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Review sheet Final ExamMath 140 Calculus I
Fall 2016UMass Boston
The exam is closed textbook. NO CALCULATORS OR ELECTRONIC DEVICES ARE ALLOWED DURING THE EXAM. The final examwill contain problems of types similar to the problem types given here. EACH PROBLEM TYPE given in this review sheet will beREPRESENTED BY AT LEAST ONE EXAM QUESTION OR SUB-QUESTION. The ratio of exercise problems to actual exam problems willbe about 3 to 1 (about 3 practice questions of each problem type). SOME FINAL PROBLEMS MAY BE FORMULATED IN A SLIGHTLYDIFFERENT WAY.
Problem 1. Compute the limit or show it does not exist. If the limit does not exist, indicate whether it is∞, −∞ or neither.
1. limx→−2
x2 − 4
2x2 + 5x+ 2.
answer:43
2. limx→−1
2x2 + 3x+ 1
3x2 − 2x− 5.
answer:18
3. limx→−3
x+ 3
x3 + 27.
answer:127
4. limh→0
(−3 + h)2 − 9
h.
answer:−6
5. limh→0
(2 + h)−1 − 2−1
h.
answer:−14
6. limh→0
1(x+h)2 −
1x2
h.
answer:−2x3
Solution. 1.1
limx→2
x2 − 4
2x2 + 5x+ 2= lim
x→−2
(x− 2)����(x+ 2)
(2x+ 1)����(x+ 2)factor and cancel
=(−2)− 2
2(−2) + 1=
4
3
Solution. 1.2
limx→−1
2x2 + 3x+ 1
3x2 − 2x− 5= lim
x→−1
(2x+ 1)����(x+ 1)
(3x− 5)����(x+ 1)factor and cancel
=2(−1) + 1
3(−1)− 5=
1
8
Solution. 1.6
limh→0
1(x+h)2 −
1x2
h= lim
h→0
x2 − (x+ h)2
hx2(x+ h)2= limh→0
x2 − (x2 + 2xh+ h2)
hx2(x+ h)2
= limh→0
�h(−2x+ h)
�hx2(x+ h)2=−2x+ 0
x2(x+ 0)2= − 2
x3.
Problem 2. Compute the limit or show it does not exist. If the limit does not exist, indicate whether it is∞, −∞ or neither.
1. limx→∞
√x+ x2√x− x2
.
answer:−1
2. limx→−∞
√16x6 − 3x
x3 + 2.
answer:−4
3. limx→−∞
√x2 + x−
√x2 − x.
answer:−1.
1
Solution. 2.3.
limx→−∞
√x2 + x−
√x2 − x = lim
x→−∞
(√x2 + x−
√x2 − x
) (√x2 + x+√x2 − x
)(√x2 + x+
√x2 − x
)= lim
x→−∞
x2 + x− (x2 − x)√x2 + x+
√x2 − x
= limx→−∞
2x 1x(√
x2 + x+√x2 − x
)1x
= limx→−∞
2√x2+xx +
√x2−xx
= limx→−∞
2
−√
x2+xx2 −
√x2−xx2
= limx→−∞
2
−√
1 + 1x −
√1− 1
x
=2
−√
1 + 0−√
1− 0= −1
The sign highlighted in red arises from the fact that, for negative x, we have that x = −√x2.
Problem 3. Find the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of the graph of the function. If a graphing device is available, check your workby plotting the function.
1. y =x2 − 1
2x2 − 3x− 2.
answer:vertical:x=2,x=−12,horizontal:y=1
2
2. y =3x2√
x2 + 2x+ 10− 5.
answer:Vertical:x=3,x=−5,horizontal:none.
3. y =2x√
x2 + x+ 3− 3.
answer:Vertical:x=2,x=−3,horizontal:y=2,y=−2
Solution. 3.1Vertical asymptotes. A function f(x) has a vertical asymptote at x = a if lim
x→af(x) = ±∞.
The function is algebraic, and therefore has a finite limit at every point it is defined (i.e., no asymptote). Therefore the function canhave vertical asymptotes only for those x for which f(x) is not defined. The function is not defined for 2x2 − 3x − 2 = 0, which hastwo solutions, x = 2 and x = − 1
2 . These are precisely the vertical asymptotes: indeed,
limx→2+
x2 − 1
2x2 − 3x− 2= lim
x→2+
x2 − 1
2(x− 2)(x+ 1
2
) =∞ Limit of form (+)(+)(+)
limx→2−
x2 − 1
2x2 − 3x− 2= lim
x→2−
x2 − 1
2(x− 2)(x+ 1
2
) = −∞ Limit of form (+)(−)(+)
and
limx→− 1
2+
x2 − 1
2x2 − 3x− 2= lim
x→− 12
+
x2 − 1
2(x− 2)(x+ 1
2
) =∞ Limit of form (−)(+)(−)
limx→− 1
2−
x2 − 1
2x2 − 3x− 2= lim
x→− 12−
x2 − 1
2(x− 2)(x+ 1
2
) = −∞ Limit of form (−)(−)(−)
Horizontal asymptotes. A function f(x) has a horizontal asymptote if limx→±∞
f(x) exists. If that limit exists, and is some number,
say, N , then y = N is the equation of the corresponding asymptote.We have that
limx→∞
x2 − 1
2x2 − 3x− 2= lim
x→∞
(x2 − 1
)1x2
(2x2 − 3x− 2) 1x2
Divide by highest term in den.
= limx→∞
1− 1x2
2− 3x −
2x2
=limx→∞
1− limx→∞
1x2
limx→∞
2− limx→∞
3x − lim
x→∞2x2
Step may be skipped
=1− 0
2− 0− 0
=1
2
2
A similar computation shows that
limx→−∞
x2 − 1
2x2 − 3x− 2=
1
2
Therefore y = 12 is the only horizontal asymptote, valid in both directions (x→ ±∞).
A computer generated graph confirms our computations.
y = 12
y = x2−1
2x2−3x−2
x = 2
x = − 12
Solution. 3.3 Vertical asymptotes. A function f(x) has a vertical asymptote at x = a if limx→a
f(x) = ±∞.The function is algebraic, and therefore has a finite limit at every point it is defined (i.e., no asymptote). Therefore the function can
have vertical asymptotes only for those x for which f(x) is not defined. The function is not defined for√x2 + x+ 3 − 3 = 0, which
has two solutions, x = 2 and x = −3. These are precisely the vertical asymptotes: indeed,
limx→2+
2x√x2 + x+ 3− 3
=∞ limx→2−
2x√x2 + x+ 3− 3
= −∞
andlim
x→−3+
2x√x2 + x+ 3− 3
=∞ limx→−3−
2x√x2 + x+ 3− 3
= −∞
Horizontal asymptotes. A function f(x) has a horizontal asymptote if limx→±∞
f(x) exists. If that limit exists, and is some number,
say, N , then y = N is the equation of the corresponding asymptote.Consider the limit x→ −∞. We have that
limx→−∞
2x√x2 + 3x+ 3− 3
= limx→−∞
2√x2+x+3x − 3
x
= limx→−∞
2
−√
x2+3x+3x2 − 3
x
1x = −
√1x2 when x < 0
= limx→−∞
2
−√
1 + 3x + 3
x2 − 3x
=lim
x→−∞2
−√
limx→−∞
1 + limx→−∞
3x + lim
x→−∞3x2 − lim
x→−∞3x
=2
−√
1 + 0 + 0− 0= −2 .
Therefore y = −2 is a horizontal asymptote.The case x→∞, is handled similarly and yields that y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote.
3
A computer generated graph confirms our computations.
10
y = 2
y = −2
y = 2x√x2+x+3−3
x = 2
x = −3
Problem 4.Match each of the following function plots:
1. 2. 3. 4.
to their derivative plots:(a) (b) (c) (d)
Give reasons for your choices. Can you guess formulas that would give a similar (or precisely the same) graph, and confirm visuallyyour guess using a graphing device?
Problem 5.
1. Given that f(0) = 5, f ′(0) = −1, g(0) = −4, g′(0) = 1 and h(x) = f(x)g(x), find the derivative h′(0).
answer:h′(0)=(−1)·(−4)+5·1=9
2. Given that f(0) = 5, f ′(0) = −1, g(0) = −4, g′(0) = 1 and h(x) = f(x)g(x) , find the derivative h′(0).
answer:h′(0)=(−1)·(−4)−5·1
(−4)2=−116
3. Given that f(1) = 2, f ′(1) = −1, g(1) = −3, g′(1) = 1, h(1) = 0, h′(1) = 1 and j(x) = f(x)g(x)h(x), find the derivativej′(1).
answer:j′(1)=(−1)·(−3)·0+2·1·0+2·(−3)·1=−6
4
Problem 6. Differentiate.
1.sinx
x.
answer:xcosx−sinx
x2
2. x(cosx)ex.
answer:ex(xcosx−xsinx+cosx)
3.ex
secx+ secx.
answer:ex(cosx−sinx)+secxtanx
4. f(x) =x− 3
x+ 3.
answer:6(3+x)−2
5. y =x− 1
x3 + x− 2.
answer:−2x−1(x2+x+2
)2
6. y =t
(t− 1)2.
answer:−t+1
(t−1)3
7. f(x) =√
1 + x2
answer:x(x2+1)−12
8. f(x) =x√
1 + 2x2
.
answer:±x2√x2+2
9. f(x) =
√x+√x.
answer:
(12
+14x−1
2
)(x
12+x
)−12
10. ln (−6x+ 2)
answer:33x−1
11. ln (cotx)
answer:−cscxsecx
12. ln
(3x− 2
−2x+ 3
)
answer:−5
6x2−13x+6=−3
(−3x+2)−2(2x−3)
Solution. 6.6 This can be differentiated more efficiently using the chain rule, however let us show how the problem can be solveddirectly using the quotient rule. (
t
(t− 1)2
)′=
(t)′(t− 1)2 − t((t− 1)2
)′(t− 1)4
=(t− 1)2 − t
(t2 − 2t+ 1
)′(t− 1)4
=(t− 1)2 − t (2t− 2)
(t− 1)4
=����(t− 1) ((t− 1)− 2t)
(t− 1)�4 3
=−t− 1
(t− 1)3
= − t+ 1
(t− 1)3
Solution. 6.8 x√1 + 2
x2
′ =
√1 + 2
x2 − x(√
1 + 2x2
)′1 + 2
x2
=
√1 + 2
x2 − x12√
1+ 2x2
(2x2
)′1 + 2
x2
=
√1 + 2
x2 + 2
x2√
1+ 2x2
1 + 2x2
=x2(1 + 2
x2
)+ 2
x2(1 + 2
x2
) 32
=x2 + 4
x2(1 + 2
x2
) 32
Please note that this problem can be solved also by applying the transformation
x√1 + 2
x2
=x√x2+2x2
=x
1±x√x2 + 2
=±x2√x2 + 2
before differentiating, however one must not forget the± sign arising from√x2 = ±x. Our original approach resulted in more algebra,
but did not have the disadvantage of dealing with the ± sign.
Solution. 6.12
5
ddx
(ln
(3x− 2
−2x+ 3
))=
ddx
(ln(3x− 2)− ln(−2x+ 3)) logarithm properties
=(3x− 2)′
(3x− 2)− (−2x+ 3)′
−2x+ 3chain rule
=3
3x− 2− −2
−2x+ 3
=3
3x− 2− 2
2x− 3
=−5
6x2 − 13x+ 6combine fractions (optional).
Problem 7. Verify that the coordinates of the given point satisfy the given equation. Use implicit differentiation to find an equation ofthe tangent line to the curve at the given point.
1. y sin(2x) = x cos(2y),(π2 ,
π4
).
x
y
1
answer:y=12x
2. x2 + xy + y2 = 3, (1,−2) (ellipse).
x
y
1
answer:y=−2
3. x2 + 2xy − y2 + x = 2, (1, 2) (hyperbola).
x
y
1
answer:y=72x−3
2
6
Solution. 7.1
x
y
1
First we verify that the point (x, y) =(π
2,π
4
)indeed satisfies the given equation:
y sin(2x)|x=π2 ,y=
π4
=π
4sinπ = 0 left hand side
x cos(2y)|x=π2 ,y=
π4
=π
2cos(π
2
)= 0 right hand side
so the two sides of the equation are equal (both to 0) when x = π2 and y = π
4 .Since we are looking an equation of the tangent line, we need to find dy
dx |x=π2 ,y=
π4
- that is, the derivative of y at the point x = π2 ,
y = π4 . To do so we use implicit differentiation.
y sin(2x) = x cos(2y) ddx
dydx
sin(2x) + yd
dx(sin(2x)) = cos(2y) + x
ddx
(cos(2y))
dydx
sin(2x) + 2y cos(2x) = cos(2y)− 2x sin(2y)dydx
dydx
(sin(2x) + 2x sin(2y)) = cos(2y)− 2y cos(2x) Set x = π2 , y = π
4
dydx |x=π
2 ,y=π4
(sinπ + π sin
(π2
))= cos
(π2
)− π
2cosπ
πdydx |x=π
2 ,y=π4
= −π2 cosπ
dydx |x=π
2 ,y=π4
=1
2.
Therefore the equation of the line through x = π2 , y = π
4 is
y − π
4=
1
2
(x− π
2
)y =
1
2x.
Problem 8. Find the maximum and minimum values of f on the given interval. Indicate the values of x for which those are attained.
1. f(x) = 5 + 4x− 2x3, x ∈ [−1, 1].
answer:fmax=f
(√6
3
)=8
9
√6+5,fmin=f
(−√
63
)=5−8
9
√6
2. f(x) = 2x3 − x2 − 20x+ 1, x ∈ [−4, 3].
answer:fmax=f(−5
3
)=602
27,fmin=f(−4)=−63
3. f(x) = 3x4 − 4x3 − 12x2 + 1, x ∈ [−2, 3].
answer:fmax=f(−2)=33,fmin=f(2)=−31
Problem 9. Find the
• the implied domain of f ,
• x and y intercepts of f ,
• horizontal and vertical asymptotes,
• intervals of increase and decrease,
• local and global minima, maxima,
• intervals of concavity,
• points of inflection.
Label all relevant points on the graph. Show all of your computations.
7
1. f(x) =2x2 − 5x+ 9
2
x2 − 3x+ 3. For this problem, indicate only the x-coordinates of the local maxima/minima and inflection points;
you do not need to compute the y-coordinates of those points.
Computation shows that f ′(x) =−x2 + 3x− 3
2
(x2 − 3x+ 3)2 and that f ′′(x) =
(2x− 3)x(x− 3)
(x2 − 3x+ 3)3 ; you may use those computations without
further justification.
x
y
answer:
y-intercept:32
horizontalasymptote:y=2,vertical:none
increasingon(
3−√
32
,3+√
32
),decreasingon
(−∞,3−
√3
2
)∪(
3+√
32
,∞)
localandglobalminatx=3−√
32,localandglobalmaxatx=3+
√3
2concaveupon
(0,3
2
)∪(3,∞),concavedown(−∞,0)∪
(32,3)
inflectionpointsatx=0,x=32,x=3
2. f(x) =x2 + 3x+ 1
x2 + 2x. For this problem, indicate only the x-coordinates of the local maxima/minima and inflection points;
you do not need to compute the y-coordinates of those points.
Computation shows that f ′(x) =−x2 − 2x− 2
(x2 + 2x)2 and that f ′′(x) =
2x3 + 6x2 + 12x+ 8
(x2 + 2x)3 =
(x+ 1)(2x2 + 4x+ 8
)(x2 + 2x)
3 ; you may
use those computations without further justification.
x
y
answer:
y-intercept:none,x-intercepts:−3∓√
52
horizontalasymptote:y=1,vertical:x=−2andx=0alwaysdecreasingnolocal/globalminima/maximaconcavedownon(−∞,−2)∪(−1,0),concaveupon(−2,−1)∪(0,∞)inflectionpointatx=−1
3. f(x) =3x3 − 30x2 + 97x− 99
x2 − 6x+ 8. For this problem, do not find the x-intercepts of the function. Indicate only the x-
coordinates of the local maxima/minima and inflection points; you do not need to compute the y-coordinates of those points.
Computation shows that f ′(x) =3x4 − 36x3 + 155x2 − 282x+ 182
(x2 − 6x+ 8)2 =
(x2 − 6x+ 7
) (3x2 − 18x+ 26
)(x2 − 6x+ 8)
2 and that f ′′(x) =
8
2x3 − 18x2 + 60x− 72
(x2 − 6x+ 8)3 =
(x− 3)(2x2 − 12x+ 24
)(x2 − 6x+ 8)
3 ; you may use those computations without further justification.
answer:
y-intercept−998,x-intercept:notrequested
horizontalasymptote:none,vertical:x=2andx=4
increasingon(−∞,−
√2+3
)∪(−√
33
+3,
√3
3+3
)∪(√
2+3,∞)
,decreasingonthecomplementintervals
localmaximaatx=−√
2+3,x=
√3
3+3
localminimaatx=−√
33
+3,x=√
2+3
concaveupon((2,3)∪(4,∞))concavedownon(−∞,2)∪(3,4)inflectionpointatx=3
Solution. 9.1Domain. We have that f is not defined only when we have division by zero, i.e., if x2 − 3x + 3 equals zero. However, the roots
of x2 − 3x + 3 are not real numbers: they are 3±√32−4·32 = 3±
√−3
2 , and therefore x2 − 3x + 3 can never equal zero. Alternatively,completing the square shows that the denominator is always positive:
x2 − 3x+ 3 = x2 − 2 · 3
2x+
9
4− 9
4+ 3 =
(x− 3
2
)2
+3
4> 0
Therefore the domain of f is all real numbers.
x, y-intercepts. The y-intercept of f equals by definition f(0) =2 · 02 − 5 · 0 + 9
2
02 − 3 · 0 + 3=
92
3=
3
2. The x intercept of f is those values
of x for which f(x) = 0. The graph of f shows no such x, and that is confirmed by solving the equation f(x) = 0:
f(x) = 02x2 − 5x+ 9
2
x2 − 3x+ 3= 0 Mult. by x2 − 3x+ 3
2x2 − 5x+9
2= 0
x1, x2 =5±
√25− 4 · 2 · 92
4=
5±√−9
4,
so there are no real solutions (the number√−9 is not real).
Asymptotes. Since f is defined for all real numbers, its graph has no vertical asymptotes. To find the horizontal asymptote(s), weneed to compute the limits lim
x→∞f(x) and lim
x→−∞f(x). The two limits are equal, as the direct computation below shows:
limx→±∞
2x2 − 5x+ 92
x2 − 3x+ 3= lim
x→±∞
(2x2 − 5x+ 9
2
)1x2
(x2 − 3x+ 3) 1x2
Divide by leadingmonomial in denominator
= limx→±∞
2− 5x + 9
2x2
1− 3x + 3
x2
=2− 0 + 0
1− 0 + 0= 2
Therefore the graph of f(x) has a single horizontal asymptote at y = 2.Intervals of increase and decrease. The intervals of increase and decrease of f are governed by the sign of f ′. We compute:
f ′(x) =
(2x2 − 5x+ 9
2
x2 − 3x+ 3
)′=
(2x2 − 5x+ 9
2
)′ (x2 − 3x+ 3
)−(2x2 − 5x+ 9
2
) (x2 − 3x+ 3
)′(x2 − 3x+ 3)
2
=−x2 + 3x− 3
2
(x2 − 3x+ 3)2
9
As the denominator is a square, the sign of f ′ is governed by the sign of −x2 + 3x− 32 . To find where −x2 + 3x− 3
2 changes sign, wecompute the zeroes of this expression:
−x2 + 3x− 3
2= 0 Mult. by − 2
2x2 − 6x+ 3 = 0
x1, x2 =6±√
36− 24
4=
6±√
12
4
x1, x2 =3±√
3
2
Therefore the quadratic −x2 + 3x− 32 factors as
− (x− x1)(x− x2) = −
(x−
(3−√
3
2
))(x−
(3 +√
3
2
))(1)
The points x1, x2 split the real line into three intervals:(−∞, 3−
√3
2
),(
3−√3
2 , 3+√3
2
)and
(3+√3
2 ,∞)
, and each of the factorsof (1) has constant sign inside each of the intervals. If we choose x to be a very negative number, it follows that −(x − x1)(x − x2)
is a negative, and therefore f ′(x) is negative for x ∈ (−∞, 3−√3
2 ). For x ∈ ( 3−√3
2 , 3+√3
2 ), exactly one factor of f ′ changes signand therefore f ′(x) is positive in that interval; finally only one factor of f ′(x) changes sign in the last interval so f ′(x) is negative on( 3+√3
2 ,∞).Our computations can be summarized in the following table.
Interval f ′(x) f(x)(−∞, 3−
√3
2
)− ↘(
3−√3
2 , 3+√3
2
)+ ↗(
3+√3
2 ,∞)
− ↘Local and global minima and maxima. The table above shows that f(x) changes from decreasing to increasing at x = x1 =
3−√3
2 and therefore f has a local minimum at that point. The table also shows that f(x) changes from increasing to decreasing atx = x2 = 3+
√3
2 and therefore f has a local maximum at that point. The so found local maximum and local minimum turn out to beglobal: there are two things to consider here. First, no other finite point is critical and thus cannot be maximum or minimum - howeverthis leaves out the possibility of a maximum/minimum “at infinity”. This possibility can be quickly ruled out by looking at the graph off . To do so via algebra, compute first f(x1) and f(x2):
f(x1) = f
(3−√
3
2
)=
2(
3−√3
2
)2− 5
(3−√3
2
)+ 9
2(3−√3
2
)2− 3
(3−√3
2
)+ 3
= 2−√
3
3
f(x2) = f
(3 +√
3
2
)=
2(
3+√3
2
)2− 5
(3+√3
2
)+ 9
2(3+√3
2
)2− 3
(3+√3
2
)+ 3
= 2 +
√3
3.
On the other hand, while computing the horizontal asymptotes, we established that limx→±∞
f(x) = 2. This implies that all x sufficiently
far away from x = 0, we have that f(x) is close to 2. Therefore f(x) is larger than f(x1) and smaller than f(x2) for all sufficiently faraway from x = 0. This rules out the possibility for a maximum or a minimum “at infinity”, as claimed above.
10
Intervals of concavity. The intervals of concavity of f are governed by the sign of f ′′. The second derivative of f is:
f ′′(x) = (f ′(x))′ =
(−x2 + 3x− 3
2
(x2 − 3x+ 3)2
)′=
(−x2 + 3x− 3
2
)′(1
(x2 − 3x+ 3)2
)+
(−x2 + 3x− 3
2
)(1
(x2 − 3x+ 3)2
)′second differentiation:chain rule
= (−2x+ 3)
(1
(x2 − 3x+ 3)2
)+
(−x2 + 3x− 3
2
)(−2)
(x2 − 3x+ 3
)′(x2 − 3x+ 3)
3
= (−2x+ 3)
(1
(x2 − 3x+ 3)2
)+(2x2 − 6x+ 3
) (2x− 3)
(x2 − 3x+ 3)3 factor out (2x−3)
(x2−3x+3)2
=(2x− 3)
(x2 − 3x+ 3)2
(−1 +
(2x2 − 6x+ 3)
(x2 − 3x+ 3)
)=
(2x− 3)
(x2 − 3x+ 3)2
(−(x2 − 3x+ 3
)+ (2x2 − 6x+ 3)
(x2 − 3x+ 3)
)=
(2x− 3)(x2 − 3x)
(x2 − 3x+ 3)3
=(2x− 3)x(x− 3)
(x2 − 3x+ 3)3
When computing the domain of f , we established that the denominator of the above expression is always positive. Therefore f ′′(x)changes sign when the terms in the numerator change sign, namely, at x = 0, x = 3
2 and x = 3.Our computations can be summarized in the following table. In the table, we use the ∪ symbol to denote that the function is concave
up in the indicated interval, and ∩ to denote that the function is concave down.Interval f ′′(x) f(x)(−∞, 0) − ∩(0, 32 ) + ∪( 32 , 3) − ∩
(3,∞) + ∪Points of inflection. The preceding table shows that f ′′(x) changes sign at 0, 32 , 3 and therefore the points of inflection are located
at x = 0, x = 32 and x = 3, i.e., the points of inflection are (0, f(0)) =
(0, 32),(32 , f
(32
))=(32 , 2), (3, f(3)) =
(3, 52).
We can command our graphing device to use the so computed information to label the graph of the function. Finally, we can confirmvisually that our function does indeed behave in accordance with our computations.
x
y
infl.:(0, 3
2
)infl.:
(32, 2
)infl.:
(3, 5
2
)
(3+
√3
2, 2 +
√3
3
)(3−
√3
2, 2 −
√3
3
)
Problem 10. Estimate the integral using a Riemann sum using the indicated sample points and interval length.
1.∫ 4
0
(√8x+ 1
)dx. Use four intervals of equal width, choose the sample point to be the left endpoint of each interval.
answer:∆x=1andf(x)=√8x+1.Thus∫4
0f(x)dx≈9+
√17.
2.
−0.5∫−3.5
dxx2 + 1
. Use three intervals of equal width, choose the sample point to be the midpoint of each interval.
answer:∆x=1andf(x)=1x2+1
.Thus
−0.5 ∫
−3.5
f(x)dx≈∆x(f(−3)+f(−2)+f(−1))=4
5=0.8.
3.∫ 2
0
dx1 + x+ x3
. Use ∆x = 12 and right endpoint sampling points.
answer:12
(813
+13
+847
+111
)=12197
20163≈0.604920
11
Solution. 10.1. The interval [0, 4] is subdivided into n = 4 intervals, therefore the length of each is ∆x = 1. The intervals are therefore
[0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3], [3, 4] .
The problem asks us to use the left endpoints of each interval as sampling points. Therefore our sampling points are 0, 1, 2, 3. Thereforethe Riemann sum we are looking for is
∆x (f(0) + f(1) + f(2) + f(3)) = 1 ·(√
8 · 0 + 1 +√
8 · 1 + 1 +√
8 · 2 + 1 +√
8 · 3 + 1)
= 9 +√
17 ≈ 13.1231
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4
Solution. 10.2. The interval [−3.5,−0.5] is subdivided into n = 3 intervals, therefore the length of each is ∆x = −0.5−(−3.5)3 = 3
3 =1. The intervals are therefore
[−3.5,−2.5], [−2.5,−1.5], [−1.5,−0.5] .
The problem asks us to use the midpoint of each interval as a sampling point. Therefore our sampling points are−3,−2,−1. Thereforethe Riemann sum we are looking for is
∆x (f(−3) + f(−2) + f(−1)) = 1 ·(
1
10+
1
5+
1
2
)= 0.8 .
− 72
− 52
− 32
− 12
x
y
Problem 11. Integrate.
1.
4∫1
√x(1 + x)dx.
answer:
[25x
52+2
3x
32
]4
1
=25615
2.∫
3√x− x 1
2 + 1
xdx.
answer:−2√x+3x13+ln|x|+C
3.
1∫0
(5√x6 +
6√x5)
dx.
answer:
[511x
115+6
11x
116
]1
0
=1
4.∫
x
1 + x2dx.
answer:12
ln(x2+1
)+C
5.
2∫1
x
2x2 + 1dx.
answer:14
ln3
6.∫
x√1− x2
dx.
answer:−√
1−x2+C
12
Solution. 11.2∫3√x− x 1
2 + 1
xdx =
∫ (x−
23 − x− 1
2 +1
x
)dx
= +3x13 − 2
√x+ ln |x|+ C
Solution. 11.52∫
1
x
2x2 + 1dx =
x=2∫x=1
14d(2x2)
2x2 + 1=
1
4
x=2∫x=1
d(2x2 + 1)
2x2 + 1Set u = 2x2 + 1
=1
4
x=2u=9∫x=1u=3
duu
=1
4[lnu]
93 =
1
4(ln 9− ln 3) =
ln 3
4
Problem 12. Differentiate f(x) using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus part 1.
1. f(x) =
1∫x
(2 + t4)5 dt
answer:−(2+x
4)5
2. f(x) =
x2∫0
t2dt.
answer:f′(x)=2x5
3. f(x) =
ex∫ln x
t3dt.
answer:f′(x)=e4x−(lnx)3
x
Solution. 12.1 We recall that the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus part 1 states that ddx
(∫ xah(t)dt
)= h(x) where a is a constant.
We can rewrite the integral so it has x as the upper limit:
f(x) =
∫ 1
x
(2 + 14)5dt = −∫ x
1
(2 + 14)5dt .
Therefored
dx
(−∫ x
1
(2 + t4)5dt)
= − ddx
(∫ x
1
(2 + t4)5dt)
FTC part 1= −(2 + x4)5 .
Solution. 12.3
f ′(x) =d
dx
ex∫ln x
t3dt
=
ddx
0∫ln x
t3dt+
ex∫0
t3dt
=
ddx
− ln x∫0
t3dt+
ex∫0
t3dt
.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus part I states that for an arbitrary constant a,d
du
(∫ u
a
g(t)dt)
= g(u) (for a continuous g). We
13
use this two compute the two derivatives:
ddx
ln x∫0
t3dt
=d
dx
u∫0
t3dt
Set u = lnx
= u3 · dudx
=(lnx)3
x
ddx
ex∫0
t3dt
=d
dx
w∫0
t3dt
Set w = ex
= w3 · dwdx
= e3xex = e4x
Finally, we combine the above computations to a single answer.
f ′(x) = e4x − (lnx)3
x.
Problem 13.1. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = 2x2 and y = 4 + x2.
answer:323
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves x = 4− y2 and y = 2− x.
3. • Sketch the region bounded by the curves y = x2 and y = 2x2 + x− 2.
1
y
• Find the area of the region.
answer:92
Solution. 13.2. x = 4 − y2 is a parabola (here we consider x as a function of y). y = −x + 2 implies that x = 2 − y and so the twocurves intersect when
4− y2 = 2− y−y2 + y + 2 = 0
−(y + 1)(y − 2) = 0y = −1 or 2 .
As x = 2− y, this implies that x = 0 when y = 2 and x = 3 when y = −1, or in other words the points of intersection are (0, 2) and(3,−1). Therefore we the region is the one plotted below. Integrating with respect to y, we get that the area is
A =
2∫−1
∣∣4− x2 − (−x+ 2)∣∣ dy =
2∫−1
(−y2 + y + 2
)dy
=
[−y
3
3+y2
2+ 2y
]2−1
= −8
3+ 2 + 4−
(− (−1)3
3+
(−1)2
2− 2
)=
9
2.
14
y = −x + 2
x = 4 − y2
Solution. 13.3Region plot.
1
y
The intersection between the two parabolas are found via
x2 = 2x2 + x− 2x2 + x− 2 = 0
(x− 1)(x+ 2) = 0x = 1 x = −2y = 1 y = 4.
Area of the region.
A =
∫ −21
∣∣x2 − (2x2 + x− 2)∣∣ dx x2 > (2x2 + x− 2) for x ∈ [−2, 1] (from plot)
=
∫ −21
(x2 − (2x2 + x− 2)
)dx
=
[−1
3x3 − 1
2x2 + 2x
]1−2
=9
2.
Problem 14. 1. Consider the region bounded by the curves y = 2x2 − x + 1 and y = x2 + 1. What is the volume of the solidobtained by rotating this region about the line x = 0?
answer:25π.
2. Consider the region bounded by the curves y = 1 − x2 and y = 0. What is the volume of the solid obtained by rotating thisregion about the line y = 0?
answer:16π15
3. Set up BUT DO NOT EVALUATE an integral to calculate the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded byy = −x2 + 2 and y = 0 about the given line.
• The x axis.
• The line y = −3.
15
Solution. 14.1 First, plot y = 2x2 − x+ 1 and y = x2 + 1.
router
rinner
x
y
zx
y
z
router
rinner
The two curves intersect when2x2 − x+ 1 = x2 + 1
x2 − x = 0x(x− 1) = 0x = 0 or x = 1.
Therefore the two points of intersection have x-coordinates between x = 0 and x = 1. Therefore we need we need to integrate thevolumes of washers with inner radii rinner = 2x2 − x+ 1, outer radii router = x2 + 1 and infinitesimal heights dx. The volume of anindividual infinitesimal washer is then π(r2outer − r2inner)dx
V =
∫ 1
0
π((x2 + 1
)2 − (2x2 − x+ 1)2)
dx
= π
∫ 1
0
(−3x4 + 4x3 − 3x2 + 2x
)dx
= π
[−3
5x5 + x4 − x3 + x2
]10
=2
5π.
Solution. 14.3 First, we plot the 2d region. The two curves intersect when −x2 + 2 = 0, i.e., when x = ±√
2
16
√2−
√2
cross-section rad., y = 0
cross-section rad., y = −3
Rotation about y = 0.Unless explicitly stated in the problem, a 3d plot of the solid is not required in the solution. Nevertheless generating such a plot
helps to understand the problem.To generate a 3d plot of the solid, we draw the circular cross-sections of the solid of revolution. By hand, this can be done roughly
by drawing ovals (circles look like ovals when observed at an angle) centered at the axis about which we revolve the 2d-region. Weinclude a computer-generated plot below; the plot’s precision is above what is expected on an exam.
x
y
z
The volume of a solid (and in particular, of a solid of revolution) is computed by integrating the areaA(x) = π(radius cross-section) =π(−x2 + 2)2 of the cross-section of the solid. Therefore the volume V equals
V =
∫ b
a
A(x)dx
=
∫ √2
−√2
π(−x2 + 2)2dx
= π
[1
5x5 − 4
3x3 + 4x
]√2
−√2
step not required by problem
= π64
15
√2 step not required by problem.
Rotation about y = −3. The cross-section of this solid of revolution is a washer with inner radius 3 and outer radius −x2 + 2−(−3) = 5− x2. Therefore the area of the cross-section is π(5− x2)2 − π32 and the volume is computed via
V =
∫ b
a
A(x)dx
=
∫ √2
−√2
π((5− x2)2 − 32
)dx
= π
[1
5x5 − 10
3x3 + 16x
]√2
−√2
step not required by problem
= π304
15
√2 step not required by problem.
17
x
y
z
18
