendorD. eliminating all colonial taxesE. promoting electoral democracy

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34. During the 1760s and 1770s, the political program that angered the Americans most was the Britisheffort to take away local control over

A. regulating slavery in the SouthB. appointing the colonial governorC. approving the choice of military commandersD. negotiating treaties with the IndiansE. appropriating money for local government

35. Prime Minister Charles Townshend established a board of customs commissioners in America that

A. won the support of American merchants outside of BostonB. halted smuggling in all American seaportsC. virtually ended smuggling in BostonD. continued loose enforcement of the Navigation ActsE. broke the colonists' boycott of English goods

36. Alcohol and its consumption in the American colonies in 1770 was

A. restricted to beer and wineB. craved by American colonists, and drunkenness was commonC. strictly illegal by English lawD. nonexistent in citiesE. restricted to private homes

37. The Mutiny (Quartering) Act of 1765 was resented by the colonists because

A. colonial contributions of lodging and supplies for British troops were made mandatoryB. they had never quartered troops in the pastC. they were required to quarter troops who served no purpose other than to oppress themD. some colonies were exempt from the laws provisionsE. they could now be prosecuted on mutiny charges for refusing to provide quarters for troops

38. One of the developments that led to the French and Indian War was

A. the decision of the Iroquois to abandon their alliance with the BritishB. land disputes over the cultivation of tobaccoC. continued expansion of French and English settlementsD. the alliances between the British and the Hurons and the French and the IroquoisE. George Washington's attack on and victory over the French at Ft. Necessity

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39. The effects of Queen Anne's War in the colonies included

A. the outbreak of border conflicts with both France and SpainB. the surrender of the city of Boston to the FrenchC. the signing of an alliance between the colonists and the IroquoisD. a brief outburst of war between the colonists and BritainE. a huge loss of land to the control of France

40. During the Seven Years' War, the English secretary of state was

A. William of OrangeB. William ByrdC. Jeffery AmherstD. William PittE. James Wolfe

41. Following the "Boston Massacre" of 1770, Samuel Adams stirred up public outrage and then helped tocreate a committee of

A. revolutionB. correspondenceC. vigilanceD. public safetyE. military training

42. During his years as chancellor of the exchequer, Charles Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass all ofthe following measures except

A. imposing a series of new external taxesB. creating an effective antismuggling boardC. disbanding the New York assemblyD. addressing the challenge of enforcing the Mutiny ActE. establishing new agents to enforce the Stamp Act

43. In the 1770s and 1780s, the powers of government were

A. not considered to be an important issueB. concentrated in the state governmentsC. shared equally by the state government and independent local governmentsD. shared equally by the national government and the state governmentsE. concentrated in the national government

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44. The American War for Independence has been characterized in all of the following ways except

A. the first technological warB. an unusually savage conflictC. a revolutionary war for liberationD. a switch to a new type of conflictE. a relatively modest war

45. In discussing the American Revolution, the basic controversy among historians involves the question:

A. Was the motivation for the Revolution primarily political ideology or essentially economic and socialinterests?

B. Should the British have won easily, or did they face an impossible, Vietnam-style war?C. Did the French make a colossal blunder in supporting the Americans and as a result bring about their

own revolution?D. If the Americans really believed what they said in the Declaration of Independence, why did they not

end slavery?E. Did English generals intentionally use strategies that would fail?

46. The state governments that were formed during the 1770s exhibited all of the followingcharacteristics except

A. they limited the power of the executive in favor of the legislativeB. they forbade governors from holding legislative seatsC. they had property requirements for votingD. they adopted the principle of universal suffrageE. they had written constitutions

47. During the final phase of the American Revolution, between early 1778 and late 1783, the fightingresulted in the British forces

A. doing very little, simply sitting in their city fortresses and waiting for the Americans to attack themB. moving their major efforts into the South, where their forces were finally worn down and suffered a

major defeatC. refusing to engage the Americans in any large-scale battlesD. winning all of the major battles but never succeeding in defeating the American armiesE. losing all of the major battles as the American forces became totally dominant

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48. The Battle of Breed's Hill resulted in

A. a heavy loss of life for the attacking British armyB. Benedict Arnold being hailed as a national heroC. the removal of William Howe as a British commanderD. France's full military and financial support for the RevolutionE. the withdrawal of George Washington's forces from Long Island

49. In the 1770s and 1780s, the majority of Americans agreed on all of the following political assumptionsexcept

A. republicanism should be the foundation for new governmentB. people should enjoy equality of condition during their livesC. political power should come directly from the peopleD. a nation should have a large number of independent property ownersE. people should have an equal opportunity to succeed in life

50. By the end of the American Revolution, most Native American tribes had

A. earned the respect of Americans by fighting the BritishB. denied knowing of the war between the Americans and the BritishC. gained beneficial trade treaties with whitesD. experienced a weakening of their power and independenceE. managed to escape to the safety of southeast Canada

51. The Treaty of Paris included a provision that

A. began a rift between the Canadian and English governmentsB. awarded the Americans with a generous cession of landC. outlawed British trade on the Atlantic OceanD. caused Spain to declare war on FranceE. named George Washington as president of the new nation

52. During the American Revolution the religious group that most improved its position was the

A. JewsB. IroquoisC. AnglicansD. CatholicsE. Quakers

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53. During the final phase of the American Revolution, General Cornwallis was surrounded and forced tosurrender his entire force at

A. Charleston, South CarolinaB. Wilmington, North CarolinaC. Cowpens, South CarolinaD. Savannah, GeorgiaE. Yorktown, Virginia

54. The start of the French Revolution caused the Republicans in the United States to

A. decide to withhold judgment until they saw what the final outcome of the Revolution would beB. applaud the revolution as being democratic and copy French fashions and forms of addressC. join with the Federalists in opposition to FranceD. urge an alliance and free-trade treaty with EnglandE. turn against the French because they overthrew the monarchy and executed the king and queen

55. In the election of 1796, the man who won the presidency was

A. James MadisonB. John AdamsC. George WashingtonD. Alexander HamiltonE. Thomas Jefferson

56. When war broke out in Europe in 1793 between France and Great Britain, the U.S. government

A. decided that the British were right and went to war against FranceB. took no action, instead waiting to see how the war would goC. sided with the French and declared war on Great BritainD. attempted to make a protective alliance with SpainE. declared the country neutral and tried to keep the country out of it

57. For the new U.S. Constitution to go into effect, it had to be ratified by

A. all of the state legislaturesB. nine of the state ratifying conventionsC. a majority of the Confederation CongressD. unanimous vote in CongressE. two-thirds of the people voting in a referendum

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58. The Federalist Party enjoyed widespread support in the

A. rural areas of the SouthB. commercial centers of the NortheastC. farming areas of the NorthwestD. farming communities of the WestE. fur-trading region of the Mississippi Valley

59. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison joined forces in an attempt to

A. end slavery in the Tidewater RegionB. defend the power of the Confederation Congress to impose a tariff duty on importsC. call for a convention to correct the defects in the Articles of ConfederationD. strengthen states' rights under the Articles of ConfederationE. produce a quorum in the Confederation Congress to ratify the Peace of Paris

60. Alexander Hamilton believed in all of the following ideas except

A. a large and permanent national debt is a good ideaB. one bank should have a monopoly of the federal governments own banking businessC. the country should be governed by an elite ruling classD. the national government should reward only those who had originally loaned it money during the

RevolutionE. the federal government should assume state debts incurred during the war

61. The "Great Compromise" at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 resulted in all of the followingagreements except

A. representation in the lower house of Congress would be based on populationB. each state would have an equal number of votes in the upper house of CongressC. each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a free person in the determination of representation and

direct taxationD. an assumption that slave labor was not as productive as free laborE. the national government would be prohibited from exercising any powers not specifically granted to

it

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62. The element of the Constitution most representative of the anti-federalist perspective is the

A. three-fifths provisionB. Bill of RightsC. Thirteenth AmendmentD. concept of strong centralizationE. doctrine of judicial review

63. By creating a federal system, the framers of the Constitution

A. insured the election of John AdamsB. rejected the ideals of The Federalist PapersC. stopped all talk about the power of states' rightsD. showed that they were heavily influenced by the two-house system of Great BritainE. created a system of divided authority among national and state governments

64. In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison contended that statelegislatures could declare federal laws unconstitutional. This view first appeared in

A. Pinckney's TreatyB. the United States ConstitutionC. the Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsD. The Federalist PapersE. the Declaration of Independence

65. Most of the people who wrote the Constitution

A. were suspicious of the propertied classesB. represented the common men, rather than the wealthy and propertiedC. distrusted any concentration of political powerD. were old men with many years of political experienceE. were young, unmarried, landless men

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66. Aaron Burr's trial for treason ended in

A. a hung jury, with the government deciding not to retry him because the government believed it wouldnot get a conviction

B. his conviction, which was hailed as a victory for the Jefferson administrationC. his conviction, following which he was sentenced to a long prison termD. his acquittal, because the judge imposed strict standards of evidence that the government could not

meetE. his acquittal, because he was clearly innocent

67. The intellectual products of the rational skepticism of the late 1700s included all the following except

A. attacks on religious superstitionB. the Second Great AwakeningC. the philosophy of deismD. the rejection of the idea of the Holy TrinityE. the idea of universalism

68. In reality, Jefferson accomplished the Republican ambition of

A. decreasing the emphasis on farmingB. increasing and strengthening the federal bureaucracyC. restricting the growth of industries and citiesD. creating a system of universal educationE. limiting the power of the federal government

69. The American desire for Florida led to a desire for war with

A. FranceB. BritainC. CanadaD. MexicoE. Spain

70. In 1784, Judith Sargent Murray published an essay that promoted the idea that

A. common farmers were essential to the electoral processB. higher education should become available to all, regardless of incomeC. women were less capable than men in terms of intellect but possessed superior intuitionD. Native Americans should be educated by the white cultureE. women should have the same opportunity for education as men

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71. In the Jeffersonian era, American literary figures who contributed to the rise of cultural nationalismincluded all the following people except

A. Noah WebsterB. Washington IrvingC. Mercy Otis WarrenD. Charles Brockden BrownE. Samuel Slater

72. Jefferson sought to make his victory in the election of 1800 a "revolution" by

A. refusing to expand the territorial limits of the United StatesB. instigating a military showdown with Great BritainC. repudiating completely the policies and programs of the FederalistsD. attempting to crush the Federalist party with repressive legislationE. reducing drastically the size and power of the national government

73. The beginning of the American Industrial Revolution during the early 1800s resulted from all of thefollowing developments except

A. new inventions such as the cotton ginB. technological advances imported from EnglandC. the development of advanced steam enginesD. monetary assistance from the federal government to new factoriesE. the appearance of better transportation systems

74. During the early 1800s, the profession that normally required college training was

A. ministerB. teacherC. engineeringD. doctorE. lawyer

75. As an individual, President Thomas Jefferson

A. displayed excellent political skillsB. possessed little intelligenceC. had few talentsD. was uninterested in the intellectual worldE. loved to host lavish government social affairs

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76. The Rush-Bagot agreement between the United States and Britain

A. ended the war of 1812 after bitter years of fightingB. provided for American-British disarmament on the Great LakesC. failed to halt the building of British forts in the WestD. represented Thomas Jefferson's greatest diplomatic achievementE. helped England defeat France in the Napoleonic Wars

77. When the charter of the Bank of the United States expired in 1811, state banks

A. succeeded at creating a more regulated currencyB. were solidly backed by gold and silver reservesC. issued bank notes that circulated as moneyD. were carefully monitored by the federal governmentE. decreased in number

78. The Tariff of 1828 was not popular in New England because it protected

A. raw materialsB. riceC. woolensD. cottonE. tobacco

79. In the case of Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824, the Supreme Court

A. strengthened the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerceB. strengthened the power of the monopolyC. increased the power of the states to regulate intrastate commerceD. weakened the powers of the national governmentE. ruled that commerce was a term that did not include navigation

80. John Jacob Astor created a fortune in his ownership of the

A. Missouri Fur CompanyB. American Fur CompanyC. Red River Fur CompanyD. Rocky Mountain Fur CompanyE. Anglo-American Fur Company

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81. Between 1800 and 1820, the American textile industry experienced all of the following developmentsexcept

A. it expanded tremendously both before and after the warB. it saw the opening of the first American mill to combine spinning and weaving under one roofC. it suffered from the British dumping underpriced goods on the American marketD. it produced no significant inventions or technological advances of its ownE. it experienced less foreign competition after the tariff of 1816

82. Major Stephen H. Long led an 1819 and 1820 expedition that

A. surveyed areas for new farmlands in the WestB. labeled the Great Plains the "Great American Desert"C. found the source of the Red RiverD. analyzed Indian artifacts in the Old SouthwestE. explored the Pacific Northwest

83. In the 1819 case of McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court decided that the

A. Bank of the United States was unconstitutionalB. federal courts could declare state laws unconstitutionalC. federal courts could review state court decisionsD. doctrine of implied powers was validE. Indians had the right to control their own lands

84. The greatest problem with the cotton economy of the Old South was the

A. decrease in marketsB. loss of fertilityC. expense of slaveryD. lack of modern machineryE. encroachment of industry

85. The "era of good feelings" became a popular label for the administration of

A. John AdamsB. James MadisonC. Thomas JeffersonD. James MonroeE. John Quincy Adams

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86. The growing nationalism of the late 1810s and 1820s was reflected in all the following developmentsexcept

A. the growth of the economyB. the foreign policy of the federal governmentC. the patriotic celebrations every Fourth of JulyD. the adherence by many people to a set of shared sentimentsE. the crisis over the admission of Missouri

87. The author of the Compromise Tariff that ended the Nullification Crisis was

A. Andrew JacksonB. Daniel WebsterC. John C. CalhounD. Henry ClayE. Martin Van Buren

88. The most important legislation passed during the Van Buren administration was the

A. specie circularB. nullification codeC. preemption billD. subtreasury system billE. ten-hour-workday bill

89. The theory of nullification is based on the principle that

A. individual states may declare federal laws unconstitutionalB. a majority of states may declare a federal law unconstitutionalC. the Supreme Court may declare legislation unconstitutionalD. the U.S. Congress may declare a state law unconstitutionalE. the U.S. Congress cannot enact trade regulations

90. In 1828, the only state not to choose its presidential electors by popular vote was

A. South CarolinaB. PennsylvaniaC. OhioD. TennesseeE. Rhode Island

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91. The economic boom before 1837 exhibited all of the following characteristics except

A. a decrease in the price of domestic productsB. an increase in the construction of canals and railroadsC. an increase in land speculationD. an increase in readily available creditE. a surplus of funds in the national treasury

92. In the 1830s, the supporters of the Whigs included all of the following groups except

A. Irish and German CatholicsB. anti-Masons in New YorkC. wealthy southern plantersD. wealthy northeastern industrialists and merchantsE. western pro-commerce merchants and farmers

93. The inauguration of Andrew Jackson in 1829 was significant because it

A. symbolized a return to traditional upper-class valuesB. ended the tradition of raucous inaugural celebrationsC. reaffirmed the control of the political eliteD. indicated harmony between the southern and northern regions of the United StatesE. signified the empowerment of a heretofore disenfranchised class of Americans

94. The immediate causes of the Panic of 1837 included all of the following except

A. a succession of crop failuresB. the removal of foreign money from United States banksC. the withdrawal of federal funds from state banksD. a presidential order requiring federal land be paid for in specieE. the easy credit policies of the Bank of the United States

95. The creation of a second party system in the 1830s produced competition between the

A. Federalists and RepublicansB. Republicans and WhigsC. Democrats and RepublicansD. Democrats and FederalistsE. Whigs and Democrats

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96. Webster's main weakness as a presidential candidate for the Whigs was his

A. excessive condemnation of alcoholic beveragesB. inability to speak effectively in publicC. close connections with rich men and big businessesD. support of the theory of nullificationE. close ties to owners of large plantations

97. During Andrew Jackson's presidency, the common people gained political power through all of thefollowing means except

A. elimination of property qualifications for votingB. creation of national nominating conventionsC. increase in opportunity to hold political officeD. enfranchisement of women and free blacksE. challenge of entrenched office holders

98. The United States of the 1840s and 1850s saw all of the following developments except

A. a sharp decline in immigration from EuropeB. the rapid growth of Northeastern citiesC. a major movement of shipping to the Great LakesD. the rise of close economic ties between the Northeast and NorthwestE. a booming agricultural economy in the West

99. Between 1800 and 1860, the nature of the family changed because of the decline in the

A. use of birth controlB. rate of birthsC. size of farmsD. number of hired hands on farmsE. number of abortions

100.The early railroads of the 1820s and 1830s primarily served as

A. linkages between water routesB. long-haul carriersC. the means of moving bulk goodsD. passenger linesE. connection between the Great Lakes and the Far West

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101.The early Lowell or Waltham system used in the textile mills

A. paid men and women equal wages and granted equal working conditionsB. was marked by good working conditions superior to those in EnglandC. was marked by long working hours, poor dormitory conditions, and strikesD. brought whole families from the farm to the mill, where families worked togetherE. caused the formation of the first national unions

102.The rise of the factory began in the

A. steel refineries of the MidwestB. food processing industry in the NorthwestC. munitions industry in the SoutheastD. textile industry in the NortheastE. shoe industry in the Southeast

103.One result of the development of canals was

A. decreased use of railroad linesB. increased growth of Southeastern citiesC. increased settlement in the NorthwestD. decreased use of the port of New OrleansE. decreased growth of trade in the North

104.The Erie Canal revolutionized domestic markets because it permitted the

A. shipment of wheat from Chicago to the Pacific NorthwestB. shipping of meat from Chicago to the SouthC. transfer of goods from New York to New Orleans along inland waterwaysD. movement of cotton from the Deep South to New EnglandE. transport of gold from California to the East coast

105.In the mid-1800s, the social status of women included all of the following conditions except

A. women had much better access to education than in the 1700sB. women of the middle class experienced new domestic experienceC. women had few employment opportunities outside the home and domestic serviceD. women were the custodians of morality and benevolenceE. women had few legal rights

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106.The city that gained the most from the success of the Erie Canal was

A. BaltimoreB. AlbanyC. New YorkD. PhiladelphiaE. Buffalo

107.Among the most popular formats of entertainment in antebellum America, as epitomized by P. T.Barnum, were

A. gloved boxing matchesB. lecturesC. baseball gamesD. dog racesE. Greco-Roman wrestling

108.Between 1800 and 1860, society changed in America in that the

A. amount of mobility within the working class was significantB. distribution of wealth became more evenC. standard of living of most laborers was improvingD. percentage of middle-class people dropped dramaticallyE. number of destitute people decreased

109.All of the following men contributed significantly to the improvement in communications andjournalism in the 1840s and 1850s except

A. Richard HoeB. John StevensC. James Gordon BennettD. Samuel MorseE. Horace Greeley

110.By the 1850s, the South had large numbers of

A. textile factoriesB. banksC. professional peopleD. canals and turnpikesE. manufacturing plants

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111.Slavery in the South exhibited all of the following characteristics except

A. the slave population increased through natural reproductionB. growing cotton was much easier work than growing sugarC. masters frequently protected young slave children from hard workD. slaves generally had better living conditions than those of Caribbean slavesE. the African slave trade grew larger each decade until the Civil War

112.Many non-slave owning whites in the South were tied to the slave system by all of the followingcircumstances except

A. they depended on the plantations for economic favorsB. they often relied on planters for creditC. they feared the terrorist tactics that plantation owners usedD. they were often related by blood to wealthy slaveownersE. they shared the Southern belief in white racial superiority

113.Southerners considered slavery incompatible with city life because they

A. could not find employment for slaves thereB. were suspicious of a union between slaves and poor white laborersC. feared possible educational opportunities for slaves in the citiesD. believed that slaves would not work without supervisionE. feared possible slave conspiracies and insurrection

114.By 1860 the states with the largest slave population were

A. Virginia and South CarolinaB. North and South CarolinaC. Tennessee and AlabamaD. Virginia and North CarolinaE. Alabama and South Carolina

115.Which practice continued in the South long after it had largely vanished in the North?

A. boxingB. live minstrel showsC. duelingD. Shakespearean farcesE. merchant capitalism

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116.The growth of cotton as the major crop for the South was enhanced by the

A. decline in the use of slave laborB. stabilization of the cotton marketC. success of a new variety of cottonD. concentration of the industry in only a few statesE. thriving condition of the tobacco industry

117.The group in white Southern society that most objected to the institution of slavery was the

A. planter eliteB. hill peopleC. sand hillersD. yeoman farmersE. plain folk

118.The slave system was characterized by

A. a concentration of labor in the Upper SouthB. a uniformly applied set of stern but fair slave codesC. prison-like conditions for most slavesD. generally good conditions for slavesE. considerable variety in the conditions under which slaves lived

119.The greatest disadvantage for crops that competed with cotton was that the other crops

A. needed more extensive processing than cottonB. had no foreign marketC. were limited by soil and climate conditionsD. did not show a profit for the growersE. made no profits in the domestic market

120.The majority of Northerners regarded the abolitionists as

A. unknowing agents of slaveholding interestsB. harmless cranks on the lunatic fringeC. dangerous, fanatical revolutionariesD. idealistic people slightly ahead of their timeE. noble, courageous defenders of truth and justice

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121.In the early antislavery movement of the 1810s and 1820s, the most common plan called for the

A. overthrow of state governments in the SouthB. distribution of forty acres and a mule to each former slaveC. immediate and mandatory emancipation of all slavesD. colonization of freed slaves in AfricaE. gradual incorporation of free blacks into American society

122.Antebellum feminists were generally

A. unconcerned with the growth of slaveryB. united in their goals and methodsC. active in other reform movements as wellD. indifferent to political issues while attentive to social causesE. devoted to the issue of women's rights to the exclusion of all else

123.During the 1800s, members of the temperance movement agreed almost unanimously that

A. temperance rely on the conscience of the individualB. alcohol should not be sold on SundaysC. abstinence should include not only hard liquor but also beer and wineD. state governments should restrict the sale and consumption of alcoholE. abstinence should promote the moral self-improvement of individuals

124.The leading Southern novelists of the 1830s and 1840s wrote

A. dark portraits of the decline of American IndiansB. bitter attacks on the evils of slaveryC. romantic eulogies of the plantation systemD. classical tragedies in the Shakespearean traditionE. tributes to the glory of European culture

125.Antislavery sentiment underlay the formation in 1840 of the

A. Republican partyB. Liberty partyC. Democratic partyD. Whig partyE. Union party

26

126.Henry David Thoreau argued that it was necessary for individuals to

A. maintain daily contact with their neighborsB. practice civil disobedience when laws were unjustC. submit themselves to the good of societyD. insist upon strict enforcement of all national lawsE. obey the creeds of organized religion

127.In the antebellum North, the abolitionist movement

A. revitalized the Democratic party in the NorthB. inspired nothing but hatred from the publicC. attracted some support, but also frequent mob violenceD. achieved widespread support from the publicE. was largely ignored by the general public

128.Herman Melville created the epic tale of Captain Ahab's obsession with the pursuit of the great whitewhale in the novel

A. Moby DickB. Two Years Before the MastC. TamerlaneD. Billy BuddE. Down to the Sea in Ships

129.The novel Uncle Tom's Cabin

A. was a bestseller throughout the SouthB. had little impact on the political tensions of the 1850sC. was banned by booksellers throughout the New England regionD. experienced low sales despite its powerful themesE. inflamed passions over sectional differences regarding slavery

130.Brook Farm was noted for its

A. attempts to discredit transcendentalismB. attempt at utopian communal livingC. pioneer work in improved fertilizersD. experimental livestock hybridsE. silver flatware

27

131.The reformers of the 1840s and 1850s believed that the best answer for the future of Native Americanswas

A. reservationsB. assimilationC. relocationD. exterminationE. reconciliation

132.The Wilmot Proviso that prohibited slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico

A. passed the House but lost in the SenateB. passed the Senate but lost in the HouseC. was quickly passed by CongressD. received the support of President PolkE. never came to a vote in Congress

133.In Congress, most of the criticism of the Mexican War came from the

A. FederalistsB. RepublicansC. DemocratsD. States' RightistsE. Whigs

134.During the election of 1856, the major candidates included

A. Stephen DouglasB. Abraham LincolnC. James PolkD. Franklin PierceE. James Buchanan

135.From the 1820s to 1840s, Americans became involved in trade with New Mexico by traveling along the

A. Santa Fe TrailB. Mormon TrailC. Butterfield Overland TrailD. Independence TrailE. Old Spanish Trail

28

136.The able commanding general of the United States' forces in the Mexican War was

A. Ulysses S. GrantB. Winfield ScottC. A. W. DomphanD. Stephen KearnyE. Zachary Taylor

137.In the election campaign of 1844, Henry Clay

A. tried to avoid the issue of TexasB. suggested selling Texas to Great Britain or FranceC. called for war with MexicoD. denounced the proposed annexation of TexasE. urged the immediate annexation of Texas

138.In 1856, the U.S. Representative Preston Brooks, infuriated by an insulting speech directed against hisuncle, beat with his cane U.S. Senator

A. Daniel WebsterB. Stephen A. DouglasC. Jefferson DavisD. Henry ClayE. Charles Sumner

139.The victorious commanding general at the Battle of San Jacinto was

A. Davy CrockettB. Andrew JacksonC. Jim BowieD. William TravisE. Sam Houston

29

140.During the late 1850s, the Free Laborites of the North came to believe in all of the following ideasexcept

A. slavery was such a moral evil that it must be abolished quicklyB. the existence of slavery endangered the rights of whites to own propertyC. the South was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nationD. the perfect society was one of small-scale capitalism that allowed everyone a chance at upward

mobilityE. Southern society was so backward that it constituted a threat to democracy and individualism

141.The main reason for the Texas Revolution was

A. the Texans' desire to overthrow the government of MexicoB. failure of James Polk to pursue expansionC. Mexico had become a dictatorshipD. Mexico was determined to drive all Americans out of TexasE. the United States' desire to gain control of the territory of Mexico

142.Because of the "Young America" movement, the United States considered annexing parts of

A. PanamaB. MexicoC. RussiaD. BrazilE. Cuba

143.According to President Polk, war with Mexico began when

A. Santa Anna brutally captured and killed the defenders of the AlamoB. Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked American troopsC. American troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked Mexican troopsD. the United States annexed Texas, and Mexico declared warE. Mexican and American troops ran into each other on foraging missions

30

144.During the late 1850s, the Free Laborites of the North came to believe in all of the following ideasexcept

A. Southern society was so backward that it constituted a threat to democracy and individualismB. the existence of slavery endangered the rights of whites to own propertyC. slavery was such a moral evil that it must be abolished quicklyD. the perfect society was one of small-scale capitalism that allowed everyone a chance at upward

mobilityE. the South was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation

145.In 1856, the U.S. Representative Preston Brooks, infuriated by an insulting speech directed against hisuncle, beat with his cane U.S. Senator

A. Daniel WebsterB. Jefferson DavisC. Charles SumnerD. Henry ClayE. Stephen A. Douglas

146.The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 contained all of the following provisions except

A. creating popular sovereignty as a method of compromiseB. creating two new federal territoriesC. repealing the antislavery provision of the Missouri CompromiseD. allowing some territorial legislatures to decide the slavery issue for themselvesE. declaring the Wilmot Proviso void

147.The provisions of the Compromise of 1850 included

A. abolishing fugitive slave lawsB. prohibiting slavery in New Mexico territoryC. admitting California as a slave stateD. abolishing the slave trade in the District of ColumbiaE. ending slavery in all new territories

31

148.The proposal for popular sovereignty called for deciding the issue of slavery in the territories through

A. executive orderB. direct national referendumC. a popular vote by the residents of each territoryD. a vote in both houses of CongressE. Constitutional amendment

149.The 1850 legislation that aimed at resolving all the sectional issues in one compromise package wasintroduced by

A. John C. CalhounB. Zachary TaylorC. Daniel WebsterD. Abraham LincolnE. Henry Clay

150.In the Ostend Manifesto, American diplomats called for American

A. rejecting of the Wilmot ProvisoB. support of the Hungarian Revolution against AustriaC. diplomatic relations and trade with JapanD. annexation of Cuba, by force if necessaryE. annexation of the kingdom of Hawaii

151.The westward journey to the West Coast in the 1840s could be characterized as

A. disease free and relatively shortB. relatively easy and safeC. dangerous and strenuousD. dangerous because of Indian attackE. unsuccessful at reaching the West

152.In Congress, most of the criticism of the Mexican War came from the

A. DemocratsB. States' RightistsC. RepublicansD. FederalistsE. Whigs

32

153.In the 1840s, the Oregon Country's ownership remained in dispute between the United States and

A. CanadaB. RussiaC. FranceD. MexicoE. Great Britain

154.The main issue in James K. Polk's 1844 presidential campaign was his commitment to

A. reducing the cost of Western landB. rechartering the Bank of the United StatesC. resolving sectional differencesD. increasing the tariffE. territorial expansion of the United States

155.During the election of 1860, the Democratic party

A. dissolvedB. split into a Northern and a Southern factionC. managed to draw what was left of the Whig party into its ranksD. lost most of the elections for senators and representativesE. dominated voting strength in the Northeast

156.During the Civil War, Kansas and Missouri were

A. uninvolved in the political issues of the warB. attacked by Indians allied with the ConfederacyC. ravaged by guerrilla bands from both sidesD. away from the fighting, thus largely peacefulE. the scene of four major battles

157.The popularity of baseball received its greatest boost from

A. American expansion in the WestB. the Mexican-American WarC. the American Civil WarD. wealthy American entrepreneursE. the "industrial boom" of the 1870s

33

158.On April 9, 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Ulysses S. Grant at

A. Petersburg, VirginiaB. RichmondC. Washington, D.C.D. Appomattox CourthouseE. Durham, North Carolina

159.As the commander in chief of the Union army, President Lincoln was

A. about equal to his confederate counterpartB. highly competent but not infallibleC. unable to take part in military decision makingD. incompetent; a serious burden to the Union forcesE. brilliant; the best military mind of his time

160.During 1863, the Union forces achieved decisive victories that effectively sealed the fate of theConfederacy in the battles of

A. Vicksburg and GettysburgB. Fredericksburg and ChancellorsvilleC. Bull Run and ShilohD. Chancellorsville and PetersburgE. Petersburg and Atlanta

161.The Emancipation Proclamation freed

A. all the slaves of the South except those already under Union controlB. only the slaves of the SouthC. all the slaves of the SouthD. only those slaves contributing to the Confederate war effortE. only runaway slaves who had reached the North

162.The 1862 Union campaigns in Virginia

A. displayed the military genius of George B. McClellanB. were of little consequence since little fighting occurredC. resulted in a frustrating and bloody stalemateD. were a major disaster for the UnionE. led to major Union victories

34

163.The first major Southern city captured by Union forces was

A. AtlantaB. LexingtonC. RichmondD. CharlestonE. New Orleans

164.The death toll in the American Civil War was

A. far greater than that of any other American warB. small in comparison with previous warsC. moderately high; about equal to that of the Vietnam WarD. higher than that of the Revolutionary War but still moderately lowE. second only to the U.S. dead in World War II

165.Of the over two million men who served in the Union armies, the largest number were men who

A. were in the army at the start of the warB. were paid a bounty to serveC. were drafted into serviceD. had been dedicated abolitionistsE. volunteered for service

166.The greatest source of division in the South was

A. the doctrine of states' rightsB. monetary policyC. the issue of slaveryD. conscription exemptionsE. disagreement over the war

167.The general who orchestrated the "March to the Sea" was

A. Irvin McDowellB. William T. ShermanC. Thomas "Stonewall" JacksonD. Robert E. LeeE. Ulysses S. Grant

35

168.Revisionist historians, such as James G. Randall, argued that the Civil War was caused by

A. smuggling of slaves from the West IndiesB. constitutional disputesC. inept political leadershipD. the extreme brutality of slaveryE. fundamental sectional differences

169.The event that touched off the process of secession for the majority of southern states was

A. John Brown's raidB. the election of Lincoln to the presidencyC. the bombardment of Fort SumterD. "Bleeding Kansas"E. antiunion riots in Baltimore

170.The difficulties of the Union war effort included

A. long lines of communication in enemy territoryB. timid, inept leadership in the White HouseC. Confederate superiority in weapons technologyD. insufficient number of soldiersE. extended supply lines across hostile territory

171.Lincoln's most successful general was

A. Winfield ScottB. Ulysses S. GrantC. Henry W. HallackD. Irvin McDowellE. George B. McClellan

172.Republican Reconstruction governments were supported by all of the following groups except

A. carpetbaggersB. freedmenC. redeemersD. Southern African-AmericansE. scalawags

36

173.In the aftermath of emancipation, most African-Americans wanted all of the following improvements intheir lives except

A. legal protection of their rightsB. desegregated schools and fraternal societiesC. their own cultural institutions, such as churchesD. independence from white controlE. the opportunity for social advancement

174.Southerners deprived black Americans of their civil rights by all of the following means except

A. using violence and intimidationB. segregating most public facilitiesC. prohibiting black schoolsD. restricting the meaning of Constitutional amendmentsE. passing Jim Crow laws

175.The revisionist view of Reconstruction challenged the traditional view of Reconstruction that wasadvanced by

A. C. Van WoodwardB. Kenneth StamppC. Eric FonerD. William A. DunningE. W. E. B. Du Bois

176.Historian Leon Litwack

A. believed that radical Reconstruction failed to address black suffrageB. believed that white supremacy was not a factor in Southern politicsC. linked the rise of segregation to the growth of Southern citiesD. argued that segregation was just as bad in the North as in the SouthE. showed that segregation existed in the North before the Civil War

177.A key factor in Ulysses S. Grant's victory in the presidential election of 1868 was

A. the lack of bitterness expressed in the campaignB. Grant's new popularity with white SouthernersC. his experience as a party boss during the Civil WarD. Grant's long career of political experienceE. the huge black vote for Grant in the South

37

178.During Reconstruction, no Southern black was elected to

A. a state governorshipB. the U.S. SenateC. the U.S. House of RepresentativesD. the U.S. CongressE. a state lieutenant governorship

179.The Freedmen's Bureau eventually had all of the following powers except

A. creating a welfare systemB. assisting poor whitesC. establishing schoolsD. distributing foodE. settling labor disputes

180.In the presidential election of 1876, the Republicans hoped to get the problems of the Grantadministration behind them by nominating

A. Charles SumnerB. Samuel J. TildenC. Rutherford B. HayesD. Horace GreeleyE. James G. Blaine

181.Of the following groups, the least likely to become "Redeemers" were

A. the old aristocracyB. white DemocratsC. industrialists and merchantsD. blacksE. poor whites

182.The "Readjusters" demanded that

A. Union troops remain in the SouthB. conservative Southerners be given ultimate power in the SouthC. Andrew Johnson resign as presidentD. Southern state governments put more money toward state servicesE. the Grant administration be prosecuted for corruption

38

183.By the end of the Reconstruction period, all of the following developments had occurred except

A. the country had failed to establish racial justiceB. blacks had improved their economic conditionsC. most national leaders had become willing to infringe on the rights of statesD. the legal foundations for the "Second Reconstruction" had been establishedE. Southern whites had regained control of their state governments

184.All of the following actions by Andrew Johnson angered Congress except

A. the consistent resistance of radical Republican ideasB. the veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1866C. the appointment of a Southerner to the Supreme CourtD. the veto of the Freedmen's Bureau ActE. the dismissal of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

39

Final Exam I Key

1.(p. 34)C

2.(p. 48)A

3.(p. 50)C

4.(p. 50)A

5.(p. 44-48)B

6.(p. 39-40)B

7.(p. 39)D

8.(p. 21-23)E

9.(p. 8)B

10.(p. 9-10)B

11.(p. 25-26)A

12.(p. 5-8)A

13.(p. 11-12)A

14.(p. 25)C

15.(p. 29)D

16.(p. 17-20)D

1

17.(p. 11)A

18.(p. 13-20)C

19.(p. 39)C

20.(p. 62)E

21.(p. 87-88)B

22.(p. 65)D

23.(p. 67)A

24.(p. 81)D

25.(p. 66-67)E

26.(p. 91)D

27.(p. 91-92)D

28.(p. 72-75)E

29.(p. 92-93)C

30.(p. 92)B

31.(p. 78)B

32.(p. 109)E

33.(p. 109)C

34.(p. 110-113)E

2

35.(p. 116)C

36.(p. 120)B

37.(p. 115)A

38.(p. 105)C

39.(p. 105)A

40.(p. 106)D

41.(p. 117)B

42.(p. 115-116)E

43.(p. 149-151)B

44.(p. 127)A

45.(p. 142-143)A

46.(p. 149-150)D

47.(p. 139)B

48.(p. 134)A

49.(p. 149-150)B

50.(p. 145-146)D

51.(p. 143)B

52.(p. 144)D

3

53.(p. 131-142)E

54.(p. 172)B

55.(p. 175)B

56.(p. 173)E

57.(p. 167)B

58.(p. 169-172)B

59.(p. 161)C

60.(p. 168-169)D

61.(p. 162-163)E

62.(p. 167)B

63.(p. 178)E

64.(p. 177)C

65.(p. 162)C

66.(p. 204)D

67.(p. 185)B

68.(p. 181)E

69.(p. 208)B

70.(p. 183)E

4

71.(p. 184-185)E

72.(p. 193-200)E

73.(p. 188-192)D

74.(p. 183)A

75.(p. 196)A

76.(p. 212)B

77.(p. 216)C

78.(p. 229)A

79.(p. 226)A

80.(p. 220)B

81.(p. 216-217)D

82.(p. 221-222)B

83.(p. 226)D

84.(p. 220)B

85.(p. 223)D

86.(p. 215)E

87.(p. 241)D

88.(p. 251-252)D

5

89.(p. 239)A

90.(p. 236)A

91.(p. 250-251)A

92.(p. 249-250)A

93.(p. 234)E

94.(p. 250-251)E

95.(p. 249)E

96.(p. 250)C

97.(p. 234-235)D

98.(p. 260)A

99.(p. 282-283)B

100.(p. 268-269)A

101.(p. 279)B

102.(p. 272-273)D

103.(p. 267)C

104.(p. 267-268)C

105.(p. 282-285)A

106.(p. 267)C

6

107.(p. 292)B

108.(p. 279-280)C

109.(p. 270-271)B

110.(p. 295)C

111.(p. 303-307)E

112.(p. 301-303)C

113.(p. 307)E

114.(p. 296)A

115.(p. 300)C

116.(p. 294)C

117.(p. 302)B

118.(p. 303-304)E

119.(p. 294)C

120.(p. 334)C

121.(p. 330)D

122.(p. 329)C

123.(p. 323-324)E

124.(p. 318)C

7

125.(p. 336)B

126.(p. 319)B

127.(p. 332-334)C

128.(p. 317)A

129.(p. 336)E

130.(p. 319)B

131.(p. 328)A

132.(p. 351)A

133.(p. 347)E

134.(p. 359)E

135.(p. 347)A

136.(p. 348)B

137.(p. 346)A

138.(p. 357)E

139.(p. 342)E

140.(p. 357-359)A

141.(p. 342)C

142.(p. 355)E

8

143.(p. 347)B

144.(p. 357-359)C

145.(p. 357)C

146.(p. 356)E

147.(p. 353-355)D

148.(p. 351)C

149.(p. 353)E

150.(p. 355)D

151.(p. 344-346)C

152.(p. 347)E

153.(p. 343)E

154.(p. 346)E

155.(p. 363)B

156.(p. 388)C

157.(p. 384-385)C

158.(p. 403)D

159.(p. 384-385)B

160.(p. 394)A

9

161.(p. 376)A

162.(p. 390-393)C

163.(p. 390)E

164.(p. 388)A

165.(p. 375)E

166.(p. 382)A

167.(p. 396-398)B

168.(p. 373)C

169.(p. 368)B

170.(p. 370)E

171.(p. 384)B

172.(p. 409-410, 421)C

173.(p. 403)B

174.(p. 427-430)C

175.(p. 418-419)D

176.(p. 428)E

177.(p. 414)E

178.(p. 410)A

10

179.(p. 404)A

180.(p. 417)C

181.(p. 421)D

182.(p. 421)D

183.(p. 420-421)C

184.(p. 407, 409)C

11